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	Author	Job, H.; Metzler, D.; Woltering, M.,
	Title	Large Scale Protected Areas + Tourism = Regional Development?			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	140-144
	Keywords	MMV3, Large Scale Protected Areas, regional economic impacts, value-added analysis
	Abstract	The results of this research clearly indicate that tourism in Large Scale Protected Areas can generate considerable benefits for the regional economy, especially in peripheral and structurally disadvantaged regions. For instance, in Mueritz National Park it is estimated that guests whose key motivation for visiting was the brand ‘National Park’ (a share of nearly 44% of all 390 000 visitors in 2004) created the equivalent of 261 full time job equivalents. In Berchtesgaden National Park only about 10% of 1.13 million visitors in 2002 have been attracted by the Protected Area brand, generating about 206 jobs. In the regions of Hoher Flaeming and Altmuehltal 211 respectively 483 jobs were created by Nature Park related tourism. But in the latter cases these impacts are largely not ascribable to the status as a Protected Area. As indicated by this research, more importance should be attached to the issue of tourism in Large Scale Protected Areas. Financial benefits of tourism in National Parks and Nature Parks may contribute to increasing acceptance of nature conservation. Therefore decision-making processes in nature protection and regional tourism policy need to more fully incorporate aspects of durable economic development. Therefore decision-making processes concerning nature protection and tourism policy need to more fully incorporate the concept of sustainability, whether with regard to nature- based and ecotourism in Protected Areas in general, or with specific regard to Nature Parks and conservation as well as development of cultural landscapes therein.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 639			Serial	2443
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	Author	Carabias-Hütter, V.; Kümin, D.; Siegrist, D.,
	Title	Fostering Sustainable Regional Development with Indicator Based Certification Procedures			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	137-139
	Keywords	MMV3, Sustainable regional development, indicators, certification procedure, Label region, check lists, Swiss Regional Dashboard
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 636			Serial	2442
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	Author	Cottrell, S.P.; Raadik, J.,
	Title	Socio-Cultural Benefits of Pan Parks: Case Study at Bieszscady National Park, Poland			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	135-136
	Keywords	MMV3, Sustainable development, dimensions, prism of sustainability, protected areas, PAN Parks
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 634			Serial	2441
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	Author	Beunders, N.M.A.,
	Title	Visitor Management and Destination Management as Tools for Sustainable Regional Development			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	129-134
	Keywords	MMV3, Visitor management, local community, sustainable regional development, sustainable tourism development, destination management, supply chains, biodiversity, conservation
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 632			Serial	2440
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	Author	Bay-Larsen, I.; Bjøru, R.; Eilertsen, S.M.; Fedreheim, G.E.,
	Title	Integrated Conservation Processes – A Tool for Reducing Conflicts in Area Conservation Processes			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	124-128
	Keywords	MMV3, Integrated conservation process, use – protection conflicts, use – use conflicts, stakeholders, business development local participation
	Abstract	Experimental trampling was conducted in a coastal sand dune community located in a State Park in Southeastern, Brazil. To evaluate the effects it was used 5 permanent plots. The trampling intensities were 25, 75, 200, 500 and 1,000 passes and each plot had a control area. Response to trampling was assessed by determining species composition, vegetation cover and height evaluation, right after trampling, 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 1 year after trampling. The same parameters were evaluated just before trampling. Although there was a substantial loss of vegetation cover on 500 and 1,000 treatment plots, the study area was recovered in a few months. Reductions in height occurred with less impact: 200 passes. The 500 and 1,000 pass interference didn’t show statistical difference for cover and 200, 500 or 1,000 passes were statistically similar for the community, suggesting weak linearity between impact and amount of use. The results show that this community has a good resilience; probably in response to the natural stress the vegetation suffers continuously. The vegetation’s changes in species composition seem to be more accurate; especially the extinction of rare species and the introduction of alien ones.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 630			Serial	2439
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	Author	Talora, D.C.; Magro, T.C.; Schilling, A.C.,
	Title	Trampling Impacts on Coastal Sand Dune Vegetation in Southeastern Brazil			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	117-122
	Keywords	MMV3, Trampling impacts on vegetation, recreation ecology, protected areas, coastal sand dunes
	Abstract	Experimental trampling was conducted in a coastal sand dune community located in a State Park in Southeastern, Brazil. To evaluate the effects it was used 5 permanent plots. The trampling intensities were 25, 75, 200, 500 and 1,000 passes and each plot had a control area. Response to trampling was assessed by determining species composition, vegetation cover and height evaluation, right after trampling, 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 1 year after trampling. The same parameters were evaluated just before trampling. Although there was a substantial loss of vegetation cover on 500 and 1,000 treatment plots, the study area was recovered in a few months. Reductions in height occurred with less impact: 200 passes. The 500 and 1,000 pass interference didn’t show statistical difference for cover and 200, 500 or 1,000 passes were statistically similar for the community, suggesting weak linearity between impact and amount of use. The results show that this community has a good resilience; probably in response to the natural stress the vegetation suffers continuously. The vegetation’s changes in species composition seem to be more accurate; especially the extinction of rare species and the introduction of alien ones.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 628			Serial	2438
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	Author	Skov-Petersen, H.,
	Title	Genesis of Trails in Nature: Monitoring of Visitors’ Effect on Nature			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	115-116
	Keywords	MMV3, Trampling, trails, nature regeneration, mountain bikes, running, walking, vegetation
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 626			Serial	2437
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	Author	Siikamäki, P.; Törn, A.; Tolvanen, A.,
	Title	Environmental Impacts of Recreational Horse Riding in Protected Areas			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	112-114
	Keywords	MMV3, Introduced species, erosion, disturbance, horse manure, recreational horse riding, soil, vegetation, visitor impact
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 624			Serial	2436
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	Author	Murai, M.; Hirobayashi, T.; Yamanaka, R.; Inoue, Y.,
	Title	A Prediction of a Human Action on Seashell-Digging at a Seaside Park Based on a Multi-Agent Simulation Model			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	109-111
	Keywords	MMV3, Seashell-digging, seaside-park, multi-agent-model, human action, human impact
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 622			Serial	2435
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	Author	Growcock, A.J.; Pickering, C.M.; Johnston, S.W.,
	Title	Trampling after Landscape Level Disturbance: Impacts on Subalpine Vegetation and Soils in the Australian Alps			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	107-108
	Keywords	MMV3, Trampling, subalpine, bushfires, recovery, visitation, protected areas, sustainability, Australia
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 620			Serial	2434
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	Author	Barros, M.I.A.; Magro, T.C.,
	Title	Visitors to the Highlands of Itatiaia National Park, Brazil, and their Perceptions of Visitor Impacts			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	102-106
	Keywords	MMV3, Visitor characteristics, recreation impact, visitor’s perceptions, Brazilian National Parks
	Abstract	The goal of this research was to characterize the visit and visitors to the highlands of Itatiaia National Park (PNI), located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and, based on that information, to explore the guidelines of a visitor education program designed to encompass minimum impact techniques that would help minimize management problems. A questionnaire was applied to 605 people from February to August 2002 in order to collect information about visits and visitors. Among the information collected were group size, activities carried out by visitors, duration of visit, and educational level of visitors, their previous experience and perceptions of the impacts caused by visitors.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 618			Serial	2433
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	Author	Monz, C.,
	Title	Recreation Ecology and Visitor Impact Research: Past, Present and Future			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	98-99
	Keywords	MMV3, Recreation ecology, visitor impacts
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 616			Serial	2432
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	Author	Marion, J.L.,
	Title	Recreation Ecology Research in the Americas			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	93-97
	Keywords	MMV3, Recreation ecology, visitor impacts
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 614			Serial	2431
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	Author	Leung, Y.-F.,
	Title	Recreation Ecology in East Asia: Redefining Impacts?			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	91-92
	Keywords	MMV3, Recreation ecology, visitor impacts, impact monitoring, impact management, trampling, trails, recreation sites, protected areas, East Asia
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 612			Serial	2430
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	Author	Cole, D.N.,
	Title	Recreation Ecology: Learning from the Past			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	89-90
	Keywords	MMV3, Recreation ecology, visitor impacts
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 610			Serial	2429
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	Author	Buckley, R.; Pickering, C.; Castley, G.; Growcock, A.,
	Title	Recent Recreation Ecology Research in Australia			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	84-88
	Keywords	MMV3, Recreation, ecology, Australia, impacts
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 608			Serial	2428
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	Author	Vistad, O.I.,
	Title	Visitor Monitoring in Norwegian National Parks? If so: How Will it Find a Position in the Present Situation with Low Funding, Biological Hegemony, Expanding User Interests and Indistinct Management Priorities?			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	80-81
	Keywords	MMV3, Social monitoring, ecological monitoring, national park management, tourism, rural development
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 606			Serial	2427
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	Author	Puustinen, J.; Pouta, E.; Neuvonen, M.; Sievänen, T.,
	Title	National Park Characteristics, Regional Setting and Visitor Flows			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	78-79
	Keywords	MMV3, Recreation, national parks, visitor flows, regression analysis, classification
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 604			Serial	2426
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	Author	Rupf-Haller, R.; Wernli, M.; Filli, F.,
	Title	Visitor Counting with Acoustic Slab Sensors in the Swiss National Park			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	72-77
	Keywords	MMV3, Visitor counting, acoustic slab sensor, Swiss National Park, walking experiments
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 602			Serial	2425
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	Author	Melville, S.J.,
	Title	Visitor Satisfaction Surveys and the Development of Access Standards for National Nature Reserves in England			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	64-71
	Keywords	MMV3, Qualitative monitoring, work planning, access standards, visitor satisfaction
	Abstract	It is estimated that National Nature Reserves in England receive around 15 million visitors each year, and this number is increasing. Since the mid 1990s English Nature has undertaken a series of visitor satisfaction surveys on a number of the National Nature Reserves in England. The purpose of the initial studies was to establish the visitors’ understanding of National Nature Reserves and what it was that those visitors wanted by way of facilities to improve the experience of their visit. The results of the surveys influenced the development of ‘access standards’ for use in work planning and financial resource allocation across the suite of 160 National Nature Reserves managed by English Nature. Following major investment between 2002-2004, a further round of visitor satisfaction surveys has been completed and this paper discusses the results of these and the implications for future access improvement funding and works.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 600			Serial	2424
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	Author	Rammo, M.; Maran, K.; Almik, A.; Karoles, K.,
	Title	Visitor and Environmental Impact Monitoring as Basis for Sustainable Nature Tourism in Estonian Recreational Areas			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	62-63
	Keywords	MMV3, Forest recreation, environmental impact monitoring, recreational load, visitor counting, visitor survey
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 598			Serial	2423
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	Author	Ito, T.; Ryugo, M.,
	Title	The Influence of Motorized Access on Hiker’s Route Selection at Mt. Tsukuba			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	60-61
	Keywords	MMV3, Car-dependency, circulation, Mt. Tsukuba, route selection, trailhead, walking experience
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 596			Serial	2422
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	Author	Hegetschweiler, T.K.; Rusterholz, H.-P.; Baur, B.,
	Title	Using Visitor Monitoring to Reduce Ecological Impacts Due to Picnicking and Grilling in Urban Forests in the Vicinity of Basle, Switzerland			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	58-59
	Keywords	MMV3, Picnicking / grilling in forests, ecological impacts, visitor preferences, recreational planning
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 594			Serial	2421
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	Author	Erkkonen, J.; Itkonen, P.J.,
	Title	Monitoring Sustainable Nature Tourism in Practice – Experiences From Pyhä-Luosto National Park, Finland			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	56-57
	Keywords	MMV3, Sustainability, nature tourism, limits of acceptable change (LAC), national park
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 592			Serial	2420
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	Author	Carlsen, J.; Wood, D.,
	Title	Monitoring the Value of Visitors to Protected Areas: The Australian Approach			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	54-55
	Keywords	MMV3, Visitor expenditure, protected areas, survey toolkit
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 590			Serial	2419
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	Author	Burns, R.C.; Graefe, A.R.,
	Title	Outdoor Recreationists in Oregon and Washington: A Comparison of Recreationists’ Perceptions of Experience Satisfaction Across Two US Pacific Northwest States			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	52-53
	Keywords	MMV3, Recreation satisfaction, visitor monitoring, visitor segmentation
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 588			Serial	2418
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	Author	Absher, J.D.; Graefe, A.R.; Burns, R.C.,
	Title	Monitoring Public Reactions to the U.S. Forest Service Recreation Fee Program			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	50-51
	Keywords	MMV3, Forest recreation, fees, public perceptions, monitoring, evaluation
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 586			Serial	2417
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	Author	Walder, B.S.,
	Title	New Parks of National Importance in Switzerland			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	46-47
	Keywords	MMV3
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 584			Serial	2416
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	Author	Sheppard, D.,
	Title	The New Paradigm for Protected Areas: Implications for Managing Visitors in Protected Areas			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	33-45
	Keywords	MMV3
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 582			Serial	2415
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	Author	Nagendra, H.,
	Title	People, Pixels and Parks: Forest Conservation in the Tropics			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	28-32
	Keywords	MMV3, Parks, protected areas, community forestry, forest conservation, land cover change, satellite remote sensing, South Asia
	Abstract	While protected areas have become a cornerstone of conservation efforts, there is significant debate about whether parks have been effective in enabling conservation. A meta-analysis of information on rates of land cover clearing in protected areas finds that government protected areas are significantly likely to lower rates of habitat clearing over time. At the same time, it is essential to ask whether government protection is the only successful approach to conservation. A focused set of studies in Nepal and India indicates that it is not the official designation of a forest as government or community that impacts forest conservation as much as the actual degree of monitoring that takes place on the ground. Communities can be effective forces for conservation, if properly involved. By locating individual protected areas within the context of the biophysical, social and institutional landscape in which they are embedded, we will be able to better devise more effective approaches to conservation.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 580			Serial	2414
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	Author	Muhar, A.; Schauppenlehner, T.; Brandenburg, C.,
	Title	Trends in Alpine Tourism: The Mountaineers’ Perspective and Consequences for Tourism Strategies			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	23-27
	Keywords	MMV3, Alpinism, summer tourism, mountaineering, hiking, climbing, user survey, use trends, demands
	Abstract	Mountaineers are a core group in Alpine tourism, their demands and expectations are an es-sential foundation for every tourism development strategy. This paper is based the authors’ surveys and other studies from the Alpine region. The image of mountain sports in the media (extreme climbing, paragliding, canyoning etc.) does not reflect the actual use patterns, as hiking is still by far the most important activity. Mountaineers are a very conservative group, usually well educated and of higher income. They perform this activity frequently and are generally satisfied with the current situation, thus sceptical towards any changes and man-agement measures. Mountaineers accept lower comfort levels, e.g. in huts, as compared to their everyday life as part of a back-to-the-roots experience. If tourism development strategies want to attract new user groups, they need to comply with the demands of this core group.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 578			Serial	2413
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	Author	Haider, W.,
	Title	North American Idols: Personal Observations on Visitor Management Frameworks and Recreation Research			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	16-22
	Keywords	MMV3
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 576			Serial	2412
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	Author	Siegrist, D.; Clivaz, C.; Hunziker, M.; Iten, S.,
	Title	Introduction			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	13-14
	Keywords	MMV3
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 574			Serial	2411
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	Author	Van Wagtendonk, J.W.,
	Title	Simulation modeling of visitor flows: where have we been and where are we going?			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	127-134
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	The Wilderness area Simulation Model was developed in 1972 by Resources for the Future with programming assistance from IBM. It simulates parties moving through a wilderness and records the number of encounters each party experiences. The model has been applied to the Spanish Peaks Primitive Area in Montana, the Adirondack Forest Reserve in New York, the Desolation Wilderness in California, the complex of the wilderness areas surrounding and including Yosemite National Park, the Green and Yampa Rivers in Dinosaur Monument, the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail in Vermont. In its time, the model was a useful tool for establishing the relationship between use levels and encounters and testing management alternatives. As innovative as the model was, recent advances in behavioral science and computer technology have rendered it out of date.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 405			Serial	2410
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	Author	Murdock, E.,
	Title	Understanding Recreation Flow to Protect Wilderness Resources at Joshua Tree National Park, California			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	120-126
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Joshua Tree National Park (JTNP) has the highest concentration of rock climbing routes in the world and an estimated 250,000 people visit JTNP each year to rock climb. Although less than 5% of rock climbers visit the designated wilderness areas, a steady increase in the number of climbers has focused attention on managing wilderness climbing resources to retain wilderness character. The main controversy centers on rock climber’s placing fixed anchors, or bolts, while establishing new climbing routes. Park staff believes that continued unregulated placement of bolts in JTNP’s wilderness leads to greater impacts and is unsustainable. This paper describes a method for understanding wilderness climbing in order to develop fair and effective wilderness recreation policy. Behavior and spatial modeling is based on two years of data that include a comprehensive climbing resource inventory, wilderness visitor flow data, and psychological test results. Static and dynamic models consider factors such as travel networks, climbing route difficulty and quality, sensitive resources, landscape complexity, and climber preferences. A comprehensive understanding of recreation flow allows fixed anchor regulations and wilderness management to address site-specific issues.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 403			Serial	2409
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	Author	Lawson, S.; Kiely, A.M.; Manning, R.E.,
	Title	Computer Simulation as a Tool for Developing Alternatives for Managing Crowding at Wilderness Campsites on Isle Royale			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	114-119
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Isle Royale National Park is experiencing increased backcountry visitation, resulting in crowded camping conditions during peak periods. For example, during July and August, backcountry campground capacities are commonly exceeded and visitors are required to share sites with other groups. During the summers of 2001 and 2002, two phases of research were conducted to assist Park managers in addressing this issue. In the first phase of research, computer simulation modeling was used to test the effectiveness of alternative management practices designed to reduce or eliminate campground crowding. The simulation results provide numerical estimates of campground crowding (i.e., campsite sharing) under alternative management approaches, including permit quotas, trailhead quotas, campsite development, and fixed itineraries. The second phase of research used stated choice analysis to evaluate visitors’ attitudes toward alternative management scenarios developed with the simulation model. Results of the stated choice analysis suggest that visitors are willing to tolerate some campground crowding in order to avoid “heavy-handed” management practices. Together, findings from the two phases of research assist Park managers in estimating the outcomes of alternative management practices and anticipating the likelihood that visitors will support those outcomes.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 401			Serial	2408
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	Author	Lawson, S.; Itami, B.; Gimblett, R.; Manning, R.,
	Title	Monitoring and Managing Recreational Use in Backcountry Landscapes Using Computer-Based Simulation Modeling			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	107-113
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	In the United States, legislation dictates that wilderness areas should be managed to, among other things, provide recreational visitors with opportunities for solitude. The growing popularity of outdoor recreation in backcountry settings presents managers with challenges in their efforts to achieve this objective. Recent research suggests that computer-based simulation modeling is an effective tool for helping to address the challenges associated with managing visitor use in backcountry and wilderness settings. This paper describes the development and application of a computer-based simulation model of recreational use in the John Muir Wilderness Area in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. The results of the study demonstrate how simulation modeling can be used as a tool for understanding existing visitor use patterns within the John Muir Wilderness Areas and estimating the effects of alternative management practices on visitor flows and visitor use conditions.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 399			Serial	2407
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	Author	Türk, S.; Jakob, E.; Krämer, A.; Roth, R.,
	Title	Outdoor recreation activities in nature protection areas – situation in Germany			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	171-177
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Within a research project of the Federal Nature Conservation Agency, the Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environment points out new developments in outdoor activities in several German landscapes significantly used for sports activities. Therefore two different types of landscape analysis were chosen: First the monitoring of selected sports activities in landscapes with special equipment respectively high frequented by sportsmen (top-spot method) and second the recording of the real utilisation of near-natural landscapes (area method). The results of the scientific analytics were combined with sociological knowledge to describe the development of outdoor recreation in different sport activities (e.g.: canoeing, climbing, paragliding or canyoning). Considering these results the possibilities and the limits of modern concepts of guidance are discussed. Convenience offers, the use of police law or the establishment of a new outdoor culture (depending on Scandinavian standards) will attach great importance to minimize stress and interference in natural landscapes. It is shown that the changes in outdoor activities offer the possibility for a sustainable use of the German countryside for recreation as well as for environment.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 397			Serial	2406
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	Author	Payne, R.J.; McIntyre, N.; Yuan, M.; Moore, J.; Bradford, L.; Elliott, S.,
	Title	Recreation Experience Preferences and Activity Profiles in a Crown Forest Landscape in Ontario, Canada			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	164-170
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	The use of public forested areas in Ontario, Canada is governed by the Crown Forest Sustainability Act that directs the management authority, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR), to ensure that forest operations co-exist with other uses of the forest, especially recreation and tourism. Implementing these legislative requirements has been difficult for the OMNR: it lacks data on recreation and tourism; it lacks readily available social scientific expertise; and it lacks the necessary integrative model. The larger project of which this work is a part, focussing on the Dog River-Matawin Forest, west of Thunder Bay, Ontario and immediately east of Quetico Provincial Park, is designed to address several of these gaps. This paper seeks to answer two of the many questions concerning how people use the forest for recreation and tourism purposes: what motivates different users and how do those motivations relate to activity profiles. Our findings indicate that four distinct experience preference groups exist among the 1,556 people who used the forest for recreation and tourism purposes. When these groups are compared with four distinct activity profiles, we make connections that, when mapped (a future phase of the work), begin to indicate areas where potential conflicts might occur with forest operations or with other recreation activities. We conclude by noting that, while knowledge about how people use the forest is interesting in itself, both an integrative framework and a scientifically-capable Ministry of Natural Resources are needed if that knowledge is to find its way into management actions to implement the requirements of Ontario’s Crown Forest Sustainability Act.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 395			Serial	2405
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	Author	McIntyre, N.; Svanqvist, B.,
	Title	Living in the Forest: Meanings and Use of Recreational Residences			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	155-163
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	The Forest Service Recreation Residence Program has been operational since the passage of the Occupancy permits Act in 1915. In the initial years the Forest Service actively encouraged summer home occupancy with the view that such occupancy encouraged recreational use and assisted in proper forest management and fire control as well as providing a source of income. Approval of further recreation residence development on public land was discontinued in 1968 as program costs exceeded revenues and the perception that such occupation of public land was elitist and potentially restricted public access to desirable recreation sites. More recently, both the appraisal process and the pursuance of permit violations have become a focus of some political controversy. Recreational residences have often been built by and remain in the same family across generations leading to a strong attachment and identification with a particular forest tract. The study discussed in this paper examines the use of these residences and the meanings of such use to a sample of cottage owners in the Arapahoe-Roosevelt and Pike National Forests in Colorado, USA. A multi-methods approach was used to collect data on cottage use including project analysis, surveys, experiential sampling and in-depth interviews. The rationale underlying the multi-method approach and some preliminary results of this study will be presented in this paper.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 393			Serial	2404
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