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Aoki, Y.; FujitaHitoshi; Aoki, K.,
Measurement and analysis of congestion at the traditional Japanese garden "Korakuen"
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Nature and greenery spaces are especially required in the high-density residential areas of Megalopolis in Japan. People are looking for rich greenery spaces and they are requiring for the preservatio...
Nature and greenery spaces are especially required in the high-density residential areas of Megalopolis in Japan. People are looking for rich greenery spaces and they are requiring for the preservation of the greenery space in redeveloping areas. But people have recently found that parks often were too crowded, when they visited them for enjoying a quiet greenery environment. Almost all old Japanese cities have parks in traditional garden style, which have been opened to the public since Meiji revolution, i.e. a hundred years ago. Originally, the gardens were possession of the Daimyo, i.e. the feudal lord, and they were enjoyed privately. Recent increase in visitors destroyed the original use pattern and the unique atmosphere, and this, of course, confused the management of the park administration. The administration and the users therefore encouraged investigations concerning the appropriate management of park as a pleasant environment. To find a preferable carrying capacity of green spaces, the impression of congestion and quietness was analyzed in a traditional Japanese garden, using the number of visitors as an indicator. The following results were obtained. The impression of congestion is significantly correlated with the number of visitors in the park, and 700 persons on 7 hectares generates the impression of congestion for a half of visitors. To satisfy the impression of quietness for more than a half of visitors, their numbers must be reduced to less than 400 persons for 7 hectares. The decreasing in number of visitors provides a more efficient impression of congestion than that of increasing.
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Arnberger, A.; Brandenburg, C.,
Visitor Structure of a Heavily Used Conservation Area: The Danube Floodplains National Park, Lower Austria
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
National parks in close proximity to large conurbations are not subject to the normal conflicts between conservation and ecological tourism but to those between conservation and urban recreational req...
National parks in close proximity to large conurbations are not subject to the normal conflicts between conservation and ecological tourism but to those between conservation and urban recreational requirements. The Danube Floodplains National Park, Lower Austria is situated to the east of Vienna, the capital city of Austria, with a population of 1.6 million. Between June 2000 and May 2001, visitors were monitored in the Lower Austrian part of the National Park. An analysis of the results of the interviews, as well as their integration with the results obtained using long-term video monitoring, counts by human observers and route analysis, led to the identification of specific visitor categories with individual behavioral patterns and spatio-temporal distribution. In particular, regular recreational visitors from adjacent residential areas were very concerned about overcrowding and would react to the high visitor frequency through a change in their habits. This alteration of visiting habits would lead to grave problems for the environmental management of the National Park.
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Arnberger, A.; Brandenburg, C.; Muhar, A.,
Preface
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
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Arzac, S.,
Environment and Rural Tourism in Bustamante, Mexico
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The community is Bustamante, population 3,501, in Nuevo Leon state, Mexico. It is a privileged rural landscape, made fertile in the middle of a semi-desert by springs that flow year-round. And in the ...
The community is Bustamante, population 3,501, in Nuevo Leon state, Mexico. It is a privileged rural landscape, made fertile in the middle of a semi-desert by springs that flow year-round. And in the vicinity of the oasis lie the internationally known caverns known locally as Grutas de Palmito. The problem are the pressures of recreation on the environment: day excursionists who come in great numbers are causing erosion near the water, both around the springs and along the river that flows from them. The waters that used to be clear are now murky because of the soil deposition. And in the cave, the visitors walk freely in the gallery spaces and trample on the formations. But because the local tourism industry is nature-based, it is imperative to conserve the natural resources that make it possible. This research considers the potential of what has come to be known as sustainable tourism to promote economic development in Bustamante and possibly in similar communities, not by replacing the agricultural base but by complementing it. Data were obtained from observations, interviews, survey questionnaires, from the Mexican census, from the regional newspaper, and from the literatures on sustainable tourism and history of the region. The study proposes that the natural and cultural resources of Bustamante had been largely conserved until recently, and that the present accelerated degradation of these resources can be reversed through approaches to sustainability that are related to tourism, so that Bustamante’s people meet their present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, measured against the standard of living currently enjoyed.
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Blazejczyk, A.,
Some Problems of Tourist Activity in the Tatra National Park
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Tatra Mts. is an unique alpine ridge in Poland.. The whole Polish part of Tatra is a protected area as a national park (Tatry National Park – TNP). Its area is 21,164 ha. Every year 2.5 millions of ...
Tatra Mts. is an unique alpine ridge in Poland.. The whole Polish part of Tatra is a protected area as a national park (Tatry National Park – TNP). Its area is 21,164 ha. Every year 2.5 millions of tourists visit TNP. Tourist activity is one of the factor of nature degradation in Tatras. The most transformed are the areas with the greatest tourist penetration: Morskie Oko lake, Kasprowy Wierch Mt. and Koscieliska valley. The paper presents preliminary results of the studies dealing with the problems of tourist penetration in the Morskie Oko (MO) and Kasprowy Wierch (KW) regions. In the MO area needs and desires of tourists, time budget during stay at the place and tourists’ evaluation of infrastructure were studied with the use of special questionnaires. At Kasprowy Wierch the streams of tourists were observed. The number of tourists on each tourist track crossing KW was accounted. The results of the studies point to great diversity of tourist activity in TNP (making pictures, enjoying nature, walking in the surroundings, climbing, relax). The results can be useful for managing of tourist activity, for making corrections in TNP protection system and for establishing the methods minimising degradation of tourist tracks and its surroundings.
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Brandenburg, C.; Ploner, A.,
Models to Predict Visitor Attendance Levels and the Presence of Specific User Groups
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
This paper proposes approaches to modeling visitor flows in the context of weather and outdoor recreation. The nature conservation area and area under investigation the Lobau, which is a part of the D...
This paper proposes approaches to modeling visitor flows in the context of weather and outdoor recreation. The nature conservation area and area under investigation the Lobau, which is a part of the Danube Floodplains National Park, lies in close proximity to the large conurbation of Vienna, the capital city of Austria. This circumstance presents the managers and researchers of the Lobau with a variety of challenging problems, due to the high number of visitors and the multifaceted visitor structure. An ecologically and economically sustainable management of the recreation and conservation area Lobau requires a profound knowledge of the uses visitors make of this area and a reliable prediction of the potential numbers of visitors. The investigation of the prognostic model is based on the results of a visitor monitoring project. Within this project, video-cameras were installed at several entrance points to the Lobau to monitor recreational activities throughout one year. The prognostic models were based on the dependence of the daily number of visitors on external factors such as weather and day of the week. Using a linear regression, these relationships were investigated and used to predict visitor loads. For the model, a distinction was made between workdays and weekends and/or holidays. The weather was considered in a very differentiated way: Meteorological elements, i.e. air temperature, cloud cover, precipitation, appear directly as parameters in the models as well as indirectly in thermal comfort indices, e.g. the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET). Reliable models can be obtained for the daily totals of visitors as well as for specific user groups with high visitor loads, i.e. hikers and bikers. The day of the week has the greatest influence on the daily totals of visitors as well as on individual user groups. The numbers of bikers and hikers depend heavily on the Physiological Equivalent Temperature. The effects of precipitation and cloud cover during the preceding seven days are small. The usage patterns of joggers and dog walkers are more difficult to model as they are less influenced by the day of the week and weather related factors.
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Burns, R.C.; Graefe, A.R.,
Segmentation of Outdoor Recreationists: A Comparison of Recreationists’ Perceptions of Importance and Satisfaction Across Activities
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The purpose of this study was to explore levels of importance and satisfaction with various attributes of customer service among selected segments of outdoor recreationists. The study also examined th...
The purpose of this study was to explore levels of importance and satisfaction with various attributes of customer service among selected segments of outdoor recreationists. The study also examined the nature of the relationships between satisfaction attributes and overall satisfaction. These relationships were tested for four dimensions of satisfaction (facilities, services, information, and recreation experience), across three water-based user groups (ramp users, campers, and day users). This study builds on previous customer satisfaction research conducted by both consumer behavior specialists and recreation researchers. In congruence with previous research on customer satisfaction, many of the constructs associated with quality in a recreation environment are intangible, elusive, and extremely difficult to measure. Study results showed that there are significant differences between different segments of users in reported levels of importance and satisfaction with various aspects of a recreational visit, but the nature of the relationships between the various domains and overall satisfaction varies little across the user segments.
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Cessford, G.,
Perception and Reality of Conflict: Walkers and Mountain Bikes on the Queen Charlotte Track in New Zealand
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
A variety of social and physical impacts are attributed to mountain biking. In many cases, the perception of these impacts differs from the reality of on-site experiences. This distinction is explored...
A variety of social and physical impacts are attributed to mountain biking. In many cases, the perception of these impacts differs from the reality of on-site experiences. This distinction is explored in two ways. First, a brief review of impact issues associated with mountain bikes is carried out. Second, results are presented from a survey of 370 walkers on a multi-day natural track where biking has been allowed on a trial basis. Walker opinions are surprisingly positive toward bikes. These opinions are found to be more positive among those walkers who had actual encounters with bikes. By contrast, more negative opinions were found among those who had no such encounters. Such distinctions between perception of a conflict and the actual outcome from an experience have important implications for park managers responsible for providing a range of different recreation opportunities.
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Cessford, G.; Cockburn, S.; Douglas, M.,
Developing New Visitor Counters and their Applications for Management
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Developing visitor flow models for managing visitors to conservation areas is not possible without accurate visitor count data from the field. However, obtaining such counts in a reliable and cost-eff...
Developing visitor flow models for managing visitors to conservation areas is not possible without accurate visitor count data from the field. However, obtaining such counts in a reliable and cost-effective manner has proven to be more difficult than may be expected. Reasons for this are reviewed, and the features that park managers want in their visitor counting tools are discussed. Based on these demands, development of new visitor counters is underway, along with integrated systems for systematic collection and management of the data they provide. However, more effective direction is required from visitor flow models to guide the deployment of these new counter systems. This is an ongoing programme, and the presentation provided here summarises background information and progress to date.
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Cihar, M.; Stursa, J.; Trebicky, V.,
Monitoring of Tourism in the Czech National Parks
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Recreational and tourist exploitation of selected parts of four Czech National Parks has been investigated since the year 1997. The article presents cross-section data from 2000. During a nine-day per...
Recreational and tourist exploitation of selected parts of four Czech National Parks has been investigated since the year 1997. The article presents cross-section data from 2000. During a nine-day period in the high summer season the basic quantitative census of tourists, cyclists and cars on selected crossroads of tourist paths in the core area of national parks had been carried out and qualitative characteristics, opinions and attitudes of visitors were evaluated. Relation between socio-demographic structure of visitors and their behaviour and attitudes to conservation management activities of the national park’s Authorities was analysed using a special type of a questionnaire based on interviews with a random and representative sample of visitors. There are evident differences between various National Parks (Krkonose, Sumava, Podyji, Ceske Svycarsko) and between the attitudes of foreign visitors and Czech visitors. Investigation has been focused also on local inhabitants and elected representatives of local communities. Results are used by NP Authorities within the process of estimation of ecological and psychological carrying capacity as well as the one of appropriate indicators of sustainable development of the Czech National Parks. Monitoring will continue in the next years.
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Coch, T.,
Observing visitors behaviour as a methodical alternative to questionnaires – a proposal
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Basing on case studies in South-West- and North-East-Germany techniques of hidden observation such as observing visitors behaviour with binoculars from far distance are discussed. Their origin in etho...
Basing on case studies in South-West- and North-East-Germany techniques of hidden observation such as observing visitors behaviour with binoculars from far distance are discussed. Their origin in ethological field studies is reflected, ethical aspects are mentioned and the conditions to produce valid data are qualified. Especially in case of analysing non-legal behaviours direct questionnaires are often not be able to clear whether serious damages in the protection areas are resulting or not. Also the intentions of “breaking the rules” cannot be reflected totally by socio-empiric methods. On the other hand behaviour observations require a lot of time and energy and should be limited on serious indications because of ethical aspects. So it is necessary to describe conditions and cases, where observing techniques can be implemented successfully.
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Cole, D.N.,
Simulation of Recreational Use in Backcountry Settings: an Aid to Management Planning
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Simulation models of recreation use patterns can be a valuable tool to managers of backcountry areas, such as wilderness areas and national parks. They can help fine-tune existing management programs,...
Simulation models of recreation use patterns can be a valuable tool to managers of backcountry areas, such as wilderness areas and national parks. They can help fine-tune existing management programs, particularly in places that ration recreation use or that require the use of designated campsites. They can assist managers in evaluating the likely effects of increasing recreation use and the implementation of new management programs. They also can be used as a monitoring tool, being particularly helpful in predicting encounter levels in the interior as a function of easily measured counts of recreationists entering the area. The first backcountry travel simulation models were developed in the 1970s. They were never widely used, however, primarily because simulation runs were costly and difficult. Recent improvements in computer technology have ushered in a new era of travel simulation modeling.
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Cottrell, S.,
Predictive Model of Responsible Environmental Behaviour: Application as a Visitor-Monitoring Tool
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
This working paper presents a framework for understanding responsible environmental behaviour as a visitor-monitoring tool. Visitor use data forms the basis of any successful visitor management plan t...
This working paper presents a framework for understanding responsible environmental behaviour as a visitor-monitoring tool. Visitor use data forms the basis of any successful visitor management plan to understand user knowledge, awareness and attitudes about pollution issues in order to develop management policies and actions that enhance appropriate visitor behaviour. A case study of the application of a predictive behavioural model on the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA involving boater environmental behaviour as a social indicator is discussed. Results indicate that knowledge of water pollution issues, awareness of the consequences, equipment issues such as boat length and boat type, and situational factors that constrain or hinder appropriate behaviour were indicators of appropriate behaviour. A structural equation path diagram model was tested using AMOS student version 4.01 using up to seven of the eight predictors from boating behaviour case study to demonstrate the strength of a path analysis procedure. Results model those of the stepwise regression procedures used in the original study, yet the path diagrams demonstrate ease of interpreting the structural relationships among variables in a regression equation. Implications for management actions in the case study situation are given followed by a proposed researchmonitoring program coupling social science techniques with the natural sciences.
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Curtis, N.,
Managing Commercial Recreation on Crown Land: The Commercial Recreation Transition Plan for the Sea to Sky Corridor, BC
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Monitoring and management of visitor flows in parks and recreational areas has traditionally focused on public recreation. However, there is a growing need to find management tools to address commerci...
Monitoring and management of visitor flows in parks and recreational areas has traditionally focused on public recreation. However, there is a growing need to find management tools to address commercial operations as well as public recreation, and to manage activities outside of protected areas as well as within them. The implementation of a program to manage previously unregulated commercial recreation operations in the Sea to Sky Corridor, north of Whistler, British Columbia is described. It is argued that commercial recreation (CR) is not only different in kind from public recreation, but also offers significantly different challenges and opportunities with respect to visitor management.
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Daniel, T.C.,
Modelling Visitor Flow from the Visitor Perspective: The Psychology of Landscape Navigation
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
This paper reviews basic issues underlying the monitoring and modeling of the movements of visitors in large-scale natural parks and recreation areas. Modeling of "visitor flow" is related t...
This paper reviews basic issues underlying the monitoring and modeling of the movements of visitors in large-scale natural parks and recreation areas. Modeling of "visitor flow" is related to research and methods in associated fields, including environmental preference, environmental values/attitudes and wayfinding. Relevant psychophysiological and neurological research and theory is also reviewed to reveal the fundamental basis of dissociations between verbal reports and actions. It is argued that traditional verbal survey methods cannot in principle provide an adequate basis for models of human landscape navigation.
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De Vries, S.; Goossen, M.,
Predicting transgressions of the social capacity of natural areas
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Within the urbanized Dutch society, the social function of forests and nature areas is becoming more and more important. The same holds for agricultural areas. However, planning and management tools f...
Within the urbanized Dutch society, the social function of forests and nature areas is becoming more and more important. The same holds for agricultural areas. However, planning and management tools for this social function are almost absent. This paper presents a tool to be used by policy makers at regional and higher levels. By means of a normative analysis the local supply of and demand for nature-based recreation are confronted with each other. Because of its normative nature, the analysis does not offer a good description or prediction of actual recreational behavior. However, it does offer insight into where, according to the policy norms, the local supply of nature-based recreation opportunities cannot accommodate local demands. The method has been applied nation-wide and outcomes are momentarily used to substantiate spatial claims to develop new recreation areas.
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English, D.B.K.; Kocis, S.M.; Arnold, J.R.; Zarnoch, S.J.; Warren, L.,
Visitor Use of USDA Forest Service Recreation Areas: Methods and Results from the National Visitor Use Monitoring Effort
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
One stratum of survey sites in the USDA Forest Service’s National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) effort contains agency-managed elements of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Two related me...
One stratum of survey sites in the USDA Forest Service’s National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) effort contains agency-managed elements of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Two related methods are used to estimate the amount of visitation that occurs in these areas. One utilizes annual information on the number of use permits at the sites where these are mandatory; the other employs a double-sampling approach to estimate visitation. In both cases, on-site visitor sampling is required to obtain the information necessary to estimate actual visitation. A few additional questions on the survey enable us to describe visitor demographics, evaluate customer satisfaction, and estimate economic values and impacts of these visits. The presentation discusses development of the sampling design as well as calibration issues for both use estimation methods. A comparison of the statistical accuracy and cost of each is made. Because the sample design is based on the spatial-temporal combination of Wilderness exit points and the days they are open, some analytic adjustment to the sample survey data is required (beyond simple sample means) to get results that describe the visiting population. The analytic framework is presented, along with some empirical results from the first year of sampling at six selected National Forests to give the flavor of the managerially-relevant information we have so far obtained. The presentation concludes with a discussion of how we plan to extend the analysis that can include issues such as developing models of visitor flows and relating visitation levels to perceptions of crowding.
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Erkkonen, J.; Sievänen, T.,
Standardisation of Visitor Surveys – Experiences from Finland
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
A visitor survey standardisation project was conducted in 1998-2000 in Finland. The visitor survey standardisation project was part of a large national outdoor recreation demand and supply inventory (...
A visitor survey standardisation project was conducted in 1998-2000 in Finland. The visitor survey standardisation project was part of a large national outdoor recreation demand and supply inventory (LVVI). There are two reasons for the standardisation of visitor surveys. First, it is possible to collect comparable information from different kind of areas. Moreover, the information gathered can be combined on a national level. Secondly, standardised measurements assure long-term monitoring of behavioural changes in each studied area. The visitor survey standardisation project developed a standardised questionnaire for the most important information gathered with the help of visitor surveys, that is visitor profiles, activities, distribution of use by area, distribution of use by time, duration of the visit, expenditure of visitors and information on visitor satisfaction and motivation. It is recommended that the data collection be carried out by means of self-conducted questionnaires. The project produced a visitor survey manual and a Microsoft Excel application for computing descriptive results in order to encourage the personnel of recreation areas to conduct visitor surveys independently. The implementation of standardised visitor surveys is mainly carried out by Metsähallitus (Forest and Park Service) which manages the majority of the state-owned protected areas and national hiking areas in Finland. At the beginning of 2002, there were 33 national parks, 7 state-owned hiking areas and some 400 other protected areas. About two million recreational visits take place annually in state-owned protected areas and national hiking areas. The number of recreational visits seems to be on the increase. All together 22 different visitor surveys have been conducted in state-owned areas in the last few years. The results of some of the surveys have almost immediately been used in management and planning of the area in question. In general, there is increasing understanding and interest in the use of visitor information as a tool in decision making: services can be improved to meet visitor expectations better and scarce resources can be allocated more effectively. Along with visitor surveys, systematical visitor counts have recently been started using electronic trail and traffic counters, guest books or manual counters in several protected and recreational areas. At the moment, the next step will be to develop a national database of the collected information, and also to develop good practice in order to benefit from the information on a national level. This paper discusses, firstly, the structure and type of information that is needed from a visitor survey, secondly, how to conduct a visitor survey as a routine method in planning processes, and the framework within which visitor information can be utilised in planning and management. Thirdly, the Finnish experience of the benefits to be gained by using a standardised model for conducting visitor surveys is discussed.
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Findlay, C.; Southwell, K.; Ward Thompson, C.; Salheen, M.; Aspinall, P.,
The Effectiveness of Wayfinding Systems with Forest Users
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Forest wayfinding systems include the sources of information, content and presentation, that potential visitors use to find forest sites and maximise their experience of forest recreation. This paper ...
Forest wayfinding systems include the sources of information, content and presentation, that potential visitors use to find forest sites and maximise their experience of forest recreation. This paper presents original research from an on-going user-led study of signage at forest recreational sites across the UK, and is part-funded by the Forestry Commission. Research methods used in the study included structured interviews with forest users, a signage audit, observation-based behavioural studies and exploratory work with space syntax. The starting point for the study was an apparent low rating of satisfaction with road signs by visitors to Forestry Commission sites in annual visitor surveys. Signs are “…the most visible manifestation of corporate face” and function to “…provide reliable and accessible information to encourage and welcome visitors” (Forest Enterprise Signs Manual, 1997). Good signs also form part of a positive perception of woodlands (Burgess, 1995) and may be considered within the context of removing barriers to the use of the countryside by disabled people and socially excluded groups. The research found evidence that there were some problems with forest wayfinding, but that these problems are related more to the context, content and location of signs, rather than the materials and details of sign design. More consideration needs to be given to identifying the minimum but key information needs of users at key locations within the forest site. Signs are costly to design, construct, install and maintain, and a crucial concern must be to provide the minimum information for maximum benefit, based on what the user needs to know at each stage of the journey and forest experience. The study also highlighted the role of signage in site promotion, visitor expectations, conflicts between different user groups and accessibility of information. A model for signage to satisfy visitor information needs was developed. The results presented here cover phase 1 of the project and it is anticipated that the methodology developed during the research will have practical applications in evaluating and developing new signage systems, and the training of forest and other recreational site managers.
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Forer, P.,
Serial Experiences : Monitoring, Modelling and Visualising the Free Independent Traveller in New Zealand at Multiple Scales with GIS
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
This paper outlines a number of approaches and methodologies, based on utilising itinerary analysis and Geographic Information Systems, which have sought to explore tourism flows and their impacts at ...
This paper outlines a number of approaches and methodologies, based on utilising itinerary analysis and Geographic Information Systems, which have sought to explore tourism flows and their impacts at a range of temporal and spatial resolutions. As such its basic records are the sequential movement patterns of individual tourists, either from night to night or from stop to stop. It draws from a data base of some 50,000 journeys nationally, and three major regional surveys in Northland, the West Coast and Rotorua conducted between 1997 and 2001. The paper initially deals with analysis and integration issues relating to existing national data sets on international and domestic visitors and their overnight stays. It then describes and critiques the development of map-based sample surveys applied to detailed information on intra-regional flows, with reference to work in both Tai Tokerau (Northland) and the South Island's West Coast. These surveys record the 'informal' stopping behaviour of visitors in greater detail, and allow initial analysis of movement and positioning of tourists at various times of the day. Insights gained from these data are explored, and their relationship to other data sets such as attraction visitation and accommodation usage surveys are reviewed. Finally, the significance of the data for tourism (in areas such as development strategies and impact assessment) and for wider geo-demographic applications are discussed, as are new data collection opportunities for recording itineraries and flows.
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Gimblett, R.; Lynch, J.; Daniel, T.; Ribes, L.; Oye, G.,
Deriving Artificial Models of Visitors From Dispersed Patterns of Use in Sierra Nevada Wilderness
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Natural resource managers are faced with a complex problem of understanding human use patterns and associated impacts in dispersed recreation wilderness settings. This is further complicated by the su...
Natural resource managers are faced with a complex problem of understanding human use patterns and associated impacts in dispersed recreation wilderness settings. This is further complicated by the subsequent synthesis and modeling of those behaviors that affect such patterns of use. While conventional approaches to modeling have limited use in acquiring and understanding such complex associations, spatial simulation models have been proposed as an alternative. The purpose of this paper is to describe a project whose focus is on a dispersed recreation context of backpacking trips and commercial packstock operations in the John Muir Wilderness in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. This paper will discuss the data collection and synthesis to derive agent profiles and rules as a precursor to the development of a dynamic, agent based model that represent the spatial distribution of visitation patterns.
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Gokhelashvili, R.; Gavashelishvili, A.; Javakhishvili, Z.; Azniashvili, L.,
Tourism Infrastructure Planning in Tusheti National Park of Georgia
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
This paper provides an example of using biodiversity information for tourism infrastructure and management planning in national parks to avoid conflicts between nature conservation, recreational goals...
This paper provides an example of using biodiversity information for tourism infrastructure and management planning in national parks to avoid conflicts between nature conservation, recreational goals, and other users. Within the area of the proposed Tusheti National Park in Georgia, we used field survey data of seventeen focal species within a GIS analytical environment to assess the consistency of planned management categories zoning and administrative and visitor infrastructure (including tourist trails) with biodiversity conservation requirements. A map, comprised of layers for each focal species, was overlaid onto maps of proposed zoning, infrastructure and tourist trails. Numerous conflicts in planning were detected and recommendations were made to improve zoning and infrastructure planning in the national park, and to minimize negative effects of tourism on biodiversity conservation.
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Gulinck, H.; Dumont, B.,
Simulating Visitors’ Dispersion in a Nature Reserve based on a Friction Model
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
A friction model is used for predicting the risk of human penetration of fragile vegetation and bird breeding sites in a nature reserve in central Belgium. The basic components of the study are the te...
A friction model is used for predicting the risk of human penetration of fragile vegetation and bird breeding sites in a nature reserve in central Belgium. The basic components of the study are the terrain classification and the determination of friction values. Different sets of friction values are proposed: based on expert estimation, on walking speed, on energy consumption estimation and on willingness to trespass. The results are compared with spatial data derived from visitor’s observations and interviews. The model is to be improved in a later stage by incorporating the effects of visitor's goals, and of attractors and detractors such as vistas, free roaming cattle or physical challenges. The outcome of this study will be used as basis for the evaluation, and eventually of the redesign, of the current management decisions provided in and around the reserve. Also it should help in following-up the effects of the rapidly changing vegetation and terrain conditions on the behaviour of visitors.
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Gätje, C.; Möller, A.; Feige, M.,
Visitor Management by Visitor Monitoring? Methodological Approach and Empirical Results from the Wadden Sea National Park in Schleswig-Holstein
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Even today monitoring in most large nature reserves is mainly concerned with ecological environmental observations. Socio-economical parameters and special parameters concerned with tourism are rarely...
Even today monitoring in most large nature reserves is mainly concerned with ecological environmental observations. Socio-economical parameters and special parameters concerned with tourism are rarely part of such programmes. This is not the case in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park (SH-WSNP). During an extensive ecosystem research project the necessary basis for a better understanding of the structure and dynamics of the Wadden Sea was made. The local population and economy of the Wadden Sea region, especially tourism, played an important role in the project right from the start. The knowledge gained by the project was used as a basis for the revision of the national park law and in the concept for an interstate monitoring programme for the Wadden Sea. The three modules of the socio-economic monitoring (SEM): SEM-Regional, SEM-Trend and SEM-Poll document the, for Germany, unique and thus innovative character of this monitoring programme which is orientated towards comprehensive data collection and assessment. Extensive experience with different methods and results of the quantitative and qualitative monitoring of visitors were gathered during a three year test phase. The possible use of the results for an optimisation of the management of visitor flow in and adjacent to the National park and for more targeted information and public relations work are discussed.
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Haider, W.,
Stated Preference & Choice Models – A Versatile Alternative to Traditional Recreation Research
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
In outdoor recreation research and visitor management applications, stated preference and choice methods have not enjoyed the same amount of popularity when compared to other directions of applied res...
In outdoor recreation research and visitor management applications, stated preference and choice methods have not enjoyed the same amount of popularity when compared to other directions of applied research. This is somewhat surprising considering the fact that decisions that managers of protected areas and outdoor recreation in general face are typically multiattribute in nature and require an understanding of the trade-offs that decision-makers of clients are willing to make. This paper provides an overview to stated choice research by explaining the essential considerations during the design and analysis of this approach. The various stages will be explained on hand of a simple example. Then the versatility of the approach will be demonstrated by discussing research design options in more detail.
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Hinterberger, B.; Arnberger, A.; Muhar, A.,
GIS-Supported Network Analysis of Visitor Flows in Recreational Areas
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The application of GIS tools for visitor monitoring facilitates a profound analysis of visitor flow patterns. Giving a visual impression of the distribution of visitors within an area via maps, interp...
The application of GIS tools for visitor monitoring facilitates a profound analysis of visitor flow patterns. Giving a visual impression of the distribution of visitors within an area via maps, interpretation of visitor use data is much easier and better. Furthermore, a GIS also allows to determine and analyse quantitative parameters of visitor use such as trail and visitor density. These parameters can also be used to characterise and compare different areas within a park. With a standardised approach, also comparisons between parks can be realised. Therefore, GIS is increasingly used in the area of visitor monitoring to assist recreation planners and park managers in their everyday work. This paper demonstrates how a GIS-based trail network analysis was used in the framework of a visitor monitoring project in the Danube Flood Plains National Park, Austria.
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Itami, R.; Raulings, R.; MacLaren, G.; Hirst, K.; Gimblett, R.; Zanon, D.; Chladek, P.,
RBSim 2: Simulating the Complex Interactions between Human Movement and the Outdoor Recreation Environment
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
This paper describes advancements in recreation management using new technology that couples Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with Intelligent Agents to simulate recreation behaviour in real world...
This paper describes advancements in recreation management using new technology that couples Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with Intelligent Agents to simulate recreation behaviour in real world settings. RBSim 2 (Recreation Behaviour Simulator) is a computer simulation program that enables recreation managers to explore the consequences of change to any one or more variables so that the goal of accommodating increasing visitor use is achieved while maintaining the quality of visitor experience. RBSim provides both a qualitative understanding of management scenarios by the use of map graphics from a GIS as well as a quantitative understanding of management consequences by generating statistics during the simulation. Managers are able to identify points of over crowding, bottlenecks in circulation systems, and conflicts between different user groups. RBSim 2 is a tool designed specifically for the purposes of simulating human recreation behaviour in outdoor environments. The software is designed to allow recreation researchers and managers to simulate any recreation environment where visitors are restricted to movement on a network (roads, trails, rivers, etc.). The software architecture is comprised of the following components: • GIS module to enter travel network, facilities, and elevation data • Agent module to specify tourist personality types, travel modes, and agent rules • Typical Trip planner to specify trips as an aggregation of entry/exit nodes, arrival curves, destinations and agents • Scenario designer to specify combinations of travel networks, and typical trip plans • Statistical module to specify outputs and summarize simulation results. This paper describes the RBSim software architecture with specific reference to the trip planning algorithms used by the recreation agents.
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Ivy, M.I.,
Video Monitoring Visitors as a Management Tool: Identifying the Issues
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
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Jackson, S.; Haider, W.; Elliot, T.,
Resolving Inter-Group Conflict in Winter Recreation: Chilkoot Trail National Historic Site, British Columbia
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The Chilkoot Trail National Historic Site, in British Columbia, Canada, is wellknown for its summer historic gold rush hiking route, and is popular in the winter with local residents for skiing, snowm...
The Chilkoot Trail National Historic Site, in British Columbia, Canada, is wellknown for its summer historic gold rush hiking route, and is popular in the winter with local residents for skiing, snowmobiling and other winter sports. Park managers implemented a strategy of temporal segregation to mitigate known conflicts between motorised and nonmotorised winter users. This study evaluated the effectiveness of separating users, by monitoring visitor satisfaction and support for the management strategy, and assessing the key differences between user groups within the theory of asymmetrical conflict. The results show that separating users does increase satisfaction for non-motorised users; however, support for controlled access is moderate to low among all users. This study alerts park managers using direct tools such as controlled access, in that dissatisfaction may shift from those who were most affected by the inter-group conflict (non-motorised users) to the motorised group, who are dissatisfied with increased access limitations and loss of freedom.
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Karácsonyi, Z.; Aradi, C.; Lisztes, L.,
From the Beginning Until the World Heritage Title: The Tendencies and Management of Visitor Flows at the Hortobágy National Park
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The Hortobágy was always in the center of interest because of its special natural values and its characteristic landscape. Even since 1973, when the Hortobágy National Park was established (as the f...
The Hortobágy was always in the center of interest because of its special natural values and its characteristic landscape. Even since 1973, when the Hortobágy National Park was established (as the first national park in Hungary) the visitor flows has been significant. However, this mainly meant a 1 or 2 days mass visits. The successive management plans paid increased attention to the problems and issues related to the visitor flows and the possible solutions. The developed zoning-system and the management regulations based on this deal with the tourism. The recently built Epona Rider Village and then the private tourism organizations appeared in increasingly large numbers, and require a new management approach. The important developments of the recent years (educational center, museums, demonstrational centers) also had a great influence on visitor flow management. The practice applied in each stage of the development process, their modifications and further developments, which is to meet the requirements of the World Heritage title, will be introduced.
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Keirle, I.,
Observation as a Technique for Establishing the Use made of the Wider Countryside: a Welsh Case Study
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Surveying the use made of the wider countryside for recreation is problematic due to the scale of the area to be covered. In particular the distribution, numbers and activities of countryside visitors...
Surveying the use made of the wider countryside for recreation is problematic due to the scale of the area to be covered. In particular the distribution, numbers and activities of countryside visitors are difficult to ascertain using conventional methodologies such as questionnaires and counters. This paper describes an observational methodology that has been used investigate recreational activity in a 466 square kilometre area of Mid Wales. The results illustrate the countryside resources that are being utilised, the activities undertaken and the number of people involved. It is concluded that observation is a valuable tool in understanding the nature of recreation in the wider countryside.
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Keßel, A.; Klüpfel, H.; Meyer-König, T.; Schreckenberg, M.,
A Concept for Coupling Empirical Data and Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Flows
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
In this paper we present a concept for coupling empirical data and a microscopic simulation of pedestrian motion. Since there is no automatic detection method available for this task up to now the mai...
In this paper we present a concept for coupling empirical data and a microscopic simulation of pedestrian motion. Since there is no automatic detection method available for this task up to now the main focus is on developing such a system. A review of the different detection methods is presented and the requirements are given an automatic system has to fulfil. Additionally, a possible realisation of such a detector is described. Experiences with such a system for vehicular traffic are reviewed.
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Krämer, A.; Roth, R.,
Spatial Requirements of Outdoor Sports in the Nature Park Southern Blackforest – GIS-based Conflict Analysis and Solutions for Visitor Flow Management
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
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Kubícková, S.; Grega, L.,
Willingness to Pay for Rural Landscape Preservation
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
In this paper we present welfare estimates from a contingent valuation (CV) study, which investigates the potential benefits derived by tourists from the implementation of a programme aimed at preserv...
In this paper we present welfare estimates from a contingent valuation (CV) study, which investigates the potential benefits derived by tourists from the implementation of a programme aimed at preserving the traditional agricultural landscape in the Protected Landscape Area Bílé Karpaty. This area belongs to the most species-rich of the Central Europe. Since 1996 Bílé Karpary has been a biosphere reserve. Our hypothesis is that the agricultural working landscape is a visual resource that is an important attraction to tourists. Here due to the current market conditions arises a danger, that farming activities will be gradually abandoned. The supply of traditional agricultural landscape, which is characteristic for this area, generates economic benefits for which farmers receive little if any remuneration. Any policy aimed at correcting this market failure and providing a socially optimal level of landscape supply needs to be informed about the social demand for this peculiar public good. In this study we estimate the value of rural landscape in the area of Bílé Karpaty for tourism. The magnitude of this form of social benefits turns out to be sizeable and would probably justify – at least in part – a conservation policy aimed at correcting current market tendencies which cause the abandonment of traditional farming practices.
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Kun, Z.,
Managing Visitors Through Certification of Protected Areas’ Business Partners - A Practical Application in Bialowieza National Park, Poland
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
WWF and its business partner, the Molecaten groep Bv initiated PAN Parks concept in 1997 to develop third party verification for measuring management effectiveness of protected areas. PAN Parks wishes...
WWF and its business partner, the Molecaten groep Bv initiated PAN Parks concept in 1997 to develop third party verification for measuring management effectiveness of protected areas. PAN Parks wishes to introduce a marriage between nature conservation and sustainable tourism. Business partners have an important role in the project as service and facility provider for visitors. The implementation of the concept of building cooperation between the management and local entrepreneurs started in Bialowieza National Park in 1998. 30 local entrepreneurs signed a letter of intent to work as candidate PAN Parks’ business partners. The concept is that guests visiting these entrepreneurs can get extra information about the Bialowieza National Park, and also about the events in the region. Local entrepreneurs can join if they pay an annual fee, and if they fulfil certain criteria.
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Lawson, S.; Manning, R.,
Integrating Multiple Wilderness Values into a Decision-Making Model for Denali National Park and Preserve
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Decisions about how to manage wilderness recreation in Denali National Park and Preserve require managers to integrate a diverse set of public values, a process that typically involves balancing trade...
Decisions about how to manage wilderness recreation in Denali National Park and Preserve require managers to integrate a diverse set of public values, a process that typically involves balancing tradeoffs among multiple and often competing values. While decisions about how to manage wilderness are often contentious, previous research suggests that if managers are able to predict public support for various management alternatives the decisions become more tractable. This study develops a decision-making model that integrates social, resource, and managerial values associated with the Denali wilderness experience. Specifically, stated choice analysis is used to evaluate the choices overnight wilderness visitors make when faced with hypothetical tradeoffs among the conditions of social, resource, and management attributes of the Denali wilderness. Study findings offer an empirical approach for predicting and evaluating the likelihood of public support for Denali wilderness management alternatives.
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Lawson, S.; Manning, R.; Valliere, W.; Wang, B.; Budruk, M.,
Using Simulation Modeling to Facilitate Proactive Monitoring and Adaptive Management of Social Carrying Capacity in Arches National Park, Utah, USA
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Recent research and management experience has led to several frameworks for defining and managing carrying capacity of national parks and protected areas. The process outlined in contemporary carrying...
Recent research and management experience has led to several frameworks for defining and managing carrying capacity of national parks and protected areas. The process outlined in contemporary carrying capacity frameworks embodies the principles of adaptive management. That is, management decisions are guided and adapted within these frameworks by monitoring indicator variables to ensure that standards of quality are maintained. The objective of this study was to develop a computer simulation model to estimate the relationships between total park use and the condition of indicator variables. In this way, simulation modeling might facilitate proactive monitoring and adaptive management of social carrying capacity of parks and protected areas.
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Liebel, G.,
Opening Address
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
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Lovén, L.,
Customer Satisfaction as an Indicator of Social Carrying Capacity – Case Heritage Centre Ukko in Koli National Park, Finland
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The systematic and spontaneous customer feedback from nature tourism customers is studied in the context of social capital created by social welfare services within the national park, especially the v...
The systematic and spontaneous customer feedback from nature tourism customers is studied in the context of social capital created by social welfare services within the national park, especially the visitor centre services. The feedback is considered as an indicator of social carrying capacity. A model has been developed for assessing the impact of different options for developing services in the visitor centre or giving priority to them. The reliability of the model is studied in relation to different customer profiles. As a special case we study on site the customer’s reactions and attitudes about a key responsibility issue in nature tourism development– responsibility of resources. A ”Partnership in Management” experiment was created in Koli National Park, in Finland, where a local supporting association (NGO) produced 18 months visitor services in visitor centre in co-operation with the official park management organisation. According to the customer feedback the majority of visitors considered this arrangement as a very positive idea. They were also willing to pay the marginal costs, which they have caused, when using the services of the association.
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Lukac, G.,
The Visitor Flows and the Bird Communities in the Paklenica National Park, Croatia (between 1997-2001)
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The paper shows the visitor flow in the Great Paklenica canyon, the most visited part of Paklenica National Park. This area is the greatest climbing center in Croatia. About 500-800 visitors reside on...
The paper shows the visitor flow in the Great Paklenica canyon, the most visited part of Paklenica National Park. This area is the greatest climbing center in Croatia. About 500-800 visitors reside on average in this area daily from mid-April to the end of October. The maximum number of visitors, 90.000, was reached in 2001. Up until now we have noted more than 200 bird species the National Park area, and between 1997 and 2001 we have recorded 56 species breed in the Velika Paklenica canyon. This most visited canyon, is known as the breedding area of 18 rocky bird species, such as as Peregrine Falcon, Short–toed Eagle, Kestrel, Rock Partridge, Eagle owl, Rock Dove, Alpine swift, Raven, Rock Nuthach, Blue Rock Thrush, Rock Thrush, Crag Martin, House Martin, Red-rumped Swallow, Black Redstart, Black-eared Wheatear. One pair of Golden Eagles moved to an inaccessible area of the Mala Paklenica canyon. The small colonies of Griffon Vultures have ceased to exist in the National Park. The Egyptian Vulture have disappeared from Croatia at the end of the 1980-ties. This paper discusses the influences of visitor flows, climbing and other recreational activites on the breeding bird communities.
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Lynch, J.,
A Spatial Model of Overnight Visitor Behavior in a Wilderness Area in Eastern Sierra Nevada
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
This paper documents an attempt to simulate spatially the behavior of a group of sampled overnight visitors in a dispersed recreation setting – the Humphrey’s Basin region of the John Muir Wildern...
This paper documents an attempt to simulate spatially the behavior of a group of sampled overnight visitors in a dispersed recreation setting – the Humphrey’s Basin region of the John Muir Wilderness in the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains. This study utilizes spatial data depicting the behavior of backcountry visitors in Humphrey’s Basin to formulate a model based on cost surface techniques in a geographic information system (GIS) to develop a measure of visitor effort expenditure as a way of describing factors influencing spatial distribution of camping behavior. This hiking effort index model (HEI) measures the accumulative cost hikers expended to traverse varying distances between campsite locations in the study area. The cost grid input for the HEI model consisted of a) a slope factor derived from digital elevation models (DEM), b) the measured hiking times of backpackers at various slopes, and c) the relative cost of traveling either on or off trail. The model measures relative travel cost in units of hiking minutes. The model was tested using a subsample of the actual spatial data of visitor behavior not used in the running of the HEI model. Results indicate that the HEI model does accurately simulate the spatial distribution of visitors. This study thus suggests that human behavior in a dispersed recreation setting can be successfully modeled as well as pointing to ways of further improving simulation techniques
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Manning, R.E.,
How Much is Too Much? Carrying Capacity of National Parks and Protected Areas
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Increasing recreational use of national parks and protected areas can impact natural and cultural resources and the quality of the visitor experience. Determining how much recreational use can ultimat...
Increasing recreational use of national parks and protected areas can impact natural and cultural resources and the quality of the visitor experience. Determining how much recreational use can ultimately be accommodated in a park or protected area is often addressed through the concept of carrying capacity. Contemporary approaches to carrying capacity – including the Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) framework developed by the U.S. National Park Service – rely on formulation of indicators and standards of quality of natural/cultural resources and the visitor experience. This paper describes the VERP framework and its application in the U.S. national park system, including a program of research designed to help formulate indicators and standards of quality.
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Mast, U.,
Towards Quality Rural Tourism in Alpine Recreational Areas in Europe: Integrated Quality Management of Rural Tourist Destinations & Presentation of a Case Study in Bregenzerwald, Austria
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The rural recreation areas of Europe provide a wide variety of experiences and attractions for the visitor. Domestic and international visitor flows mostly from conurbations are turning to countryside...
The rural recreation areas of Europe provide a wide variety of experiences and attractions for the visitor. Domestic and international visitor flows mostly from conurbations are turning to countryside destinations for holidays in increasing numbers. There are changes in the length and type of visits sought and there is a rapid growth in alternative recreational outdoor activities world wide and thus the alpine rural areas have to be ever more competitive and have to concentrate on sustainable development. At the same time there is an increasing need to be sensitive to both the positive and negative impacts of tourism on the economy, the environment and the local communities. Integrated quality management is an approach to focus on quality by putting suitable management in place, to ensure that visitors have a special experience, meeting or exceeding their expectations while maximising the benefit to the destination and while managing visitor flows. This approach is explored here and the main issues that are discussed, are based on a case study in the Bregenzerwald, Vorarlberg.
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McKenzie, J.; Katic, E.,
Recreational Use and Wildlife Movement near Mountain Park Communities: Integrating Social and Ecological Management Objectives in Banff National Park
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The proximity and easy access to recreational areas are special features of communities in parks and protected areas. In Canada’s Mountain National Parks, communities are often located in valley bot...
The proximity and easy access to recreational areas are special features of communities in parks and protected areas. In Canada’s Mountain National Parks, communities are often located in valley bottoms that are important habitat for a wide range of terrestrial wildlife. Managing the spatial and temporal distribution of recreational users near park communities presents a challenge for managers faced with the conflicting objectives of providing recreational opportunities while maintaining the quality of habitat for wildlife. To address land use issues between recreational users and wildlife, we develop management objectives that integrate recreational opportunities with wildlife habitat requirements. We outline methods to collect baseline recreation and wildlife data for an integrated land use plan and describe subsequent steps in the planning process.
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McVetty, D.,
Understanding Visitor Flows in Canada's National Parks: the Patterns of Visitor Use Study in Banff, Kootenay, and Yoho National Parks
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Parks Canada and its stakeholders are seeking to better understand visitors’ movements, behaviour, and motives to support ecological integrity and sustainable tourism. Traditional market research de...
Parks Canada and its stakeholders are seeking to better understand visitors’ movements, behaviour, and motives to support ecological integrity and sustainable tourism. Traditional market research describes these dimensions one at a time, but few studies have focused on the segmentation needed to addresses all three dimensions together. This study develops a complex visit typology and compares its practical value to a more common segmentation approach: visitor origin. Results suggest that both approaches have practical value, but that the post hoc visit type approach is more useful as a management tool for describing visitor movements.
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Meçaj, N.; Muharremaj, V.,
Dajti National Park A Recreational Area for Citizens of Tirana, Albania
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Dajti National Park is one of the 12 National Parks of Albania, declared as a protected area in 1961. From the administrative of view, it is included in the Tirana District. This Park is managed by th...
Dajti National Park is one of the 12 National Parks of Albania, declared as a protected area in 1961. From the administrative of view, it is included in the Tirana District. This Park is managed by the general Directorate of Forestry (Ministry of Agriculture and Food). Total protected area reaches 10,269 ha. It represents an important additional to the presentation of natural wealth Park. The intention of this paper is to provide visitors with the essential information on natural history and cultural importance of Dajti National Park. It should come into hands of every single visitor and draw his attention to numerous attractions of the first Albanian National Park (field trip, visitor observation, interviews etc.). The results showed that various methods allow a thorough analyses of visitor activities as a basis for the ecologically and economically sustainable management of recreation and conservation areas.
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Moder, F.; Hellmuth, E.,
Objectives and Basis of Management of Visitor Flows in the Biosphere Reserve Vessertal/Thuringia Germany
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The biosphere reserve Vessertal (Biosphärenreservat Vessertal) is one of the two oldest biosphere reserves in Germany and represents a characteristic part of the central European highlands. It is par...
The biosphere reserve Vessertal (Biosphärenreservat Vessertal) is one of the two oldest biosphere reserves in Germany and represents a characteristic part of the central European highlands. It is part of the Thuringian Forest (Thüringer Wald). In this region nature based tourism is very traditional. Since 1999 the increase of touristic offers in combination with the development of more touristic infrastructure caused a variety of activities in visitor management. A first step was the definition of the aims of visitor management. The discussion showed soon that visitor management in the Vessertal should include more aspects than the protection of species and biotops. Nevertheless the survey of sensitive habitats and species is an important basis for all further steps towards a concept of sustainable development. Finally, the first results of a project of reducing the present network of touristic trails are presented.
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Mowen, A.J.,
Estimating Visitor Occasions and Recreational Visits at an Urban Park District
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The need for a committed system to monitor and track visitation over time is increasingly recognized by agencies that are responsive to staffing, budgeting, and public relations. This paper highlights...
The need for a committed system to monitor and track visitation over time is increasingly recognized by agencies that are responsive to staffing, budgeting, and public relations. This paper highlights a process that a metropolitan park agency uses to monitor visitation within its jurisdiction. The importance of a long-term and regular counting effort is highlighted as well as a brief discussion of trade-offs made between validity and reliability in the formative years of establishing a new use estimation system. The paper concludes by identifying some of the advantages and limitations inherent when estimating urban park visitation with inductive loop counters.
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Muhar, A.; Arnberger, A.; Brandenburg, C.,
Methods for Visitor Monitoring in Recreational and Protected Areas: An Overview
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The objective of this paper is to present a systematic overview on methods used for visitor monitoring in recreational areas. Emphasis is given on quantitative methods such as direct observation, vide...
The objective of this paper is to present a systematic overview on methods used for visitor monitoring in recreational areas. Emphasis is given on quantitative methods such as direct observation, video observation, counting devices and registration books. The various approaches are discussed with regard to practical, legal and organisational aspects, such as costs, maintenance requirements, dependence on infrastructure (e.g. electricity), risk of vandalism or suitability for remote and ecologically sensitive locations. For the design of a visitor monitoring scheme in a specific recreational area it is necessary to determine the best combination of devices and methods, depending on the objectives of the monitoring program. This relates also to the temporal resolution of monitoring activities (permanent, periodic, selective). In areas where the recreational use is largely depending on external factors such as weather, daytime and season, the representativity of a sampling scheme becomes crucial for the statistic validity of the obtained data. As visitor monitoring can also be regarded as an interference with the privacy of the persons being monitored, ethic aspects of the application of the various methods must also be addressed.
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Muharremaj, V.,
Conflicts of Interest on National Parks and Protected Areas during the Transition Period in Albania
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
National Parks of Albania are the most frequented by visitors, because patches of virgin forests, high biodiversity, landscape beauties and nature monuments are present within their areas. During the ...
National Parks of Albania are the most frequented by visitors, because patches of virgin forests, high biodiversity, landscape beauties and nature monuments are present within their areas. During the hard transition period some conflicts of interest have risen on parks and protected areas, which delay their proper management and in a certain degree they affect the flow flux of visitors. The rural appraisal method was mainly used for identification of conflicts. The analyses of factors and causes of these conflicts allow to give some recommendations for their solution, which will influence, in parallel with other measures, on the sustainable management of parks and protected areas, evaluation of their multiple values by the society, and increasing the income of the local communities.
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Mutz, R.; Von Janowsky, D.; Becker, G.,
Cyclical Visitor-Behavior Patterns of Urban Forest Recreation Environments and their Determinants – A Statistical View
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Urban forest recreation environments have their particular rhythms, not only natural periodicities, but also periodicites of their human members (vistors, rangers,...). A human forest ecosystem as a b...
Urban forest recreation environments have their particular rhythms, not only natural periodicities, but also periodicites of their human members (vistors, rangers,...). A human forest ecosystem as a basic unit of analysis can be defined as an interaction between the population, the organization of forest and the technology in response to the environment. In order to manage such forest ecosystems information about the recreation demand of visitors is needed, particularly about the rhythms of the visitor flow. A scientific project in Stuttgart, a town in South-Germay, provides for an example. The central objective of this paper is to detect periodicities in a time series of frequencies of certain groups of visitors, observed by a fix video camera over one year (March 1999-March 2000) (n=1421 measurements). A not widespreaded statistical method, the spectral analysis, will be applied on the data. Certain periodicities can be found, especially a day-cycle, week-cycles and year-cycles for the various groups of visitors. Impacts of weather (sunny, cloudy, rainy) and weekday (weekend or not) have significant influence on the visitor flow. A simulation illustrates the shape of the cycles, which are detected.
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Nagy, K.,
Public Use of the Public Parks and Protected Areas of Budapest
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Based on the series of studies investigating the public uses of various public parks and nature conservation areas of Budapest, a comparative evaluation was prepared which allowed us to quantify the a...
Based on the series of studies investigating the public uses of various public parks and nature conservation areas of Budapest, a comparative evaluation was prepared which allowed us to quantify the actual recreational role of these two types of green areas in the green area system of large cities. The approach involved on-site interviews with questionnaires and on-site monitoring, with additional urban planning analyses. The results provided direct help in the development of green area management guidelines for cities and in the preparation of future management plans for protected areas. In addition, the results allowed us to develop planning guidelines and a basis for developing new means of environmental awareness raising and education.
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Nodilo, M.,
Nature Protection in the Service of the Visitors who visit National Park Mljet
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
National park «Mljet» is proclaimed in 1960., for sake of wooded areas and two picturesque sea lakes. Located on the one third of the western part of the island Mljet, it takes up the region of 3000...
National park «Mljet» is proclaimed in 1960., for sake of wooded areas and two picturesque sea lakes. Located on the one third of the western part of the island Mljet, it takes up the region of 3000 hectares. The region is wooded and systematic protection of nature has been realised there. Every jear visitors arrive at this area and we make efforts to give them pleas-ant and substantial stay. So boards with educational matter have been placed in the Nacional park. The notices educate visitors about characteristics of lakes, the protected sea parts, archeological locality, possibility of sightseeing … Signs, texts and maps with description of ecological paths are installed to give better information about the Park. Ther are the ecological round path Fontana – Vrbovica, cca 4000 m long, the ecological path to belvedere V. Sladin Gradac and the ecological path Pomena – Soline. Apart from improvement of educational subjects, we work permanently on preventive protection against forest fire, cleaning rubbish and protecting entire region from dirt.National park «Mljet» is proclaimed in 1960., for sake of wooded areas and two picturesque sea lakes. Located on the one third of the western part of the island Mljet, it takes up the region of 3000 hectares. The region is wooded and systematic protection of nature has been realised there. Every jear visitors arrive at this area and we make efforts to give them pleas-ant and substantial stay. So boards with educational matter have been placed in the Nacional park. The notices educate visitors about characteristics of lakes, the protected sea parts, archeological locality, possibility of sightseeing … Signs, texts and maps with description of ecological paths are installed to give better information about the Park. Ther are the ecological round path Fontana – Vrbovica, cca 4000 m long, the ecological path to belvedere V. Sladin Gradac and the ecological path Pomena – Soline. Apart from improvement of educational subjects, we work permanently on preventive protection against forest fire, cleaning rubbish and protecting entire region from dirt.
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Pekny, R.; Leditznig, C.,
Visitor Management in the Wilderness Area Dürrenstein, Lower Austrian Kalkalpen
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
With its approx. 2.400 ha, the wilderness area Dürrenstein lies in the south-western part of Lower Austria in the northern Kalkalpen. The primary objective of this protected area, which is aiming at ...
With its approx. 2.400 ha, the wilderness area Dürrenstein lies in the south-western part of Lower Austria in the northern Kalkalpen. The primary objective of this protected area, which is aiming at being recognised as Category I of the IUCN guidelines (Eastern part: Ia – strict nature reserve and Western part: Ib – wilderness area), is the sustainable protection of this region. However, as according to the said guidelines, human disturbance in the wilderness area must be minimised, yet educational opportunities (for Ia) and the well-being of visitors (for Ib) are part of the criteria for the mentioned categories, there could be potential conflicts between nature protection objectives and the activities resulting from an educational and recreational obligation (visitor management and guidance). As part of the LIFE project carried out for the establishment of the wilderness area, visitor surveys were made. They showed that the area around the Dürrenstein was mostly a regional recreation area. The number of visitors has remained widely the same in the last 50 years despite slight fluctuations. An increase in the level of popularity of the protected area, following the Category I recognition, could alter the situation. A possible consequence of a larger number of visitors would be the effect on habitats i.e. a disturbance of the wild animals living in the wilderness area. In particular hoofed game, red deer, deer and chamois but also rare birds such as capercaillie or black grouse could be affected. The result of increased disturbance is species extinction or in the case of hoofed game (forest)ecological damage, which cannot be tolerated in such a small wilderness area. In order to counteract the negative effects of a positive visitor development in the wilderness area, appropriate standards must be set for visitor management. For this, measures for visitor guidance should not only be applied inside the wilderness area, but also partly in its forefield. Only thus may the demands of nature protection on an effective visitor management be met. Therefore, basic – from the point of view of the protected area management, very moderate – principles were fixed for the wilderness area itself: • Visitor information on the protection objective • Monitoring of the development of the recreational use • Gentle guidance instead of orders (marked trails) • Discussion of arising utilisation conflicts with all parties concerned.
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Petrova, E.,
Problems of Recreational Use of the World Natural Heritage Territories (Ubsunur Hollow Example)
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Six Russian territories are included already into UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage List. Several more territories have to be included into the List in the near future. The Ubsunuur Hollow th...
Six Russian territories are included already into UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage List. Several more territories have to be included into the List in the near future. The Ubsunuur Hollow that is situated in the very center of Asia on a border between Russian Republic of Tyva and Mongolia will be among them. This place is probably the only one in the world where almost all the Earth nature zones (including the northernmost deserts and southernmost tundra) are met on a relatively small by size territory. Besides one can meet here the unique historical monuments – numerous burial-mounds and stone steles from 2–1 Millenniums B.C. The traditional nomad stockbreeding as well as ecological tourism can develop on this territory as main types of nature use. The tourists could visit the Reserve cluster plots where they could acquaint themselves with the popular traditions and enjoy the nature. Unlike the homelike European regions the nature of the Ubsunuur Hollow has been preserved for the present in practically untouched condition. The remoteness and hard accessibility of this territory don’t contribute to the mass tourist flows attraction. In the future it is planned to organize here the recreational use by small tourist groups that will observe the strict rules of behavior. Large hotels and other massive constructions of the tourist infrastructure won’t be built here. The tourists will move mainly by horses or by feet using the existing roads and paths and will live in tents and yurts. The definite flow of the financial sources will be possible together with the pure educational effect.
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Ploner, A.; Brandenburg, C.,
Modelling the Dependency between Visitor Numbers and Meteorological Variables via Regression Trees
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
We propose using regression trees as a flexible and intuitive tool for modelling the relationship between weather conditions and day to day changes of the visitor load in outdoor recreation areas. Reg...
We propose using regression trees as a flexible and intuitive tool for modelling the relationship between weather conditions and day to day changes of the visitor load in outdoor recreation areas. Regression trees offer a number of advantages when compared e.g. to linear models, specifically by outlining different seasonal and meteorological scenarios. When applied to video monitoring data from the Lobau, an Austrian nature conservation area, good regression tree models for the total number of visitors and the counts for some visitor categories (bikers, hikers, swimmers) were found, while other categories could not be adequately represented (dog walkers, joggers). The regression trees indicate a strong relationship between weather and total visitor numbers, as well as weather and the number of bikes and swimmers, respectively. The relationship to weather was found to be only slight for hikers and dog walkers, and completely absent for joggers. In general, the use of derived meteorological quantities in form of thermic comfort indices for characterizing weather conditions results in better models than the use of directly observable meteorological quantities.
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Prokic, S.,
Visitor Flows in National Parks and other Protected Areas of Serbia: Case Studies of Proper and Improper Practices
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The principles of management in the protected natural areas of Serbia are defined by the Environment Protection and National Parks Acts of the Republic of Serbia. Even though these laws were adopted b...
The principles of management in the protected natural areas of Serbia are defined by the Environment Protection and National Parks Acts of the Republic of Serbia. Even though these laws were adopted by the Parliament as early as 1991 and 1993, respectively, their implementation is not performed in an equal manner in all the protected areas. According to these laws, the tourism in such areas is not primarily considered as an activity of economic/commercial character, but as one of the environmental principles. It is supposed to contribute to the protection and development of the national parks and nature reserves by promotion and presentation of the natural and cultural values. The role of such tourism in the environmental education of the general public is also of paramount importance. The Ministries of the Environment and Tourism of the Republic of Serbia have brought in 1998 the Action Plan for the Sustainable Development of Tourism in the Protected Natural Areas. On this basis, the Minstry of the Environment has also brought the Action Plan for Sustainable Management of Hunting Grounds and Game Fauna in the Protected Natural Areas. In addition to a brief survey of the above legislation, some case studies are presented of both positive and negative practice in performing the management of the protected natural areas in this respect. The case studies relate to the Nature Reserve „Begej - Carska Bara“ and the National Park „Kopaonik“ as the two extreme examples of the corresponding approaches.
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Pröbstl, U.,
NATURA 2000 - The Influence of the European Directives on the Development of Nature-based Sport in Mountain Areas
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
In the counties of the European Community the influence of European directives is increasing. Especially the directive on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (European Cou...
In the counties of the European Community the influence of European directives is increasing. Especially the directive on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (European Council Directive 92/43 EEC from 1992) and the directive on the conservation of wild birds (European Council directive 79/409 EEC from 1979) are expected to have an influence on the development of nature-based sport. Most of the sport organizations in Germany are expecting negative consequences for their future development concerning nature-based sport in mountain areas. Based on a study of the German sport association possible consequences are analyzed and discussed. This project gives guidelines for the application and interpretation of these directives, the practicable use and management. The study shows that concerning a possible deterioration three types of sport and recreational activities have to be differentiated. Further more sport events must be evaluated in the future. At least the role and task of the management plan for NATURA 2000 areas is discussed. The management plan helps to choose suitable measures, helps to solve conflicts and to rise the acceptance and transparency for the public. It is demonstrated that the consultation and participation of local people including members of sport and recreational organisations is necessary to reach the best result for the nature conservation and conservation of endangered habitats or species.
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Rauhala, J.; Erkkonen, J.; Iisalo, H.,
Standardisation of Visitor Counting– Experiences from Finland
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
In 2000 we started to test visitor counters for the Natural Heritage Services of Southern Finland, in the Teijo Hiking Area. At the same time we tested both an appropriate method for visitor counting ...
In 2000 we started to test visitor counters for the Natural Heritage Services of Southern Finland, in the Teijo Hiking Area. At the same time we tested both an appropriate method for visitor counting and counting equipment. Encouraged by this experience, we started systematic visitor counting in nine southern national parks in 2001. Traditional everyman's rights (right of public access) guarantee all people - Finnish or otherwise - free access to Finland's forests, whether the forests be privately or publicly owned. This makes reliable visitor counting difficult, but at the same time extremely challenging. The main reason for visitor counting is the fact that the total number of visitors is not known well enough in protected and recreational areas. We also need to have comparable and reliable visitor information from different types of area and in the long run we need to know the trends as regards the number of visitors. Besides being very important for Metsahallitus itself, the reliable estimates we are able to produce are also of great regional significance. Visitors can be counted by electronic and mechanical counters of different kinds. We have four types of counter in use. Three electronic types can be used in trail and traffic counting and also indoors. In addition there is one mechanical type which can be used indoors, for example. At the moment the Natural Heritage Services of Southern Finland have about 40 counters in use. Each counter calculates visitors somewhat differently, depending on the installation of the counter, its placement and the quality of the counter. Also, different weather conditions may affect the counters. For these reasons, each counter must be calibrated independently, after which each counter has its own coefficient. After calibration one can calculate the counter’s final result. Thereafter it is possible to calculate the estimated total number of visitors in a specific area. Metsahallitus also carries out visitor counting in other parts of Finland, but not yet as systematically as in southern Finland. Naturally there is a connection between visitor surveys and visitor counting, as both qualitative and quantitative information is important in planning and management processes. This paper presents practical experiences of visitor counting from the Finnish perspective. The presentation deals with the process of planning visitor counting, the special equipment needed in counting and ways of transforming the figures from the calculators into estimates of the number of visits in a specific area. In addition, the results of a pilot study from the Teijo Hiking Area are presented as a case.
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Roovers, P.; Hermy, M.; Gulinck, H.,
A Survey of Recreation Interests in Urban Forests, the Influence of Travel Distance
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The forest complex of Heverlee-Meerdaal, which consists of two forest parts, is located on a gradient from a rural region to an expanding urban area. By means of counts an interpretation on congestion...
The forest complex of Heverlee-Meerdaal, which consists of two forest parts, is located on a gradient from a rural region to an expanding urban area. By means of counts an interpretation on congestion and on spreading of visitors in time and space in the area was made. On the basis of these counts questionnaires were carried out in the forest throughout the whole year and among all activity groups. The questionnaires dealt with socio-demographical characteristics of the visitors, preferences and perceptions of the respective activity groups and their interpretation of the forest area concerning structure and infrastructure. According to this study, the geographical distribution of the visitors in the forest is highly determined by the position of the forest along a gradient relative to the conurbation.
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Rudolphi, W.; Haider, W.,
Visitor Management and Ecological Integrity: One Example of an Integrated Management Approach Using Decision Analysis
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
In this paper we argue in favor of using a decision analysis framework for more integrated decision-making when managing protected areas. Such an approach will enable agencies to balance between the f...
In this paper we argue in favor of using a decision analysis framework for more integrated decision-making when managing protected areas. Such an approach will enable agencies to balance between the frequently conflicting goals of visitor management and ecological integrity. We present a case study from the West Coast Trail in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, BC, Canada, in which we use ELECTRE and AHP to establish a ranking of several management options. We conclude by suggesting that such a more formal framework constitutes a more objective decision support tool, assists in framing relevant management questions and tradeoffs, and at the same time provides guidance for data collection.
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Rundle, S.,
Monitoring Low Volume Walker Use of a Remote Mountain Range: a Case Study of the Arthur Range, Tasmania, Australia
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Registration data are the major source of information about bushwalker (hiker, tramper, rambler) volumes and basic characteristics in the Arthur Range within the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Ar...
Registration data are the major source of information about bushwalker (hiker, tramper, rambler) volumes and basic characteristics in the Arthur Range within the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. This paper describes the problems encountered with the existing registration system and the simple and practical solutions adopted to address them.
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Schneider, P.; Pröbstl, U.; Fürnrohr, G.,
Visitor Management and Ecological Monitoring in Austrian, Italian and Bavarian Skiing Resorts by Adapting the EU-Eco-Audit
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The problems in skiing resorts caused by winter sports and agriculture and summer touristic land use are well known. They mostly found upon sensitive ecological conditions, building measures, deficien...
The problems in skiing resorts caused by winter sports and agriculture and summer touristic land use are well known. They mostly found upon sensitive ecological conditions, building measures, deficiencies in visitor management and an overlapping land use during summer. A new possibility to face and to decrease these problems will be presented within this article by the EU-Eco-Audit. Examples from Italy, Germany and Austria show starting points for valuation, deduction of objects for environmental development and suggestions for an environmental management system. A future-development should be influenced by an auditing process which is supported by the enterprise and to environmental concerns set up in business, what should be further developed.
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Shalovenkov, N.,
Interaction of Land and Water Ecosystems in Recreational and Protected Areas
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The experience of monitoring and management of visitor flows is stored enough large for land ecosystems in recreational and protected areas. An estimation of influence of visiting flows and choice of ...
The experience of monitoring and management of visitor flows is stored enough large for land ecosystems in recreational and protected areas. An estimation of influence of visiting flows and choice of optimum loadings for water ecosystems are connected to some difficulties. This difficulty is predetermined, first of all, by complexity of interaction of land and water ecosystems and by complexity of performance of monitoring of environment for such ecosystems. Interaction of water and land ecosystems we will consider on an example of the Dniester River Basin and coast of the Black Sea, which are popular recreational and protected areas.
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Shapochkin, M.; Kiseleva, V.,
Monitoring of Recreation-Affected Forest Stands in the National Park Losiny Ostrov
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The effect of recreation on the forests of National Park Losiny Ostrov located within the boundaries of Moscow is examined. The methods of monitoring of recreation-affected forest stands are represent...
The effect of recreation on the forests of National Park Losiny Ostrov located within the boundaries of Moscow is examined. The methods of monitoring of recreation-affected forest stands are represented, and the preliminary results of their application for the revealing of the most damaged forest areas are discussed. Some practical measures are suggested in order to redistribute visitor flows across the territory of the most visited part of the national park.
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Simma, A.; Schlich, R.; Axhausen, K.W.,
Destination Choice Modelling of Leisure Trips: The Case of Switzerland
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
In this paper the destination choice of Swiss within Switzerland is analysed. Information about variables influencing destination choice for different activity should be the result of the modelling pr...
In this paper the destination choice of Swiss within Switzerland is analysed. Information about variables influencing destination choice for different activity should be the result of the modelling process. The analyses are based on three pillars. A detailed database for all Swiss municipalities is the first pillar, nation wide demand data the second pillar. Additionally a suitable method is necessary. Because destination choice is a choice between discrete alternatives, Multi-nominal Logit models are used. Models for three different activity types - skiing, climbing and hiking respectively walking and swimming are estimated. In all models the importance of the distance between origin and destination becomes visible.
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Skov-Petersen, H.,
GIS-based modeling of car-borne visits to Danish Forests
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Vector-based GIS is used as a basic for building a predictive model of car-borne recreational activities in Danish nature areas. Special attention is paid to the forests. The model takes its point of ...
Vector-based GIS is used as a basic for building a predictive model of car-borne recreational activities in Danish nature areas. Special attention is paid to the forests. The model takes its point of departure from frequencies of forest visits considering type of starting point (dwelling, summer house etc.), travel cost (into four time-bands) and three different nature types (forest, beach, and the remainder landscape). By means of linear regression statistics the model results are correlated with registered activities (number of cars in an extensive selection of parking lots in the nature). Further the effect of various local amenities – distance to the coasts, terrain form etc. – are evaluated. The work is part of the authors Ph.D.-thesis (Skov- Petersen, 2002).
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Steiner, W.; Parz-Gollner, R.,
Actual Numbers and Effects of Recreational Disturbance on the Distribution and Behaviour of Greylag Geese (Anser Anser) in the “Neusiedler See – Seewinkel” Nationalpark Area
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The Neusiedler See – Seewinkel National Park area is confronted with a remarkable increase in tourism and recreational activities during the last years. The „Koppel“ area, situated on the easter...
The Neusiedler See – Seewinkel National Park area is confronted with a remarkable increase in tourism and recreational activities during the last years. The „Koppel“ area, situated on the eastern shore of the lake, is one of the most important breeding sites for Greylag Geese. Behaviour and distribution of the geese on the breeding site as well as touristic activities on the adjacent road leading along the „Koppel“ were examined to investigate relations and interactions between the Greylag Goose population and tourism. Taking into account the excellent weather and breeding conditions in the year 2000 the results of the survey indicate a stable or even rising Greylag population, increasing numbers of visitors and high disturbance frequencies in the vicinity of the study area. The number of disturbances on the adjacent road seems to affect the suitability of the site in general, leading to a specific temporal and spatial distribution of the birds, whereas different disturbance qualities result in changes of the birds behaviour.
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Sterl, P.; Wagner, S.; Arnberger, A.,
Water Sports Activities and their Effects on the Avifauna of the Danube Floodplains National Park, Austria - First Results
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Sustainable management of protected areas requires combining standardized ecological observations with quantitative data about the number of visitors and their behavior. Austria's Danube Floodpla...
Sustainable management of protected areas requires combining standardized ecological observations with quantitative data about the number of visitors and their behavior. Austria's Danube Floodplains National Park is a prime example for the importance of accommodating a high volume of recreational use with concerns about ecological integrity. Wetland ecology is of particular concern to park management. Within the scope of this study, boaters in the old branches of the Danube were observed en route and questioned when leaving the area. These observations provided quantitative data, such as the number of boaters, their spatio-temporal distribution and their behavior. At the same time, disturbances to water birds were inventoried using standardized ecological observation techniques. These observations were interlinked with visitor use data provided by a constant video recording of the recreational activity at the main entry point. Thus, data on the number and the temporal distribution of the boaters for the overall observation period was made available. The result of this study was, that through the simultaneous presence of different user groups, there is a permanent burden placed on the old branches by boaters, which scarcely permits rest for the avifauna.
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Stursa, J.,
Impacts of Tourism Load on the Mountain Environment (A Case Study of the Krkonoše Mountains National Park - the Czech Republic)
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Krkonose Mountains (the Giant Mountains in Czech) as the highest mountains of the Czech Republic belong to the most visited middle-european mountains as they are well facilitated for both summer and w...
Krkonose Mountains (the Giant Mountains in Czech) as the highest mountains of the Czech Republic belong to the most visited middle-european mountains as they are well facilitated for both summer and winter outdoor recreation. More than 8 million visitors within a year means very serious tourism load on the mountain landscape and ecosystems. Primary impacts (e.g. disturbing plants and animals by trampling and noise, soil erosion or cummulation of rubish) together with secondary impacts of tourism development (a.g. arrising of accomodation capacity, impact on traditional landscape infrastructure by reebuilding of original small mountain chalets, nonsufficient disposal of waste, transport of allochtone organisms) create very cotraversional background for sustainable use of the mountains which are the oldest national park of the Czech Republic. Paper describes these impacts and suggests some forms of conflict solution between tourism development and statutes of the national park.
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Suchant, R.; Schäfer, A.,
Integrating Tourism and Grouse Habitat Protection in the Black Forest
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
This project illustrates methods for combining tourism and conservation. The project area of 8.000 hectares is a popular central European tourist attraction. It is also NATURA 2000 area and habitat of...
This project illustrates methods for combining tourism and conservation. The project area of 8.000 hectares is a popular central European tourist attraction. It is also NATURA 2000 area and habitat of the hazel grouse (Bonasa bonasia L.) and capercaille (Tetrao urogallus L.). Grouse species are used as indicators for environmental features such as diversity, natural character and beauty of the landscape. A catalogue of integrated actions was coordinated in a two-phase method based on detailed inventories of the landscape ecology, tourist use, the habitat and distribution of grouse species: The first step was to tune the measures for habitat improvement within a spatial concept with rest zones for wildlife in which silvicultural measures should improve habitat structures. The second step was coordination with local authorities and NGO’s to concentrate and improve the tourist infrastructure outside these rest zones. The result of the project (begun in 1998) has been a win-win-situation: improvement of habitat structures as well as improved offer for tourism. Conservation and the utilization of nature are no longer regarded as contradictory. The dynamic of a spatial concept based on scientific results allows all the various interest parties to work together. The project is supported by EU’s “LIFE-Nature” programme.
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Sumiyoshi, Y.; Uchiyama, K.,
Recent Trends of Park Use at Tokyo Metropolitan Area
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Tokyo Metropolitan Government has studying its urban parks since 1982. Several parks are selected in each year, and the parks under study are increasing. The cost has already amounted more than 10 mil...
Tokyo Metropolitan Government has studying its urban parks since 1982. Several parks are selected in each year, and the parks under study are increasing. The cost has already amounted more than 10 million yen. At 69 parks, the government counted the visitors’ number of the monitoring day and interviewed age of visitors, their way of access, purposes of visit, their impressions of the parks and the requirements of the park management. The results were totaled at each park category. The categories were: A, famous park well facilitated; B, city park with wide. grassy open space; C, sports parks; D, natural forest parks in hilly area; E, historic garden parks with admission; and F, small parks. The density of visitors ranged from 1-200 persons per hectare, and 80% of parks had a density below 50 persons per hectare. The inducement sphere, 80% of visitors accessible, was ranged from 1-50km; the widest radius was observed at the parks with admission and the park at the city center. A frequent arrival of the visitors was observed 1-2 p.m. and the exit was 2-3 p.m. at the historical gardens (E type). The parks, less than 20 hectare, showed the increase in visitor numbers in proportion to the park area. B type park showed the increase of residence time in relation to the park area. Congestion had a bipolar effect on visitors’ satisfaction: each park has its own comfortable visitor density.
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Tarbaeva, V.; Fomichyova, T.,
Development of Ecotourism in the Largest National Park "Yugyd va"
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The National Park "Yugyd va", Komi, Russia is used predominantly by the Russian population for summer and winter recreation purposes. The National Park (NP) organizes, plans and controls vis...
The National Park "Yugyd va", Komi, Russia is used predominantly by the Russian population for summer and winter recreation purposes. The National Park (NP) organizes, plans and controls visitor flows. Management of visitor flows is directly and indirectly realized by the NP. The direct management includes functional zone division, normalizing recreation loads, law-enforcement activity. The indirect management includes regulation of visitors access in determined places of the NP because of complex and dangerous routes or specific objects organization of tourist infrastructure. Monitoring of visitor activities in the National Park is realized by short-term visitor observation and route registration. Organization of visitor flow is realized on the basis of agreement between the NP and tour operators. The NP regulates of tourism and recreation by restriction of moving the visitors on the NP area on the basis of permissible recreation loads.
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Tempesta, T.; Visintin, F.; Marangon, F.,
Ecotourism demand in North-East Italy
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
There are three regions in North-East Italy: Friuli Venezia Giulia, Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige. These regions have highly differentiated environmental and natural features. In fact, in this small ...
There are three regions in North-East Italy: Friuli Venezia Giulia, Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige. These regions have highly differentiated environmental and natural features. In fact, in this small area we can find the biomes of the main European temperate zones. The environment is important because there are a large number of National and Regional Natural Parks, as well as small protected areas that many people visit every year. Since the nineties, the authors have been involved in research to examine and analyse ecotourism in North-East Italy. The main objectives were to: a) define a methodology that would quantify the recreational flow from the results of phone and in-person interviews, b) analyse ecotourism demand, socioeconomic visitor features, tourist facilities and economic flow. The statistical models study the number of visits through a travel cost method, and willingness to pay by means of contingent valuation methods. The findings have allowed us to fill the considerable information gap regarding ecotourism and the recreational use of the landscape. From the survey we have collected precise data on the economic and social importance of ecotourism, such as recreational benefit and expense flow.
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Uzun, A.; Yesil, A.; Ozsul, Z.,
The Planning of User Flows in Istanbul Groves for Sustainability in Natural Structure
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The greenness of Istanbul Bosphorus, except its natural vegetation, is gathered in its parks, gardens and groves. The greenness of the Bosphorus identifies itself with the groves that also have great ...
The greenness of Istanbul Bosphorus, except its natural vegetation, is gathered in its parks, gardens and groves. The greenness of the Bosphorus identifies itself with the groves that also have great monumental value. Today, in Istanbul, there is a great number of groves that belongs to either governmental or private institutions. Recently, these groves have experienced increasing pressure from the great number of visitors and their potential use. The latest inventories indicate that existing use patterns of the natural resources of groves affect the trees and plant diversity negatively. Overuse of specific sites causes damage to vegetation especially for exotic plant species that are rarely found in Istanbul. This paper is aimed to describe progress on a system that enables optimal dispersion of use patterns and sustainable use of the groves for future protection. The “User Inventory for Istanbul Groves” was developed to include periodic user observation and user survey in order to maintain groves effectively. For this reason, the computer technology is used as an evaluation tool for examining the user survey results and physical data of the groves that concentrate especially on Yildiz Grove. For the purpose of the study, Yildiz Grove is divided into different zones based on the physical conditions and potential use patterns of the grove and a system is developed that depends on sensitivity for usage.
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Van Der Donk, M.; Cottrell, S.,
Developing a Visitor Management Framework for WWF’s PAN Parks Project – Case Study of a National Park in France
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the visitor management planning process in progress at the Parc National du Mercantour in France. Park administration wishes to achieve World Wildlife Fu...
The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the visitor management planning process in progress at the Parc National du Mercantour in France. Park administration wishes to achieve World Wildlife Fund for Nature’s (WWF) designation as a PAN Park. Details concerning the development of a visitor management framework for WWF’s PAN Parks project will be given. Results will reflect practical aspects of Visitor Management Planning
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Visschedijk, P.A.M.; Henkens, R.J.H.G.,
Recreation Monitoring at the Dutch Forest Service
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
In 1996 the former Institute for Forestry and Nature Research (now Alterra) started to develop a system to monitor the recreational use of forests and other grounds owned by the Dutch forest service. ...
In 1996 the former Institute for Forestry and Nature Research (now Alterra) started to develop a system to monitor the recreational use of forests and other grounds owned by the Dutch forest service. The aim was to determine the number of visitors, their activities and the percepted quality. This information provides a valuable management tool for targeting of resources. The system uses three methods to gather the information: 1. Monitoring vehicle and bicycle use at the sites by using traffic counters with induction loops installed in the road (all year round). 2. Visual counting of visitors at all entrances (on 12 days during the year). 3. Survey of visitors (on 12 days during the year). When the system is fully implemented their will be a network of 48 sites. All of these will be monitored by using this method once in every 10 years, on average 5 sites a year.
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Vistad, O.I.,
Visitors and Managers: Differing Evaluations Concerning Recreational Impacts and Preferences for Management Actions?
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
During the summer of 1999 tourists were interviewed along two important scenic roads in Norway. Later on managers in all Norwegian counties were asked some of the same questions. The questionnaire pre...
During the summer of 1999 tourists were interviewed along two important scenic roads in Norway. Later on managers in all Norwegian counties were asked some of the same questions. The questionnaire presented twelve photos of trails and paths in different conditions, and twelve potential management actions concerning minimizing or repairing impacts on the ground. The results show significant differences between the two groups in their evaluations of photos with comprehensive impacts and corduroy covered paths. The managers have a lower level of tolerance towards impact, and the visitors are more in favor of using corduroy. Almost all of the proposed management actions were also rated significantly different, but the two groups are still quite consistent in their overall rating patterns: Actions concerning information of visitors or shielding the resource are favored; using fees is unacceptable.
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Von Janowsky, D.; Becker, G.,
Recreation in Urban Forests: Monitoring Specific User Groups and Identifying their Needs with Video and GIS-support
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
In the urban forest of Stuttgart the forest roads are used by a growing number of people looking for recreation for their leisure activities. To manage and channel the different user groups within an ...
In the urban forest of Stuttgart the forest roads are used by a growing number of people looking for recreation for their leisure activities. To manage and channel the different user groups within an optimized forest road network needs a lot of information: Number and composition of visitors, demands of different user groups concerning standard of roads and trails they use for their activities, conflicts that may rise between different users using the same road at the same time, dedication of roads to special activities (e.g. fitness trail, hiking trail...). Personal interviews with “experts” were made to obtain information about the specific demands of the different user groups, a new method of video monitoring was used to collect longtime information about number and composition of visitors, and analysis of road network was done with the help of GIS. The results show that these tools complement one another quite well and the combination of obtained data may help to channel visitor flows and to minimize conflicts between different user groups
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Weidinger, H.,
Recreational Forest Management: Sustainably Protecting and Improving the Recreational Function of the Vienna Woods
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
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Weissen, A.; Götz, A.,
The Contribution of the Alpine Convention to Nature Conservation and Visitor Flows Management
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
The Alpine Convention, entered into force in March 1995, is an international treaty that obliges eight countries and the European Community to undertake specific measures for the protection of the nat...
The Alpine Convention, entered into force in March 1995, is an international treaty that obliges eight countries and the European Community to undertake specific measures for the protection of the natural and cultural heritage and for the sustainable development of the Alps, the largest and highest mountain region in Central Europe. One of the twelve Protocols for the implementation of the Convention is dedicated to “nature protection and countryside conservation”. It highlights the importance of protected areas and the necessity to manage human activities in order to reduce negative impacts and to guarantee biodiversity and natural processes.
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Yovel, E.; Hersperger, A.M.,
Reasonable Illusions: Participatory Planning and Protected Areas
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Popular images of protected areas are among the best known images in the world. They are composed in equal part of myth, hype and rare glimpses into incredible places. These images, of peaceful unchan...
Popular images of protected areas are among the best known images in the world. They are composed in equal part of myth, hype and rare glimpses into incredible places. These images, of peaceful unchanging areas, disguise the bitter debate over the real purpose of protected areas, and our continually changing relationship with nature and wild places. The use of participatory approaches to plan and manage land, water, and conservation-based interventions is now well established. Today, few projects in natural resource management are funded unless they contain substantial components of community involvement. This is especially true in protected area development where participatory approaches form the entry point for working with local communities and user groups. Despite the increasing numbers of participatory initiatives, few initiatives remain uncontested or non-controversial. This paper offers seeks to suggest why the popular image, a reflection of social values and influences, is important to visitor management in protected areas as a unifying factor.
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Ziener, K.,
Types of Conflicts between Recreational Use and Nature Conservation in National Parks and Biosphere Reserves
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2002 |
MMV 1 - Proceedings |
Conflicts between recreational use and nature conservation vary in their causes, development and impact as well as in the people or groups involved and finally in the strategies and methods of resolut...
Conflicts between recreational use and nature conservation vary in their causes, development and impact as well as in the people or groups involved and finally in the strategies and methods of resolution. They are neither generally avoidable nor can they be solved in an absolute way. However, most of them can be moderated by communication and discussion. The conflicts in national parks or biosphere reserves do not develop independently of each other. Usually several conflicts exist at the same time, in the same region and maybe between the same people. Therefore strategies of park management should be directed not only to an isolated conflict alone but to the entire system of conflicts in the region. Predicting and examining conflicts can help to avoid or reduce severe conflicts. The typifying of conflicts between recreational use and nature conservation in national parks or biosphere reserves can be used to describe relations between conflicts and strategies of solutions.
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Arnberger, A.; Haider, W.; Muhar, A.,
Social Carrying Capacity of an Urban Park in Vienna
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
The goal of this research was to investigate the social carrying capacity of an urban park in Vienna, Austria. We used a stated choice approach, combined with a referendum style conjoint model. Based ...
The goal of this research was to investigate the social carrying capacity of an urban park in Vienna, Austria. We used a stated choice approach, combined with a referendum style conjoint model. Based on the hypothesis that the perception of crowding is influenced by several factors, digitally calibrated images were generated to depict in a systematic and rigorous manner different visitor numbers, user types, group sizes, the placement of visitors within the scene, numbers of dogs on or off leash, and the direction of visitor movement. The social carrying capacity was measured by asking each respondent whether the presented scenario was acceptable or not. Overall, visitor numbers, the placement of visitors within the image, and dogs being on or off a leash influenced the visitors’ decisions the most. The results of the binomial logit model can be used to simulate and calculate the visitor norms for many different situations; in other words, the referendum style conjoint approach delivers recreation norms within a truly multivariate investigative framework.
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Bambi, G.; Panero, V.,
A modern net of paths for every type of hiking: new possibilities in order to discover and to promote a protected area
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
The recreational and protected areas are increasingly undertaking a social function toward becoming a real destination for holidays and travel equal to famous tourist locations. In Italy this type of ...
The recreational and protected areas are increasingly undertaking a social function toward becoming a real destination for holidays and travel equal to famous tourist locations. In Italy this type of “green ecotourism” is spreading as an alternative type of tourism enabling it to repopulate the countryside and to exploit the history and culture of rural territories. To demonstrate how hiking in general can be a way to discover and to promote a protected rural area from the perspective of a tourist point of view, one of the most beautiful Italian areas has been examined, the Casentino Valley in Tuscany.
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Benkhard, B.,
Relations Between IUCN-Zoning And Tourism In The Hungarian National Parks
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Within the 100.000 km² area of Hungary, which is located in Central Europe, 10% is protected. The National Park Directorates make an effort to suit the requirements of the IUCN and strive to develop ...
Within the 100.000 km² area of Hungary, which is located in Central Europe, 10% is protected. The National Park Directorates make an effort to suit the requirements of the IUCN and strive to develop a zoning system. However, the settling of the zones meet had to face many difficulties in this relatively small country, which also has dense regional structure. The extent and the fragmentation of the national parks, the position and threatening of their natural values and the previous utilization and naturalness of their area all influence the classification of the given area. Besides, attractions, tourist destinations and the areas which are used by tourists also have to be taken into consideration during the development of the zones. The aim of this poster is to analyse the role of the position, shape and rates of the zones and their connection with tourism.
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Bernet, P.,
Interaction between nature protection and leisure groups, an example of the largest protected area surrounding Lake Greifensee, canton Zurich, Switzerland
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Lake Greifensee is surrounded by the most continuous environmental protection area (sanctuary) within the canton Zurich (Switzerland). The lake shelters many national swamps and other biotopes in dist...
Lake Greifensee is surrounded by the most continuous environmental protection area (sanctuary) within the canton Zurich (Switzerland). The lake shelters many national swamps and other biotopes in distress. On beautiful summer days, however, you will find thousands of people spending their leisure time e.g., on mountain bikes, roller skates or swimming. In 1994 a new protection regulation became effective, which allows for intensive utilization and protection of the nature and separates diverse demands. With various measures sanctuaries and recreation areas are spatially separated, and the visitors are guided to keep them off the sanctuaries. During the entire year rangers inform visitors on the possibilities of nature observation, explain them where the recreation areas are located and remind them to keep off the sanctuaries. The number of violations such as trespassing of protected shores and sanctuaries continuously dropped thanks to the effective publicity and the presence of rangers. As a consequence, the vegetation is visibly recovering from the burden of trespassing. To further increase the awareness of the sanctuaries, it is, therefore, important that the rangers continue to regularly supervise the protected and recreational area and to inform and guide the visitors.
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Bodnár, R.,
The effect of the tourism of the Hortobágy National Park on the surrounding settlements – lesson of a questionnaire survey
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
The Puszta in the Hortobágy represents an important, individual natural and historical-cultural value, which has been deservedly possessed the rank of UNESCO World Heritage since 1999. Due to its spe...
The Puszta in the Hortobágy represents an important, individual natural and historical-cultural value, which has been deservedly possessed the rank of UNESCO World Heritage since 1999. Due to its speciality, in 1973 the first national park in Hungary, the Hortobágy National Park was founded here. In the course of the survey we examined how the Hortobágy National Park can utilize the World Heritage status in its tourism, how it utilizes the possibilities in its ecotourism. What effects does the tourism in the national park have on the economy, basic and tourist infrastructure, and society of the affected settlements? What characterizes the tourist supply and cooperation of the HNP and the settlements? What conflicts can be derived from the two sides, and what possibilities do they have to develop?
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Cavens, D.; Gloor, C.; Nagel, K.; Lange, E.; Schmid, W.A.,
A Framework for Integrating Visual Quality Modelling within an Agent-Based Hiking Simulation for the Swiss Alps
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
While the visual qualities of a landscape are often key factors in attracting and retaining tourist visitors, they have been overlooked in recent simulation approaches to recreation modelling. While t...
While the visual qualities of a landscape are often key factors in attracting and retaining tourist visitors, they have been overlooked in recent simulation approaches to recreation modelling. While there has been a long history of modelling the visual quality of a landscape, particularly in forestry, due to computational restrictions these models have tended to be rather coarse and primarily suited for avoiding catastrophic impacts due to large-scale interventions in a landscape. However, the experience of the visual quality of a landscape for recreationists is much more subtle. Relatively small changes to spatial patterns and land use, when viewed cumulatively, can have a large impact on the attractiveness of a landscape for tourists. Methods for evaluating the changing visual quality of a landscape are invaluable for comprehensive long-term landscape planning. This paper describes a computational approach for integrating visual quality information into an agent-based simulation of summer hikers in the Swiss Alps. The benefits of microscopic modelling (where the activities of individual hikers are simulated) are combined with detailed 3D models to provide the possibility of a highly nuanced visual quality analysis of a recreational area. Using real-time computer graphics techniques, simulated agents interpret computer generated 3D images of what they 'see' as they move through the landscape. Various landscape metrics are calculated based on these representations, including visual quality indicators such as view composition, enclosure, and depth of view. These metrics are evaluated over the course of an agent's hike, and integrated with more traditional parameters (such as hike distance, steepness, congestion and availability of amenities) in an agent-based simulation. Unlike other raster based visual quality models, analyzing 3D representations allows the model to easily incorporate subtle screening effects, and allows the model to determine visibility from any location in the model. The technique allows for very detailed visual representations, and scales easily to include more detail as required by the analysis. Currently, the model represents terrain, vegetation communities, structures, path and road networks and information aids such as signage. The paper describes a working implementation of the technique, and discusses its advantages and limitations, including its substantial data requirements. The paper uses a specific case study in the Gstaad- Saanenland region of Switzerland to articulate how this integration of visual information within an agentbased simulation has advantages over more traditional methods of visual quality modelling.
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Clivaz, C.; Hausser, Y.; Michelet, J.,
Tourism monitoring system based on the concept of carrying capacity – The case of the regional natural park Pfyn-Finges (Switzerland)
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
The creation of regional natural parks offers the possibility of improving the economic situation of peripheral regions. However, the use of ecologically sensitive zones for tourism purposes also pres...
The creation of regional natural parks offers the possibility of improving the economic situation of peripheral regions. However, the use of ecologically sensitive zones for tourism purposes also presents economic, environmental and social problems. The concept of carrying capacity is often presented as a useful approach for determining the intensity of tourism development that can be supported by a region. Our objective thus consisted in the operationalisation of this concept by defining a certain number of indicators to measure the different types of carrying capacity. However, the confrontation with the practical realities of the regional natural park Pfyn-Finges in Switzerland made us realise that what we intended to do was more a stylistic exercise than a setup of a management tool adapted to the needs of the park managers. We thus conclude that even though the concept of carrying capacity may have a high heuristic value, its practical value is rather limited.
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Cole, D.N.,
Monitoring and Management of Recreation in Protected Areas: the Contributions and Limitations of Science
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Scientists assist protected area managers by developing information and knowledge that can be used to better monitor and manage recreation use and its impacts. Most recreation management decisions hav...
Scientists assist protected area managers by developing information and knowledge that can be used to better monitor and manage recreation use and its impacts. Most recreation management decisions have both a descriptive and an evaluative component. There is widespread consensus that science is well suited to discovering, synthesizing and applying descriptive information. This paper provides an overview of some of the most significant contributions of science to visitor monitoring and management. It covers the related scientific purposes of explanation, causation, prediction and assessment. As scientific enquiry moves from description to evaluation, from facts to values, from providing statements of “what is” to providing statements of “what ought to be”, it ventures into more contested territory. While some advocate a substantial role for science in the establishment of normative standards about what ought to be, others believe science should be very cautious in this arena. Recreation examples, largely drawn from wilderness management in the United States, are provided.
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De Vries, S.; Jellema, A.; Goossen, M.,
FORVISITS: modelling visitor flows at a regional level
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP) is trying to develop a coherent set of indicators to monitor nature areas in the Netherlands. One of the proposed indicators is the recreational u...
The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP) is trying to develop a coherent set of indicators to monitor nature areas in the Netherlands. One of the proposed indicators is the recreational use of nature areas. Besides indicating the social value of a specific area, recreational use may be also be used as input for modelling habitat quality, another MNP-indicator. Recreational use itself is likely to depend on the attractiveness of the area, such as its scenic beauty. This attractiveness is yet another MNPindicator. Because the MNP wants a national overview of the recreation use of all nature areas, on-site monitoring is not a feasible option. Therefore we have started to develop a model to predict the number of recreational visits to forests and nature areas: FORVISITS. Although the model is still in its early stages, a first nation-wide application has taken place and will be presented.
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Dumont, B.; Gulinck, H.,
Push and pull assemblages for modelling visitor’s flows in complex landscapes
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Visitor flows can be represented as a landscape-recreation-model with eight components: entrances, goals, exits, field units, attractors or detractors, road segments, road junctions and barriers. The ...
Visitor flows can be represented as a landscape-recreation-model with eight components: entrances, goals, exits, field units, attractors or detractors, road segments, road junctions and barriers. The model can develop towards a real-time application by increasing its complexity. Starting from a basic situation (a landscape with one road and one entrance), the influence of landscape attractiveness is included; secondly diversity of the terrain and visitor is taken into account, thirdly time variation is added and finally, the interaction between the eight above-mentioned components is incorporated. The basic framework is a cost-distance function, to estimate the probability of on- and off-track visit of any location in a nature reserve on deliberate times and in specific terrain conditions. This can be represented by mean of a push-pull concept: some of the components (like entrances) have a push effect, while others, like goals, exits (when determined in advance) and attractors, have a pull-effect. To support the conversion towards a real-time application, GPS surveys, interviews, camera observation, photographic monitoring of seasonal changes, photo comparisons, step-bridges, walking experiments, experiments about field unit division and landscape preference studies were executed. This model is being developed in marshland nature reserves in central Belgium. Ultimately this system should lead to an impact assessment and decision support tool.
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Eagles, P.F.J.,
Trends Affecting Tourism in Protected Areas
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
This paper discusses 16 important trends that are predicted to affect the planning and management of parks and protected areas in the medium term. While there are many trends visible, the ones chosen ...
This paper discusses 16 important trends that are predicted to affect the planning and management of parks and protected areas in the medium term. While there are many trends visible, the ones chosen are mostly likely to require a management response. There are both challenges and opportunities for tourism-related benefits in parks and protected areas.
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English, D.B.K.; Kocis, S.M.; Zarnoch, S.J.,
Characteristics and Use Patterns of Visitors to Dispersed Areas of Urban National Forests
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Public recreation areas near large urban centers are experiencing increasing pressure from visitation, especially in undeveloped and wildland areas that are close to expanding population centers. Unde...
Public recreation areas near large urban centers are experiencing increasing pressure from visitation, especially in undeveloped and wildland areas that are close to expanding population centers. Understanding the use patterns, characteristics, and perceptions of recreation visitors is critical to managing these areas for maximum sustainable benefits. Of the over 120 National Forests in the United States, eighteen have been officially designated as ‘Urban’, because of their proximity to large metropolitan areas. Sixteen of these forests have designated Wilderness areas within them. This paper examines the recreation visitors to the undeveloped portions of those National Forests. Key market segments of visitors are identified with respect to demographics, residence, annual use frequency, and visit duration. In addition, visitor perceptions of crowding and safety and their relationship with visitation levels are examined.
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English, D.B.K.; Zarnoch, S.J.; Kocis, S.M.,
Designing a Sampling System for Concurrently Measuring Outdoor Recreation Visitation and Describing Visitor Characteristics
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Two primary information needs for managing recreation areas and the visitors to those areas are: (1) good estimates of visitation volume, and (2) accurate descriptions of visitor characteristics, such...
Two primary information needs for managing recreation areas and the visitors to those areas are: (1) good estimates of visitation volume, and (2) accurate descriptions of visitor characteristics, such as length of stay, frequency of visit, and primary activity. For National Forests in the United States of America with large undeveloped areas, efficient sampling for the two types of information may be to a large extent incompatible. Sampling plans that address visitation volume issues allocate most of the sample days to the largest and most internally variable strata. Sampling plans for studies of visitor characteristics allocate sampling effort to locations that most efficiently provide visitor information, such as at developed sites. Additionally, sampling plans for studies of visitor characteristics may need to ensure spatial or temporal dispersion of the sample, in order to ensure adequate representation of different visitor sub-groups. A method is demonstrated for allocating days into sampling strata which balances the contribution of sample days in improving the accuracy of the total visitation estimate with the contribution of the sample day to maximizing the quantity and dispersion of visitor information. The resulting sampling allocation provides an optimal solution to address both of the information needs through a single data collection effort. A second phase of the method addresses how to ensure spatial and temporal dispersion of sampling effort. Examples of applications on National Forests in the United States are provided.
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Fredman, P.,
National Park Designation – Visitor Flows and Tourism Impact
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
National parks around the world are increasingly attracting visitors to experience pristine and unique natural environments. While increases in national park tourism provides business opportunities bo...
National parks around the world are increasingly attracting visitors to experience pristine and unique natural environments. While increases in national park tourism provides business opportunities both in the parks and in adjacent communities, there are several economic, social and ecological aspects that need to be monitored in order to sustain high quality visitor experiences. Increases in visitation may cause negative impacts on the environment, conflicts between different user groups or within groups. At the same time, data on visitor numbers, distribution and attitudes is needed in order to design efficient management strategies and provide appropriate recreation opportunities. This paper reports preliminary findings from two different surveys of visitors to Fulufjället National Park in Sweden – one year before and one year after national park designation respectively. Both surveys used on site counters and self registration boxes to collect visitor data. Follow-up mail questionnaires were sent to a sample of Swedish and German visitors. The survey of 2001 (one year before national park designation) collected data on visitor numbers, nationalities, demographics, trip characteristics, crowding, willingness to pay, attitudes towards management actions and tourism development etc. The purpose of the 2003 survey (one year after national park designation) was to monitor possible short term changes in some of these parameters as a consequence of the national park designation in 2002. In addition, the 2003 survey was designed to estimate the regional economic impact of the park. Data from the two surveys are compared and the results are discussed from both a methodological and an impact perspective.
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Gilbertson, K.; Olfelt, D.; Leversedge, P.,
Visitor management and revegetation efforts on a degraded Lake Superior cliff edge
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Rock climbing has grown to be a major recreational sport in the United States. Yet, resource degradation caused by recreational rock climbing has become a controversial issue throughout the United Sta...
Rock climbing has grown to be a major recreational sport in the United States. Yet, resource degradation caused by recreational rock climbing has become a controversial issue throughout the United States (Access Fund 1999). Some resource agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, and Bureau of Land Management are struggling to establish functional management policies that allow appropriate rock climbing practices while protecting the natural resource (Devine 2001). Resource managers tend to favor restriction of climbing activities to protect the resource. Yet, without adequate understanding of rock climbing, this approach can become controversial. A less controversial approach toward rock climbing influences on natural resources can be to include the rock climbing community in management planning. The result can be increased protection of the resource while allowing recreational climbing to continue (Hynek 1999). In an effort to address both public recreational needs and to protect the natural resource of Shovel Point, a popular rock climbing site in Tettegouche State Park on the edge of Lake Superior in northeastern Minnesota, USA, a study was conducted during the summer of 1998 to identify types of recreational users, impacts from their use behaviors, and to survey climber attitudes toward a proposed management plan that would influence climbing on the site. The results of this study were implemented into a long range management plan that has resulted in modified climber impact on the environment and allows a rehabilitation of the site that is hoped to preserve the unique natural resource. Innovative vegetative rehabilitation of the climbing site has been successfully implemented. This is an excellent example of positive conflict resolution through research, management through public participation, and resource rehabilitation and protection.
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Grossmann, M.; Klaphake, A.; Meyerhoff, J.,
Canoes versus birds or canoeists versus canoeists? Combining interview survey and visitor monitoring to inform visitor management in the Mueritz National Park
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Intensive use of canoeing trails in national parks can impact both wildlife and the satisfaction of paddlers. This paper focuses on paddlers’ perception of congestion in the National Park Mueritz (G...
Intensive use of canoeing trails in national parks can impact both wildlife and the satisfaction of paddlers. This paper focuses on paddlers’ perception of congestion in the National Park Mueritz (Germany) and the effectiveness of different management options. Our theoretical discussion is based on the economics of congestion and the social science literature on carrying capacity of recreational resources. For the empirical application, we use interview survey and monitoring data. While our results suggest a high relevance of congestion on canoeists’ satisfaction, the acceptance of a quota system does not exceed 30 percent. We employ a statistical analysis to describe the effect of different use levels on the quality of the paddling experience. We further use the travel cost method for a rough prediction of the effect of pricing strategies (entrance fee) on use levels.
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Gätje, C.,
Double strategy towards sustainable tourism: Offers for visitors and opportunities for people employed in tourism in the Wadden Sea National Park in Schleswig-Holstein
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Schleswig-Holstein’s part of the Wadden Sea is a traditional holiday destination. Tourism and leisure activities are the most important regional economic activity. Two million overnight guests and f...
Schleswig-Holstein’s part of the Wadden Sea is a traditional holiday destination. Tourism and leisure activities are the most important regional economic activity. Two million overnight guests and four million day trippers travel to this part of the North Sea coast each year. An area of 4,400 km² has been protected as a National Park “Schleswig- Holstein Wadden Sea” since 1985 and the area was established as a UNESCO biosphere reserve in 1990. A proper strategy for communication, information and visitor guidance is essential to achieve nature conservation goals, and to make them understandable and acceptable to the general public. LIFE Nature has helped to finance information panels, maps, information kiosks, nature trails and observation platforms all of which aim to inform and guide visitors. A number of attractive indoor and outdoor nature experience and nature-compatible offers exist. However external and internal marketing has to be intensified to make these offers better known to both, visitors and locals. A LEADER+ project has been set up to take better advantage of the National Park status as a unique selling proposition and for tourism advertising. A monitoring system evaluates the success of measures and offers.
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Haider, W.; Anderson, C.; Beardmore, B.; Anderson, D.A.,
Recreational Trail Use of Residents in Jasper National Park, Canada
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
This paper reports the results of a survey of recreation activities by the residents of the town of Jasper in Jasper National Park on the eastern slope of the Rockies in Canada. During the summer, res...
This paper reports the results of a survey of recreation activities by the residents of the town of Jasper in Jasper National Park on the eastern slope of the Rockies in Canada. During the summer, residents enjoy hiking, jogging, mountain biking and horseback riding. In order to better understand the importance of trail attributes, the attitude towards encounter levels, and the possible acceptance of trail management options, a discrete choice experiment was administered in a mail survey. We identified three distinct user groups based on activity patterns, and these three groups differed significantly in their responses to most attributes in the discrete choice model. In the discussion we elaborate how the results of a discrete choice experiment can be used to simulate the affects of various management options on the three user groups. Simulating the likely recreation behaviour by the residents of Jasper produces insights for both visitor management and wildlife management.
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Högmander, J.; Leivo, A.,
General Principles for Sustainable Nature Tourism in Protected Areas Administrated by Metsähallitus, Finland
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Metsähallitus is a state owned enterprise which has the responsibility for about 27 % of the Finnish land areas. The Natural Heritage Services of Metsähallitus is the administrator of 34 national pa...
Metsähallitus is a state owned enterprise which has the responsibility for about 27 % of the Finnish land areas. The Natural Heritage Services of Metsähallitus is the administrator of 34 national parks, 17 strict nature reserves, 12 wilderness areas and over 400 nature reserves. Totally, the area of the protected areas, wilderness areas and other areas with high values for nature conservation and recreation, administrated by the Metsähallitus, covers almost four million hectares. As a part of the work to contribute to sustainable tourism in protected areas, wilderness areas and the areas yet to be protected, administrated by Metsähallitus in Finland, nine principles have been developed. Nine principles of sustainable nature tourism are to be implemented in 2004 and they have been prepared paying attention to the character of these areas and the roles of the various actors, i.e. Metsähallitus, private entrepreneurs having their business there and all the stakeholders which are active within or close to these areas. The nine principles for sustainable nature tourism are as follows: 1) Nature values are preserved and the activities promote nature protection, 2) Minimum loading of the environment is assured, 3) Local culture and heritage are respected, 4) Customers’ appreciation and knowledge of nature are promoted, 5) Customers’ opportunities to find recreation in nature are enhanced, 6) Customers’ mental and physical wellbeing are reinforced, 7) Positive impacts are made on local economy and employment, 8) Communication and marketing are of high standard and carried out with a sense of responsibility and 9) Activities are planned and implemented in co-operation.
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Kajala, L.; Erkkonen, J.; Perttula, M.,
Measures for Developing Sustainability of Nature Tourism in Protected Areas
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Nature protection areas are often significant and attractive recreation areas and tourist destinations. In Finland, Metsähallitus manages most of state owned protected areas. Thus, Metsähallitus als...
Nature protection areas are often significant and attractive recreation areas and tourist destinations. In Finland, Metsähallitus manages most of state owned protected areas. Thus, Metsähallitus also has a significant responsibility for tourism development in these areas. As a part of a larger Metsähallitus project to promote sustainable nature tourism in protected areas, the organization has developed measures for estimating the environmental impacts of nature tourism in protected areas. The measures are derived from Metsähallitus’ nine principles of for sustainable nature tourism, including the aspects of ecological, socio-cultural, and economic sustainability. The indicators have been tested in six pilot areas across Finland. This article describes the process of developing indicators, and the ways in which the indicators are being and will be used through incorporating them into the overall planning process. Sustainability is approached by setting standards, i.e. defining the limits of acceptable change, for each indicator. While some of the indicators are ready to be used, further development and testing is still required.
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Keirle, I.; Stephens, M.,
Do walkers stay on footpaths? An observational study of Cwm Idwal in the Snowdonia National Park
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Access to the countryside of England and Wales is at present being extended through new powers created by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act (2000). This has for the first time introduced a statuto...
Access to the countryside of England and Wales is at present being extended through new powers created by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act (2000). This has for the first time introduced a statutory right of open access to areas designated on maps as mountain (land situated above 600m), moor, heath, down or registered common land. This paper considers the behaviour of visitors in relation to whether they choose to exert their ‘right to roam’ at Cwm Idwal, a popular mountain area located within the Snowdonia National Park in north Wales where access to open countryside is de facto (through custom). The study used an observational technique to establish the distribution and group size of visitors over a pre-defined observation area. The results showed that visitors predominantly stayed on paths with only 9.5% of groups of size twelve deviating from linear access routes.
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Kobayashi, A.,
User attitude towards traffic control in Shiretoko and Daisetsuzan National Parks in Japan
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Vehicle traffic control has been introduced as a countermeasure to over-use in various natural parks of Japan. Users' understanding is indispensable for enforcing vehicle traffic control. Thus, t...
Vehicle traffic control has been introduced as a countermeasure to over-use in various natural parks of Japan. Users' understanding is indispensable for enforcing vehicle traffic control. Thus, the present traffic control system must be examined based on an evaluation from the viewpoint of visitors. Kohgen area of Daisetsuzan National Park and Kamuiwakka area of Shiretoko National Park in Hokkaido (northern island of Japan) were chosen for case studies. Data were collected by a mail-back questionnaire survey for visitors of these areas in 1999–2001. The results showed that most visitors approved or supported the traffic control systems. Approval ratings of vehicular traffic control were closely related to the visitors' acceptability of inconvenience by the control. The visitors' acceptability of the inconvenience was closely related to the length of period under the vehicular traffic control, and interval between shuttle buses. The parameters of the investigation included the timing of the survey. Approval ratings were higher within the restriction period than outside. The study confirmed that there were some elements to which the relationship to the traffic control approval were steady or unstable according to the investigation year. This finding strikes a note of warning about discussing significance levels from data acquired over a single year.
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Kocis, S.M.; Zarnoch, S.J.; English, D.B.K.,
Affects of Road Sign Wording on Visitor Survey – Non-Response Bias
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
On-site visitor interviewer data collection is a key component of the USDA Forest Service National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) program. In many areas, especially higher speed roads and roads with no...
On-site visitor interviewer data collection is a key component of the USDA Forest Service National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) program. In many areas, especially higher speed roads and roads with non-recreation traffic, many vehicles may not stop for an interview. Wording on the sign may condition non-recreation visitors to self-select as to whether or not they decide to stop for an interview. Since the primary purpose of the interview is to calibrate a mechanical traffic counter, such behavior can lead to bias in the resulting visitation estimate. Non-response bias of national forest traffic was examined by using four different wordings for road signs during NVUM interview days. The experiment was performed using a randomized block design with each treatment (sign) being applied to five different road locations (blocks). Statistical analysis was performed to determine if any particular sign wording significantly affected (1) the rate of visitor response and (2) the mix of visitors who stopped for interviews. Data analysis show that the total number of all interviews obtained, the proportion of interviews obtained to overall traffic, and the proportion of non-recreation interviews obtained were different using different sign wording. The total number of recreation interviews obtained and the proportion of recreation interviews obtained were not different statistically.
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Kopperoinen, L.; Shemeikka, P.J.; Lindblom, V.,
Environmental GIS in the management of visitor flows
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Besides monitoring visitor numbers and activities, spatial data on borders, restrictions, and environmental and natural characteristics is needed to manage visitor flows in recreation and protected ar...
Besides monitoring visitor numbers and activities, spatial data on borders, restrictions, and environmental and natural characteristics is needed to manage visitor flows in recreation and protected areas. The Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) compiles and provides data on the state of the environment and environmental trends, and acts as a national environmental information center; collecting, formulating and disseminating data to various interest groups. This data, including GIS databases and registers, consists of natural environment data (monitoring, modeling and inventories etc.) and also land use and planning data. Wide variety of data can be used through GIS methods to reduce negative ecological impacts and conflicts between different user groups in recreation and protected areas. Our poster will present a cross-section of the characteristics of some of the most useful GIS data supporting management of visitor flows. Closer look will be given on the GIS databases on land and water traffic restrictions and the GIS database on outdoor recreation opportunities (VIRGIS).
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Krämer, A.; Roth, R.; Schmidt, A.; Türk, S.,
Evaluation of the success of visitor flow management projects in the Southern Black Forest Nature Park
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Nature sports place a number of demands upon the landscape structures being utilised. In order to assess the effects of sporting activities on nature and the landscape, it is insufficient to simply an...
Nature sports place a number of demands upon the landscape structures being utilised. In order to assess the effects of sporting activities on nature and the landscape, it is insufficient to simply analyse the impacts of certain sports. Therefore, new assessment and planning methods for sporting areas are necessary in order to identify potential ecological conflicts and draw conclusions with respect to the desired aims and the measures to be implemented. The extent of the reference level plays a key role in the planning procedure. Tools, which include spatial as much as factual information, are necessary for implementation at all levels. The application of modern information technology, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), is required. The term ‘Sport Area Management System’ (SAMS) is used to describe management possibilities in the context of the development of a sustainable sporting area. The SAMS includes various components of sport orientated land use planning and the management of sporting activities. It is subdivided into regional and local sport area management. The approaches to visitor flow management and communications are of particular significance at both levels. The SAMS concept is illustrated on the basis of the example of the sports tourism concepts developed for the Southern Black Forest Nature Park. The park offers many different opportunities for sporting activities and tourism. At the same time, a substantial part of the area is of a high ecological value. Therefore, the nature park association is seeking a sport tourism concept, which identifies and analyses potential conflicts and possibilities for further development. Following a detailed assessment of the current situation an analysis of the possibilities and potential conflicts was carried out. Further emphasis was placed on the development of an overall concept and possibilities for further development. The implementation of the project findings in parts of the nature park, and subsequent monitoring, are also important parts of the concept. Visitor flow management model projects are shown with the examples of hiking, mountainbiking and Nordic Walking. The methodology behind the SAMS proved to be useful when the projects were put into practice. The initial model projects had the desired positive effect and the concept is to be applied to the whole nature park. Visitor flow management revealed that the large majority of sport tourists made use of the facilities. The co-existence and the cooperation between nature protection and all stakeholders in the region are an important basis for successful future development.
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Lawson, S.; Itami, B.; Gimblett, R.; Manning, R.,
Monitoring and Managing Recreational Use in Backcountry Landscapes Using Computer-Based Simulation Modeling
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
In the United States, legislation dictates that wilderness areas should be managed to, among other things, provide recreational visitors with opportunities for solitude. The growing popularity of outd...
In the United States, legislation dictates that wilderness areas should be managed to, among other things, provide recreational visitors with opportunities for solitude. The growing popularity of outdoor recreation in backcountry settings presents managers with challenges in their efforts to achieve this objective. Recent research suggests that computer-based simulation modeling is an effective tool for helping to address the challenges associated with managing visitor use in backcountry and wilderness settings. This paper describes the development and application of a computer-based simulation model of recreational use in the John Muir Wilderness Area in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. The results of the study demonstrate how simulation modeling can be used as a tool for understanding existing visitor use patterns within the John Muir Wilderness Areas and estimating the effects of alternative management practices on visitor flows and visitor use conditions.
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Lawson, S.; Kiely, A.M.; Manning, R.E.,
Computer Simulation as a Tool for Developing Alternatives for Managing Crowding at Wilderness Campsites on Isle Royale
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Isle Royale National Park is experiencing increased backcountry visitation, resulting in crowded camping conditions during peak periods. For example, during July and August, backcountry campground cap...
Isle Royale National Park is experiencing increased backcountry visitation, resulting in crowded camping conditions during peak periods. For example, during July and August, backcountry campground capacities are commonly exceeded and visitors are required to share sites with other groups. During the summers of 2001 and 2002, two phases of research were conducted to assist Park managers in addressing this issue. In the first phase of research, computer simulation modeling was used to test the effectiveness of alternative management practices designed to reduce or eliminate campground crowding. The simulation results provide numerical estimates of campground crowding (i.e., campsite sharing) under alternative management approaches, including permit quotas, trailhead quotas, campsite development, and fixed itineraries. The second phase of research used stated choice analysis to evaluate visitors’ attitudes toward alternative management scenarios developed with the simulation model. Results of the stated choice analysis suggest that visitors are willing to tolerate some campground crowding in order to avoid “heavy-handed” management practices. Together, findings from the two phases of research assist Park managers in estimating the outcomes of alternative management practices and anticipating the likelihood that visitors will support those outcomes.
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Li, C.-L.; Zinn, H.C.; Chick, G.E.; Graefe, A.R.; Absher, J.D.,
Hofstede’s Measure of Cultural Values in a National Forest Recreation Context
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Hofstede’s measure of cultural values is one of the most widely used among international management and marketing scholars. However, there is no research that employed Hofstede’s measure in a Nati...
Hofstede’s measure of cultural values is one of the most widely used among international management and marketing scholars. However, there is no research that employed Hofstede’s measure in a National Forest recreation context. This study examined the validity and reliability of Hofstede’s cultural measure from an ethnically diverse sample in a National Forest recreation context. We used confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, correlations, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple regression to test Hofstede’s measure of cultural values. The results suggested that seven items, two items from Hofstede’s original Power Distance dimension, one item from the Individualism dimension, two items from the Masculinity dimension, and two items from the Uncertainty Avoidance dimension, best represent the measure of cultural values in a National Forest recreation context. Discussion of the results and future research were suggested.
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Magro, T.C.; Kataoka, S.Y.; Van Bentveld, C.-T.G.,
Improving the environmental conditions in intensively used rural areas
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
The rural area of Brotas in the southeast of Brazil was national pioneer in the development of intensive adventure tourism, based on enjoying nature. The exploitation of the bounder-areas of the rural...
The rural area of Brotas in the southeast of Brazil was national pioneer in the development of intensive adventure tourism, based on enjoying nature. The exploitation of the bounder-areas of the rural properties offered a new income base for the town and improved the working opportunities for the local youth. But there is a setback. There are signs that the fast growing flux of tourists in the town is provoking lesser satisfaction for the visitors and causes damage to the natural environment. This is of great concern for all parties, especially for the local government, as most of the trails and natural attractions lie within Permanent Protected Areas. These areas are often the only pristine settings with potential for recreational use. They are seen as very sensitive areas, protected by the Forest Code of Law, but in reality are managed by private landowners. The Local Government Policy Plan for The Development of Sustainable Tourism (2002), using the input of underlying research project, confronts this dilemma. It was the focus of this research to combine governmental restrictions with new regulations, defined by private landowners, tourism agencies, non-governmental organizations and the municipality. Brotas has introduced measures to maintain or improve the environmental conditions of the rural properties. One of the measures is monitoring the existing conditions in order to control the visitors’ impacts to a maximum. In this research project, we used indicators on the trails and waterfalls of Brotas in order to discover and evaluate if the set of goals for the preservation of vegetation, soil and visitorsatisfaction were reached. The selection of the indicators and the standards for desirable conditions were based on the objectives established by Brotas Municipality Council for Tourism – COMTUR.
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McIntyre, N.; Svanqvist, B.,
Living in the Forest: Meanings and Use of Recreational Residences
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
The Forest Service Recreation Residence Program has been operational since the passage of the Occupancy permits Act in 1915. In the initial years the Forest Service actively encouraged summer home occ...
The Forest Service Recreation Residence Program has been operational since the passage of the Occupancy permits Act in 1915. In the initial years the Forest Service actively encouraged summer home occupancy with the view that such occupancy encouraged recreational use and assisted in proper forest management and fire control as well as providing a source of income. Approval of further recreation residence development on public land was discontinued in 1968 as program costs exceeded revenues and the perception that such occupation of public land was elitist and potentially restricted public access to desirable recreation sites. More recently, both the appraisal process and the pursuance of permit violations have become a focus of some political controversy. Recreational residences have often been built by and remain in the same family across generations leading to a strong attachment and identification with a particular forest tract. The study discussed in this paper examines the use of these residences and the meanings of such use to a sample of cottage owners in the Arapahoe-Roosevelt and Pike National Forests in Colorado, USA. A multi-methods approach was used to collect data on cottage use including project analysis, surveys, experiential sampling and in-depth interviews. The rationale underlying the multi-method approach and some preliminary results of this study will be presented in this paper.
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McIntyre, N.; Yuan, M.; Payne, R.J.; Moore, J.,
Development of a Values-based Approach to Managing Recreation on Canadian Crown Lands
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
A key issue in sustainability is understanding the values of a particular place that are to be conserved. While many of the natural resource values of protected areas are mandated, values associated w...
A key issue in sustainability is understanding the values of a particular place that are to be conserved. While many of the natural resource values of protected areas are mandated, values associated with public use and recreation are frequently less clearly defined and often hotly contested. Public involvement processes are often used to elicit these values and a number of mostly survey-based approaches have been developed to achieve this. However, theoretical considerations concerning the nature of values and the processes of value formation have brought into question whether survey approaches on their own are the most appropriate way of understanding values. Consideration of public use and recreation values brings into play many of the issues surrounding place attachment and place identification. People value places because they symbolize something, because they have histories and memories associated with them, because they are interwoven in the stories we tell our self and others about who we are, and because they are rhetorical methods of making arguments for managing a place in one way or another. These ideas center on ‘meaning-based” rather than “information processing” models of value formation. In this context, values are seen as discursive constructions, which are continuously being contested and reconstructed through political dialogue. It is argued that a ‘meaning-based’ approach to value formation is better suited to the developing models of collaborative planning than are the expert-driven, rational decision-making models that have dominated natural area planning. This paper describes a planning approach, which seeks to combine both interpretive approaches to data collection (narratives and value mapping) and survey methods in the elicitation of values attached to a working forest. A process will be detailed that links the characteristics of an area with the spatial distribution of values ascribed to the same area utilizing GIS and photo-mosaic representations. The case study area discussed in this paper is the Dog River/Matawin area of North Western Ontario. Application of this approach to forest planning will be discussed.
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Melville, S.; Ruohonen, J.,
The development of a remote-download system for visitor counting
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Following the first International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, English Nature identified a need to implement a system of visitor counti...
Following the first International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, English Nature identified a need to implement a system of visitor counting on a selection of the 170 National Nature Reserves which it manages across England. A prime requirement of the system was that it should involve a minimal amount of field staff time to harvest the data. Following a competitive tendering exercise, Teknovisiot were appointed as contractors to develop their GSM-based system for use by English Nature. This paper will discuss the requirements identifed by English Nature and how the system was developed in conjunction with Teknovisiot to meet those requirements. It will include a summary of problems encountered and how these were overcome. The presentation will include examples of data provided by the system. It is believed that the system now developed by Teknovisiot on behalf of English Nature would have considerable potential for any site manager who has access to a mobile telephone network on their land and an internet modem in their office.
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More, T.A.; Manning, R.E.,
The Public Functions of Parks and Protected Areas
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Establishing and managing protected areas throughout the world usually have been considered a governmental function. However, recent conservative political thinking in many developed countries has cha...
Establishing and managing protected areas throughout the world usually have been considered a governmental function. However, recent conservative political thinking in many developed countries has challenged the role of the public sector on all fronts. In Australia, Britain, Canada, and the United States, government has been seen as a problem, while private enterprise is presented as the solution. Advocates of privatization argue that park services can be provided more efficiently under private management, and that the areas themselves will be better protected for future generations. Unfortunately, such a policy can foster elitism by preserving the benefits of parks and protected areas for the wealthy while ignoring the growing social inequality in many of these countries. In this paper, I examine the concepts that underlie privatization efforts, particularly economic efficiency. I suggest that there is a need to examine the different functions that parks and protected areas serve, and to ask if each function helps to differentiate between public and private. I argue that, in the final analysis, equality of access is the primary function of public-sector management of parks and that we need to examine our policies and practices to ensure that park benefits are distributed fairly throughout society.
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Murdock, E.,
Understanding Recreation Flow to Protect Wilderness Resources at Joshua Tree National Park, California
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Joshua Tree National Park (JTNP) has the highest concentration of rock climbing routes in the world and an estimated 250,000 people visit JTNP each year to rock climb. Although less than 5% of rock cl...
Joshua Tree National Park (JTNP) has the highest concentration of rock climbing routes in the world and an estimated 250,000 people visit JTNP each year to rock climb. Although less than 5% of rock climbers visit the designated wilderness areas, a steady increase in the number of climbers has focused attention on managing wilderness climbing resources to retain wilderness character. The main controversy centers on rock climber’s placing fixed anchors, or bolts, while establishing new climbing routes. Park staff believes that continued unregulated placement of bolts in JTNP’s wilderness leads to greater impacts and is unsustainable. This paper describes a method for understanding wilderness climbing in order to develop fair and effective wilderness recreation policy. Behavior and spatial modeling is based on two years of data that include a comprehensive climbing resource inventory, wilderness visitor flow data, and psychological test results. Static and dynamic models consider factors such as travel networks, climbing route difficulty and quality, sensitive resources, landscape complexity, and climber preferences. A comprehensive understanding of recreation flow allows fixed anchor regulations and wilderness management to address site-specific issues.
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Nolte, B.,
Sustainable Tourism in Biosphere Reserves of East Central European Countries – Case Studies from Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
This paper reviews the perspective of the local actors within the context of a sustainable future. Biosphere reserves as designated model areas for sustainability strive to reconcile existing conflict...
This paper reviews the perspective of the local actors within the context of a sustainable future. Biosphere reserves as designated model areas for sustainability strive to reconcile existing conflicts between the goals of economic growth, environmental protection and social justice. Tourism development in biosphere reserves provides opportunities as well as challenges for the exploitation of biodiversity. In order to minimise the danger it is important how tourism is managed. Without the involvement of local people, sustainable tourism development is doomed to failure. The case studies presented from Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic provide a view inside the situation of protected areas in East Central Europe and cover areas where tourism has reached differing stages of development. Empirical results in four biosphere reserves will show the view of the actors in the region.
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Passold, A.J.; Magro, T.C.; Do Couto, H.T.Z.,
Comparing Indicator Effectiveness for Monitoring Visitor Impact at Intervales State Park, Brazil: Park Ranger-Measured Versus Specialist-Measured Experience
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
This study was conducted to aid administrators in overcoming some barriers to implementation and maintenance of programs for monitoring visitor impact to Brazilian protected areas. One of the problems...
This study was conducted to aid administrators in overcoming some barriers to implementation and maintenance of programs for monitoring visitor impact to Brazilian protected areas. One of the problems refers to continuity in collecting field data due in part to lack of institutional commitment. In order to verify the effectiveness of surveys carried out by park employees, the difference between data collected by park rangers and those collected by specialists was studied so that simple and dependable indicators could be selected. 26 indicators of physical attributes were analyzed for four intensive-use trails at Intervales State Park through systematic sampling of points. Results indicate that the group of rangers produced more homogeneous data than the group of specialists did. Significant differences were more frequent among quantitative indicators. Indicators chosen according to their dependability criterion were: bird sighting and hearing, vandalism to park facilities, rock graffiti, number of damaged or carved trees, number of perceptions of vehicle noise, number of exposed rocks, visible erosion, trail depth, traces of fauna and trash litter.
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Payne, R.J.; McIntyre, N.; Yuan, M.; Moore, J.; Bradford, L.; Elliott, S.,
Recreation Experience Preferences and Activity Profiles in a Crown Forest Landscape in Ontario, Canada
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
The use of public forested areas in Ontario, Canada is governed by the Crown Forest Sustainability Act that directs the management authority, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR), to ensur...
The use of public forested areas in Ontario, Canada is governed by the Crown Forest Sustainability Act that directs the management authority, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR), to ensure that forest operations co-exist with other uses of the forest, especially recreation and tourism. Implementing these legislative requirements has been difficult for the OMNR: it lacks data on recreation and tourism; it lacks readily available social scientific expertise; and it lacks the necessary integrative model. The larger project of which this work is a part, focussing on the Dog River-Matawin Forest, west of Thunder Bay, Ontario and immediately east of Quetico Provincial Park, is designed to address several of these gaps. This paper seeks to answer two of the many questions concerning how people use the forest for recreation and tourism purposes: what motivates different users and how do those motivations relate to activity profiles. Our findings indicate that four distinct experience preference groups exist among the 1,556 people who used the forest for recreation and tourism purposes. When these groups are compared with four distinct activity profiles, we make connections that, when mapped (a future phase of the work), begin to indicate areas where potential conflicts might occur with forest operations or with other recreation activities. We conclude by noting that, while knowledge about how people use the forest is interesting in itself, both an integrative framework and a scientifically-capable Ministry of Natural Resources are needed if that knowledge is to find its way into management actions to implement the requirements of Ontario’s Crown Forest Sustainability Act.
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Pflüger, Y.,
Value based decision making process for strategic visitor management in the Natura 2000 area Lech River Valley, Tyrol
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
The Lech valley with the river Lech and its tributaries is an alpine river valley in Austria with a considerable amount of naturally free flowing stretches. The ecological and scientific significance ...
The Lech valley with the river Lech and its tributaries is an alpine river valley in Austria with a considerable amount of naturally free flowing stretches. The ecological and scientific significance of the Natura 2000 area lies in its high biodiversity and the occurrence of numerous internationally endangered species within the dynamic braided river stretches. Apart from that the area contains a high number of recreational and educational values as well. The area, which is situated within day travel distance of the cities Innsbruck and Munich, is renowned for its biking and hiking trails and its unique water sport opportunities. Nevertheless, most intense impact occurs from the daily use of the local population in the densely populated Lech valley area nearby. Due to its long and narrow shape the protected area is very vulnerable to impacts and therefore, to avoid negative impacts on natural values from recreational use, not only a management plan, but also a visitor strategy has been developed as part of an extensive European Union LIFE funded project. The decision making process for the establishment of the visitor management concept was based on a GIS supported risk analysis: First current ecological and recreational values have been located and assessed. Subsequently hotspots have been defined in areas, where those contrasting values overlay. These hotspots were defined in areas of high ecological vulnerability and high visitor impact from intense recreational use. This hotspot analysis served as a basis for discussion and co-operation with the local population and stakeholders to agree on management solutions. As a result specific management actions were defined and the allocation of visitor infrastructure was planned accordingly. As a response to the need for more detailed information about recreational uses and users a visitor monitoring concept was included in the visitor strategy as well. This paper describes practical planning policies to highlight the need for strategic planning of recreational use in protected area management based on the comprehensible evaluation of the hazard potential from uses and the vulnerability of ecological values.
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Pouta, E.; Sievänen, T.; Neuvonen, M.,
Profiling recreational users of national parks, national hiking areas and wilderness areas in Finland
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Finland’s national parks, wilderness areas and national hiking areas play an important role in tourism and recreation, in addition to their primary purpose of nature conservation. Very little attent...
Finland’s national parks, wilderness areas and national hiking areas play an important role in tourism and recreation, in addition to their primary purpose of nature conservation. Very little attention has been paid by research to the factors that influence the use of these state-owned areas by different segments of the population. The results of logistic and negative binomial regression models based on population-survey data indicate that the users of these state-owned recreation areas have a higher than average level of education and are more likely to be white-collar employees. The users were typically enthusiasts of particular forms of outdoor recreation, above all skiing and camping. The availability of state-owned recreation areas in the home municipality increased the likelihood of using them. The number of user days spent in these areas tended to be larger among those whose permanent residence was in eastern Finland or in a city of more than 100,000 inhabitants. Small-sized household and abundance of leisure time also increased the amount of use.
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Pröbstl, U.,
Visitor Monitoring as a prerequisite of assessments in Natura 2000 sites
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Biodiversity is increasingly recognized as an invaluable element of the European heritage. Across Europe, the NATURA 2000 ecological network has been established under the European Community’s `habi...
Biodiversity is increasingly recognized as an invaluable element of the European heritage. Across Europe, the NATURA 2000 ecological network has been established under the European Community’s `habitats` directive and the `bird` directive. The goal of this network is to provide a strong protection for Europe’s most valuable wildlife areas. If development plans or projects threaten to deteriorate this network or its favourable conservation status, a special assessment is required (see Art.6 of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat directive, called FFH-assessment). When planning a new foot-bridge in a NATURA 2000 site, it became obvious that an evaluation of the possible ecological deterioration is only possible when detailed information about the current and the potential future recreational use is included in the assessment. It will be suggested that visitor monitoring and visitor surveys collect essential background information for the FFH-assessment process evaluating the possible impacts on NATURA 2000 sites. Without such data it would be impossible to determine the potential effects of changes to the recreational infrastructure and its associated uses on protected areas. Therefore, a curriculum for protected area planning that strives to accommodate the legal requirements of the European Community should also include recreation research techniques.
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Raitio, H.,
Opening address
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
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Rammo, M.; Karoles, K.; Maran, K.; Jansen, J.; Almik, A.; Rammo, R.,
Visitor Surveys and Visitor Impact Monitoring in Recreational Areas in State Forests of Estonia
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
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Roovers, P.; Dumont, B.; Gulinck, H.; Hermy, M.,
Visual obstruction of herb vegetation, defining standards for natural barriers
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
As a result of increasing impact of recreation on natural resources and visitor experiences, wilderness managers often want to control recreational use. However, most of the attempts to alter wilderne...
As a result of increasing impact of recreation on natural resources and visitor experiences, wilderness managers often want to control recreational use. However, most of the attempts to alter wilderness recreational use patterns, suffer from a lack of knowledge of visitors’ behaviour they seek to influence. This study concentrated on the effects of ground vegetation on perceived obstruction to recreationists. The aim was to define marginal values for the structure of natural barriers. Ratings by participants (n= 131) on a five-point scale, measured perceived obstruction. These ratings were linked to vertical cover of the vegetation. Analyses indicated a significant exponential relationship between vertical cover and perceived obstruction. A marginal vegetation height of about 54 cm could be identified as having obstructive features. Also the condition of the soil and the presence of irritating species seemed to influence visitors’ judgement. It was concluded that a more intensive use of natural barriers to control recreational use, is a functional alternative with economical and aesthetical advantages.
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Ryglova, K.; Turcinkova, J.,
Image as an Important Factor of Destination Management
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
For successful development of tourism in a region is a necessary condition to learn planning and using management principals. General characteristics of successful planning can be derived from experie...
For successful development of tourism in a region is a necessary condition to learn planning and using management principals. General characteristics of successful planning can be derived from experiences of their application in advanced countries but must be adapted to specific local regional conditions. Since 1989 (after the “Velvet Revolution”), the Czech Republic has become an attractive destination for many tourists from all over the world – it was a new, unknown and not financially demanding area. In the meantime, this trend has changed and Czech Republic has become a common tourist destination, which cannot exploit this competitive advantage any longer. Nowadays, when the differences between individual countries and regions are diminishing, and the main competitive forces are factors, such as image, which create the power of the “brand” of a particular destination. We can find that “the present tourism industry is formed by battle for destination, where the good brand sells”.
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Shapochkin, M.S.; Kiseleva, V.V.; Syriamkina, O.V.; Nikitin, V.F.,
Mapping the Intensity of Recreation Impact in the NP Losiny Ostrov, Moscow
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
General recreational situation in the NP Losiny Ostrov (Moscow) is analysed. The technique of field observations and computer mapping of recreation intensity and status of forest landscapes is describ...
General recreational situation in the NP Losiny Ostrov (Moscow) is analysed. The technique of field observations and computer mapping of recreation intensity and status of forest landscapes is described. Corresponding maps are represented and correlated with the location of residential regions, entrances, and basic visitor flows. Five areas of intensive effect of stationary recreation were revealed at the studied territory of ca. 600 ha. In most cases, extreme recreation is thought to be the main reason of forest decline and decrease in recreational carrying capacity. Top-priority areas of landscape improvement were revealed. Maps reflecting the spatial distribution of recreation intensity and status of forest landscapes are regarded as an appropriate instrument of territorial planning.
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Shoji, Y.; Yamaki, K.,
Visitor Perceptions of the Inscription on the World Heritage List: The Use of Stated Choice Methods
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
This study examines how visitors to Daisetsuzan National Park in Japan perceive its inscription on the World Heritage List by applying stated choice methods. Most visitors regarded the inscription as ...
This study examines how visitors to Daisetsuzan National Park in Japan perceive its inscription on the World Heritage List by applying stated choice methods. Most visitors regarded the inscription as favourable although their willingness to pay indicated that better visitor control and further conservation of natural resources would be necessary by taking opportunity of the inscription. However, the current situation of World Heritage sites in Japan indicates that the domestic management system of natural resources is inadequate to realize these visitor visions. We conclude that the nomination of Daisetsuzan National Park for the World Heritage List should be reconsidered, but only after the Japanese management system for natural resources has been improved.
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Siegrist, D.,
Sustainable tourism and large protected areas – analysis models and success criteria of a sustainable tourism management using the example of the Alps
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Within the framework of a sustainable regional development, protected area tourism acquires increasing significance. This applies particularly to peripheral regions, that posess no outlook for economi...
Within the framework of a sustainable regional development, protected area tourism acquires increasing significance. This applies particularly to peripheral regions, that posess no outlook for economic development. With this background, the question of success criteria for a sustainable tourist management in protected regions was investigated. The example of Austrian nature parks demonstrates, that inadequate cooperation at local level can be an important source of failure. At the same time, a suitable financial framework for successful protected area tourism is especially important.
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Sievänen, T.; Tuulentie, S.,
Preface
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
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Skov-Petersen, H.; Jensen, F.S.,
Assessing recreation in the Danish nature – present experiences, towards a future monitoring system
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Research on Danish forest recreation reaches back to the mid-seventies. Two major surveys have been conducted: The Forest and Folk in 1975 and the Outdoor Life ’95-‘98 project. The latter was, in ...
Research on Danish forest recreation reaches back to the mid-seventies. Two major surveys have been conducted: The Forest and Folk in 1975 and the Outdoor Life ’95-‘98 project. The latter was, in terms of overall objective and chosen methodology, a repetition of the first. Both surveys aimed at collection of base-line information about the recreational life and preferences of Danes and the pattern of use in the Danish nature. Both used a combination of household questionnaires – combined with verbalstatement-cards and photographs – and counting of cars combined with handing out questionnaires at parking-lots in the nature. The present paper presents and discusses the projects and campaigns of the past and looks forward, providing an outline of a future setting of a system for collection of statistical information regarding recreational use of the nature.
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Sterl, P.; Wagner, S.; Arnberger, A.,
Social Carrying Capacity of Canoeists in Austria´s Danube Floodplains National Park
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Increasing recreational activities in National Parks affect natural resources as well as the recreational quality. In the Danube Floodplains National Park, stagnant waters, such as the Stopfenreuter a...
Increasing recreational activities in National Parks affect natural resources as well as the recreational quality. In the Danube Floodplains National Park, stagnant waters, such as the Stopfenreuter and Spittelauer Arm, are a crucial component for ecological integrity, and at the same time constitute a main visitor attraction. In the summers of 2002 and 2003 a visitor survey investigated the perceived crowding of canoeists and whether the social carrying capacity is exceeded. Results of this study are that the social carrying capacity of this area has obviously been reached at certain times.
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Szilágyi, Z.,
Regulation of Visitor Activities in the DINP
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Thanks to its varied natural and artificial values the Duna-Ipoly National Park (DINP), established as the ninth national park in Hungary is suitable for numerous tourist activities (touring, cycling,...
Thanks to its varied natural and artificial values the Duna-Ipoly National Park (DINP), established as the ninth national park in Hungary is suitable for numerous tourist activities (touring, cycling, horse riding, winter sports, water sports, caving tours, cliff-climbing, flying, fishing, hunting, etc.). Resulting from this, the employees of the national park must reckon with numerous unfavourable environmental effects produced by the tourism and increased by the closeness to Budapest. All of this is intensified on one hand by part of the territory being identical with the outstanding recreation district of the Danube Bend, on the other hand by its coming within the capital city’s recreation zone, due to which establishing the section of visitors is also problematic. Although attempts are made to demonstrate the values in the national park in the interest of avoiding the hazards and developing environmental awareness and ethics, regulation of the visitors’ activities, for the main part, does not take place in a planned manner. In our article, besides disclosing the causes of the disorganisation, we also stipulated the most important principles for solving these problems.
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Taczanowska, K.,
The Potentials for Developing Cross-border Tourism between Poland and Slovakia in the Tatra Mountains
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
This paper presents the potentials for developing cross-border tourism in the Tatra Mountains. The area is situated in Central Eastern Europe, on the border between Poland and Slovakia. The new politi...
This paper presents the potentials for developing cross-border tourism in the Tatra Mountains. The area is situated in Central Eastern Europe, on the border between Poland and Slovakia. The new political situation (EU enlargement in May 2004) encourages closer cooperation between neighbouring regions and offers promising perspectives for tourism development. The entire mountain range is protected by two national parks – the Tatra National Parks (TANAP in Slovakia and TPN in Poland). The differences in management politics as well as varying infrastructure and the intensity of use have been analysed in order to identify potentials of developing cross-border tourism within the protected area. Additionally, visitors’ expectations and opinions of park managers have been considered. As a result, tourist border-crossings and transnational trails have been pointed. The paper discusses the perspectives of the concept implementation as well as its potential influence on visitor flows in the Tatra Mountains.
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Takahashi, M.,
Actual condition and problem of visitor use in Jozankei National Forest, Japan
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Jozankei National Forest, a part of the Shikotsu Toya National Park, is located in a mountainous area about 30 km south of central Sapporo. The forest is managed by selective cutting based on highdens...
Jozankei National Forest, a part of the Shikotsu Toya National Park, is located in a mountainous area about 30 km south of central Sapporo. The forest is managed by selective cutting based on highdensity forest road network. Because of the roads, visitor access is easier than it is in other surrounding forests. From spring to autumn in 2003, visitor flows were monitored at two entrances of the forest road network using Trail Traffic Counter. There was a remarkable visitor concentration in spring and the behaviour of visitor varied at each season. It was considered that the reason for the difference could be the different purposes of visits to the park as well as the characteristics of the forests visited.
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Thapa, B.; Confer, J.J.; Mendelsohn, J.,
Trip motivations among water-based recreationists
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Empirical research has consistently demonstrated that motivations differ based on participation in various activities, as well as due to the significant effect of other variables. Perpetuating this li...
Empirical research has consistently demonstrated that motivations differ based on participation in various activities, as well as due to the significant effect of other variables. Perpetuating this line of research, the purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of select non-motivational variables on motivations among recreationists on the Gallatin River, Montana, USA. A 15-mile stretch of the river was earmarked for data collection (n=321) in June and July 2000 via river exit interviews. Based on the literature, motivation was operationalized into 9-items using a 5-point Likert scale. Some of the findings highlight that rafters emphasized the status motive, while anglers noted relaxation and solitude. Residents were motivated to participate for social and physical aspects, while tourists noted setting and prestige motives. Repeat visitors were more likely to mention solitude, while first time visitors indicated to watch wildlife, and to tell others about it as key motives. Males were more likely to participate for solitude while females noted that they could tell others about it at home. Recreationists have wide sets of motives, and understanding what individuals seek through recreation can provide useful guidance to a variety of planning and management decisions.
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Tolvanen, A.; Rämet, J.; Siikamäki, P.; Törn, A.; Orell, M.,
Research on ecological and social sustainability of nature tourism in northern Finland
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
We present preliminary results obtained from a project concentrating on sustainable nature tourism in Northern Finland. Our aims have been to provide information on the ecological and social sustainab...
We present preliminary results obtained from a project concentrating on sustainable nature tourism in Northern Finland. Our aims have been to provide information on the ecological and social sustainability of nature tourism by investigating the tolerance of vegetation to recreation and by surveying the attitudes of local people towards nature conservation and nature tourism. According to our results, even low levels of recreational activities have obvious effects on vegetation cover and species diversity. Attitudes towards nature conservation are positive as long as the opportunities of local people to continue the use of natural resources are not restricted, while opinions towards nature tourism are in general positive in the survey areas. To keep nature tourism at both ecologically and socially sustainable level, close cooperation between stakeholders, such as administrators, planners, researchers, and local people is required.
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Türk, S.; Jakob, E.; Krämer, A.; Roth, R.,
Outdoor recreation activities in nature protection areas – situation in Germany
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Within a research project of the Federal Nature Conservation Agency, the Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environment points out new developments in outdoor activities in several German landscapes sign...
Within a research project of the Federal Nature Conservation Agency, the Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environment points out new developments in outdoor activities in several German landscapes significantly used for sports activities. Therefore two different types of landscape analysis were chosen: First the monitoring of selected sports activities in landscapes with special equipment respectively high frequented by sportsmen (top-spot method) and second the recording of the real utilisation of near-natural landscapes (area method). The results of the scientific analytics were combined with sociological knowledge to describe the development of outdoor recreation in different sport activities (e.g.: canoeing, climbing, paragliding or canyoning). Considering these results the possibilities and the limits of modern concepts of guidance are discussed. Convenience offers, the use of police law or the establishment of a new outdoor culture (depending on Scandinavian standards) will attach great importance to minimize stress and interference in natural landscapes. It is shown that the changes in outdoor activities offer the possibility for a sustainable use of the German countryside for recreation as well as for environment.
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Van Den Berg, C.; Van Bree, F.; Cottrell, S.,
PAN Parks implementation process: cross cultural comparison – Bieszczady & Slovenski Raij National Parks
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
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Van Wagtendonk, J.W.,
Simulation modeling of visitor flows: where have we been and where are we going?
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
The Wilderness area Simulation Model was developed in 1972 by Resources for the Future with programming assistance from IBM. It simulates parties moving through a wilderness and records the number of ...
The Wilderness area Simulation Model was developed in 1972 by Resources for the Future with programming assistance from IBM. It simulates parties moving through a wilderness and records the number of encounters each party experiences. The model has been applied to the Spanish Peaks Primitive Area in Montana, the Adirondack Forest Reserve in New York, the Desolation Wilderness in California, the complex of the wilderness areas surrounding and including Yosemite National Park, the Green and Yampa Rivers in Dinosaur Monument, the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail in Vermont. In its time, the model was a useful tool for establishing the relationship between use levels and encounters and testing management alternatives. As innovative as the model was, recent advances in behavioral science and computer technology have rendered it out of date.
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Vilas Bôas, R.; Davide, A.C.; Andrade, C.M.R.,
Visitors of Parque Florestal Quedas do Rio Bonito, Lavras (Mg), Brazil: A Management Planning Based on Profile, Perceptions, Needs and Motivations
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
The research was carried out in the Parque Florestal Quedas do Rio Bonito, located in Lavras city (Minas Gerais – Brazil) and participatory research methods were used in an integrated and iterative ...
The research was carried out in the Parque Florestal Quedas do Rio Bonito, located in Lavras city (Minas Gerais – Brazil) and participatory research methods were used in an integrated and iterative way. Results of the specific visitors study has shown that most of people visit the area with a special interest on leisure opportunities. Enjoyment of natural environment, peace and quiet are also important motivations. In a variety of activities, the visitors appreciate relaxing and enjoying the nature, swimming in the waterfall and walking on the trails. Most of visitors exhibited a high level of interest in conservation. In conclusion, this study represents one of the first efforts for providing the local foundation for a comprehensive framework for outdoor recreation management from the perspective of visitors. More generally, the visitor approach taken in this study contributes to a greater understanding of the visitor experience for tourism management in the natural environments.
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Yamaki, K.; Shoji, Y.,
Classification of trail settings in an alpine national park using the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum approach
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Considering trail settings in alpine national parks is important for both conserving nature and maximizing the quality of the experience for visitors. This study examines classifying trails in Daisets...
Considering trail settings in alpine national parks is important for both conserving nature and maximizing the quality of the experience for visitors. This study examines classifying trails in Daisetsuzan National Park, Japan, using the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum approach. A questionnaire was used to obtain data from park visitors concerning their preferences for the facility developments, accessibility, and visitor encounters. The responses were classified into four groups according to the preferences expressed for the types of trail settings. The trails were classified according to their characteristics as described by park visitors. The northern part of the park, with easier access and moderate development, was preferred by all groups, and the southern part of the park was preferred only by the those who favored more primitive surroundings.
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Yuan, M.; McIntyre, N.; Payne, R.J.; Moore, J.,
Development of a Spatial Values-Based Recreation Planning Framework for Canadian Crown Lands
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
Managers of Canadian Crown lands are beginning to recognize that all values the public associates with forests should be given due consideration in management actions. Arguably, recreation and tourism...
Managers of Canadian Crown lands are beginning to recognize that all values the public associates with forests should be given due consideration in management actions. Arguably, recreation and tourism are the least understood values of the resource and typically receive only secondary consideration in management decisions on an ad-hoc basis. This situation partly results from the lack of a systematic framework for recreation management in Crown lands outside of protected areas at either the provincial or the national level. This presentation discusses the development of a spatial recreation planning framework that uses recreation values to assess the effects of various forestry activities. The framework expands upon traditional planning approaches that are primarily supply driven to directly address core user values rather than traditional user preferences. A spatial GIS model was developed that incorporates interactive data layers of the study area including high resolution orthophoto mosaic, forest resource inventory, recreation facilities locations, ROS type classification, activity participation, spatial trip patterns, and recreation values. These data layers are overlaid on the forest management plan that details the harvesting and silvicultural treatments that are planned for the next 20 years. Operation of the interactive model is based on maintaining recreation portfolios, recreation class consistency, and sets of contextualized recreation values. A process is discussed as to how this new framework will provide managers with a tool to evaluate recreation related impacts a priori to resource management actions, and allow the public to ask “what if” scenarios in an interactive mode.
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Zarnoch, S.J.; English, D.B.K.; Kocis, S.M.,
A Model for Evaluating Dispersed Outdoor Recreation Use Estimation
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2004 |
MMV 2 - Proceedings |
An outdoor recreation use simulator (ORUS) has been developed to simulate dispersed recreation survey data similar to that collected by the National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) Project’s survey of...
An outdoor recreation use simulator (ORUS) has been developed to simulate dispersed recreation survey data similar to that collected by the National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) Project’s survey of the national forests of the U.S.A. Statistical distributions are used to represent the various behaviors of recreationists during their visit to a dispersed area. The beta distribution is used to model arriving times and last exiting times. The number of intermediate exits from a site is determined by the Poisson distribution while their times are selected randomly according to the uniform distribution. Finally, three trap shy behaviors are assigned to the recreationists to quantify their probability of capture by the interviewer. The arriving and last exiting beta distributions are fitted to the NVUM data. The functioning of the simulator is demonstrated with a simple example with explanations of each recreationist’s actions with respect to the sampling methodology. The utility of ORUS in evaluating the bias and coefficient of variability of various estimating scenarios is also presented.
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Absher, J.D.; Graefe, A.R.; Burns, R.C.,
Monitoring Public Reactions to the U.S. Forest Service Recreation Fee Program
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Aikoh, T.,
Monitoring Trampling Impacts in the Disposal of Human Waste at Campsites and Visitors’ Attitudes to a Carry-out System
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Amzil, L.; Berriane, M.,
Tourism in Biosphere Reserves: Genesis of a Territorial Issue Case of Ida-ou-tanane, in the High Atlas Mountain (South-West of Morocco)
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Arnberger, A.; Eder, R.,
Assessing User Conflicts in an Urban Forest by Long-Term Video Monitoring
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Backhaus, N.; Müller, U.,
What Does Sustainable Development Look Like? Visions of Two Swiss Unesco Regions
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Barros, M.I.A.; Magro, T.C.,
Visitors to the Highlands of Itatiaia National Park, Brazil, and their Perceptions of Visitor Impacts
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
The goal of this research was to characterize the visit and visitors to the highlands of Itatiaia National Park (PNI), located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and, based on that information, to...
The goal of this research was to characterize the visit and visitors to the highlands of Itatiaia National Park (PNI), located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and, based on that information, to explore the guidelines of a visitor education program designed to encompass minimum impact techniques that would help minimize management problems. A questionnaire was applied to 605 people from February to August 2002 in order to collect information about visits and visitors. Among the information collected were group size, activities carried out by visitors, duration of visit, and educational level of visitors, their previous experience and perceptions of the impacts caused by visitors.
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Bay-Larsen, I.; Bjøru, R.; Eilertsen, S.M.; Fedreheim, G.E.,
Integrated Conservation Processes – A Tool for Reducing Conflicts in Area Conservation Processes
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
Experimental trampling was conducted in a coastal sand dune community located in a State Park in Southeastern, Brazil. To evaluate the effects it was used 5 permanent plots. The trampling intensities ...
Experimental trampling was conducted in a coastal sand dune community located in a State Park in Southeastern, Brazil. To evaluate the effects it was used 5 permanent plots. The trampling intensities were 25, 75, 200, 500 and 1,000 passes and each plot had a control area. Response to trampling was assessed by determining species composition, vegetation cover and height evaluation, right after trampling, 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 1 year after trampling. The same parameters were evaluated just before trampling. Although there was a substantial loss of vegetation cover on 500 and 1,000 treatment plots, the study area was recovered in a few months. Reductions in height occurred with less impact: 200 passes. The 500 and 1,000 pass interference didn’t show statistical difference for cover and 200, 500 or 1,000 passes were statistically similar for the community, suggesting weak linearity between impact and amount of use. The results show that this community has a good resilience; probably in response to the natural stress the vegetation suffers continuously. The vegetation’s changes in species composition seem to be more accurate; especially the extinction of rare species and the introduction of alien ones.
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Bernath, K.; Roschewitz, A.,
Sample Selection Bias in Visitor Surveys: Comparative Results of an On-Site and an Off-Site Survey Assessing Recreational Benefits of Forests
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Beunders, N.M.A.,
Visitor Management and Destination Management as Tools for Sustainable Regional Development
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Bodnár, R.,
Economic and Social Effects of the Development of Recreation and Environmentally Sound Tourism through the Example of a Hungarian National Park
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Brandenburg, C.; Ziener, K.,
Conflict Strategies as a Task for the Management of Protected Areas – Shown at the National Park Donau-Auen
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Buchecker, M.; Frick, J.,
Local Residents’ Relationship towards their Nearby Outdoor Recreation Areas
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Buckley, R.; Pickering, C.; Castley, G.; Growcock, A.,
Recent Recreation Ecology Research in Australia
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Burns, R.C.; Graefe, A.R.,
Outdoor Recreationists in Oregon and Washington: A Comparison of Recreationists’ Perceptions of Experience Satisfaction Across Two US Pacific Northwest States
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Campbell, M.J.,
Monitoring Trail Use with Digital Still Cameras: Strengths, Limitations and Proposed Resolutions
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Carabias-Hütter, V.; Kümin, D.; Siegrist, D.,
Fostering Sustainable Regional Development with Indicator Based Certification Procedures
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Carlsen, J.; Wood, D.,
Monitoring the Value of Visitors to Protected Areas: The Australian Approach
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Chang, C.-Y.,
The Ecological and Human Benefits of the Nature-Based Recreational Area
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Chang, C.-Y.; Tang, H.-F.,
Recreational Impacts on Nature-Based Recreational Areas
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Chao, C.-L.; Wang, H.-H.,
Alternative Index of Carrying Capacity in Nature Tourism: The Relationships between Stakeholders’ Emotional Labor and Carrying Capacity of Community-Based Nature Tourism in Atayal Smangus Tribe, Taiwan
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Chuo, H.-Y.,
The Adoption of Social Carrying Capacity for the Management of Theme Park Settings
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
In order to manage the quality of visitor experience, social carrying capacity has been prevailingly applied to the planning of contemporary parks and natural environments. The common underlying logic...
In order to manage the quality of visitor experience, social carrying capacity has been prevailingly applied to the planning of contemporary parks and natural environments. The common underlying logic of the applications is that carrying capacity can be determined through the identification of management objectives and associated indicators and standards of quality. Indicators can be monitored over time and carrying capacity is reached once standards have been reached. In this study, visitors’ “reported queuing time” for using their favorite facilities in theme parks was adopted as the indicator. Accordingly, visitors’ crowding norms, the queuing-norm-crowding relationship, and the applicability of social carrying capacity to the management of theme park settings were analyzed and discussed respectively.
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Clivaz, C.,
The Pfyn-Finges Park (Valais/Switzerland): What Repercussions on the Regional Economy?
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Cole, D.N.,
Recreation Ecology: Learning from the Past
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Cottrell, S.P.; Raadik, J.,
Socio-Cultural Benefits of Pan Parks: Case Study at Bieszscady National Park, Poland
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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De Vries, S.; Roos-Klein Lankhorst, J.; Buijs, A.E.,
Mapping the Attractiveness of the Dutch Landscape: A GIS-Based Landscape Appreciation Model (Glam-2)
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Degenhardt, B.; Buchecker, M.,
Landscape Planning for Nearby Outdoor Recreation – Implications from an Exploratory Interview Study
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Dehez, J.; Rambonilaza, M.,
Economic Analysis of Recreation by Tourists on Protected Coastal Zones: A French Case
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Dickman, A.J.,
Reported Conflict between Pastoralists and Wildlife around the Ruaha National Park, Tanzania
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Drexler, D.; Bihunová, M.; Mariotti, B.,
Comparison of Forest Recreation and Nature Tourism in Hungary, Italy and Slovakia Based on the First Outputs of the COST E33 Action
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
Tourism Carrying Capacity determines as to what extent the influx of tourists may be allowed to manage the sustainable eco-tourism in a protected area. The concept of tourism carrying capacity is easy...
Tourism Carrying Capacity determines as to what extent the influx of tourists may be allowed to manage the sustainable eco-tourism in a protected area. The concept of tourism carrying capacity is easy to perceive in theory, but in actual practice it is very difficult to quantify. Tourism carrying capacity is rarely estimated. Van Vihar is a unique combination of safari and zoological park. Its legal status is national park. White tiger and albino Sloth Bear are the main attraction to the tourists. In the winter season migratory water birds take refuge. It is situated at the bank of Upper Lake of Bhoj Wetland, The Ramsar Site; Wetlands of International Importance, in the Central Indian. More than 35 thousand tourists visit Van Vihar annually. The three levels of tourism carrying capacities i.e. physical carrying capacity, real carrying capacity, and effective carrying capacity were estimated and compared. Implications on management of eco-tourism were discussed.
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Emphandhu, D.; Yemin, T.; Pattanakiat, S.; Tantasirin, C.; Ruschano, R.; Chettamart, S.; Nasa, M.,
Recreation Carrying Capacity Analysis at Khao Leam Ya – Mu Ko Samed National Park, Thailand
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
The objective of this research was to determine recreation capacity at Khao Leam Ya - Mu Ko Samed National Park (LY-KS NP). The study investigated the existing capacity of recreation resources by anal...
The objective of this research was to determine recreation capacity at Khao Leam Ya - Mu Ko Samed National Park (LY-KS NP). The study investigated the existing capacity of recreation resources by analyzing four capacity types: ecological (ECC), physical (PCC), facility (FCC), and social (SCC). This paper presented the findings on 3 main islands: Ko Samed, Ko Kudee, Ko Talu, and some snorkeling sites. The results found the ECC, PCC, and FCC exceeded at Ko Samed. At Ko Kudee, found the exceeded PCC while at Ko Talu found the exceeded PCC and FCC. One snorkeling site found FCC exceeded. The maximum carrying capacity at Ko Samed and Ko Kodee was 4,100 and 168 people per night respectively. Most ecological carrying capacities, however, have not yet determined since long term monitoring is needed.
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English, D.B.K.; Kocis, S.M.; Cordell, H.K.; Green, G.,
Estimating Recreation Market Share for National Forests
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Erkkonen, J.; Itkonen, P.J.,
Monitoring Sustainable Nature Tourism in Practice – Experiences From Pyhä-Luosto National Park, Finland
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Estève, L.; Le Nédic, C.; Strehler Perrin, C.,
“La Semaine du Goût”, The Beginning for a Sustainable Tourism?
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Fang, C.-P.; Hsu, Y.-C.,
Sequence Effect on Satisfaction Regarding Perceived Crowding: Whitewater Rafters in Taiwan
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Finger-Stich, A.S.; Tanner, A.C.,
Tourism Development and Local Actors’ Engagement for Sustaining Alpine Forests
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Fredman, P.,
Modelling Visitor Expenditures at Fulufjället National Park, Sweden
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Freuler Benjamin; Hunziker, M.; Gutscher, H.,
Snowshoeing in Protected Areas: Bridging the Gap between Attitude and Behaviour
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Gertsch, F.; Jager, E.,
Parks Canada’s Framework for Recreational Activities
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Gimblett, R.H.; Poe, A.; Lace, S.G.,
Applying an Agent-Based Modelling Approach to Simulating Spring Black Bear Hunting Activities in Prince William Sound, Alaska
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Gokhelashvili, R.; Azniashvili, L.,
Birdwatching and Protected Areas of Georgia
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Growcock, A.J.; Pickering, C.M.; Johnston, S.W.,
Trampling after Landscape Level Disturbance: Impacts on Subalpine Vegetation and Soils in the Australian Alps
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Haider, W.,
North American Idols: Personal Observations on Visitor Management Frameworks and Recreation Research
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Hausser, Y.; Travis, T.; Finger-Stich, A.,
Beyond Carrying Capacity in Recreation Management: In Search of Alternatives
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Hegetschweiler, T.K.; Rusterholz, H.-P.; Baur, B.,
Using Visitor Monitoring to Reduce Ecological Impacts Due to Picnicking and Grilling in Urban Forests in the Vicinity of Basle, Switzerland
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Henkens, R.J.H.G.; Jochem, R.; Pouwels, R.; Visschedijk, P.A.M.,
Development of a Zoning Instrument for Visitor Management in Protected Areas
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Hennig, S.,
Going Ahead: From Visitor Monitoring to Recreational Use Monitoring – The Example of the EU Regional Recreation Area Berchtesgaden National Park / Salzburger Kalkhochalpen
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
Recreation is an important issue for protected areas and especially for national parks where visitor numbers are growing. This can be seen as a result of the increasing interest in nature- and landsca...
Recreation is an important issue for protected areas and especially for national parks where visitor numbers are growing. This can be seen as a result of the increasing interest in nature- and landscape based recreation. Consequently, there is a rising demand to manage this kind of human use accordingly. Therefore, measures must be based on well-founded data as well as widespread knowledge and understanding of recreation. Associated investigations must not only focus on visitors. Interest must also inhere to infrastructure, nature- and landscape compatible activity forms, and stakeholders. Another aspect is the need to incorporate protected areas in a larger planning framework. All too often national parks are regarded as something apart from the adjacent lands. But particularly recreation in park areas cannot be seen separately from the surroundings. By integrating all data regarding to recreation in databases and GIS, persons responsible for management-decisions can gain a comprehensive impression of this object. An according monitoring- system considering feasibility and continuation as well as the (future) workflow is worked out in an exemplary manner within the scope of the InterReg-IIIa project “EuRegional Recreational Area Berchtesgaden National Park/ Salzburger Kalkhochalpen”.
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Hsu, Y.-C.; Fang, C.-P.,
Encounter and Behavioral Norms of Hikers: A Study of the Taroko Gorge National Park, Taiwan
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Huhtala, M.T.,
Assessment of Local Economic Impacts of Recreation: The Case of Pallas-Ounastunturi National Park
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Hunt, L.M.; Kushneriuk, R.; Lester, N.,
Developing Agent-Based Models of Recreational Behaviours at a Landscape Scale: The Case of Recreational Fishing in Northern Ontario
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Hunziker, M.; Zeidenitz, C.,
Outdoor Leisure Activities: Motivation, Attitudes and Strategies Promoting Responsible Behaviour towards Nature and Landscape
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Höppner, C.,
Participatory Planning of Recreational Areas – Landscape Development Concepts in Switzerland
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Ishiuchi, T.; Koyanagi, T.; Kuwahara, Y.,
Researches on the Visitor’s Activities and the Barrier Status around Kairakuen Park
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Itami, R.M.,
Level of Sustainable Activity: Moving Visitor Simulation from Description to Management
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Iten, S.; Siegrist, D.,
Monitoring of Mountain Bikers in a Sensitive Bird Area around the Tanzboden, Switzerland
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Ito, T.; Ryugo, M.,
The Influence of Motorized Access on Hiker’s Route Selection at Mt. Tsukuba
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Jacobs, M.H.,
Images of Nature as Sources of Conflict
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Jensen, F.S.,
Crowding in Danish Forests – a Nonexistent Problem?
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Jensen, T.,
Visitor Monitoring of Eight Recreational and Protected Areas
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Job, H.; Metzler, D.; Woltering, M.,
Large Scale Protected Areas + Tourism = Regional Development?
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
The results of this research clearly indicate that tourism in Large Scale Protected Areas can generate considerable benefits for the regional economy, especially in peripheral and structurally disadva...
The results of this research clearly indicate that tourism in Large Scale Protected Areas can generate considerable benefits for the regional economy, especially in peripheral and structurally disadvantaged regions. For instance, in Mueritz National Park it is estimated that guests whose key motivation for visiting was the brand ‘National Park’ (a share of nearly 44% of all 390 000 visitors in 2004) created the equivalent of 261 full time job equivalents. In Berchtesgaden National Park only about 10% of 1.13 million visitors in 2002 have been attracted by the Protected Area brand, generating about 206 jobs. In the regions of Hoher Flaeming and Altmuehltal 211 respectively 483 jobs were created by Nature Park related tourism. But in the latter cases these impacts are largely not ascribable to the status as a Protected Area. As indicated by this research, more importance should be attached to the issue of tourism in Large Scale Protected Areas. Financial benefits of tourism in National Parks and Nature Parks may contribute to increasing acceptance of nature conservation. Therefore decision-making processes in nature protection and regional tourism policy need to more fully incorporate aspects of durable economic development. Therefore decision-making processes concerning nature protection and tourism policy need to more fully incorporate the concept of sustainability, whether with regard to nature- based and ecotourism in Protected Areas in general, or with specific regard to Nature Parks and conservation as well as development of cultural landscapes therein.
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Jochem, R.; Pouwels, R.; Visschedijk, P.A.M.,
MASOOR: The Power to Know – A Story About the Development of an Intelligent and Flexible Monitoring Instrument
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Junker, B.; Buchecker, M.,
Recreation Interests and Participation in River Restoration Projects
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Kalisch, D.; Klaphake, A.,
Perceived Crowding and Satisfaction among Overnight and Day Visitors on Hallig Hooge – A Visitor Survey in the Wadden Sea National Park, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Kangas, K.; Siikamäki, P.; Koivuniemi, P.; Sulkava, P.; Tolvanen, A.; Norokorpi, Y.,
Are There Too Many Visitors in National Parks? A Campsite Analysis in Two Finnish National Parks
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Kanoje, R.S.,
Managing Sustainable Eco-Tourism in Van Vihar National Park
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
Tourism Carrying Capacity determines as to what extent the influx of tourists may be allowed to manage the sustainable eco-tourism in a protected area. The concept of tourism carrying capacity is easy...
Tourism Carrying Capacity determines as to what extent the influx of tourists may be allowed to manage the sustainable eco-tourism in a protected area. The concept of tourism carrying capacity is easy to perceive in theory, but in actual practice it is very difficult to quantify. Tourism carrying capacity is rarely estimated. Van Vihar is a unique combination of safari and zoological park. Its legal status is national park. White tiger and albino Sloth Bear are the main attraction to the tourists. In the winter season migratory water birds take refuge. It is situated at the bank of Upper Lake of Bhoj Wetland, The Ramsar Site; Wetlands of International Importance, in the Central Indian. More than 35 thousand tourists visit Van Vihar annually. The three levels of tourism carrying capacities i.e. physical carrying capacity, real carrying capacity, and effective carrying capacity were estimated and compared. Implications on management of eco-tourism were discussed.
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Kharel-Sharma, R.,
Linking Forestry and People in an Urban Landscape, a Participatory Approach - Case Studies from West London
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Kiser, B.C.; Lawson, S.R.; Itami, R.M.,
Using Computer Simulation Modeling to Monitor the Multiple Dimensions of Wilderness Solitude in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Klaphake, A.,
Are Admission Fees for Large Urban Historic Parks Feasible and Fair? Empirical Results from a Survey in the Prussian Palace Gardens in Berlin and Potsdam
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Kobayashi, A.; Aikoh, T.; Yamaki, K.,
A Study on Procedures to Establish Standards Concerning Trail Management in Sub-Alpine Zones of Protected Areas
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Kretschmer, H.,
Nature-Based Activities on Urban – Green Requirements of Nature-Based Activities in an Urban Environment
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Krämer, A.; Thamm, H.-P.,
Application of a Remote Controlled Ultralight Air Vehicle (UAV) for Park Management and Visitor Monitoring
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Kun, Z.; Van Der Donk, M.,
The Pan Parks Sustainable Tourism Strategy as a Tool for Nature-Based Tourism Development in and around Protected Areas
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Lawson, S.R.; Plotkin, K.,
Understanding and Managing Soundscapes in National Parks: Part 3 – Computer Simulation
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Leung, Y.-F.,
Recreation Ecology in East Asia: Redefining Impacts?
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Lewis, N.,
How Social ‘Demand’ Overlaps in Forest Management A Sociological Analysis of the Relation between Forest and Society in France (1960-2005)
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Lexer, W.; Brandenburg, C.; Heckl, F.; Muhar, A.; Reimoser, F.; Zink, R.,
Participatory Processes and Participatory Research – A Tool for Conflict Identification and Development of Management Decisions
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Li, C.-L.; Zinn, H.C.; Chick, G.E.; Absher, J.D.; Graefe, A.R.,
Segmentation of Visitors’ Cross-Cultural Values in Forest Recreation
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Liechti, T.J.; Burger, T.R.; Zantop, S.A.,
Visitor Management in a Floodplain Area near Zurich
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Lintzmeyer, F.; Siegrist, D.; Hass, S.,
Key Success Factors for Nature-Based Tourism in Protected Areas of the Alps
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Lipton, D.,
Healthy Parks for People
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Lue, C.-C.,
Estimating Visitor Use with a Photoelectric Counting System: A Calibration Study
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Lupp, G.,
Prognosis on the Expected Landscape Changes in Mueritz National Park (Germany) and Landscape Perception of both Residents and Tourists
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Mann, C.; Absher, J.D.,
An Improved Methodological Approach to Recreation Conflict Analysis in the Black Forest
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Manning, R.E.; Newman, P.; Pilcher, E.; Hallo, J.; Valliere, W.; Savidge, M.; Dugan, D.,
Understanding and Managing Soundscapes in National Parks: Part 2 - Standards of Quality
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Marion, J.L.,
Recreation Ecology Research in the Americas
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Mast-Attlmayr, U.,
Cederberg Environs Spatial Planning in the Western Cape, South Africa
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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McVetty, D.J.,
The Road to a Strategic Typology of Visit Itineraries
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Melville, S.J.,
Visitor Satisfaction Surveys and the Development of Access Standards for National Nature Reserves in England
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
It is estimated that National Nature Reserves in England receive around 15 million visitors each year, and this number is increasing. Since the mid 1990s English Nature has undertaken a series of visi...
It is estimated that National Nature Reserves in England receive around 15 million visitors each year, and this number is increasing. Since the mid 1990s English Nature has undertaken a series of visitor satisfaction surveys on a number of the National Nature Reserves in England. The purpose of the initial studies was to establish the visitors’ understanding of National Nature Reserves and what it was that those visitors wanted by way of facilities to improve the experience of their visit. The results of the surveys influenced the development of ‘access standards’ for use in work planning and financial resource allocation across the suite of 160 National Nature Reserves managed by English Nature. Following major investment between 2002-2004, a further round of visitor satisfaction surveys has been completed and this paper discusses the results of these and the implications for future access improvement funding and works.
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Mignotte, A.,
Walking towards Concerted Management of Hiking-Path Networks: A Well Engaged but Tricky Challenge for French Alpine Protected Areas
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Moldovanyi, A.; Kiser, B.C.; Lawson, S.R.,
Does Survey Mode Affect Study Results? A Comparison of Internet-Based and Onsite Surveys of Visitors to Prince William Forest Park, USA
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Monz, C.,
Recreation Ecology and Visitor Impact Research: Past, Present and Future
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Moore, J.; McIntyre, N.; Robson, M.; Lemelin, R.H.; Hunt, L.M.,
3D Computer Visualizations to Incorporate Recreational Use and Values into Forest Management Planning for Ontario Crown Lands
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Mose, I.; Weixlbaumer, N.,
Protected Areas as a Tool for Regional Development?
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
The last decades have witnessed significant changes in protected area policies in Europe as well as throughout the world. As a result, the total area set aside has more than quadrupled, and today almo...
The last decades have witnessed significant changes in protected area policies in Europe as well as throughout the world. As a result, the total area set aside has more than quadrupled, and today almost 14 percent of the world‘s ecosystems are protected compared with only about 3 percent in 1970. In Europe, first and foremost, large protected areas with an integrative character gain importance increasingly. Based against this background, this paper on the one hand deals with the multifunctionality of post modern large protected areas as well as with the paradigm shift in protected area policies in Europe. On the other hand this paper analyses the advancement and future perspectives of these policies, and reflects upon the current use of protected areas as tools for a sustainable regional development.
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Muhar, A.; Schauppenlehner, T.; Brandenburg, C.,
Trends in Alpine Tourism: The Mountaineers’ Perspective and Consequences for Tourism Strategies
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
Mountaineers are a core group in Alpine tourism, their demands and expectations are an es-sential foundation for every tourism development strategy. This paper is based the authors’ surveys and othe...
Mountaineers are a core group in Alpine tourism, their demands and expectations are an es-sential foundation for every tourism development strategy. This paper is based the authors’ surveys and other studies from the Alpine region. The image of mountain sports in the media (extreme climbing, paragliding, canyoning etc.) does not reflect the actual use patterns, as hiking is still by far the most important activity. Mountaineers are a very conservative group, usually well educated and of higher income. They perform this activity frequently and are generally satisfied with the current situation, thus sceptical towards any changes and man-agement measures. Mountaineers accept lower comfort levels, e.g. in huts, as compared to their everyday life as part of a back-to-the-roots experience. If tourism development strategies want to attract new user groups, they need to comply with the demands of this core group.
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Murai, M.; Hirobayashi, T.; Yamanaka, R.; Inoue, Y.,
A Prediction of a Human Action on Seashell-Digging at a Seaside Park Based on a Multi-Agent Simulation Model
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Naef, F.,
Biathalon Centre and Larchwood in Lenz, Graubünden, Switzerland
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Nagendra, H.,
People, Pixels and Parks: Forest Conservation in the Tropics
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
While protected areas have become a cornerstone of conservation efforts, there is significant debate about whether parks have been effective in enabling conservation. A meta-analysis of information on...
While protected areas have become a cornerstone of conservation efforts, there is significant debate about whether parks have been effective in enabling conservation. A meta-analysis of information on rates of land cover clearing in protected areas finds that government protected areas are significantly likely to lower rates of habitat clearing over time. At the same time, it is essential to ask whether government protection is the only successful approach to conservation. A focused set of studies in Nepal and India indicates that it is not the official designation of a forest as government or community that impacts forest conservation as much as the actual degree of monitoring that takes place on the ground. Communities can be effective forces for conservation, if properly involved. By locating individual protected areas within the context of the biophysical, social and institutional landscape in which they are embedded, we will be able to better devise more effective approaches to conservation.
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Newman, P.; Manning, R.E.; Pilcher, E.; Trevino, K.; Savidge, M.,
Understanding and Managing Soundscapes in National Parks: Part 1- Indicators of Quality
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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O’Connor Gotra, S.H.; Boyle, K.E.,
Sustainable Trail Management, Definitions and a Management Model
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Petrova, E.,
Historic Landscapes in Urban Regions: Recreation and Use Conflicts in Mikhalkovo, Moscow
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Pettebone, D.; Newman, P.; Theobald, D.; Leung, Y.-F.,
Developing Spatially-Balanced Sampling Protocols for Visitor Impact Monitoring in Protected Areas
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Poe, A.; Gimblett, R.H.; Goldstein, M.I.; Guertin, P.,
Evaluating Spatiotemporal Interactions between Winter Recreation and Wildlife Using Agent-Based Simulation Modeling on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Puustinen, J.; Pouta, E.; Neuvonen, M.; Sievänen, T.,
National Park Characteristics, Regional Setting and Visitor Flows
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Ramírez-Quintana-Carr, A.-I.; Brito-Palacios, H.,
Measuring Public Interest and the New Environmental Paradigm in the Transformation of a Public Park into a Protected Area “Los Colomos” Forest, Guadalajara, Mexico
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Rammo, M.; Maran, K.; Almik, A.; Karoles, K.,
Visitor and Environmental Impact Monitoring as Basis for Sustainable Nature Tourism in Estonian Recreational Areas
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Rao, R.J.,
Management of Ecotourism in National Chambal Sanctuary, India
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Reichhart, T.; Arnberger, A.; Muhar, A.,
Assessing Trail Use Conditions Using Still Renderings and 3D Computer Animation
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Reimann, M.; Lamp, M.-L.,
How Involvement and Economical Benefits can Change Local Residents’ Attitudes of Nature Conservation and Tourism: Karula National Park, Estonia
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Rettie, K.,
Shaping Culture in Nature: Human Use Management in Canada’s Mountain National Parks
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Robinson, J.A.; Leung, Y.-F.,
Visitor Use and Impact Monitoring: An Adaptive Design Model
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Ruoss, E.; Strehler Perrin, C.,
How to Achieve Nature Protection Involving Local People
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Rupf-Haller, R.; Wernli, M.; Filli, F.,
Visitor Counting with Acoustic Slab Sensors in the Swiss National Park
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Saranet, S.; Tanakanjana, N.,
Conflict between Local Villagers and Elephants (Elephas maximus) at Kuiburi National Park, Thailand
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Sayan, S.; Ortaçesme, V.,
Recreational Carrying Capacity Assessment in a Turkish National Park
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Scherrer, P.; Smith, A.J.; Dowling, R.K.,
Managing Visitor Impacts along Australia’s Remote Kimberley Coast – The Forgotten Dimension of Balancing Country
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Schroeder, S.; Fulton, D.,
Coping With Recreation Conflict: How User Group and Value Conflicts Predict Recreation Coping and Satisfaction
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Sheedy, C.,
Memorable Visitor Experiences Lead to Relevance and Sustainibility
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Sheppard, D.,
The New Paradigm for Protected Areas: Implications for Managing Visitors in Protected Areas
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Siegrist, D.; Clivaz, C.; Hunziker, M.; Iten, S.,
Introduction
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Siikamäki, P.; Törn, A.; Tolvanen, A.,
Environmental Impacts of Recreational Horse Riding in Protected Areas
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Skov-Petersen, H.,
Genesis of Trails in Nature: Monitoring of Visitors’ Effect on Nature
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Spiess, H.; Mönnecke, M.; Wasem, K.; Kümin, D.,
Local Recreational Areas: Accounting for Peoples’ Needs in the Development and Selection of Planning Instruments
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
The goal of the ‘ANAP’ research project is to indicate how peoples’ needs for and expectations towards local recreation areas can be met by the means of employing different planning instruments....
The goal of the ‘ANAP’ research project is to indicate how peoples’ needs for and expectations towards local recreation areas can be met by the means of employing different planning instruments. An in-depth analysis of the available literature reveals what people actually require and expect and the functional capacity of the planning instruments is illustrated by four case studies. Evaluation of these case studies not only gives rise to recommendations concerning the future implementation of the various planning instruments, it also yields proposals for improving their performance in future development phases. Peri-urbanisation leads to the rapid disappearance of attractive open landscapes in built-up areas. As a result, there is less space available for local recreational purposes, and people have to travel increasingly far to find the kind of landscape they are looking for. In order to tackle and hopefully improve this situation in the long term, adequate instruments for controlling the way landscapes are developed within built-up areas are absolutely essential. This research project aims to show how the different planning instruments can be implemented to achieve best outcomes for people seeking decent recreational areas. The planning instruments selected and developed have to be aimed at preserving an attractive landscape. The insights gained from this research provide the basis for recommendations concerning the future implementation of planning instruments, as well as for their future development. The project ‘ANAP’ is a cooperative project between the ‘Research Centre for Leisure, Tourism and Landscape’ (FTL) at the University of Applied Sciences in Rapperswil (HSR), and the ‘Institute for Sustainable Development’ (INE) at the University of Applied Sciences in Winterthur (ZHW). Other project partners include the Federal Research Institute for Forestry, Snow and Landscape (WSL), Green City Zurich (GSZ), Cantonal Agency for Spatial Planning and Survey of Zurich (ARV), Cantonal Agency for Waste, Water, Energy and Air of the Canton of Zurich (AWEL), and the Cantonal Agency for Spatial Planning of the Canton of Basle. Activities have started in 2003 and will end in 2006.
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Stastna, P.,
The Current Problems with the Historical Existence of Chalets in the Core Zone of the Krkonose Mts. National Park, Czech Republic
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Steiner Ly, Y.; Plattner, M.,
“Naturschutzdienst BL”: Experiences from a New Project in the Canton of Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Strehler Perrin, C.; Gmür, P.; Achermann, M.; Alfter, P.,
Quantitative and Qualitative Monitoring of Public Attendance in Natural Preserves on the Southern Shore of Lake Neuchâtel (CH): A Necessary Tool to Manage Public Information and Prevent Infractions
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Svajda, J.,
Visitor Monitoring in Tatra National Park
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Taczanowska, K.; Muhar, A.; Arnberger, A.,
Exploring Spatial Behaviour of Individual Visitors as Background for Agent-Based Simulation
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Takahashi, M.; Yamaki, K.,
Visitor Conflicts and their Resolution for Forest and Park Management in Jozankei National forest, Japan
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Talora, D.C.; Magro, T.C.; Schilling, A.C.,
Trampling Impacts on Coastal Sand Dune Vegetation in Southeastern Brazil
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
Experimental trampling was conducted in a coastal sand dune community located in a State Park in Southeastern, Brazil. To evaluate the effects it was used 5 permanent plots. The trampling intensities ...
Experimental trampling was conducted in a coastal sand dune community located in a State Park in Southeastern, Brazil. To evaluate the effects it was used 5 permanent plots. The trampling intensities were 25, 75, 200, 500 and 1,000 passes and each plot had a control area. Response to trampling was assessed by determining species composition, vegetation cover and height evaluation, right after trampling, 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 1 year after trampling. The same parameters were evaluated just before trampling. Although there was a substantial loss of vegetation cover on 500 and 1,000 treatment plots, the study area was recovered in a few months. Reductions in height occurred with less impact: 200 passes. The 500 and 1,000 pass interference didn’t show statistical difference for cover and 200, 500 or 1,000 passes were statistically similar for the community, suggesting weak linearity between impact and amount of use. The results show that this community has a good resilience; probably in response to the natural stress the vegetation suffers continuously. The vegetation’s changes in species composition seem to be more accurate; especially the extinction of rare species and the introduction of alien ones.
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Tanakanjana, N.,
Exploring Recreation Diversity in Thailand: A Nation-Wide Study of Nature-Based Recreation Resources and Behavior
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Tanakanjana, N.; Arunpraparut, W.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Nuampukdee, R.; Chumsangsri, T.,
Decision Support System for Sustainable Management Planning of Nature-Based Recreation Areas in Thailand
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Tejedo, P.; Benayas, J.,
Is Maritime Antarctic Ready for the Impacts of Commercial Tourism?
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Trebicky, V.; Cihar, M.,
Analysis of Nature-Based Tourism in the Sumava National Park, Czech Republic: 1997-2004
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Tuulentie, S.; Mettiäinen, I.,
Local Participation in the Development of Tourist Centres in the Peripheral Regions of Finnish Lapland
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Unbehaun, W.; Pröbstl, U.; Haider, W.,
Winter Sport Tourism – Victim under Conditions of Climate Change?!?
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Van Marwijk, R.; Lengkeek, J.,
Experiencing Nature – The Recognition of the Symbolic Landscape within Research and Management of Visitor Flows
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Van Marwijk, R.; Taczanowska, K.,
Types of Typologies - From Recreationists & Tourists to Artificial Agents
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Vaske, J.J.; Taylor, J.G.,
Visitor and Resident Acceptability Norms towards Wolf Management Actions
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Visschedijk, P.; Pröbstl, U.; Henkens, R.,
MASOOR in the Alpine Areas: Agent-based Modelling as a Tool for the Management Planning in Natura 2000 Sites
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Vistad, O.I.,
Visitor Monitoring in Norwegian National Parks? If so: How Will it Find a Position in the Present Situation with Low Funding, Biological Hegemony, Expanding User Interests and Indistinct Management Priorities?
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Voth, A.,
Overcoming National Park Conflicts by Regional Development: Experiences from the Doñana Area in Southern Spain
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
The number of protected areas in Spain has increased considerably in the last two decades. The country’s membership in the European Union favoured an important economic growth and social change and ...
The number of protected areas in Spain has increased considerably in the last two decades. The country’s membership in the European Union favoured an important economic growth and social change and was also fundamental for the evolution of environmental policies and the exchange of management concepts for protected areas. The intensive use of natural resources was followed by a growing awareness of land use conflicts and the necessity of nature conservation. The area around the National Park of Doñana in Andalusia, presented in this contribution, is an outstanding example of a long history of competing land use interests and recent efforts to overcome conflicts introducing new concepts of regional development based on the principals of sustainability and participation. A regional label highlights the national park image to stimulate environmental sensibility and marketing. The local population increasingly perceives a new consciousness of their common problems, opportunities and responsibility.
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Walder, B.S.,
New Parks of National Importance in Switzerland
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Warnken, J.,
Monitoring Commercial Operators’ Movements in Terrestrial and Marine Protected Areas in Australia: A Review of Challenges for Emerging Technologies
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Warnken, J.; Leon, M.,
Estimating Anchor Site Usage and Potential Pollution Loads for Recreational Vessels in Moreton Bay Marine Park Using Aerial Surveys
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Wasem, K.; Mönnecke, M.,
Outdoor Activities in Nature and Landscape – Practice-Oriented Solutions
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Whittingham, S.,
Integration – Resource Protection and Memorable Visitor Experiences in the Lake Louise Community of Banff National Park
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Wirth, V.; Sterl, P.; Pröbstl, U.,
The Tourists’ View on Protected Areas
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Woodward, D.B.; Geldyeva, G.V.,
The Landscape Method of Analysis and Assessment of Ecotourism Destinations in the Republic of Kazakhstan
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Yamanaka, R.; Murai, M.; Inoue, Y.; Fujiwara, S.,
Spatio-Temporal Variations of Visitors of Recreational Shellfish-Gathering at an Artificial Beach in Tokyo Bay
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Yuan, Y.-L.; Lue, C.-C.,
Comparison of the Use of Communication Channels between Amateur and Serious Hikers in Fulfilling Information Needs
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Zimmermann, U.,
Nature Park Project “Toggenburg-Werdenberg” in Eastern Switzerland – Common Chance for a Regional Sustainable Development
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Zinn, H.C.; Shen, S.X.,
Human Responses to Wildlife: Stakeholder Acceptance Capacity and Human Learning
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2006 |
MMV 3 - Proceedings |
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Absher, J.D.; Graefe, A.R.; Kyle, G.T.,
A reassessment of the encounter – norm – crowding relationship for reservoir-based recreation
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
It is generally accepted that recreation capacity decisions rely heavily on an evaluative component, especially those related to crowding. However, there are many unresolved issues in measurement and ...
It is generally accepted that recreation capacity decisions rely heavily on an evaluative component, especially those related to crowding. However, there are many unresolved issues in measurement and recreational capacity management arising from such an approach (e.g., Vaske & Donnelley, 2002; Manning, et al., 1999). This paper reviews the research that supports a normative approach and analyzes data from seven reservoirs in the US (California, Arizona, Nevada and Texas; n= 4,682). For each lake similar preference, expectation, and evaluative measurements were obtained. The seven lakes serve a variety of boating interests including daily launch (trailer access), marina slip, and rental boating. For this analysis we compare expectations-based norms and differences in evaluative standards and effect size indicators that are appropriate to boating recreation on these lakes. Separately we also address type of access, craft, and setting specific crowding indicators (e.g. at launch site, on open water). Crowding is measured using the now standard 9-point scale (Vaske & Shelby, 2008). Analyses rely on simple comparative tests: t-test, effect size and ANOVA. Overall, the results show that for reservoir boating there is evidence for a generalized encounter-norm relationship and further demonstrate that self reports of crowding are useful to gauge variation attributable to particular uses and settings. The paper concludes with implications for further development of the notion of carrying capacity and its reliance on crowding measures as robust social indicators useful to boating management decisions
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Aikoh, T.; Arnberger, A.; Shoji, Y.; Mieno, T.,
Comparison of motivations and crowding preferences between Austrian and Japanese urban forest visitors
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Do Japanese urban forest visitors have the same crowding perceptions than European visitors? Traditionally, it has been considered that an Asian is more tolerant of congestion compared to Western peop...
Do Japanese urban forest visitors have the same crowding perceptions than European visitors? Traditionally, it has been considered that an Asian is more tolerant of congestion compared to Western people, because of their different cultural backgrounds and living conditions. However, in many Asian countries, life style has been rapidly westernized, and many Asian people travel or immigrate to Western countries. Our purpose is to investigate the differences of recreation motives and crowding preferences of urban forest visitors between Austria and Japan. We compared motivations and crowding perceptions of on-site forest visitors using the same questionnaires, asked in 2006. Visitors to the Viennese part of the Danube Floodplains National Park, Austria (N = 312) and visitors to the Nopporo Forest Park in Sapporo, Japan (N = 302) were asked to rate 15 motivation items and to choose preferred scenarios of computer-generated choice set images of a discrete choice experiment. Among 15 motivation items, a statistic significant difference was found in 14 items. Both Austrian and Japanese respondents assigned high importance scores to health and nature observation. The Austrians rated highly the motives exercise/sport, quietness and recreation, whereas Japanese visitors placed more importance on experiencing nature and family. We found four motivation factors: Landscape, Solitude, Nature and Health. Results of the choice model showed that Austrian respondents preferred less walkers and dog walkers, whereas Japanese preferred less bikers, joggers and plant pickers. Japanese visitors scored higher on nature observation, and fewer bikers are in this urban forest. Conflicts with dog walkers have been one of the main management issues in the Austrian forest. We found that visitors’ crowding preferences are related to current trail use conditions, and to their motivations. Tourism and recreation become more and more globalized, and this information about differences and similarities of visitor attitudes based on different backgrounds will be helpful for urban forest management.
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Almik, A.; Maran, K.; Karoles, K.; Rammo, M.,
Implementation of results of visitor and environmental impact monitoring: an example of Kauksi campsite of the recreation area along the northern coast of Lake Peipsi of Estonian State Forest Management Centre
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Kauksi campsite, located in the recreation area along the northern coast of Lake Peipsi of Estonian State Forest Management Centre, is an area of intensive and long-term recreational use. In the years...
Kauksi campsite, located in the recreation area along the northern coast of Lake Peipsi of Estonian State Forest Management Centre, is an area of intensive and long-term recreational use. In the years 2003 and 2007 a permanent monitoring network was established in the area and the environmental situation and its changes were evaluated. Based on the results of the environmental status assessment and visitor monitoring, recommendations were made for improving the campsite condition and an action plan for performing the works was prepared. In 2004-2007 an infrastructure for the protection of campsite and the lakeshore dunes was designed and constructed, and measures of landscape protection were introduced, as a result of which the environmental condition has stabilised and for some indicators, considerably improved. This case shows that in an area of intensive use it is important to know the user and use specifics and, in order to support the periodic assessment of environmental impacts, to continuously monitor environmental status and perform preventive landscape protection works in order to maintain the stable condition and the recreational values of the area.
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Ankre, R.; Petersson Forsberg, L.; Emmelin, L.,
Silence – an article of short supply in outdoor recreation? Handling noise conflicts in Swedish planning
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Outdoor recreation areas are exposed to several causes of conflict. Many interests, along with different types of recreation activities, are competing in the same area. In these areas, conflicts are h...
Outdoor recreation areas are exposed to several causes of conflict. Many interests, along with different types of recreation activities, are competing in the same area. In these areas, conflicts are handled by spatial planning and by the separation in space of different functions. One source of conflict is noise. The lack of noisefree areas in the Swedish coastal areas has become an amenity problem. Does this make noise an important problem to consider in planning? An assumption is that the sound environment is relevant for the visitors’ experience; spending time in nature is associated with peace and quiet, where one should not be disturbed. In this study, it will be investigated how silence and noise actually are considered in the Swedish municipal planning. “Silence” is one of the amenity categories reported in the Swedish tourism data base. Is there a discrepancy between the existing municipal planning and the visitors’ opinions, attitudes and experiences? Furthermore, there will be an analysis of how silence and noise could be handled in spatial planning. One possible method is zoning. By excluding certain outdoor recreation activities from some areas, zoning may handle, or at least reduce, the problem of conflicts. The biosphere reserve concept (where zoning is an important part) will for that reason be discussed as a potential tool. A case study of the Blekinge archipelago, Sweden is the foundation of the study, which data consist of planning documents and questionnaire surveys considering outdoor recreation and nature tourism.
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Aoki, Y.; Arnberger, A.,
Comparative research on outdoor recreation between Austria and Japan
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna and the National Institute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba conducted a research project to identify differences and commonalitie...
The University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna and the National Institute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba conducted a research project to identify differences and commonalities in outdoor recreation activities between Austria and Japan. Between 2005 and 2007 the recreational use in several recreational urban and peri-urban areas was investigated in both countries using a range of methods. Standardized data collecting procedures were established for comparative analyses. The results of this cross-cultural research project showed that although different outdoor activities were carried out, several commonalities in recreation use patterns and recreationists’ perceptions were found. This inter-area and cross-cultural comparison of green space users added to the understanding of urban green space use in Japan and Austria. Urban green space management of both countries will benefit from this cross-cultural research project.
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Arca, B.; Duce, P.; Salis, M.; Spano, D.; Dore, P.,
Assessing the impact of recurrent wildfires and tourist activities in a Mediterranean area
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The coastal landscapes of Sardinia are characterized by a mosaic of beaches, protected areas and lands subjected to several anthropogenic disturbances. The wildland fire can be considered as a permane...
The coastal landscapes of Sardinia are characterized by a mosaic of beaches, protected areas and lands subjected to several anthropogenic disturbances. The wildland fire can be considered as a permanent disturbance that induces changes in the spatial pattern of vegetation, canopy cover, and soil properties. The structural characteristics of fire prone species can support the action of other disturbances. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of both wildland fire and touristic activities on the coastal area of northern Sardinia. A coastal area was sampled by the line intercept method in order to characterize the vegetation. The study found differences in species composition, plant cover, and plant height that can be attributed primarily to the effect of fire, but also to the increased vulnerability of the fire prone ecosystems to the other disturbances.
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Arnberger, A.; Eder, R.,
Over- and undercrowding in the urban context: A comparison among Viennese green spaces
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Urban green spaces are essential natural environments for densely populated areas and offer refuges from the hectic city life and work environments. They constitute spaces that provide relatively low ...
Urban green spaces are essential natural environments for densely populated areas and offer refuges from the hectic city life and work environments. They constitute spaces that provide relatively low levels of social contacts, at the same time they are settings for social gathering. High-use levels as well as too low use levels in urban recreational areas may also be associated with negative effects due to overcrowding, safety concerns or too low social stimulation levels. Given the prominence of urban recreation areas in our daily life, it is surprising that so far rather little research has focused on the crowding perceptions and the social carrying capacities of urban park users, particularly in Europe. In eight different green spaces in Vienna, about 1700 on-site visitors were interviewed on randomly selected eight sampling days in 2006. Green spaces were heavily used small inner urban parks, various historical gardens and forests, and peri-urban recreation areas with a large area size and with low visitation. Interviews lasted between 15 and 20 minutes in most cases. One or two interviewers were used per study site. Crowding issues were asked in three separate questions using bi-polar measures: Visitors were asked about their crowding perceptions of the respective recreation area for both Sundays and workdays, using a 7-point scale ranging from a too lonely situation to an overcrowded situation (global measures of crowding). Actual crowding at the time of the interview was investigated using the same 7-point scale (actual measure of crowding). Crowding expectations and perceived development of use levels since the first visit were also asked. Overcrowding and undercrowding perceptions were expressed. About 47% of respondents expressed overcrowding perceptions for Sundays, while for workdays mostly pleasant crowding perceptions were reported. All crowding measures differed significantly, and significant differences were found across the green spaces. Research was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF).
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Barbirato, A.; Favaretto, F.; Bottazzo, S.,
Peregrine Falcon at Rocca Pendice: a difficult but possible relationship
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Among the family of Falconidae, Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) is considered to be the most beautiful and fascinating member of its family. The history and fame of this family dates back to ancie...
Among the family of Falconidae, Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) is considered to be the most beautiful and fascinating member of its family. The history and fame of this family dates back to ancient times and the frequent crisis that this species underwent in the years triggered preservation actions that often dealt with climbing and nesting of this bird. The discover in 2001 of a couple of Peregrine falcon that nested on the Eastern cliff of Rocca Pendice brought up the problem of overlapping between the two species (falcon and man) forcing the management of the Colli Euganei Park to assess the situation with LIPU and CAI in order to find a common strategy to solve the problem. From 2001 to nowadays several limitation strategies have been applied with different results depending upon the protected area along with the protection period. The action plans that are hereafter described have proved a positive effect on nesting of the bird. Although climbers have undergone disadvantages because of these decisions we have recorded an increased sensibility in the problem by them that led to a respectful use of the cliff. The encouraging results show how a good collaboration is possible to establish a peaceful cohabitation between sport tourism and endangered species in protected areas.
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Beunders, N.,
The role of destination management in facing the challenges for protected area tourism development
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
These are PAN Parks introduced a holistic approach to protected area management, integrating standards for conservation and management practices, visitor management, sustainable tourism strategies and...
These are PAN Parks introduced a holistic approach to protected area management, integrating standards for conservation and management practices, visitor management, sustainable tourism strategies and partnerships. It has been field tested successfully in 10 protected areas. Simultaneously tourism in protected areas became the focus of a growing number of publications. Common ground can be identified in a predominance of strategic, process oriented approaches to tourism. Key issues: planning, visitor management, linkages with the tourism industry, community involvement. Results of the first decade: 1. A more structured and focused co-operation between PA and local stakeholders. Research shows positive results in awareness and co-operation 2. Multistakeholder approaches have proven to be effective in formulating tourism strategies 3. Tourism became an integrated part of protected area management, including a more pro-active, strategic approach. 4. The model works in diverse cultural, institutional and political contexts 4. PAN Parks has been a laboratory for sustainable tourism development for protected areas. Five main challenges can be identified: 1. Loading the brand: make value added of PAN Parks tangible for tourist. How can conservation benefits, distinctiveness and quality of the experience be guaranteed? 2. Identify success factors for development, marketing and management of competitive destinations 3. Consequently the brand lacks a decisive impact on the holiday decision making process. Economic stakeholder value is still limited 4. Leverage of local economic activities (synergy with other sectors) 5. Mind shift from process orientation (development) to focus on output (marketing, management). Suggestions for a research agenda for the next decade are listed here: Economic sustainability remains a concern for conservation based tourism development. Local stakeholders, regional economy and tour operators need healthy business perspectives. Eco-tourism markets are highly competitive. Distinctiveness and competitiveness of destinations require market oriented approaches. The positioning of protected areas as (part of) destinations requires research. Expertise must be developed for destination -development and -management. Innovative approaches for local supply chain development should strengthen the role of protected area tourism in regional development. Quality standards for destinations and local providers should be elaborated. Destination management could be the umbrella to integrating these fields of expertise. Probably a “paradigm shift” from sustainable tourism development approaches to a destination perspective is needed.
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Bodnár, R.,
Vandalism and its prevention possibilities in the region of Lake Balaton
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Lake Balaton – the largest freshwater lake in Central Europe – has been a favourite destination for hundred thousands of Hungarian and foreign visitors for long decades. The study area of the pres...
Lake Balaton – the largest freshwater lake in Central Europe – has been a favourite destination for hundred thousands of Hungarian and foreign visitors for long decades. The study area of the present paper, the Tapolca Basin that has a Mediterranean atmosphere is found on the northern shore of the lake. Nature protectional measures were able to impede mining damaging the basalt capped buttes of the basin providing scenery of European fame, however, they seem to be powerless against vandalism. Sad picture is gained while hiking on the study trails of the Balaton Uplands National Park experiencing that pointless destruction makes site tables unreadable. The main aim of the paper is to draw attention to that harmonizing current known methods and measures and applying new ideas significant improvement could be reached in protecting our natural values against vandalism at relatively low cost and with some care.
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Brandenburg, C.; Lexer, W.; Heckl, F.; Muhar, A.; Reimoser, F.; Zink, R.; Bartel, A.,
Nobody knows the trouble they cause? The behaviour of forest users and their knowledge about wildlife disturbance
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The Biosphere Reserve Wienerwald frames the west and south side of Vienna, the capital city of Austria. High biodiversity and conservation values are given by a large contiguous forest area and interl...
The Biosphere Reserve Wienerwald frames the west and south side of Vienna, the capital city of Austria. High biodiversity and conservation values are given by a large contiguous forest area and interlocked grass lands. The Wienerwald is a major large-scale wildlife habitat and part of a supra-regional ecological corridor. Due to the close proximity of the city, the area is characterised by high use intensities and pressures caused by intense recreational uses, a strong demand for hunting opportunities: high hunting pressure as well as urban sprawl, land take, habitat loss and fragmentation. In order to reduce negative impacts towards wildlife caused by recreational activities, foresting and farming, landowners and tourism management organisations developed various regulations and management regimes for the use of the Wienerwald. The aim of the presented research project funded by the Austrian Academy of Science was to investigate the familiarity with those rules as well as the level of acceptance and compliance with the site regulations. On-site interviews and mailing surveys using standardised questionnaires were taken to address the project objectives. Altogether 1334 land users like foresters and farmers as well as recreationists, like hikers, horse riders, mountain bikers and joggers were asked if they were aware of the problems and conflicts caused to wildlife and wildlife management by certain behaviour such as off-trail use, off leash dog walking, if they knew the further-reaching implications of disturbing wildlife, and in the end if they observed the rules.
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Bråtå, H.O.; Moranduzzo, M.,
Managing and monitoring allowance for new second homes in the Rondane Region, Norway
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The Rondane mountain region, in South-East Norway, is very popular for recreational purposes. The region is also the habitat for 4500 wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). The reindeer are hunte...
The Rondane mountain region, in South-East Norway, is very popular for recreational purposes. The region is also the habitat for 4500 wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). The reindeer are hunted in controlled forms as part of the area management and harvesting of nature. This rural region suffers from decreasing population figures, reduced agricultural activity and declining economic activity in general. Boosting economic activity by increasing tourism, especially in second homes, is thought to be one way of mitigating this decline. Increased recreational activity may however negatively influence a sustainable development of the wild reindeer herd. In order to manage this possibly conflicting interest, local and regional authorities in 1991 set up a regional development plan, covering relevant parts of 14 municipalities in the Hedmark and Oppland counties. Research indicates that taken actions to some extent have managed to balance increase in tourism and protect vital space for wild reindeer. Still, the exact localization of existing and new second homes, and hence the development of new interventions, was until some years ago, not possible to analyse at an aggregated level. Such monitoring is important. A Norwegian real estate register, mapping the exact geographic position of buildings and their year of construction, has however become an important means for such monitoring. By the end of 2005 there were about 18,000 second homes mapped in the region. Increased GIS knowledge has now made it possible to develop detailed analysis of localization of second homes, i.e. distance from the wild reindeer core area, and analyse the development by statistic tools. This is a breakthrough and is anticipated to influence the management of the region and strengthen the potential for balancing economic activity and maintenance of biological diversity.
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Buckley, A.,
Right or responsibility? Local people as ‘visitors’ in protected areas on the south coast of Western Australia
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The environmental impact of local people recreating in nature is an under-studied aspect of protected area management. A recent review of nature-based recreation was undertaken in regional south-weste...
The environmental impact of local people recreating in nature is an under-studied aspect of protected area management. A recent review of nature-based recreation was undertaken in regional south-western Australia. Surrounded by an array of protected areas — including a national park with World Heritage status — the local residents of this remote Western Australian location have relatively unrestricted access to a variety of protected landscapes. A recent mineral resources boom in Western Australia has heralded a return to mining in the area, accompanied by a considerable population increase — both as itinerant and permanent miners. For local people and environmental managers alike, this influx has raised concerns about the carrying capacity of this fragile ecosystem to sustain the wilderness recreation activities of the newly arrived mining community. This paper draws on evidence gathered from a study commissioned by the regional environmental authority and outlines the extent to which local people, both long term and recent arrivals can be considered ‘visitors’ to these protected places.
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Buckley, R.,
Tourism as a Conservation Tool
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Tourism and conservation interact principally through public visitation to public protected areas. In addition, however, tourism can generate funding and political support for conservation in multiple...
Tourism and conservation interact principally through public visitation to public protected areas. In addition, however, tourism can generate funding and political support for conservation in multiple-use areas, community conservancies or private reserves. These tenures are likely to prove increasingly important for conservation under growing pressure from human population growth and anthropogenic climate change. The most successful model seems to be through up-market wildlife-watching lodges in private reserves adjacent to larger public protected areas in developing countries. Private companies such as Conservation Corporation Africa and Wilderness Safaris, operating principally in sub-Saharan Africa, have developed successful business models which do also make significant net contributions to conservation of biological diversity.
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Burns, R.; Graefe, A.; English, D.,
Visitor measuring and monitoring challenges on remote national forests: The case of Alaska, USA
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The purpose of this project was to identify and evaluate the set of issues associated with recreation use studies measuring and monitoring in Region 10 of the USDA Forest Service (Alaska), and more sp...
The purpose of this project was to identify and evaluate the set of issues associated with recreation use studies measuring and monitoring in Region 10 of the USDA Forest Service (Alaska), and more specifically within the Chugach and Tongass National Forests. The unique environment and conditions of Alaska have long posed significant challenges to recreation monitoring efforts, and several previous efforts have been undertaken to address this topic, both internally (Reed, 2003) and externally (Stynes, 2006). The US Forest Service uses the National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) protocol to measure and monitor visitor use on all of its national forests. In 2000, an initial attempt to measure visitor use on the Tongass National Forest was conducted. Only 138 of 165 planned sampling days were completed, resulting in a completion rate of 84 percent (USDA 2001). This was the lowest achievement rate among all regions, which averaged 95 percent overall. An in depth review suggested that weather was not a factor and that the low accomplishment rate was attributable to personnel and strategic problems experienced by the sample districts. Approximately 12 interviews were conducted, along with a review of literature focusing on this issue. A series of approximately 20—25 recommendations were made to managers as a result of the review and interviews. It is intended that the results of this review will ultimately aid in customizing the survey protocol and instruments for the National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) and related recreation use monitoring studies in this region.
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Campbell, M.J.; MacKay, K.J.; Walker, D.J.; Dranzoa, C.,
Strengthening local support for community tourism (in Uganda) through University – Community Partnerships
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Rural poverty, poor environmental health and the resultant threat to biodiversity are significant impediments to sustainable tourism development in Uganda. These problems reinforce one another and are...
Rural poverty, poor environmental health and the resultant threat to biodiversity are significant impediments to sustainable tourism development in Uganda. These problems reinforce one another and are compounded by: a) weak institutional linkages between rural communities, NGOs, universities, government departments and public policy makers; b) deficiencies in community oriented professional skills in sustainable tourism and biodiversity conservation; c) the need to transform community attitudes to view parks and protected areas and wildlife as natural capital on which rural livelihoods can be improved; and d) the need for interdisciplinary approaches in higher learning to address intertwined problems of biodiversity conservation and sustainable tourism development. The University of Manitoba in co-operation with Makerere University in Uganda has initiated a program to address these issues though the development of: 1) a master’s degree at Makerere University; 2) a strategic partner’s network and; 3) three demonstration projects in communities surrounding national parks. This poster presents initial results that illustrate how the university community-partnership is leading to stronger institutional links to not only the university and community but also to NGOs and government departments while providing much needed capacity building in local communities.
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Campbell, M.J.; Walker, D.,
The future of recreation ecology in Canada: go big or go home?
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
In Canada, tension between the reaction to the declining number of visitors to protected areas and the potential for unmitigated impacts of the attendant attempts to increase visitation, highlights th...
In Canada, tension between the reaction to the declining number of visitors to protected areas and the potential for unmitigated impacts of the attendant attempts to increase visitation, highlights the need for an expansion of the role of recreation ecology from merely chronicling impacts to, what might hopefully be termed, “optimizing” them. Despite over four decades of significant growth and development internationally, recreation ecology remains a somewhat obscure discipline in Canada. At MMV-3 Marion (1) identified a small group of “active” recreation ecology researchers in Canada many of whose work was an extension of their primary research purpose. Indeed most researchers working in recreation ecology in Canada are unlikely to view themselves as recreational ecologists, but in terms of their source disciplines (Botany, Zoology, Ecology, Geography). As such, recreation ecology in Canada is often an avocation reflecting the intersection of the researchers’ primary interest with an opportunity presented or identified by park managers. One result of this has been an almost exclusive focus on impacts with all its attendant negative associations. Impacts associated with outdoor recreation have been recognized as inevitable (2). I would argue that they are also necessary and that much outdoor recreation cannot take place without impacts. Recent research on recreational habitats in remote areas of northern Canada highlighted the importance of impacted nodes and corridors to recreational activity (3). The rearguard action we have been engaged in with the focus on previously impacted sites has prevented the effective application of recreation ecology to as yet “undiscovered” recreation areas and the optimization of impacts for recreation. Doing so will require an investment in “big science” incorporating multi-disciplinary teams. This will be challenging given that recreation ecology has struggled to be funded even at “small science” levels, particularly so in Canada, where it falls between the cracks of the national granting councils.
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Chiari, S.; Schmid, F.; Muhar, A.; Muhar, S.,
Recreational functions of rivers in Austria: an approach to the visitors’ perspective
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
In the past Austrian rivers faced a series of human impacts leading to a loss of both ecological and social functionality. River restoration measures aim to improve this functionality, however, they a...
In the past Austrian rivers faced a series of human impacts leading to a loss of both ecological and social functionality. River restoration measures aim to improve this functionality, however, they are currently mostly targeted at ecological functions rather than at recreation. To prevent conflicts between ecological integrity and recreational needs integrated river management is demanded. So far river recreation in Austria is an unknown quantity, as profound data are lacking. The range of present river-based recreational activities can only roughly be estimated. The ongoing project “Future options for the development of riverine landscapes – space requirements for multifunctionality” aims to fill this gap. Concerning recreationists’ dispersion, behaviour and preferences data is collected along three rivers (Enns, Drau, Lech). The first step of the methodological approach was an explorative preparatory study conducted in 2007. Qualitative face-to-face interviews should clarify which factors influence river recreationists in terms of how they perceive the river, what they appreciate about the setting and what compromises their quality of experience. Based on these results a semi-standardised questionnaire was developed for a quantitative survey conducted in 2008, covering topics such as visitation motives, use patterns, habits, and perceptive aspects using image-based choice statements. Additionally the extent of river recreation is assessed via peak-day observations documenting recreational characteristics like number of visits, length of stay and activities. Preliminary results indicate that most people associate calmness and relaxation with river recreation rather than adventure and action. In particular, the acoustic scenery and certain natural attributes play a major role. Most people state, that they prefer natural river sections for recreational purposes. However, some ecologically valuable features such as woody debris seem to bother them. Further steps aim to identify key factors for the usability of rivers, integrating both objective factors such as the biophysical setting and subjective issues such as aesthetics and personal preferences.
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Chilman, K.; Wadzinski, L.; West, A.,
A new recreation visitor inventory that parallels other resource inventories
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
A Rapid Assessment Visitor Inventory (RAVI) has been developed for inexpensively obtaining representative samples of place-specific visitor numbers and perceptions of attributes of their visit experie...
A Rapid Assessment Visitor Inventory (RAVI) has been developed for inexpensively obtaining representative samples of place-specific visitor numbers and perceptions of attributes of their visit experience. It has been tested in 13 studies on 7 federal and state parks and conservation areas in 4 states. The inventory data are used by field-level managers in decision meetings with other persons in the management organization and with individuals and groups external to the organization. Examples of the application and use of a RAVI study, and a repeat measurement for monitoring purposes are discussed.
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Cihar, M.; Trebicky, V.; Stankova, J.,
Stakeholder’s monitoring and involvement: management option for Sumava National Park (Czech Republic)
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The paper presents the results of long-term monitoring and surveys of three major stakeholder’s groups in Sumava National Park (SNP) – visitors, local people and public administration (mayors). SN...
The paper presents the results of long-term monitoring and surveys of three major stakeholder’s groups in Sumava National Park (SNP) – visitors, local people and public administration (mayors). SNP is the largest Czech national park situated in the southeast part of the country. In 1990s and 2000s the park became a popular nature tourism destination, mainly for domestic visitors. Views and attitudes of stakeholder groups to conservation and environmental management activities were analysed and compared. Primary data was statistically treated using the [chi]2 test for evaluation of homogeneity of results from different years of monitoring and different stakeholder groups. The results show that management, development and nature tourism in SNP went through significant changes over the last ten years. Monitoring of stakeholder’s opinions and attitudes and their involvement in a local decision making process is crucial for development of a new management plan of SNP.
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Clivaz, C.; Favre, N.,
Valais excellence: a system to better manage visitor flows during sport events
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The tourist areas seek more and more to organize (outdoor) sport events. These events generate many impacts from the point of view of sustainable development. Often proceeding in rural and/or protecte...
The tourist areas seek more and more to organize (outdoor) sport events. These events generate many impacts from the point of view of sustainable development. Often proceeding in rural and/or protected landscapes, their environmental impact must be managed in an optimal way by the organizers. In the same time, these events have to maximize their social and economic benefits for the host area. This paper presents the management system “Valais excellence” developed in Switzerland and discusses its contribution to a sustainable management of the various impacts of sport events.
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Cocchi, P.,
Preface
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
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Colas, S.; Fitton, M.; Thaxter, P.,
The progress project: the dynamics of involving the public in managing Peri-Urban Forests
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The EU Forest Action Plan gives special emphasis to the benefits of Urban and Peri-urban forests for public recreation and as an aid to public understanding of conservation issues. At the same time fo...
The EU Forest Action Plan gives special emphasis to the benefits of Urban and Peri-urban forests for public recreation and as an aid to public understanding of conservation issues. At the same time forest and green recreation is being promoted in national agendas because of perceived therapeutic benefits. This strong promotion of forest recreation has re-kindled the concerns that recreation use would damage the resource and have major detrimental impact on biodiversity. The PROGRESS project, which focussed on two peri-urban forests in England and France, offered the opportunity to review these issues.
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Cole, D.N.,
The significance of recreation impacts: The importance of scale
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Recreation managers often consider the ecological impacts of recreation to be serious problems that need to be mitigated. Conversely, protected area ecologists often consider such impacts to be trivia...
Recreation managers often consider the ecological impacts of recreation to be serious problems that need to be mitigated. Conversely, protected area ecologists often consider such impacts to be trivial. Such differences of opinion result from applying divergent evaluative criteria to assessing the significance of recreation impacts. It reflects lack of attention to questions of significance and, in particular, inadequate exploration of scale issues in recreation ecology. Impacts might be considered significant if they represent a substantial loss of ecological integrity or if they are perceived by recreation users to be highly disagreeable. Although not mutually exclusive, impacts on ecological integrity and human perception provide different criteria for evaluating significance. Cole and Landres [1] propose that the ecological significance of an impact is a function of both impact and attribute characteristics. Significance increases with the areal extent, intensity and longevity of the impact and with the rarity and irreplaceability of the impacted attribute. To be significant, from the perspective of human perception, the impacts have to be noticeable. In addition, the most disagreeable impacts are one’s that result from what is considered inappropriate behavior. Given these relevant criteria, this paper explores research that can help in assessing the significance of ecological impacts and suggests which impacts are likely to be most critically important. In particular, the paper reviews what is known about the spatial scale of impacts, since this is relevant to assessing both the areal extent of impacts and how noticeable impacts are. The impacts that are most significant perceptually are often quite different from the impacts that are ecologically most significant.
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Colson, V.; Lejeune, P.,
A regional travel model for predicting the number of visitors in forests: application to the Walloon region
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The Walloon forests are visited by local people and tourists but the importance of forest recreation is very different from one part of the Region to another. As it was particularly difficult to obtai...
The Walloon forests are visited by local people and tourists but the importance of forest recreation is very different from one part of the Region to another. As it was particularly difficult to obtain quantified information by counting, a model has been built by GIS and taking results from different surveys (telephone survey and face-to-face interviews) into account. This model makes the distinction between local visitors and one-day tourists coming from the neighbouring regions (in a buffer zone of 50 km). A decay curve based on travel time is used for predicting the number of visits throughout all Walloon forests from each departure point. An attraction function is added to the model to attribute each visit to a woodland and different scenarios have been tested to obtain a distribution of people by regions of provenance as similar as the results of surveys. At a regional level, this model is a good alternative for counting and gives a good overview of the forests for which recreation activities are more relevant and have to be taken into account in forest management plans.
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Cottrell, S.P.,
Perceptions, attitudes and perceived benefits of local residents about tourism development in and around European Protected Area Network Parks
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
This paper presents the European Protected Area Network (PAN Parks) approach (mixed methods) for monitoring resident beliefs about the benefits of PAN Parks status and satisfaction with tourism develo...
This paper presents the European Protected Area Network (PAN Parks) approach (mixed methods) for monitoring resident beliefs about the benefits of PAN Parks status and satisfaction with tourism development. Comparison of results and lessons learned from studies done in Poland, Bulgaria, and Finland are given. Hypothesizes imply that economic, socio-cultural, ecological, and institutional dimensions of sustainable tourism influence perceived benefits of PAN Park status and satisfaction with tourism development. As residents’ satisfaction with the economic, socio-cultural, institutional and ecological aspects of sustainable tourism increase, so do beliefs about the benefits of PAN Park status and satisfaction with tourism development in the PAN Park regions.
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Duke, D.; Quinn, M.,
Methodological considerations for using remote cameras to monitor the ecological effects of trails users: lessons from research in Western Canada
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The Livingstone River Area in southwestern Alberta, Canada is an ecologically significant area of public land that provides an important connection between adjacent protected areas. Most of the area i...
The Livingstone River Area in southwestern Alberta, Canada is an ecologically significant area of public land that provides an important connection between adjacent protected areas. Most of the area is zoned for multiple use; which means the area is available for resource extraction and recreational activity. Recreational use in this area consists primarily of off-highway vehicle (OHV) use, random access camping and fly fishing. Recreational use is largely unmanaged and increasing. The proliferation of trails and campsites has become extensive in the past decade. Furthermore, much of this activity is concentrated along critical riparian movement corridors and in sensitive montane, subalpine and alpine environments. Human use and associated linear disturbance is recognized as among the most significant habitat fragmentation factor limiting sensitive wildlife (especially large carnivores) in the region. We have developed a sampling method that employs remote digital infrared cameras on known human trails and wildlife trails. The cameras have proven to be very effective for monitoring all trail use. We provide a review of our methods, report on the effectiveness of the cameras and provide some guidance on the use of cameras based on the lessons we have learned.
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Eder, R.; Kahler, A.; Arnberger, A.,
Assessment of a passive infrared counter with a remote data transfer facility
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
This study evaluated the reliability of the Ecocounter - Ecotwin© equipped with a remote control facility (Eco-GSM-unit) under different conditions. The counter is connected to a modem, which allows ...
This study evaluated the reliability of the Ecocounter - Ecotwin© equipped with a remote control facility (Eco-GSM-unit) under different conditions. The counter is connected to a modem, which allows transferring data from the counter to the office via internet. We will discuss the reliability of the modem and the influences of the different locations and surroundings on it.
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Eisenhut, A.; Haller, R.; Raper, J.,
How does topography influence the use of the mobile guide WebParkSNP in the Swiss National Park?
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Since 2005, the Swiss National Park offers a mobile information system called WebParkSNP which provides content about the users surroundings using smart phone services and GPS. Up to now, little is kn...
Since 2005, the Swiss National Park offers a mobile information system called WebParkSNP which provides content about the users surroundings using smart phone services and GPS. Up to now, little is known about the use of Location Based Services (LBS) by visitors of remote and protected areas and about the contents they are interested in. WebParkSNP logs time, location and content of each action the user conducts. Contents are not only pushed but can be accessed from every location. With the consent of 419 users, WebParkSNP’s log files of the summer season 2007 have been analysed in order to compare the user’s actions with the topography of the Park. Topography is composed of specific places (vegetation classes, aspect, and slope of the trail), facilities (resting areas, huts) and viewpoints. The results show that clustering of access occurs on steeper slopes, within facilities, and on viewpoints on certain routes. The content accessed differs between facilities and other places. Nevertheless, these patterns are not only determined by topography but also by behavioural aspects; the use of the guide depends on the daytime and on the distance from the starting point of the walk as well. These results allow the evaluation and improvement of LBS concerning content and locations. In addition, conclusions can be drawn about the development and improvement of other offers in the Park. Further analysis and the integration of other visitor surveys like census and questionnaires will show the potential for more general insights into visitor behaviour in protected areas.
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Elmazi, L.; Gorica, K.,
Economic effect of alternative tourism. Events and festivals
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The analyze of the tourism cities within Albania show that communities as emerged tourism destination offer culture, tradition and events, and also, show us that events and festivals have the capacity...
The analyze of the tourism cities within Albania show that communities as emerged tourism destination offer culture, tradition and events, and also, show us that events and festivals have the capacity to celebrate community identity particularly in multi-cultural events and festivals. The involvement of local community in creating opportunities and furthermore, competitive advantages, is very important for management and marketing of events and festivals, especially in multi-cultural communities. The research investigates the different interpretations of community, the concept of communities and the role of events and festivals in articulating community identity within distinct localities. It is necessary the compilation of a strategic marketing plan which will involve the community in tourism events and festivals, which at last will follow up with sustainability. Drafting perfect marketing strategies is always one side of the management task that should not be underestimated. This task becomes extremely difficult since in many cases a direct conflict exists between the site managers who to keep restricted numbers of visitors for preservation reasons, local people who look the events as a way to generate revenues, and national governments who like to use its image as a marketing device. Heritage and Cultural Tourism is the most important part of the Albanian tourism product and successful element of the national economy. Albania is considered as a new cultural destination in the tourism marketplace, as a Balkan country of dramatic natural beauty, with a wealth of historic buildings and ancient archaeological sites that can compare, for interest and variety with any in the Mediterranean world.
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English, D.B.K.; Zarnoch, S.J.; Bowker, J.M.,
Trap shyness in onsite visitor surveys; evidence from the U.S
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
In onsite surveys of visitors, whether the purpose is estimating visitation volume or characteristics of the visit population, those who visit the area multiple times per year are candidates to be sur...
In onsite surveys of visitors, whether the purpose is estimating visitation volume or characteristics of the visit population, those who visit the area multiple times per year are candidates to be surveyed more than one time. In such surveys, each visit represents a unique sampling unit. However, individuals may be unwilling to be surveyed after the first contact. The phenomenon is similar to ‘trap shyness’ in wildlife studies wherein an animal learns to avoid traps after the initial experience. If trap shyness exists, it has the potential to bias the results for either or both visitation estimation or describing the average visit characteristics. There is some anecdotal evidence that trap shyness does exist, and could be problematic for long-term surveys such as the National Visitor Use Monitoring program used by the US Forest Service. This paper describes the conceptual framework for how trap shyness can affect both visitation estimates and visit characteristics, identify empirical hypotheses to be tested that provide evidence of trap shyness, present results for the hypotheses, and describe possible improvements to sampling processes that could determine it existence and extent. Data for the paper come from onsite surveying collected during the period October 2004 – September 2007 for about three dozen National Forests.
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Erkkonen, J.; Kajala, L.,
The role of recreation demand and supply information in monitoring outdoor recreation sustainability
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Metsähallitus bears major responsibility for the development of tourism in Finland’s state-owned protected and recreational areas. In order to further develop the existing potential for high-qualit...
Metsähallitus bears major responsibility for the development of tourism in Finland’s state-owned protected and recreational areas. In order to further develop the existing potential for high-quality recreation and nature tourism in these areas, Metsähallitus is implementing a set of key measures for the development of sustainable nature tourism. The measures are applied through sustainable nature tourism management plans, which are implemented in all areas in which recreation and/or nature tourism exists to a significant degree. An essential aspect of the drafting process of the sustainable nature tourism management plans is the setting of standards, i.e. limits, of acceptable change for selected sustainable recreation and nature tourism criteria by means of participatory planning. Metsähallitus started out with an extensive range of applicable criteria. On the basis of experiences gained from pilot projects and a targeted evaluation and selection process, the number of criteria was subsequently significantly narrowed down to a set of around 20 key criteria. This was found to be a manageable and effective number once the most essential variables had been selected and their measurement standardised. For information management, Metsähallitus uses database applications for the demand and supply data, which can be used to produce reports on current figures and trends, ranging in scale from individual areas to regions and to the national level. This paper describes the development process of the approach and methods applied by Metsähallitus in monitoring the sustainability of outdoor recreation and nature tourism in Finland. In addition, a case study example from Pyhä-Luosto National Park is used to illustrate the system at the park level.
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Figueiredo, E.,
Quiet struggles - conflicts between residents, visitors and protected and recreational areas’ administrations
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The paper aims to discuss the conflicting situations which can occur between residents, visitors and political and administrative entities in protected and recreational areas, particularly in the ones...
The paper aims to discuss the conflicting situations which can occur between residents, visitors and political and administrative entities in protected and recreational areas, particularly in the ones located in remote rural spaces. Rural areas (both legally protected and without protection status) are increasingly valued in contemporary societies as environmental reserves. Consequently rural areas are progressively perceived as amenities and as objects of consumption mainly by urban or non local populations. The visitors’ demands and consumptions of rural protected and recreational areas tend to prevail over the local populations’ needs and aspirations in terms of socioeconomic development. The non coincidence between the desired and the lived rural environment tends to create a number of conflicts among the various stakeholders. These areas tend to become the scenario for both latent and manifest struggles, considering the contradictory perceptions, needs, interests and desires held by the different social actors. Based on empirical evidence from some Portuguese rural protected and recreational areas we will debate not only the existence of two clearly contrasting visions, but also the consequences these can have in terms of future social and economic development and environmental protection strategies.
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Fredman, P.; Ernerfeldt Burman, L.,
Outdoor recreation in change. A Swedish program on outdoor recreation research
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Outdoor Recreation in Change is an interdisciplinary research program which will analyze current dynamics of outdoor recreation and nature based tourism in Sweden, forming a thorough knowledge base fo...
Outdoor Recreation in Change is an interdisciplinary research program which will analyze current dynamics of outdoor recreation and nature based tourism in Sweden, forming a thorough knowledge base for future research and monitoring. The program is organized into six projects to emphasize the diversity of outdoor recreation research. (1) The research is integrated through a common empirical arena that includes case studies of recreation landscapes and a national survey to provide information on outdoor recreation activities, participation and constraints. This will give a comprehensive input to five deepening projects: (2) Outdoor recreation patterns (motives, access, urban-rural tensions, gender, immigrants, youth, non-users and trends); (3) Urban proximate nature (outdoor recreational opportunities, economics and health); (4) Outdoor recreation in spatial planning (land use, conflict resolution, impact assessment and local management); (5) Outdoor recreation and nature conservation (integrated land management, environmental education and guiding); and (6) Nature-based tourism for regional development (demand, supply, impacts, protected areas and governance). Communication at three levels (information, dialogue and collaboration) will establish strong linkages and ensure that results are disseminated to a broad group of external stakeholders and practitioners. The program, which is financed by the Environmental Protection Agency, is planned for six years and involves 18 researchers at seven universities in Sweden. This presentation will give an overview of the program, current program activities, and highlights of recent results.
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García-Ventura, D.; Tejedo, P.; Muñoz-Santos, M.; Benayas, J.,
Potential interpretation index: a tool for assessing landscape diversity from pathways
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Nowadays, a well developed net of pathways allows people to enjoy nature in countryside. Into natural protected areas, the pathway network is generally used to bring closer natural /cultural values an...
Nowadays, a well developed net of pathways allows people to enjoy nature in countryside. Into natural protected areas, the pathway network is generally used to bring closer natural /cultural values and visitors. However, the design of these interpretation pathways usually doesn’t bear in mind how much representative are them to make a complete visit through all landscapes of the natural protected area. We have developed an index based on useful and popular ecological diversity index (Shannon-Wiener, 1948), which has been applied to 56 pathways open to visitors in 6 Spanish National Parks. This Potential Interpretation Index takes into account several factors with high attractiveness to visitors, like environmental units, water bodies and slopes. In addition, we consider these topics either crossed by the pathways than observed from these ones. Spatial data was processed by GIS tools in order to obtain landscape diversity and viewshed from each pathway in these National Parks. The result of this work is an index easier to apply in natural protected areas and the whole countryside, in order to asses its significance for interpretation activities and for guaranteeing a representative visit to the area. This tool could be added to others planning models in natural protected areas management, with the aim of reconcile conservation and visitors use.
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Ghelichipour, Z.; Muhar, A.,
Visitor risk management in core zones of protected areas: First results from a survey of European park administrations
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Effective visitor risk management practices play an important role in the management of outdoor recreation. Many forms of outdoor recreation have inherent risks associated with them, indeed for many r...
Effective visitor risk management practices play an important role in the management of outdoor recreation. Many forms of outdoor recreation have inherent risks associated with them, indeed for many recreational activities risk and challenge are integral components. In many European countries, the administrations of protected areas are legally liable for some kinds of visitors’ injuries, e.g. caused by falling trees or damaged handrails. Sometimes this liability may cause legal problems for the managers, as management measures (e.g. removal of trees) might be in conflict with conservation regulations. These problems are particularly serious in core zones of protected areas, because of their stronger conservation status. In this study, visitor safety management and likely conflicts with conservation regulations in different European protected areas has been surveyed. The findings imply that today visitor risk management is not considered as an important aspect of the management process in core zones of protected areas. This might change in the future: In many core zones of European parks regular forest management for timber production has only recently been discontinued, which will lead to an increased visitor risk when natural processes of ecosystem development take over.
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Goossen, M.,
What do people want in National Landscapes
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The European Landscape Convention (ELC) is the first European Treaty that is aimed specifically at the landscape. The aims of this Convention are to promote landscape protection, management and planni...
The European Landscape Convention (ELC) is the first European Treaty that is aimed specifically at the landscape. The aims of this Convention are to promote landscape protection, management and planning. A main point is that the landscape contributes to the shaping of local cultures. Landscape is a basic component of European nature and cultural heritage. Landscape contributes to the well-being of people and the strengthening of the European identity. This produces everyone rights and responsibilities for protection, management and planning of the landscape. The ELC promotes the involvement of citizens at “their” landscape and stimulates the regional and national governments in Europe to create good conditions for the development and the management of the landscape. The ELC cover all landscapes, urban or rural, nicely or ugly. On the 10th of June 2005 the Dutch minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food quality announced that The Netherlands will ratify the European Landscape Convention. The Dutch landscape policy has been renewed and is entirely in line with this Convention. There are 20 National Landscapes in the Netherlands, which cover approx. 25% of the surface. In the Netherlands important spatial changes are in preparation, varying from new house construction projects to catching the impact of climate change. So involvement of citizens is very important. Therefore the government was interested in the opinion of inhabitants of these National Landscapes, and what their attitude is and what their preferences are. An on-line research with 4000 respondents was carried out to give the answers. The most important result is that the inhabitants agree with the policy. Their attitude is that (economic) development must continue, but with great care of the typical characteristics of the landscape. The preferences depend on the different recreation motives, but the desire for nature development is very popular.
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Griffin, T.; Moore, S.A.; Darcy, S.; Crilley, G.,
Developing a national approach to visitor data collection, management and use for protected areas: thoughts from Australian research and practice
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Information on visitor numbers, activities, expectations and satisfaction is vital for protected areas managers on two counts: to assist in the provision of the services and facilities that visitors n...
Information on visitor numbers, activities, expectations and satisfaction is vital for protected areas managers on two counts: to assist in the provision of the services and facilities that visitors need and want; and to determine if managers have been efficient and effective in meeting these demands. This paper builds on a recently completed national study in Australia of visitor data collection and usage, and the future visitor data needs, of protected area management agencies. Australia is a federation of states and provides a challenging backdrop for developing a national approach as most responsibilities for protected areas rest with the states rather than the national government. Thus, the success of such an approach rests on cooperation rather than an overarching national regulatory responsibility. The study found that all protected area agencies collected visitor data, however, their approaches were highly variable in what was measured, how the measurements were applied and how data were managed and used. This variability was problematic because it becomes very difficult to determine issues of general importance for protected area management or to benchmark performance across areas. Based on these findings and knowledge of the institutional settings for protected area management in Australia, this paper poses some ideas for progressing a national approach for standardising the measures and measurement of key variables so that comparisons and benchmarking become possible and reliable. Core and supplementary visitor data variables can be identified, with the former being of national interest and hence requiring collection and storage under national coordination and guidance. Implementing such an approach will require working creatively and collaboratively within the current institutional settings.
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Grigel, F.P.,
Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose: visit types across Canada’s National Parks
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Parks Canada is continuing to use latent class analysis to identify behaviour-based ‘visit type’ segments (created through the analysis of reported activities and the places visited) in different ...
Parks Canada is continuing to use latent class analysis to identify behaviour-based ‘visit type’ segments (created through the analysis of reported activities and the places visited) in different national parks. The current paper reviews three studies conducted in different national parks. We will discuss improvements in the efficiency of data collection and highlight the consistency in visit type segments across different national parks. The appearance of consistent visit type segments across national parks serves to reinforce Parks Canada’s move to behaviour-based segmentation. These visit type segments contrast with the different visitor profiles of each national park (as measured by origin and motivations for visiting). Identifying consistent visit type segments across different national parks allows Parks Canada to develop regional-level programs and products for each of these groups, rather than continuing to develop products for each park in isolation.
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Haider, W.; Riley, J.; Mostegl, N.,
The Sea-to-Sky playground: individual outdoor recreation and commercial recreation on public land in winter
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The so-called “Sea-to-Sky Corridor” in British Columbia, Canada, spreads from Vancouver via Squamish beyond Whistler. Its superb scenery nestled between ocean and glaciers attracts residents of Va...
The so-called “Sea-to-Sky Corridor” in British Columbia, Canada, spreads from Vancouver via Squamish beyond Whistler. Its superb scenery nestled between ocean and glaciers attracts residents of Vancouver and international visitors alike. Most of the area is public land, and a major regional landuse plan is just about to be completed. While forestry has been the main traditional use, now summer and winter recreation feature very prominently in these plans. The plans separate much of the motorized and non-motorized activities, but other potential conflicts such as between commercial recreation and independent outdoor recreationists have been addressed to a lesser extent. In order to obtain some insights into the number of visitors and describe some of their characteristics, we undertook an intensive user count at the main staging areas, combined with a short intercept survey about the types of activities pursued, distances travelled, specific locations and expenditures. In the presentation I will elaborate on the method used for estimating site specific and regional user numbers, associated expenditures, and perceived and actual conflict. The presentation will compare motorized and nonmotorized users, as well as clients of commercial operations and independent travelers, and link these findings to the already existing zoning for the region. The presentation will conclude with identifying remaining shortcomings of information for future landuse decisions in light of expected future use increases, as both the demand from the metropolitan Vancouver as well as from the resort community of Whistler will continue to grow
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Hennig, S.,
The recreation perspective. A recreationalists typology on visitors and their behaviour by the example of Berchtesgaden National Park
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
To perform its tasks management needs information on visitors. They provide insight into the recreational situation of protected areas and support management decisions. Therefor, data on visitor use a...
To perform its tasks management needs information on visitors. They provide insight into the recreational situation of protected areas and support management decisions. Therefor, data on visitor use and visitation behaviour have to be analyzed and mapped. However, information on visitors should not be reduced on singular variables. It is important to combine these different characteristics and build up types of visitors respectively visitor behaviour. In favour of this the approach of recreation perspective is elaborated. The concept takes account of existing typologies on (nature-based) tourism and their attributes (e.g. size, age). Furthermore, visitor behaviour is integrated. Distinguished in macro and micro behaviour it is expressed by choice of activity, destination, type, location and duration of extended stops etc.. Considering these aspects visitors can be categorized into several types. The recreation perspective is worked out and applied to the German Berchtesgaden National Park.
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Hunziker, M.; Schletti, D.,
How to involve retailers into sensitization of end-users for ecologically responsible behavior – results of a snow-shoe-seller survey
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The outdoor activity snow-shoe walking is experiencing an increase in popularity and is more and more frequently practiced. This tendency represents a desirable development of soft tourism, contribute...
The outdoor activity snow-shoe walking is experiencing an increase in popularity and is more and more frequently practiced. This tendency represents a desirable development of soft tourism, contributes to the regional economical development of remote areas and enables people to experience pure nature. However, snow-shoe walking is rather problematic from the perspective of nature conservation. Therefore, the willingness of snow-shoe walkers to change their behavior has been investigated in several studies. One opportunity to influencing the behavior of snow-shoe walkers is when they buy or rent the snow shoes. However, the question remained whether shop owners and their staff are willing to adopt this role. The aim of our study was to answer this question and to identify the drivers of their willingness to contribute to persuading snow-shoe walkers to behave in an ecologically responsible way. A questionnaire was sent to 754 sports shops in Switzerland to measure the willingness to apply measures of persuasion and to measure the drivers of this willingness. The questionnaire data show that the willingness to contribute to persuasion campaigns is rather small. In particular, the potential for participation in the persuasion work is quite low for contributions that require high efforts or costs,. The variables “subjectively perceived social norms”, “attitude to the behavior” and “attitude to information about the protection of nature and landscape” represent the strongest predictors of the willingness to contribute to the campaign. On the basis of the results, suggestions for measures to persuade snow-shoe sellers to support persuasion of snow-shoe walkers were developed.
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Itami, R.M.,
Level of sustainable activity: bottom up vessel traffic management
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
This paper presents a decision-making framework called “Level of Sustainable Activity”(LSA) which is a user-based approach to vessel traffic planning and management of high volume multiple use urb...
This paper presents a decision-making framework called “Level of Sustainable Activity”(LSA) which is a user-based approach to vessel traffic planning and management of high volume multiple use urban waterways. The method is adapted from the US Federal Highway Administrations “Level of Service” for traffic capacity. However the LSA framework links user estimates of traffic density to quality of service objects and a risk management framework to identify social and environmental risk factors. The results of the method are then used to interpret simulations of existing and projected use for making management decisions. The LSA framework was developed to define traffic capacity to urban waterways, however a spinoff of the method has been improved stakeholder buy-in into the process and a much stronger basis for management decision making. This is a direct result of the “bottom up” approach taken to both developing behavioural simulation models and the methods of obtaining information from users for populating and validating the simulation model. This paper advocates the LSA approach for a wider range of management applications by taking a user-based approach for describing existing conditions, projecting future growth, identifying key issues, and developing management actions. A case study of a vessel traffic management plan for Hobson’s Bay in Melbourne, Australia is used to demonstrate the concepts described in this paper.
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Jochem, R.,
Building the model right and building the right model: Verification and validation of the recreation simulation model MASOOR
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
MASOOR (Multi Agent Simulation Of Outdoor Recreation) is a multi-agent recreational behaviour simulation model. MASOOR is developed to evaluate both existing management policies and effects of various...
MASOOR (Multi Agent Simulation Of Outdoor Recreation) is a multi-agent recreational behaviour simulation model. MASOOR is developed to evaluate both existing management policies and effects of various management actions. In addition, it can serve as a communication tool in participatory processes. By visualizing recreational behaviour on maps the model helps different stakeholders (recreationists, managers, scientists) to interpret the complex patterns of visitor use and support the discussion among those stakeholders. However, it is important that the model is verified and validated. Verification can be defined as the process of testing whether or not the logic of the model is acceptable. It involves checking that the model behaves as expected and it is sometimes referred to as testing the ëinner validityí of the model. Verification deals with building the model right. Validation relates to the extent that the model adequately represent the actual situation that is modeled. Validation deals with building the right model. Validity can be ascertained by comparing the output of the model with comparable data collected from a real-world system using a various statistics. In this paper we verify MASOOR by an assessment of recreational path use at different numbers of replications. We validate MASOOR by comparing the modeled output with real world data. Finally, we focus the validation on specific behavioural rules such as preference for path type and chunking direction
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Jodlowski, M.,
Climbing management in protected areas of southern Poland
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Hundreds of rock cliffs and isolated rocks can be found in Southern Poland within upland, mid-mountain or high-mountain landscapes. Most of these sites are, to a various extent, protected by law – w...
Hundreds of rock cliffs and isolated rocks can be found in Southern Poland within upland, mid-mountain or high-mountain landscapes. Most of these sites are, to a various extent, protected by law – within national parks, landscape parks, nature reserves or nature monuments. They are major tourist attractions for visitors of the respective protected areas who generally do not interfere with cliffs ecosystems. This is not the case with climbing activities which remain a subject of an unremitting controversy.This work focuses on the analysis of the climbing management with respect to the assessment of the impact of climbing activities on cliff environment. Polish environmental law does not regulate climbing management, referring it to the competence of protected area managers. However, in the majority of protected areas management consists only in a total closure of some areas to any climbing activities. Trees have been frequently planted in the vicinity of rocks; rock surfaces on which climbing had been curtailed are now overgrown with mosses and herbaceous vegetation, while natural xerophyte and heliophyte communities have been destroyed. Resulting landscape changes largely decreased many geosites’ attractiveness not only for climbing but tourism in general. Only recently in some climbing areas trees and shrubs in the vicinity of cliffs have been cleared, however, frequently such actions are not previously consulted with reserve or national park managers. With the growing popularity of this type of qualified tourism, it is necessary to create a modern system of climbing management, based on environmental conservation. Conservation and management plans for protected areas should contain detailed regulations of access to particular geosites where climbing activities are to be allowed. Such regulations may impose seasonal closure of particular cliffs or parts of cliffs to climbing during bird nesting periods or closures due to protection of cliff plant communities. Specified should be the types of permitted climbing activities together with protection method. Finally, monitoring of climbing intensity and environmental impact should be carried out for sustainable tourism development
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Jodlowski, M.; Depta, L.; Wójcik, P.,
Climbing impact on the relief and vegetation of the Tatra National Park
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The Tatra Mts. are the only high-mountain range in Poland, protected as a national park since 1954. The environment of rock cliffs, and especially the vegetation is unique within the mountain ecosyste...
The Tatra Mts. are the only high-mountain range in Poland, protected as a national park since 1954. The environment of rock cliffs, and especially the vegetation is unique within the mountain ecosystem. However, harsh environmental conditions result in high level of ecosystem vulnerability. In the Tatra National Park climbing activity encompasses all of its disciplines: sport climbing on equipped routes, both short and multi-pitched, traditional climbing as well as the alpine climbing. Recently, new climbing disciplines, such as dry-tooling and bouldering, have also became popular. The climbing impact has been a subject to competitive debate between national park managers, naturalists and climbers, although it has been relatively weakly studied. This study focuses on the landscape changes resulting from climbing activities on the cliff ecosystems located in forest, subalpine and alpine geoecological belts, both on carbonate and crystalline substrate. Within some crags climbing activity is permitted by law, however the others are a subject to illegal exploration. The basis for this study was surveying the existing climbing routes (and state of protection. e.g. bolts and pitons) as well as monitoring of the climbing intensity on specific crags. The landscape changes were identified by geomorphic mapping of cliffs and adjacent slopes as well as botanical studies. Observed landscape changes caused by climbers result mainly in mechanical damage of vegetation, growing instability of slope covers, and micro-relief alteration. The impact significantly differs with reference to climbing disciplines and geological substrate. The largest changes encompassing complete removal of vegetation layer and soil cover result from dry-tooling on limestone cliffs, whereas sport climbing on granite cliffs causes only limited removal of weathered rocks and restraining of lichens succession.
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Kahler, A.; Arnberger, A.,
A comparison of passive infrared counter results with time lapse video monitoring at a shared urban recreational trail
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
This study compared two visitor counting methods at a heavily used multi-use access trail to the Donau-Auen National Park in Vienna, Austria. We compared visitor numbers gained by video monitoring wit...
This study compared two visitor counting methods at a heavily used multi-use access trail to the Donau-Auen National Park in Vienna, Austria. We compared visitor numbers gained by video monitoring with passive infrared counter results (Ecocounter – Ecotwin©). Both devices were installed at the same place and recorded the recreation use along the trail between December 2007 and January 2008. During daylight the video camera took pictures every 1.6 seconds. Counting by Ecotwin resulted in 3477 counts, while the total amount of counts by video monitoring was 4405. We will discuss causes for the differences in visitor numbers, and the pro and cons of both methods.
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Kalisch, D.; Klaphake, A.,
The dilemma of recreational use versus nature protection – Responses from National Park authorities in Austria, Germany and Switzerland
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
National Parks in Central Europe, which attract millions of visitors annually, are being threatened by a wide variety of negative impacts. In this highly populated region, we find numerous hazards cau...
National Parks in Central Europe, which attract millions of visitors annually, are being threatened by a wide variety of negative impacts. In this highly populated region, we find numerous hazards caused by infrastructure, agriculture and tourism. For this reason, preserving the environment is the main goal of the National park authorities. As visitor numbers increase, there is a consequential increase in environmental impacts and conflicts between different visitor groups. In order to balance tourism and conservation and to reduce and minimize negative effects on the ecosystem, authorities implement visitor management strategies. These require specified knowledge about visitor flows, visitor numbers and the main activities undertaken by visitors. Over the past years most european National Parks have adopted periodical visitor monitoring, to gather data about visitor numbers and characteristics. There exists however differences in quality and extent of monitoring programs. With this in mind, we surveyed a number of National Park authorities to gauge their perception of recreation use level, different National Park activities and the application of management tools in the parks. Overall we asked 21 authorities in Austria, Germany and Switzerland to complete a questionnaire which includes questions about current and expected visitor numbers, monitoring of the current recreation use and impacts, measures to control the recreational use, conflicts between nature and tourism and cooperation with other stakeholders in the area. The result of the survey suggests that most of the authorities (81%) simply estimate the recreational use in national park. More than half of authorities anticipate an increase of visitor numbers (especially in National Parks founded in the late 1990s) and none expect that numbers will decrease. They report various suitable protective measures that are in operation and accepted by the National Park visitors. All in all, the authorities consider any negative environmental impacts of visitor activities to be moderate.
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Kangas, K.; Siikamäki, P.; Luoto, M.; Ihantola, A.,
Does tourism affect bird populations in protected areas?
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Human induced disturbance can have various impacts on birds. Disturbance has been found to affect for example behaviour, breeding success, species composition and density of birds. Despite of the grow...
Human induced disturbance can have various impacts on birds. Disturbance has been found to affect for example behaviour, breeding success, species composition and density of birds. Despite of the growing number of disturbance research, little is known about impacts of recreation on forest bird communities as the focus has been mainly on behavioural responses of single species. There is a need for research on tourism-induced changes in bird communities in protected areas, as they are important for many rare and threatened species preferring natural habitats. We studied impacts of tourism on birds in Oulanka National Park, north-eastern Finland. Data on breeding bird pairs were collected with line transect method in hiking trails and in undisturbed control areas. We used general additive models (GAM) to investigate the importance of the tourism-related variables, i.e. visitor numbers in hiking trails and the area of infrastructure, as well as the habitat variables in explaining the variation in bird communities. The preliminary results show that the current tourism pressure has not caused substantial changes in bird communities of Oulanka NP. However, open-cup nesters showed negative response to the number of visitors.
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Karacsonyi, J.; Karacsonyi, Z.,
Solutions for a new challenge in the field of visitor flows: paragliding and nature protection
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
One segment of the increasing number of visitors of nature areas are the visitors with sporting purpose. Among these the technical sports have essentially different characteristics. The relationship b...
One segment of the increasing number of visitors of nature areas are the visitors with sporting purpose. Among these the technical sports have essentially different characteristics. The relationship between exercisers of technical sports and nature, landscape involves the possibility of a non-harmonic relation and notrarely the fact of that. We delineate the characteristics of the paragliding sport its practice and its relationship with nature, landscape by examining the Hungarian situation. We review the status of the paragliding sport, the increasing number of sportsman and the paragliding clubs. We introduce the decisive authorisation procedures of paragliding (Civil Aviation Authority of Hungary, nature conservation) and its adaptation and problems. Presentation of the outcome of the workshop organized with the presence of the concerned parties (paragliders, national parks, aviation authorities) which was set up to formulate and negotiate the interest and opinion of the actors. It was the first time that a workshop gave the opportunity for the reconciliation, harmonization of the two differing demand. Tasks of the near future was formulated for create a long lasting co-operation between the paragliding sport and the demand for protecting the natural values.
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Keirle, I.,
An importance-performance study of visitor opinions concerning access into the countryside of Ceredigion
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
It is important that countryside resource managers gain a full understanding of visitor needs and develop suitable facilities and infrastructure to respond to them. Importance-Performance Analysis (IP...
It is important that countryside resource managers gain a full understanding of visitor needs and develop suitable facilities and infrastructure to respond to them. Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) is a simple and effective technique that can be used to identify those attributes of a product or service that visitors consider to be important and to gain responses on how these attributes are performing. This study based in the county of Ceredigion in Wales, used IPA to find the relationship between importance and performance for a range of attributes relating to the management of access into the countryside, covering the areas of infrastructure, information and product acceptability. The results indicated that attributes relating to infrastructure such as signposting and stiles were not performing to visitor expectations and issues relating to dog mess caused visitors the greatest concern. When sub-divided by user type the results showed a clear segregation as to what different user types considered important and their perception of performance.
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Kissling, M.,
The impact of experimental trampling on the biodiversity of beech forests: basic knowledge for the management of urban forest for recreation
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
In the last few years forests became an important function as natural recreation sites, especially in the surroundings of urban areas. Nowadays, large numbers of forest visitors can lead to conflicts ...
In the last few years forests became an important function as natural recreation sites, especially in the surroundings of urban areas. Nowadays, large numbers of forest visitors can lead to conflicts between recreation and nature conservation The extent of damage to the forest vegetation depends not only on the kind of recreational activity and frequency of visitors, but also on the type of soil and forest vegetation. The effects of trampling on soil microorganisms and the level of disturbance that will cause changes are mostly unknown. In order to gain a better understanding of these relationships I investigated the effect of different trampling regime – single trampling versus repeated trampling – on the ground vegetation, soil microbial biomass and the activity of dehydrogenase (an indicator for the total metabolic activity of soil micro-organisms), glucosidase and phosphomonoesterase (both key enzymes in the nutrient cycle)
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Koscak, M.,
Slovenia: a case-study in sustainable rural development for agriculture and tourism
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
This paper deals with the concept of the heritage trail which main purpose is rural regeneration through sustainable tourism. A heritage trail is a regional network of natural and cultural heritage si...
This paper deals with the concept of the heritage trail which main purpose is rural regeneration through sustainable tourism. A heritage trail is a regional network of natural and cultural heritage sites, activities and tourism facilities which is created with a well defined product identity in order to support an interesting and varied tourist visit up to one week. The heritage trail does not necessarily have a single theme, with the visitor following a pre-determined route. It can be designed as a coherent menu of natural, cultural and landscape attractions, out of which visitors can create their own itinerary. The aim of heritage trail marketing is to attract the visitor to the region in the first place, by offering a specific and attractive experience. Once in the region, other facilities and experiences can be offered which are not featured in the heritage trail promotion itself
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Kruger, L.E.,
Affinity to place and serious leisure: implications of amenity migration for nearby recreational and protected areas
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
People have long been attracted to places with high amenity values. The first Baby Boomers have begun to collect Social Security checks and many more will follow. Increasing retirees who make up a gro...
People have long been attracted to places with high amenity values. The first Baby Boomers have begun to collect Social Security checks and many more will follow. Increasing retirees who make up a growing numbers of migrants are moving into communities fortunate to have highly valued environmental and cultural resources and recreation opportunities. Tourists and retirees are drawn to natural amenities and opportunities for both tranquillity and adventure. Wilderness can be especially attractive and introduces people to rural and remote locations. Resort real estate, full and fractional ownership arrangements (time shares), residence clubs, and a variety of other options provide an array of investment possibilities. Rapid growth of retirees has implications for communities and public land managers. For land managers, growth is likely to increase population density in proximity to public lands, increase pressure on riparian and other environmentally sensitive areas and increase the demand for recreation opportunities and facilities. The changing values within the neighbouring community may change the issues and concerns residents have about recreational and protected area management. Healthy retirees are looking for a variety of recreation and volunteer opportunities. Communities need to consider infrastructure, especially in health and transportation sectors. As amenity migrants settle in their new community, the physical changes are readily apparent: new homes, new business, new roads, rising real estate values. Rising levels of disposable income among the middle and skilled working classes and the growth of a “leisure society” with time for recreation and travel have fueled demand for recreation. What are the implications for recreational and protected area management? This paper explores concepts of place and serious leisure as they are related to amenity migration and implications for management of recreational and protected areas near amenity communities. How can these concepts inform our understanding of the changing demands of amenity migration communities? In what ways are concepts of place attachment and sense of place useful in planning for change in high amenity communities and the surrounding recreational and protected areas?
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Lee, J.-H.; Bürger-Arndt, R.,
A comparative study of offers for recreation in nature parks in Germany and in recreation forests in Korea
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
This comparative study was designed to search for the difference in recreational use and recreational offers between German Nature Parks and Korean Recreational Forests. To review current recreational...
This comparative study was designed to search for the difference in recreational use and recreational offers between German Nature Parks and Korean Recreational Forests. To review current recreational offers, a complete search of the websites of all German Nature Parks and 50% of Korean Recreation Forests was undertaken. The result is compared per category of offers. Hiking is offered as a recreational forest activity in nearly all Nature Parks in Germany (95%) and Recreation Forests in Korea (98%). Apart from hiking, biking (92%) and horse riding (71%) were offered by most of the German Nature Parks whereas Walking (96%) and Fitness trail (76%) activities were mostly offered in Korea. Swimming (66%), canoeing (62%), fishing (43%) and sailing (38%) were very famous water activities in German Nature Parks. However, there are very few water activities except swimming (74%) in Korean Recreation Forests. Environmental education plays an important role in nature friendly recreation. In terms of quantity and quality, there were better offers in environmental education in Germany than in Korea. Nature educational trails were offered by 68% of German Nature Parks compared to 26% of Recreation Forests in Korea. Various environmental education programs for children were 63% in German and only 40% in Korea. Furthermore, there were more offers in German Nature Park, for example environmental guide (56%), environmental education program (47%) and environmental touring (26%). There were nine tour themes in German Nature Parks with the largest proportion (66%) dedicated to experience with nature and 8% for the disabled people. On the other hand, the Korean Recreation Forest has not so many tour themes as in German Nature Parks. Nevertheless, the activities comprise of nature experience (80%), cultural history (72%) and wellness (32%). The demand of recreation users on Infrastructures is very high, therefore almost all of Korean Recreation Forests have Toilet (94%), Kitchen & Water (80%) and shower rooms (68%). They exhibit passive recreation and the environmental education program is less compared to that of German Nature Park, but the infrastructure plays a very important role in nature recreation of Koreans. It sums that, German Nature Parks have more of almost all kinds of recreational offers than Korean Recreation Forests.
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Leung, Y.-F.; Hsu, Y.-C.; Lue, C.-C.; Lu, D.-J.,
Does recreation ecology have a place in East Asia? Some insights from Taiwan
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The significance of East Asian protected areas to support biodiversity conservation and nature-based tourism is increasingly recognized, so is the tension between these two objectives. Recreation ecol...
The significance of East Asian protected areas to support biodiversity conservation and nature-based tourism is increasingly recognized, so is the tension between these two objectives. Recreation ecology, the scientific study of visitor impacts in protected areas and their effective management, seems to have a role to play in resolving this conflict. At the last MMV conference, the general status of recreation ecology research in East Asia was summarized (Leung 2006). Three major developmental stages of this area of research development and some key challenges were identified. This presentation at MMV4 is intended to follow up with this line of dialogue by examining recreation ecology research on Taiwan Island as a case example. In Taiwan, the common occurrence of visitor impacts in forest recreation areas has long been acknowledged by managers and researchers. There were significant concerns about extensive soil and water conservation problems associated with recreation facility development in sensitive mountain areas in the 1980s. Such concerns led to focused research efforts carried out by several researchers since the 1990s. However, the diversity of topics and research methodology remained low and many of these earlier studies had a weak connection to management practice. Many studies were short-term investigations with limited management utility, mirroring the nature of research funding mechanism. Despite the constraints, several recent projects are showing signs that some protected area administrators may be more receptive of the role of recreation ecology research and long-term impact monitoring in supporting a more proactive approach to visitor management in protected areas. These projects, the trends they may represent, and the implications to the East Asian region in regard to challenges and opportunities will be highlighted
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Lewis, A.R.,
Sustainable camping at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia: overcoming methodological challenges
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
This paper outlines issues relating to campsite assesment along the Ningaloo coastline, Western Australia. A solution to methodological challenges, through the utilisation of both qualitative and quan...
This paper outlines issues relating to campsite assesment along the Ningaloo coastline, Western Australia. A solution to methodological challenges, through the utilisation of both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques are suggested. The Ningaloo coastline is gaining popularity as a remote camping destination in Western Australia. Camping activities in this semi-arid environment are largely unrestricted, and gradual environmental degradation is observable in many locations. The following factors make the Ningaloo camping experience unique within Australia: A remote, semi-arid environment; multiple management/ownership of land; off-road vehicle accessibility to campsites; elaborate camp set-ups (often with a campervan and four-wheel drive); and the long average length of stay (47 days). Existing literature largely focuses on camping impacts within a wilderness environment, with short visitor stays, pedestrian-only access and a single management regime. This research will undertake an initial environmental assessment of sample campsites within different locations along the Ningaloo coast. Campers’ daily activities, resource (water, energy) use and waste production will also be determined. This research is highly significant from a local and regional perspective, given government plans to develop multiple camping ‘nodes’ along the Ningaloo coast by 2015. The data will therefore contribute to a stronger understanding of campsite sustainability, with regard to campsite placement and facilities. This research will also address information gaps within the field of recreation ecology
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Li, C.-L.; Hsu, Y.-C.; Lue, C.-C.; Absher, J.D.,
Re-examine the measure of values Cross-culturally: the case of recreation visitors in Hong Kong and Taiwan
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Parks and recreation areas around the world increasingly serve as international visitor attractions and play an important role in the international tourism industry. Given the increasingly diverse vis...
Parks and recreation areas around the world increasingly serve as international visitor attractions and play an important role in the international tourism industry. Given the increasingly diverse visitors, changes in racial and ethnic composition have confronted the management of parks and recreation areas. Since values presumably influence perceptions and behaviors among members of different cultures, studying values among culturally diverse visitors are important if we are to understand their influence on perceptions as well as parks and recreation behavior. We are not aware of any measure of recreation or leisure values that has been validated cross-culturally. In order to better understand this issue, the purposes of this study are to examine two different types of broad values measures (i.e., Hofstede’s measures of values and Kahle’s List of Values [LOV]) that have been validated cross-culturally, and test values’ utility to predict service quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions, both in Hong Kong and Taiwan. In 2005-2008, the visitors to Pokfulam Country Park in Hong Kong and Taroko National Park in Taiwan were surveyed. Using a convenient purposive on-site sampling approach, at sites known to be heavily used by visitors with diverse ethnic backgrounds, we obtained a sample combining the Hong Kong and Taiwan recreation visitors. The results from data analyses showed that Hofstede’s measure of values, as employed in the park and recreation context, needs to be further elaborated and refined to provide acceptable validity and reliability. On the other hand, we found the LOV to be a meaningful and useful measure of values in both settings. The findings also showed LOV’s four dimensions of values, i.e., Respect, Harmony, Achievement, and Hedonism, predicted visitors’ perceptions of service quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Discussion of the findings and implications are provided.
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Ligtenberg, A.; Van Marwijk, R.; Moelans, B.; Kuijpers, B.,
Recognizing patterns of movements in visitor flows in nature areas
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
This paper presents some approaches for geo-spatial analysis of movement behavior of visitors of recreational areas. The approaches are bases on the use of moving object databases containing Temporary...
This paper presents some approaches for geo-spatial analysis of movement behavior of visitors of recreational areas. The approaches are bases on the use of moving object databases containing Temporary Annotated Sequences (TAS). The TAS result from the use of GPS or mobile phones for tracking visitors. Two examples are presented for a case study carried out in the Dutch National Park Dwingelderveld. About 461 visitors were tracked using a GPS device. Based on these GPS recordings their trajectories have been reconstructed. The relation between the type of landscape in terms of openness and the speed of movement have been analyzed. Additionally a similarity analyses based on Fréchet analysis shows clusters of movements.
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Lupp, G.; Konold, W.,
Landscape preferences and perception in Mueritz National Park (Germany)
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
In Mueritz National Park, Germany, landscape changes are ongoing due to wetland restoration, reduction of agricultural acticvities and abandonment of timber oriented forest management. This study asse...
In Mueritz National Park, Germany, landscape changes are ongoing due to wetland restoration, reduction of agricultural acticvities and abandonment of timber oriented forest management. This study assesses the perception of the landscape and landscape preferences of both local visitors and tourists. Passers-by were interviewed at five different places inside the park. Preferences and perception of landscapes were identified in three steps: general preferences, perception of the scenery at the interview site and by using pictures. The results were differentiated and compared according to residents, first time visitors and regular visitors as well as lifestyle groups. Lakes, traditionally maintained farmland and ancient lately unmanaged beech forests (Fagus sylvatica), containing deadwood, are preferred most. The results show that background knowledge about natural processes is essential for a positive perception of these landscape features.
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Luthe, T.; Roth, R.,
Extended vulnerability of ski tourism to global change
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The current and forecasted outcomes of global change put ski destinations under different stresses. Climate change is the most discussed and the most obvious factor that directly affects the economic ...
The current and forecasted outcomes of global change put ski destinations under different stresses. Climate change is the most discussed and the most obvious factor that directly affects the economic success of ski areas. Latest since the last OECD report a broad discussion about such ski areas that will lose from climate change, namely the lower and smaller ones, and those potentially winning being the higher and bigger ski areas, got started. This discussion has been focusing on the main vulnerability factors elevation, size and snow making capacity. Technical snow making is the main kind of adaptation to climate change being discussed and applied. But in addition to climate change there are socioeconomic and demographic developments that lead to other grades of vulnerability for ski tourism. In the research project SkiSustain we aim to develop a sustainability management framework for ski destinations responding to global change. In the supply side part we did personal qualitative interviews in thirty six ski areas of four Alpine countries after the extremely warm winter of 2006/07. Ski areas were picked for interviews as the main drivers of investments and employment in ski destinations. Research questions were about the perception of vulnerability to global change and strategies and possibilities of adaptive capacity. In the interviews ski area managements were confronted with recent results from the customer demand survey Save-Snow to find out about the possibilities to drive changes to chances, for example by softer means of adaptation and more mitigation and partnering more with the customer. Results show that the view on vulnerability of ski destinations needs to be extended from a current climate change and elevation focused view to a much more diverse one. Current means of adaptation will not be suitable to tackle the sum of challenges from global change.
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Magro, T.C.; Santiago, C.D.M.; Robim, M.D.J.,
Finding a balance: applied ecology is not a second-class research
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Nevertheless the recreation ecology research provides answers to current environmental and social problems; we need a challenge to gains social recognition. The consequences of not been positively eva...
Nevertheless the recreation ecology research provides answers to current environmental and social problems; we need a challenge to gains social recognition. The consequences of not been positively evaluated in academic circles and in governmental financing agencies is that the research institutions staff who also have charge of protected areas are not being able to request financial support for research.
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Mahat, T.J.; Koirala, M.,
Assessing nature of visitors flow and revenue generation at the Central Zoo of Nepal
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The only zoo of Nepal, Central Zoo, receives over 800,000 visitors annually. Economic valuation of the zoo was conducted to identify contributions made by the zoo to the economy as well as environment...
The only zoo of Nepal, Central Zoo, receives over 800,000 visitors annually. Economic valuation of the zoo was conducted to identify contributions made by the zoo to the economy as well as environmental awareness level of the visitor. The relevant information was collected using questionnaire survey, key informant interview, direct observation, direct count and focus group discussion. Several economic tools, including travel cost method, were employed for analysis. The study shows that a higher proportion of school children and adolescents visit the zoo in comparison to other age groups and professions. Brahmin, Chhetri and Newar were the dominant visiting caste-groups. Access to economical public transports such as buses, tempos and microbuses has facilitated arrivals of high proportion of visitors with relatively low income to the zoo. Most of the visitors are Nepalese and expatriates. The educational level of the visitors and their affiliation with environment related organizations are not significant determinants of the number and nature of their visits. It was found that there is an inverse relationship between the travel cost and the number of zoo visits. The per capita economic value of the zoo was estimated at US $ 3.15. The study recommends that a) the environmental hygiene inside the zoo be improved, b) the satisfaction level of the visitors be assessed, and c) fund raising sources be identified to expand zoo services as well as its territorial area.
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Mann, C.; Arnberger, A.,
Crowding in European forests: Status quo and implications for forest management and research
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Providing forests on a sustainable basis include knowledge about recreation quality of forest visitors and perceived impacts. While ecological impacts have been a central topic for forest recreation r...
Providing forests on a sustainable basis include knowledge about recreation quality of forest visitors and perceived impacts. While ecological impacts have been a central topic for forest recreation research, social impacts such as use-conflict and crowding were rarely investigated. This paper analyses research attempts in European forests dealing with visitors’ crowding perceptions at a first time. For data collection, the Cost Action E33 “Forest for recreation and nature tourism” network, as well as a focused literature research was used. Compared to recreation research in the United States, where crowding is a prominent topic, only 16 European crowding studies were identified since the 1980s, predominantly carried out in Central and Northern Europe. Reported crowding- perceptions ranged from 1064%. Among these, correlations between use-levels and crowding perceptions were yielded, as well as manifold significant influences of setting attributes and visitor characteristics. Most studies used a theoretical foundation oriented towards the US recreation crowding literature, but differ in their methods of measuring crowding. As a result, the use of different scales and data collection methods, restrict a nation-and European-wide comparisons. In most Southern, Eastern and several Central European countries, crowding is not recognized as an issue for forest recreation research and management. Besides less political willingness and financial constraints, general access rights to forests, and the lack of legal requirements are considered among the main obstacles of putting more emphasis on recreation crowding research. Due to the ongoing societal demands for outdoor recreation together with trends to concentrate uses on fewer paths and areas for ecological reasons crowding may be of higher importance in the future. A need for standardized crowding research is stated to gain more insights of cultural differences and commonalities. Changes of the recreation systems, its uses and users can be better recognized for a sustainable, future-oriented forest recreation management.
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Maracchi, G.,
Presentation
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
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Maracchi, G.,
Presentazione
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
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Marandola, D.; Malvolti, M.E.; Tognetti, R.,
Biodiversity and rural development: the case-study of the “Shepherd’s walnut”. An action model for sustainable rural development shaped on the peculiar features of a rural area
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Walnut tree, for nutritional value, wood and its connections to local culture and society, is a very typical product of the Apennine rural areas. Anyway, the economical value of the traditional/local ...
Walnut tree, for nutritional value, wood and its connections to local culture and society, is a very typical product of the Apennine rural areas. Anyway, the economical value of the traditional/local varieties is today very reduced and this may expose rural areas to a loss of biodiversity, cultural values and landscape elements. FIMONT is a research project which aims to calibrate action models to increase the value of mountain traditional food products. The research, starting from some specific morpho-genetic analisys carried out by IBAF, has considered the possibility to increase the value of local walnut calibrating a model based on the peculiar features of the rural territory. An ancient path for sheeps transhumance has been choosen like a “red line” for the model.
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Marandola, D.; Raschi, A.; Tognetti, R.,
Are Natura2000 SPAs and SACs perceived by local communities like important elements for local development? The case study of Fortore-Alto Tammaro, a rural area on the mid-southern Apennines
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Apenninic areas cover a wide part of the italian surface and represent an important element of conservation for cultural, biological, economical and social diversity. Many difficulties, however, expos...
Apenninic areas cover a wide part of the italian surface and represent an important element of conservation for cultural, biological, economical and social diversity. Many difficulties, however, expose these internal areas to high risks of abandonment and loss of diversity. A long-run research project aims to calibrate action models for sustainable rural development based on eco-agri-tourism, also to promote conservation and knowledge of local natural resources.
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Marangon, F.; Spoto, M.; Visintin, F.,
Assigning economic value to natural protected areas: an environmental accounting model
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The implementation of environmental accounting in Natural Reserves produced some significant results in terms of restrictions. First of all, environmental accounting introduced a limitation in scale, ...
The implementation of environmental accounting in Natural Reserves produced some significant results in terms of restrictions. First of all, environmental accounting introduced a limitation in scale, which was inapplicable on a micro scale. A second restriction concerned the physical unit measure that was used instead of a monetary unit measure. Finally, a third limitation was due to the fact that environmental accounting takes into account only costs, not environmental benefits. These three limitations led us to develop an environmental accounting model that considered resources in the Natural Reserve, both consumed and produced. The model applied to Miramare Natural Marine Reserve (Italy) aimed to supplement monetary accounting based on cost and revenue with environmental accounting which reflects not only environmental cost but also environmental revenues, i.e. environmental benefits. Environmental cost took into account anthropic presence, raw materials use, consumption of fuel for motor vehicles and heating fuel, consumption of electricity, water consumption, and administration expenses. Environmental benefits assessed ecosystem functions: gas regulation, nutrient cycling, biological control, food production, recreation, and culture. The difference between costs and benefits, both economic and environmental, represented the value produced or consumed by the Natural Reserve. The model demonstrated that the net benefit for the Reserve was approximately €654,000 covering the amount of public transfer (about €610,000) completely.
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Maresi, G.; Didonato, F.,
Towards a sustainable tourism for the Italian mountains: the role of CAI
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Since its foundation in 1863, The “Club Alpino Italiano” has been playing an active and often decisive role for the invention, the spread and the development of mountain tourism either on Alps and...
Since its foundation in 1863, The “Club Alpino Italiano” has been playing an active and often decisive role for the invention, the spread and the development of mountain tourism either on Alps and Apennines. In the last years this role has been more and more related to a clear attention to sustainability and protection of mountain environment. Both Association’ activities (hiking, climbing, caving and sky-tourism) and structures (refuges and paths) were object of a practical and cultural work aimed to reduce impact especially in protected areas. For activities, the main work is still based on improving knowledge of mountain environment in association members during technical formation courses, focusing to all the attentions to be adopted to avoid damages at wildlife and vegetation. Refuges proved to be experimental sites for innovative application of alternative source of energy and new solution of waste management. Creation of new paths and management of old ones are now carried out following practical criteria adopted at national scale and aiming to reduce damages due to erosion and impact on vegetation and wildlife. A GIS approach for excursionist paths net has been adopted in different situation, proving effective as a tool for a environmentally sustainable planning and management. Parks and protected area were strongly supported by CAI in the last years, when the Association was between the more active promoters of new protected areas. A strong collaboration is now working on with Parks, both national and regional: the target is a responsible frequentation protection of mountain endangered habitat.
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Mayer, M.; Vogt, L.; Pütz, M.,
Regional economic impacts of nature-based tourism in Switzerland – the relevance of activities and landscape elements
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
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Melendez, G.C.N.; Magro, T.C.,
Can tourism change the traditional use of Potsotaroki (Trichilia pallida)?
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The traditional people who live from the resources that come from the forest had kept an almost symbiotic relation with their surrounding land, using the resources. However the contact with factors th...
The traditional people who live from the resources that come from the forest had kept an almost symbiotic relation with their surrounding land, using the resources. However the contact with factors that are different from their culture, including tourism, can generate variations in the way of traditional handling, causing impacts in the environment. In this paper we analyze the traditional employment of the tree bark from “Potsotaroki” (Trichilia pallida), used as dye in the production of cotton handcrafts. The evaluated factors have the goal of registering the status of this forest species, and its relation with the natural process of insertion of the indigenous communities in the dominant social system. The research was done in an Asháninka community, from the high forest in the Peruvian Amazon.
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Moore, S.A.,
What is the place of democracy in recreation ecology?
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
What should be monitored and who decides has been debated for as long as recreation ecology has been with us. The early work on planning frameworks advocates consulting with visitors to determine what...
What should be monitored and who decides has been debated for as long as recreation ecology has been with us. The early work on planning frameworks advocates consulting with visitors to determine what conditions are important to them and then derive resource and social indicators from this information. Any associated standards are then similarly set with visitors’ input. At the same time, recreation ecologists have selected indicators that allow measurement and predictions regarding the relationships between resource and social conditions and levels of visitor use. Where are we now regarding these choices? A democratic perspective would argue that visitors should have significant influence on indicator selection and the standards that might accompany them. But what role does this leave for scientists and institutionally derived scientific knowledge in recreation ecology? In this paper I argue that we are morally and societally bound to embrace a democratic approach to recreation ecology with scientists and managers working with visitors, and others with a vested interest in protected areas, to develop ‘practical wisdom’ that can be evoked as a central tenet of recreation ecology.
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Muñoz-Santos, M.; Benayas, J.,
Quality assessment of public use in National Parks. Application to the Spanish National Park System
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
In recent years, we have observed how, worldwide, the goal of nature preservation has to be developed in a scenario of continuous increment in the number of visitors who are interested in experiencing...
In recent years, we have observed how, worldwide, the goal of nature preservation has to be developed in a scenario of continuous increment in the number of visitors who are interested in experiencing PA resources, landscapes and stories. Spain is a good example of this process. It’s estimated that the whole Spanish PA receive over 50 million visitors a year, ten of them to the National Park System. The progressive influx of visitors in a short period of time has made administrations and managers to offer and develop a broad network of facilities and programs in order to provide these visitors with information, knowledge and recreation. But, are we doing it in the best way? In this context, this investigation defines an evaluation tool to asses the quality of public use programs developed in National Parks which has been applied to the Spanish National Park System, and could be applied to other parks and systems. It examines different trends and provides with some future recommendations.
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Müller, M.; Mayer, M.; Woltering, M.; Job, H.,
Visitor attitudes towards natural disturbance: the case of the bark beetle in Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Management authorities of protected areas have recently been faced with a considerable rise of natural disturbance such as fire or insect pests in ecosystems. Incorporating visitor experience of natur...
Management authorities of protected areas have recently been faced with a considerable rise of natural disturbance such as fire or insect pests in ecosystems. Incorporating visitor experience of natural disturbance into management strategies is a crucial task. The present study uses multivariate statistical analysis to examine visitors’ attitudes towards large-scale bark beetle infestation in the case of Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany. Findings indicate that visitors have a neutral attitude towards the bark beetle and slightly reject controlling the bark beetle in the national park. Expectations of a successful recovery of the affected areas (green-up) and low personal issue salience are the two strongest predictors for support of not controlling the bark beetle. Our findings suggest that it is well possible to position protected areas as refuges where nature is supposed to follow its course without intervention rather than as landscaped representations of cultural ideal types. In order to communicate this idea of wilderness to visitors, park management authorities should design educational measures to raise visitors’ awareness of the ecological mandate of protected areas and of the role of disturbance agents in ecosystems.
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Nasa, M.; Emphandhu, D.; Pattanakiat, S.; Kitisin, S.,
Database system development of nature-based tourism in protected areas, Chiang Mai province
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The objectives of this study were to assess the status of nature-based tourism resources, design and develop the database system and web application for tourism resources management in protected areas...
The objectives of this study were to assess the status of nature-based tourism resources, design and develop the database system and web application for tourism resources management in protected areas, Chiang Mai province. The data contained in the database system included tourism resource potential, recreation opportunity spectrum, and physical carrying capacity of the tourism sites in Chiang Mai’s protected areas. The tourism resource potential at 124 sites were assessed and classified into 72 conventional nature tourism (NT), 37 adventure tourism (AT), 5 ecotourism (ET), and 10 being qualified as both adventure and conventional nature tourism sites (NT/AT). The highest potential of the NT sites was identified as Keaw Mae Pan scoring 2.84 out of 3. While Mae Tang and Mae Cham - Tha Phra Sadej water rafting routes were the highest potentials for the AT (score 2.69), Doi Luang Chiang Dao for ET (2.46), and bicycling route Yod Doi Pui - Botanical Garden for the NT/AT (2.13). The recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) offered nature closely related experiences in primitive (P), semi-primitive non motorized (SPNM), and semi-primitive motorized (SPM) totalling of 77 sites while 47 sited in semi-developed and developed areas offered less nature experience. The system was designed as relational database by System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) for the target group identified as tourism resources planners and managers. The database and web application was developed by MySQL and the available program in php script language, in that order. For the User Interface design, the web browser through internet connection was employed for database management. The database system testing regarding techniques and design earned the score 64%. While the evaluation score of user interface capability and the usefulness of the information contained in the database given by the expert in database development and the PA managers was 81% and 84%, respectively.
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Naviglio, L.,
The European Charter for Sustainable Tourism (ECST) integrated with other voluntary tools can facilitate a more effective tourism management in Natural Parks
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The European Charter for Sustainable Tourism (ECST), promoted by Europarc in EU protected areas, considers the natural resources conservation as the reason for tourist attractiveness and tourism econo...
The European Charter for Sustainable Tourism (ECST), promoted by Europarc in EU protected areas, considers the natural resources conservation as the reason for tourist attractiveness and tourism economy. The main goal is to create a network between public and private subjects in order to individuate and to promote new sustainable tourism offers and to define common, shared, strategies and action plans able to improve local economy preserving natural resources. The ECST implementation can be improved by using procedures and approaches typical of other voluntary tools like ISO 14001/EMAS and Local Agenda 21 (LA21). In particular, the environmental analysis should be more addressed to the existing relationships between pressures produced by tourism and other human activities and the state of the environment (the DPSIR scheme proposed by EEA could be useful for that). A evaluation of criticisms and a rank of priorities should be introduced in the process (as in ISO 14001) and local stakeholders involvement can be referred to LA21. ISO 14001/EMAS should provide references also for monitoring plans and for the management of procedures aimed at using the “park logo” (http://qualitypark. casaccia.enea.it) as award for best practices.
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Neuvonen, M.; Pouta, E.; Sievänen, T.,
National park visitors’ attachment to a place, quality perceptions and visit intention
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
National parks are often national icons and destinations for nature tourists. Park tourism is seen as a substantial cultural, social and economic phenomenon, which is going to be even more important w...
National parks are often national icons and destinations for nature tourists. Park tourism is seen as a substantial cultural, social and economic phenomenon, which is going to be even more important with decreasing space and expanding human populations. Structural changes, such as decreasing primary production, in the economic base of rural communities, have forced communities to seek alternatives in order to maintain their economic viability. Park tourism is identified as an opportunity to strengthen the rural economy in regions that can provide natural amenity values and recreation services. The case study from three national parks in Finland, Seitseminen, Linnansaari and Repovesi National Park, analyses how park visitors relate to the park and surrounding rural area. The purpose of the study was to examine how the place attachment with intervening factors of quality of services and recreation environment explain the intention to visit the area again in the future. Data (N=736) was gathered by a mail questionnaire for park visitors. The majority, 64-71% of visitors planned to visit the park in next five years and 55-68% the area. About 10% of the visitors felt attached to the surrounding countryside of a national park. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied here to test how the hypothesized causal structure fits to observed data. The preliminary results showed that place attachment interacted positively and statistically significantly with the perceived quality of services and recreation environment. Those who were keen to a place are more satisfied to the services and recreation environment. Park visitors’ attachment to a region and satisfaction with the local services and hospitality correlated positively with their intention to revisit the region.
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Newman, P.; Manning, R.E.; Fristrup, K.,
Managing Soundscapes in National Parks: an adaptive management approach in Muir Woods National monument, California
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Research in national parks has begun to address the issue of human-caused noise and its resource and social impacts. This paper reports the results of a study conducted in the summer of 2007 that test...
Research in national parks has begun to address the issue of human-caused noise and its resource and social impacts. This paper reports the results of a study conducted in the summer of 2007 that tested the efficacy and acceptability of management actions designed to reduce visitor-caused noise The study used an experimental or “adaptive” management” approach designed to test the effectiveness of temporal and spatial zoning to protect natural quiet in Muir Woods National Monument, California, an old growth redwood forest. The adaptive management experiment consisted of two treatments and an associated control. During all three periods, visitorcaused noise was recorded at a fixed location in the park and a visitor survey was conducted. The first treatment tested the effectiveness of a spatial zoning approach by establishing a “quiet zone” in Cathedral Grove through a series of park signs. The second treatment tested the effectiveness of a temporal zoning approach by establishing “quiet days” throughout the park through a series of park signs. The control period included neither of these treatments. Study findings indicate that both the “quiet zone” and “quiet day” treatments were effective in lowering the level of visitor-caused noise in the park as measured during the control period, and that visitors were highly supportive of these management actions.
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Ollenburg, C.; Buckley, R.,
Farm tourism experiences in rural Australia: a continent-wide study of geographical distribution and socioeconomic characteristics of farm tourism operators
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Worldwide changes in agricultural commodity prices and production systems, coupled with increasing demand for rural tourism in urbanized developed nations, have lead many farm landholders to turn to t...
Worldwide changes in agricultural commodity prices and production systems, coupled with increasing demand for rural tourism in urbanized developed nations, have lead many farm landholders to turn to tourism operations as an alternative or additional source of income. The proportions of farmers and rural landholders who have made this move, however, differ considerably from one country to another, and between different areas in the same country. There is a great demand side interest to visit farms, but only some farm landholders provide a tourism experience. For the purpose of this paper tourism experiences on farms include accommodation and activities. A revealed preference approach was applied, at a continent-wide scale examining the geographical distribution and socio-economic characteristic of Australian farm tourism operators. Using multiple data sources, we inventoried, mapped and characterized all known Australian farm tourism enterprises, and examined patterns using both size-based and multi-criterion classifications. Results from revealed-preference analyses are congruent with stated-preference studies but yield considerable additional information and insights. There are clusters of farm tourism enterprises close to cities and gateways, and isolated operations in more remote areas. We identified four groups of farm tourism providers: full-time, part-time, retirement and lifestyle operators. Characteristics of the farm property and business, the farming family, and the farm tourism business differ significantly between groups. Most (88%) of these farm tourism operators offer nature-based as well as farm-based activities; and in aggregate, they use only four fifths of their land for farming, with the remaining fifth, presumably, potentially available for other recreational activities or conservation.
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Parry, R.; Williams, S.; Watkins, J.A.,
Understanding the recreation preferences and constraints of low participation social groups
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Current research has indicated that participation in informal outdoor recreation is relatively low among certain groups, such as young people, older people, women, ethnic minority groups and people wi...
Current research has indicated that participation in informal outdoor recreation is relatively low among certain groups, such as young people, older people, women, ethnic minority groups and people with disabilities. There is pressure on policy makers and practitioners to address this apparent imbalance. This paper reviews the findings of an international literature review which highlighted that there has been a focus on ëconstraintsí rather than on ëpreferencesí, particularly in relation to participation in outdoor recreation in the UK. It would appear from the literature that there is a presumption that the main reasons for low participation are related to structural barriers (such as lack of transport) rather than a lack of understanding of the recreation preferences of non-traditional participants. This has raised the question of whether it is achievable to change the prevalent attitude amongst the countryside sector from one of ëwe expect people to want what we provideí, to one of ëwe will provide for what people wantí. Would such a paradigm shift be successful in achieving more equitable outdoor recreation participation?
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Partalidou, M.; Iakovidou, O.,
Safeguarding rural tourism experience. Do different quality norms exist?
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Despite the growing body of research on rural tourism in Greece none is focused on managing quality experience. Towards this direction visitors’ norms can be of great importance and a rather useful ...
Despite the growing body of research on rural tourism in Greece none is focused on managing quality experience. Towards this direction visitors’ norms can be of great importance and a rather useful tool in order to safeguard the overall experience in rural settings and help everyday managers of rural tourism as well as practitioners and policy makers. Whereas developed in sociology and social psychology, norms have been used as an organizing concept in outdoor recreation research and management. In this paper we try to use this concept of visitors’ norms in order to determine what rural tourism should offer for a unique experience. Self administered questionnaires were distributed randomly across seven well known rural tourism destinations of rural Greece. Day trippers were excluded and sample size was set at 339 rural tourists, according to estimations of the proportion of rural tourists to the overall number of visitors at each destination. Personal interview was used and statistical analysis gave answers to a multiple set of research questions.
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Petrova, E.; Aoki, Y.; Mironov, Y.; Petrova, A.; Furuya, K.; Matsushima, H.; Takayama, N.,
Comparison of natural landscapes appreciation between Russia and Japan: methods of investigation
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The research focusing on the aesthetic evaluation and appreciation of natural landscapes in recreational and protected areas is of great importance. While selecting landscapes for special care and pro...
The research focusing on the aesthetic evaluation and appreciation of natural landscapes in recreational and protected areas is of great importance. While selecting landscapes for special care and protection one should take into consideration not only objective appraisal of their natural peculiarities, significance, and usefulness but also their aesthetic features. People belonging to different cultures differ by their landscape preferences due to a number of ethno-cultural factors as well as historical, social, and environmental peculiarities. The purpose of this study is to compare the landscapes appreciation in Russia and Japan, in two countries with deep-rooted traditions of landscape appreciation. The photo database of landscapes both similar and unique for Russia and Japan was made using the same methods. The respondents in both countries are suggested to classify and group photo images of different landscapes according to their personal perception as well as to estimate the attractiveness of given landscapes images. The results of the study will help us to answer: do representatives of different cultures – people in Russia and Japan – like similar landscapes due to aesthetic appreciation laws, which are common for the whole humanity, and if they don’t – then why not?
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Pfeifer, J.; Hennig, S.; Opp, C.,
Analysis of visitor nodes as a tool for visitor management by the example of Berchtesgaden National Park
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Infrastructural elements in protected areas play an important role for visitors. They provide equipment to visitor activities and their demands. However data on infrastructure is frequently disregarde...
Infrastructural elements in protected areas play an important role for visitors. They provide equipment to visitor activities and their demands. However data on infrastructure is frequently disregarded. Concepts and models to collect and deal with infrastructure data have to be developed. In Berchtesgaden National Park the concept of visitor nodes is used in order to support visitor management. Identification of 81 visitor nodes in this protected area took place. They have been classified into five categories: “place for excursions”, “destination for hiking”, “information”, “resting” and “orientation”. Each category is characterized through a defined standard supply. By using categories, evaluation of each visitor node was done. Deficits as well as satisfying situations became observably.
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Pouwels, R.; Jochem, R.; Henkens, R.J.H.G.,
Criteria for scientific tools for recreation planning in nature areas
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Recreation is increasing the last decades in Northwest-Europe. Although these visitors might have a negative impact on biodiversity values, they are important for the support of biodiversity actions. ...
Recreation is increasing the last decades in Northwest-Europe. Although these visitors might have a negative impact on biodiversity values, they are important for the support of biodiversity actions. Therefore a major objective for planning and managing of visitor landscapes is to avoid the negative effects of recreational use and to ensure that expectations of visitors can be afforded. Scientific knowledge and scientific tools always have and always will be important in managing recreation in visitor landscapes. However it is an illusion scientists will deliver ready-to-go answers. In this paper we will define criteria that scientific tools should meet. We will follow the arguments of Haider [1] and McCool et al. [2] that the use of knowledge and tools should be implemented in decision strategies like adaptive management and use experiences from a case study of recreation planning in the New Forest (UK). We will show that scientific tools should be flexible to adapt to local data to gain credibility and legitimacy and should be able to show which management alternative is most likely to meet recreation objectives and conservation objectives. Therefore the recreation tool has to be linked to the biodiversity tool. The scientific tools also should be useful in communication between stakeholders so they learn each other’s key processes and values and better understand the “other side of the table”. Especially because stakeholders have different views about what should or should not be considered a problem.
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Pröbstl, U.; Rid, W.,
Green strategies against increased land consumption in Germany
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Excessive land consumption is one of the more serious threats to the environment in Germany. Each day about 110 ha of cultural landscape are transformed to roads or settlement. This paper focus on two...
Excessive land consumption is one of the more serious threats to the environment in Germany. Each day about 110 ha of cultural landscape are transformed to roads or settlement. This paper focus on two “green” strategies devised to address this issue: 1) the mandatory obligation to compensate for each impact, and 2) the opportunity to involve private house buyers in order to achieve more density. It is shown that the obligation to compensate has a significant effect on land consumption. The involvement of private home buyers via a multi-attribute survey demonstrates that green spaces and social infrastructure are crucial elements when considering less consumptive development alternatives. Therefore, the traditional planning tools, which are mostly reactive, should be expanded to include conservation strategies and state-of-the-art social science methods to explore the demand for non-existing developments and to influence the future market.
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Puhakka, R.; Cottrell, S.P.; Siikamäki, P.,
Role of Oulanka PAN Park in Local Community Development in Northeastern Finland
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
As a result of the growth of nature-based tourism, national parks have become important tourist attractions in Finland, and they have an increasing role as tools for regional development especially in...
As a result of the growth of nature-based tourism, national parks have become important tourist attractions in Finland, and they have an increasing role as tools for regional development especially in the northern peripheries of the country. Meanwhile, new international initiatives to develop sustainable nature-based tourism have been introduced in Finland. PAN (Protected Area Network) Parks Foundation is a non-profit organization aimed to balance the needs of wilderness protection and community development by facilitating sustainable tourism development in European parks. This study examines the socio-cultural sustainability of tourism in Oulanka National Park perceived by local stakeholders. The central question concerns the role of PAN Parks certification in community and tourism development. Does it benefit socio-cultural development in the region, and does it have some disadvantages from the perspective of local people? The study is based on a mixed methods approach including a questionnaire (n=314) and semi-structured interviews (n=40) conducted in Oulanka region in 2007 for representatives of NGOs, tourism and other businesses, municipalities and public sector, and local residents. Findings show that most of the stakeholders have a positive attitude towards tourism development in Oulanka. The economic benefits of PAN Parks status have not yet been realized, but locals expect the benefits will grow while tourists’ familiarity with PAN Parks increases. Local residents’ knowledge of PAN Parks is still weak. Although nature-based tourism benefits community in various ways, locals also perceive disadvantages caused by the park. The biggest problems identified in the study are related to participation possibilities and contradictions with traditional subsistence economies (e.g., fishing, hunting and reindeer herding). Thus, it is essential to pay attention to the distribution of benefits and burdens of the park development – also to those which are not related to monetary interests. Increasing co-operation with local stakeholders could improve the mutual relations.
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Raschi, A.; Crisci, A.; Mikicic, S.,
Climate change and ski areas in Trentino region, Italy
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The existence of an ongoing climate change cannot be denied, or hidden, and tourism is going to be affected by it to a large extent. The analysis of current trends in the response of tourism to climat...
The existence of an ongoing climate change cannot be denied, or hidden, and tourism is going to be affected by it to a large extent. The analysis of current trends in the response of tourism to climate change, in conjunction with the forecast of future climate scenaries, can help us in focusing the possible solutions to future possible problems. This work focused on the existing trends in winter tourism in the Trentino region (Italian Alps), by analysing, for the years 1981/1982 to 2007/2008, the climate data from six meteo stations located in ski resorts characterized by different height and geographical position. Data analysis showed that the number of the days with more than 20 cm of snow, minimum level for permitting skiing, is reducing, and interannual variability is increasing. The trend is particularly evident for lower altitude areas. The average, minimum and maximum temperatures of above mentioned winter periods was compared with tourist arrivals suggesting an inverse correlation, with a marked decrease in tourists arrivals in higher temperature periods. The results support the conclusion that the tourists will be obliged to reach higher ski areas with lower temperature and adequate snow level, while a further increase in temperatures will lead the lower ski areas to disappear, and the high seasonal variability will put at risk winter tourism itself in many areas. The further perspective of research, on tourism trends in summer season, will also be outlined.
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Raschi, A.; Trampetti, S.,
Introduction
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
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Reimann, M.; Ehrlich, Ü.,
Dependence of tourism destinations non-market value on the visit rate: the contingent valuation case study of Jägala Waterfall
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The article discusses the resource utilisation conflict at the example of Jägala Waterfall, which is the highest and greatest natural waterfall in Estonia. There are plans to build a hydro-power plan...
The article discusses the resource utilisation conflict at the example of Jägala Waterfall, which is the highest and greatest natural waterfall in Estonia. There are plans to build a hydro-power plant there, which would conduct most of the water past the waterfall to the power plant’s turbines, reducing significantly natural and recreational values of the waterfall. The authors carried out a contingent valuation (CV) study to identify the monetary equivalent of non-market values related with Jägala waterfall. This paper examines the dependence of the respondents’ willingness to pay (WTP) on whether or not they have visited the waterfall, indicating thus the significance of nature tourism for the formation of non-market value of natural features. The paper analyses also the dependence of the visit rate on the respondents’ sociometric characteristics. Using the Logit-model, it was identified that the statistically significant factors that influence the probability of visiting Jägala Waterfall are education, income and age. Gender and nationality are not statistictically significant factors for the probablity of visiting the Waterfall. It was also identified that visiting rate has positive impact to WTP.
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Riseth, J.Å.,
Parks for whom? A Norwegian policy dilemma: recreation vs indigenous interests
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
As most countries, Norway has adopted the Yellowstone model for nature protection; limiting humans’ role to be guests in nature. The country established its first national park in 1962. In 2008, 14....
As most countries, Norway has adopted the Yellowstone model for nature protection; limiting humans’ role to be guests in nature. The country established its first national park in 1962. In 2008, 14.3 % of the mainland is formally protected; including 29 national parks, many established newly. Recent decades’ growing concern of the insufficiency of this protection model includes the lack of seeing conservation as a social issue, not only a biological one, was confirmed by the Vth World Park Conference in 2003. The same year the Norwegian government advanced a new policy for increased use of national parks for commercial tourism, named the “Mountain Text”. The fact not addressed is that 18 of 29 parks are situated in Sámi reindeer pasture areas. The contemporary policy has revealed an unexpected conflict of objectives. Whereas the Mountain Text strengthen the goal of recreation, affected Sámi herders fear that parks instead of protection for them will mean increased disturbance of vulnerable animals and areas and accordingly have changed their basic attitudes from being positive to becoming ambiguous towards new parks and park extensions. This is a problem both in equity as well as efficiency perspective and also a source of new conflicts. Norway currently reforms its conservation legislation to reinforce biodiversity protection. Though indigenous interests have not so far become a core issue in this process; this process and the international process under the Convention on Biological Diversity together create a window of opportunities for reconciling conflicting objectives. One of the relevant instruments is the IUCN Category VI, available from 1994, which juxtaposes biodiversity protection and sustainable use.
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Roberts, J.,
An audience based approach to communication intervention
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Communication Interventions (CIs) are often used by the environmental and outdoor sectors to try to manage and mitigate the impacts of recreation. This research audited the CIs currently being used in...
Communication Interventions (CIs) are often used by the environmental and outdoor sectors to try to manage and mitigate the impacts of recreation. This research audited the CIs currently being used in Wales, reviewed the process of creating them and explored the way that audiences gather and responded to advice, instruction and guidance. It found that currently most CIs are too narrow in their delivery and do not consider behaviour change sufficiently, tending to over focus on the message. The study recommends that CIs should utilise a broad range of integrated media, linked, if possible, to direct ‘points of contact’. A guide to creating effective audience based CIs is being developed using the results and recommendations.
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Rodrigues, Á.; Kastenholz, E.; Rodrigues, A.,
Walking trails in recreational and protected areas: an exploratory study of the tourist’s perception of natural areas
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Nowadays, there is a growing demand for leisure, recreation and tourism activities in nature, with hiking being one of the most popular activities. Walking on a trail through nature, besides providing...
Nowadays, there is a growing demand for leisure, recreation and tourism activities in nature, with hiking being one of the most popular activities. Walking on a trail through nature, besides providing contact with nature, fruition and relaxation, also constitutes an effective way of interaction between men and nature that could awake an increased environmental awareness (Siqueira, 2004). However, tourists that visit natural areas are not a homogeneous segment (Wight, 2001). Specific motivations and personal characteristics make people look for natural areas with different desires. This understanding is very important for those responsible for the planning and management of natural areas. In this context there are two sides to be considered: supply and demand. One of the most efficient ways to manage flows of visitors in natural environments focuses on the careful design of walking trails. However, for that development to be planned and managed in a sustainable manner it is necessary to know the hikers’ profile. This paper presents the results of an exploratory survey of Portuguese and foreign hikers in Portuguese natural areas of different landscapes. Differences between the national and international visitor group could be identified as far as environmental preferences and nature perception is concerned, implying differentiated destination marketing strategies for protected areas.
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Rupf, R.; Wernli, M.; Haller, R.,
How to elaborate precise visitor numbers?
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Visitor numbers and visitor distribution are required information for various management tasks of recreational areas. Automatic data collection is a low-price opportunity to obtain data. The main prob...
Visitor numbers and visitor distribution are required information for various management tasks of recreational areas. Automatic data collection is a low-price opportunity to obtain data. The main problem of automatic methods is data precision. In the Swiss National Park, automatic visitor counting with acoustic slab sensors started in 2005. As precision did not appear to be satisfactory, the counting problems were investigated. Sensor installation strictly followed the instruction manuals given and fine tuning during the calibration period led to a deviance of 5%. Precise counting data resulted in the sum of persons counted whereas direction separated data was not as precise. Recommendations for counting site selection, installation and calibration counting are given.
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Sanesi, G.; Fiore, M.; Colangelo, G.; Lafortezza, R.,
Monitoring visitor-flows in Tuscany’s forests: preliminary results and clues
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
In 2006, the Tuscany Region through its Agency for Agriculture and Forestry (ARSIA) has lunched a tool supporting the process of planning and managing forest areas within the region: RAFT – “RAppo...
In 2006, the Tuscany Region through its Agency for Agriculture and Forestry (ARSIA) has lunched a tool supporting the process of planning and managing forest areas within the region: RAFT – “RApporto sullo stato delle Foreste in Toscana” – Report on the status of Tuscany forests. The RAFT aims to monitor the status of forests and their main functions and services in relation to ecological and social aspects. This monitoring process has now reached its third year. Within the theme of “Environment and society”, the RAFT has analysed a number of indicators (following the P-S-R framework) related to the flows of visitors in Tuscany’s forests. Analyses show the relevance of forest areas in the region especially within protected areas. In this paper, we report a brief description of the RAFT and the some preliminary results related to the analysis of past and current flows of visitors in protected areas and hunting sites. We discuss the main strengths and the weaknesses associated with the past and current policies for managing visitors’ flows and propose new strategies to disseminate information and attract visitors during different seasons.
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Saparbayev, S.K.; Woodward, D.B.,
Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) as an indicator species and increasing recreation loads in the Almaty Nature Reserve
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The purpose of this research is to analyze the data on ecology, biology and dynamics of snow leopard population in the Almaty Nature Reserve and to identify if the increasing numbers of ecotourists co...
The purpose of this research is to analyze the data on ecology, biology and dynamics of snow leopard population in the Almaty Nature Reserve and to identify if the increasing numbers of ecotourists could contribute to the decrease of Uncia uncia population. The results of the study show that increasing recreation loads in the Reserve and adjacent territories elevate the disturbance level to the snow leopard’s main prey Siberian Ibex and to the predator itself that could result in a decrease of population of this endangered species or its total extinction.
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Siegrist, D.; Wasem, K.,
Optimizing the quality of experience-oriented nature-based tourism offers: the new evaluation tool “Experience Compass”
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
In the past few years in Switzerland nature-based tourism has been showing a positive and fresh dynamic. New providers and co-operations enter the market with their products. But very often the new in...
In the past few years in Switzerland nature-based tourism has been showing a positive and fresh dynamic. New providers and co-operations enter the market with their products. But very often the new initiatives state problems with the quality of their products and are alone not able to design the products in a way that attracts the attention of a broad audience. An authentic design of the offers can contribute significantly to make them more attractive and visible and therefore stimulate the demand on the tourist market. The article here presented deals with the in-depth analysis of potentials regarding the improvement of the quality of experience-oriented nature-based tourism offers. Based on the results of an expert survey the “Experience Compass”, an evaluation tool of experience quality in nature-based tourism, has been developed and verified by means of case studies. With the new tool providers and other actors are enabled to evaluate and improve experience quality of offers in nature-based tourism.
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Sievänen, T.; Neuvonen, M.; Pouta, E.,
National park visitors’ interest to use tourism services in rural communities
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
National park visitation can have a considerable economic impact in rural areas. It is valuable to understand the factors, which explain the interest and use of tourism services in rural communities i...
National park visitation can have a considerable economic impact in rural areas. It is valuable to understand the factors, which explain the interest and use of tourism services in rural communities in the vicinity of national parks. The aim of this study were to analyse if there were visitor groups whose intention to use the services differed and what kinds of services were the most interesting for these visitor groups. The study focused on the association between the visitor segments based on service use intention, and background factors such as attitudes towards country-side in general, and visitors’ socioeconomic background. Furthermore, the relation between visitor segments and visit intentions and satisfaction were studied. We examined these topics in two regions in Finland, where tourism industry is not a strong economic actor at the present. The data was collected in two national parks, Seitseminen and Linnansaari, in Central and Eastern Finland. The number of responses was 554, and the response rate was 68. Preliminary results show that national park visitors can be divided into two main groups considering the interest in using tourism services. First part of park visitors were outdoor recreation oriented and interested to use non-motorized or motorized outdoor activities such as fishing tours, nature studying excursions and snowmobile safaris. The other part of the park visitors was ‘general tourists’ who were interested mainly in tourism services such as accommodation and restaurants, etc. The visitor groups differed with respect their intention to visit the park and the region, countryside attitudes and socioeconomic background variables. The results of this study may help tourism enterprises in surrounding rural communities to find the right clientele for their services and products. For the park managers this information is valuable when planning the future management policies and actions. The understanding and recognition of visitors’ overall needs, when visiting the park and the surrounding countryside, is also needed by actors such as municipality decision makers and inhabitants of rural communities.
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Skov-Petersen, H.,
The role of agent-based simulation in recreational management and planning
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
It is expected that agent-based simulation models will be increasingly implemented during planning and management of visitor landscapes. This expectation is based on a) changes of recreation towards g...
It is expected that agent-based simulation models will be increasingly implemented during planning and management of visitor landscapes. This expectation is based on a) changes of recreation towards greater visitation levels and more complex settings in terms of stake-holder interests, recreational behavior types and a higher focus on protection of biodiversity, b) technological development of digital equipment, and c) a changing approach to nature planning and management to be more open, inviting and aimed at stake-holder and public participation. Based on these three lines of sight, the paper will discuss future trends in application of ABM’s in recreational management and planning.
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Skov-Petersen, H.; Kefaloukos, P.; Snizek, B.,
Kvintus.org - a choice based agentbased simulation model integrated with Google Maps
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Kvintus.org is a new agent-based simulation tool especially constructed to model recreational behavior integrated with models of animal behavior. The entire model which is available as ‘open source...
Kvintus.org is a new agent-based simulation tool especially constructed to model recreational behavior integrated with models of animal behavior. The entire model which is available as ‘open source’ is based on the generic software package REPAST [4]. Model configuration – in terms of base parameters, entry points, timetables, agent types and state/transitions – are established, manipulated, loaded and saved via XML-files which enables a high degree of flexibility and user interaction. At run time, agents can be displayed in Google Maps [1]. This way models can be applied in most regions of the World without access to base maps, aerial photos etc. Further – which is probably even more important – using a standard Internet platform like Google Maps it is possible to enable non-expert users to ‘play with’ the models and this way focus more on communicative and participatory aspects.
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Solinas, M.; Clò, S.; Nicosia, M.,
Eco-volunteering programs as good practices for nature conservation and sustainable tourism development in protected areas
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The CTS, an Italian association involved in youth tourism and environment protection, acknowledged by the Ministry of the Environment, has a long experience in the planning and managing of programs in...
The CTS, an Italian association involved in youth tourism and environment protection, acknowledged by the Ministry of the Environment, has a long experience in the planning and managing of programs in which environmental protection, local development and educational activities are linked. Since the early 90s, CTS started to issue volunteer tourism programs in which conservation and monitoring activities on endangered species were conceived as original features of summer camps for students and young people. This approach provided a new opportunity to support environmental initiatives chronically under-funded and was favourably considered by the European Commission, the Italian Ministry of the Environment and other institutions that granted the funds necessary to allow the projects increase and go on. Two more important results were also achieved: first, the development of tourist offers with a strong educational purpose and a low impact on the local environment; second, the creation of synergies between tourist and conservation programmes which, in turn, allowed to improve the local communities attitude towards research and conservation activities, thanks to the economic advantages generated by just such tourism. The success of the programs lies in the fact that tourist projects were created in harmony with scientific projects and were conceived to support and “serve” the research.
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Taczanowska, K.; Muhar, A.; Brandenburg, C.,
Potential and limitations of GPS tracking for monitoring spatial and temporal aspects of visitor behaviour in recreational areas
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The application of satellite based navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) to record spatial/temporal aspects of visitor behaviour has received more attention in recent years. T...
The application of satellite based navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) to record spatial/temporal aspects of visitor behaviour has received more attention in recent years. The aim of this paper is to discuss the potentials and the limitations of GPS-tracking, based on empirical data collected in the Danube Floodplains National Park in Austria (Nationalpark Donau-Auen). A total amount of 485 hiking itineraries were collected in the field using Garmin e-Trex devices. After returning the GPS receiver visitors were interviewed and additionally asked to draw their route on the map. 372 complete records (GPS tracks plus map sketches) were thereby obtained for further analysis. The highly detailed spatial resolution of the data allowed deriving more exact route characteristics compared to traditional data collection methods such as trip diaries. GPS-tracking was more accurate than map sketches in areas with poorly defined trail network. Some respondents were not able to report the exact route, due to insufficient map reading skills or orientation problems in the outdoor environment. In such cases, in particular, the GPS approach proved its intrinsic advantages. Nevertheless, some limitations of the GPS use have also been identified. In particular, problems with the quality of the satellite signal in areas covered by dense deciduous forest turned out to be a major limiting factor for GPS-tracking in the presented National Park setting.
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Takayama, N.,
The therapeutic effect of taking in the atmosphere of a forest
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The concept of “Taking in the atmosphere of a Forest” (shinrin-yoku, in Japanese) was proposed in 1982 by the Japanese Forestry Agency to help people to relax and revitalize their body and soul (t...
The concept of “Taking in the atmosphere of a Forest” (shinrin-yoku, in Japanese) was proposed in 1982 by the Japanese Forestry Agency to help people to relax and revitalize their body and soul (therapeutic effect). Previously, the therapeutic effect had been based on only empirical evidence. However, thanks to the rapid improvement of measurement technology and equipment, the government has been scientifically examining the therapeutic effect of forests and using the resulting data for the benefit of the public. The effect is thought to differ depending on the kinds of trees, the spatial structure and the specific atmosphere of the forest environment. Therefore, we decided to study the therapeutic effect of two old-growth forests. As a control, we selected a wellmaintained artificial forest. We measured and compared the therapeutic effect on the subjects, paying attention to 1) their impression of the forest space and 2) how their feeling changed after walking through each forest. Consequently, we found that subjects considered the old-growth forests with huge trees as more sacred, more comfortable, more serene and more natural than the control forest. Moreover, in the control forest there was no difference in any of the indicators used in the survey, while in the old-growth forests the therapeutic effect was confirmed by several indicators.
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Tempesta, T.; Arkilo, S.,
Recreational demand of the Euganean Hills Regional Park (Veneto – Italy)
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The Euganean Hills Regional Park is a hilly area of about 180 square kilometres that rises isolated in the central Veneto plain. It was established in 1989 but there is no data available on the number...
The Euganean Hills Regional Park is a hilly area of about 180 square kilometres that rises isolated in the central Veneto plain. It was established in 1989 but there is no data available on the number of visitors, and economic benefits for the local economy and for the visitors. With the aim of estimating visitor flow, a telephone survey was conducted. A sample of 309 families living on the Veneto and Emilia Romagna plain was interviewed. In order to estimate the visitors’ expenditure, a subsequent in-person survey was made on site. The research highlighted that the Park, with 168 visits per hectare per year, is probably the most frequently visited of the Veneto Region. Also the expenditure of the daily visitors (4.025 euros per hectare per year) and the recreational benefits (837 euros per hectare per year) are much greater than in the other Regional Parks of a similar size.
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Thaxter, P.; Colas, S.,
Public participation Forests – conserve, protect, enjoy
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The PROGRESS Project is a joint EU funded project between France (Office National des Forêts and Comité Départemental du Tourisme de Seine et Marne), England (Forestry Commission and Natural Englan...
The PROGRESS Project is a joint EU funded project between France (Office National des Forêts and Comité Départemental du Tourisme de Seine et Marne), England (Forestry Commission and Natural England) and the Netherlands (Alterra Research Institute). It aims at improving recreation management in the New Forest (120 km south of London) and Fontainebleau Forest (60 km south of Paris), both protected areas. The main objective was to use a range of tools for a better understanding of forest biodiversity and recreation to help reconcile the needs of conservation and recreation. The strategy was to work closely with stakeholder groups and the general public using a participatory approach to help plan the environment for local people and tourists whilst optimising the benefit for the wildlife. This involved very detailed recreation surveys and information about ecological issues being discussed with the stakeholders, to allow changes about channelling the public and alternative facilities off Natura 2000 to be proposed. This was followed by consultation with the public to get acceptance and ownership of these proposals. This led to a variety of actions being implemented including totally new facilities, signage and access control. It also involved a communication program, sustainability program, and other initiatives such as computer-based lessons for schools, promotion of health walks and best practice guides. All of this was done in differing ways in France and England, and the presentation will document the clear success this had in legitimising management changes required for a sustainable balance, and also some insight to lessons learnt. This is being followed up by a five year program of recreation and wildlife monitoring to give long term results.
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Tuulentie, S.,
Nature and environment in Finland’s and Lapland’s tourism strategies
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Nature is regarded as one of the main tourism attractions in Finland as well as in many other destinations. This makes tourism especially important for rural areas, such as Lapland. Rural communities ...
Nature is regarded as one of the main tourism attractions in Finland as well as in many other destinations. This makes tourism especially important for rural areas, such as Lapland. Rural communities in sparsely populated areas have to deal with environmental changes caused by the increase in the use of natural resources and also by global issues, e.g. climate change. Anticipation and adaptation are important for the strategic tourism planning. Strategic development work is part of the planning system at many geographical levels. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how recent national and regional tourism strategy documents take into account issues related to those natural surroundings where tourism takes place in Finland. What is the role of national parks and other protected areas in tourism planning, which natural features are emphasised, and how such environmental issues as climate change are anticipated? The results of the textual analysis of three tourism strategy documents show that tourism development is often discussed only in economic and marketing terms and not much from the point of view of environmental or socio-cultural issues. For example, strategy documents refer to climate change in a very cursory way. National parks and other protected areas are noticed as attractions but their role has not been developed further. Forests are seldom mentioned which is especially interesting in the case of Finland where the use of forests has caused conflicts between tourism and forestry in Northern Finland. The concept of wilderness, which was present in the earlier tourism strategy of Lapland, has almost disappeared from the latest strategy document.
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Türk, S.,
Urban greens for recreation, outdoor activities and nature experience
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
A modern management of recreational areas for communities should be understood as a useful planning tool. Only an active management of such natural areas nearby settlements, used for outdoor and recre...
A modern management of recreational areas for communities should be understood as a useful planning tool. Only an active management of such natural areas nearby settlements, used for outdoor and recreational sports and nature experiences, will fulfill long-term recreation planning in communities and will yield in an increasing quality of life and environmental issues for its habitants. However an integrated concept is needed, which means all categories of recreational issues have to be brought together throughout all departments in a reasonable way. That accounts for all communities independent of its size and structure. Management of recreational areas is not a further inconvenient development planning tool; it is an effective instrument for advancing natural orientated recreational areas.
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Vaccari, F.; Baronti, S.; Magno, R.; Trampetti, S.; Giannini, F.; Raschi, A.,
TuristiCO2: a carrying capacity assessment for sustainable tourism in a park island
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Carrying capacity has been a long-standing issue in management of parks, outdoor recreation and tourism. This paper describes the first analysis concerning a project on touristic carrying capacity ass...
Carrying capacity has been a long-standing issue in management of parks, outdoor recreation and tourism. This paper describes the first analysis concerning a project on touristic carrying capacity assessment on Pianosa, an island of the Parco Nazionale of Arcipelago Toscano, using an Eddy-Covariance tower for CO2 fluxes measurement. The preliminary results show that Pianosa represents a sink of carbon, thus actively contribute to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
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Van Der Donk, M.,
Ten years of experience in providing wilderness experience opportunities in Europe’s certified PAN Parks
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Today ten years ago, the first steps were taken to realise a marriage between conservation and the tourism industry in the most important wilderness areas of Europe. This initiative awards wilderness ...
Today ten years ago, the first steps were taken to realise a marriage between conservation and the tourism industry in the most important wilderness areas of Europe. This initiative awards wilderness areas that meet the highest standards of management for conservation and sustainable tourism development strategies with the PAN Parks quality seal. It can be considered as a gold standard for well- managed protected areas. Based on the PAN Parks principles and criteria and the verification reports, park managers are encouraged to increase the management effectiveness of their protected areas and to plan, provide and maintain high quality recreation opportunities inside the park. Five principles make up the PAN Parks verification scheme, three of which deal with visitor experiences: Visitor management (principle 3), Sustainable Tourism Development Strategy (Principle 4), and Partnerships (Principle 5). Tourism development is used as a means to give economic value to wilderness areas and to create support for conservation. By creating unique and high quality opportunities for wildernessbased recreation, the marriage has proven to be successful as it results in benefits for nature, for communities in and around the protected area and in unique experience opportunities for visitors. This is measured by using mixed methodologies in the Analysis of Perceptions and Attitudes (APA) studies done in 3 of the certified areas. After ten years of working on the development and implementation of the concept in different European countries that cope with different and similar opportunities and obstacles, we can draw interesting lessons learned. Among them: The value of the network and the certificate to the park, local businesses and local people, the principles and criteria as management tools for planning and managing of tourism, providing the (certified) European wilderness experience for different types of tourists, generating revenues through tourism, communication and cooperation with stakeholders
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Van Marwijk, R.; Pitt, D.G.,
Where Dutch recreationists walk: path design, physical features and walker usage
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
A comprehensive understanding of visitor use is fundamental for effective park management. This paper explores recreational spatial behaviour in a protected nature area with a focus on the physical en...
A comprehensive understanding of visitor use is fundamental for effective park management. This paper explores recreational spatial behaviour in a protected nature area with a focus on the physical environment. The current research is carried out in Dwingelderveld National Park in the north-eastern part of the Netherlands with approximately 2 million visitors a year. A total of 400 walkers carried a GPS to record their movements. We related spatial patterns to the (visible) physical environment. We characterized the physical environment in (1) the path network and (2) the surrounding environment. The environment is defined by use, experience, and narrative value variables. Hierarchical regression analyses show the importance of the use value variables signage and placement of parking areas as predictors for spatial behaviour. Experience and narrative value variables are less important. For recreational quality purposes, managers should clearly communicate recreational opportunities for each parking area to the public.
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Veress, E.,
Green and/or pleasant countryside? Possibilities and barriers of the mountain tourism in Transylvania, Romania
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
One of the main changes in the mentality of both the local people and the representatives of the regional and central governments is that the economy of rural areas must not be exclusively based on ag...
One of the main changes in the mentality of both the local people and the representatives of the regional and central governments is that the economy of rural areas must not be exclusively based on agriculture. This has been a great gain for those marginal areas that did not have nor the economic nor the natural resources that could help them in developing a sustainable agriculture. Another change of the mentality came from the urban (and not only urban) people who started to appreciate the possibilities of recreation in the rural areas and especially in those ones where the landscape did not change significantly. In literature this change of mentality is most often connected to the postmodern conception of nature and environment. These two elements have led to the elaboration of projects in order to develop alternatives for sustainable rural development. As a consequence, tourism in the remote mountain areas has developed. But the old problem of poor infrastructure can still be considered as being a barrier in the evolution of this type of services. And this seriously affects the number (and quality) of tourists who would come by car or by bus. This attracts another type of tourists (usually younger ones and with less money) who are more attracted to the wilderness of the landscape. The paper intends to present the evolution of mountain tourism through a case-study from a mountain village (Zetea/Zetelaka) from the Eastern part of Transylvania.
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Vogt, L.,
Beyond economic impact research: an actor-oriented analysis of the competitiveness of trekking tourism in the Piedmont Alps (Italy)
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
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Von Ruschkowski, E.; Valdeig, S.; Jakob, R.; Homann, S.,
Designing a visitor monitoring concept for Harz National Park in Germany
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Germany’s protected areas encounter many specific challenges in regards to visitor management. Due to a high population density, they are frequented by high visitor numbers who also enter unaccounte...
Germany’s protected areas encounter many specific challenges in regards to visitor management. Due to a high population density, they are frequented by high visitor numbers who also enter unaccounted for from diffuse ingress points as access is free of charge. Additionally, Germany’s parks are historically young. Thus, scientific monitoring is often limited to conservation issues whereas socioeconomic dimensions are not always considered a core management issue. Harz National Park with an area of 246 km2, situated in the German states of Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt, is a typical example. Although visitor counts have been conducted in several recreational “hot spots” within in the park, no quantitative and qualitative visitor use statistics for the park as a whole exist. As a consequence, the park administration lacks information that is necessary to analyse and evaluate potential conflicts between visitor use and conservation objectives. In 2007, the Institute of Environmental Planning and the Harz National Park administration joined efforts to develop a long-term strategy to implement visitor use monitoring with the national park. Based on extensive interviews, mainly with park staff, and an evaluation of current available technologies, a first framework was developed which will address the methodological challenges outlined above. Key pillars of the framework are a concept for quantitative visitor counts by means of pyroelectric counters and a modular-structured questionnaire to collect qualitative data such as visitor preferences, and value added to the region. The framework will now further undergo scientific evaluation to be implemented from 2009 onwards.
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Wachowicz, M.; Orellana, D.; Renso, C.; Muñoz Moraga, E.; Parada, J.,
The spatial knowledge representation of players movement in mobile outdoor gaming
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
This paper describes an innovative approach for developing a spatial knowledge representation based on the existence of multi tier spaces as a mental construction of human movement. The three “space...
This paper describes an innovative approach for developing a spatial knowledge representation based on the existence of multi tier spaces as a mental construction of human movement. The three “spaces” paradigm has been proposed to support the reasoning process in terms of sensing, symbolic, and social spaces. The spatial knowledge representation was implemented as a computational ontology in Protégé, and it has been applied to provide new insight about the actual behavioural patterns of players within a recreation site, accordingly to checkpoints and similar players´ interactions. This first experiment consisted of an educational game in Amsterdam using mobile phones and GPS-technology for 200 students having the age of 12-14. The results demonstrate that different types of inferences play a different role accordingly to what a recreational planner needs to infer, that is, the location of interactions among players and the environment.
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Wirth, V.; Pröbstl, U.; Haider, W.,
The role of sport activities in Alpine summer tourism
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Throughout the Alps, natural integrity, outstanding landscape beauty, and the opportunity to pursue various sport activities are key elements of the tourism product, and influence the choice of destin...
Throughout the Alps, natural integrity, outstanding landscape beauty, and the opportunity to pursue various sport activities are key elements of the tourism product, and influence the choice of destinations. This paper focuses on the role of sports activities in the choice of Alpine destinations. The data were collected from a representative random sample of German tourists. The core element of the survey is a stated choice survey in which respondents had to make repeated choices between two hypothetical alpine destinations which were disguised as web sites with changing characteristics and landscape features. The results of the discrete choice experiment show that the sport activities contribute significantly to the destination choice, and that the respondents are rather heterogeneous, leading to the identification of different segments in a latent class segmentation. The largest segment is comprised of the social and activity oriented tourists (55%), followed by nature and alpine oriented tourists (31%), and finally by tourists interested predominantly in relaxing (14%). Their divergent preferences and expectations will be described below. The importance of this research is that these segments have been identified directly from the choice responses, instead of from some attitudinal or motivational set of questions. The findings indicate that sport activities play an important role in the destination choice for alpine summer holidays, but their significance differs between segments. For marketing and management purposes these results highlight that the target groups and related marketing campaigns must be adapted to new trends and societal changes. To attract and enlarge the less active tourism segment the Alps should be positioned as silent place where relaxing in a healthy environment and outstanding landscape is possible.
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Woodward, D.B.; Bastin, L.,
The impact of ecotourism on vegetation cover in Almaty Nature Reserve
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The results of a pilot research project to assess the impact of ecotourism on vegetation cover in Almaty Nature Reserve, Kazakhstan, are presented in this paper. Geobotanical, GIS, ground truth and st...
The results of a pilot research project to assess the impact of ecotourism on vegetation cover in Almaty Nature Reserve, Kazakhstan, are presented in this paper. Geobotanical, GIS, ground truth and statistical methods were used. The results proved that significant differences existed between the species richness, vegetation condition, vegetation cover and the mean height of grass stands in experimental quadrats compared to the control quadrat. The recommendations include strategies to mitigate the impact of ecotourism on vegetation in the Reserve.
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Yuan, M.; Fredman, P.,
A call for a broad spatial understanding of outdoor recreation use
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
To better understand the scope of outdoor recreation in a pan Europe context, many agencies and organizations have attempted to collect data at various spatial levels and for a multitude of uses. The ...
To better understand the scope of outdoor recreation in a pan Europe context, many agencies and organizations have attempted to collect data at various spatial levels and for a multitude of uses. The aim of this paper is to suggest a need for better and broader understanding of outdoor recreation use at various spatial levels. Case examples from Swedish data collection efforts are provided and suggestions are made to have a better understanding of horizontal harmonization and vertical data integration.
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Yuan, Y.-L.; Lue, C.-C.,
Leisure involvement differences in information searching difficulty and wilderness knowledge among hikers
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
This paper draws on findings from recent research to examine the type of information searching difficulty in searching hiking-related information and the relationships between the level of leisure inv...
This paper draws on findings from recent research to examine the type of information searching difficulty in searching hiking-related information and the relationships between the level of leisure involvement of hikers and their information searching behaviours as well as wilderness knowledge. The information difficulty include their information difficulties as measured by perceived easiness of acquiring four types of hiking-related information, and their channel preferences. The relationships are presented in a proposed conceptual framework of the outdoor recreationist information search process, and tested through two hypotheses using a survey sample. It became apparent in the study that hikers who have higher level of leisure involvement have least difficulty to acquire different types of hiking-related information and have better understanding of Leave No Trace practices. It is also found that there are significant differences in the level of difficulty of acquiring instrumental information and reassurance information. Generally, reassurance information was rated the most difficulty to obtain for hikers. The article concludes by discussing the implications for wilderness mangers that is presented, and highlights the need for further investigation into outdoor recreationist information searching difficulties.
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Zanon, D.; Hall, J.; Shaw, R.,
Long term benefits of visitor monitoring – An Australian experience
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Parks Victoria manages Victoria’s (Australia) national, state and urban parks. These parks make up approximately 17% of the state’s area and annually receive 45.3 million visits. Parks Victoria ha...
Parks Victoria manages Victoria’s (Australia) national, state and urban parks. These parks make up approximately 17% of the state’s area and annually receive 45.3 million visits. Parks Victoria has been dedicated to the development of scientifically sound methods for monitoring visitors and the community since 1994. The three main ongoing monitoring streams are: visit quantities, community perceptions of management and visitor experience (Visitor Satisfaction Monitor). Accumulated research data from the Visitor Satisfaction Monitor (VSM) has been used to profile and refine the organisation’s understanding of its various park visitors. After 10 years that data has matured to produce a comprehensive visitor-product market segmentation. Over 11,000 interviews at 34 major parks (including 68 visitor sites) between 2000 and 2004 were used to group park visitors into seven segments. The segments are Nature Admirers, Urban Socials Trail Users, Passives and Other Users, Activity Centrics, Access Made Easy and Country Vacationers. Each park visitor segment, or group, had substantial differences from the other groups, while the individuals within each segment had much more in common; Nature Admirers visit in small groups for a short spectacular scenic experience whereas Urban Socials visit in large groups for half-day social interactions such as birthday parties and picnics. Further analyses have been conducted to identify individual sub-segments within each of the major segments. These sub-segments provide detailed information that can be used for the future development of parks and associated services. Subsequent analysis using Structural Equation Modelling provides evidence that the relationships between services and satisfaction are better understood when considering segments. Parks Victoria has been using segments in park management applications such as wild fire recovery plans, tourism strategy formulation, park management planning and visitor risk management. It has proved to be an efficient and effective systematic way of meeting visitor needs.
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Zhang, C.Z.; Xu, H.G.; Su, B.T.,
Meeting needs equals enhancing satisfaction? Case study of cableway and lift riding in World Heritage Site Wulingyuan, China
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
Meeting the needs of tourists to satisfy tourists is the policy basis for many mangers of world heritage sites in China. The paper, based on the case study of lift riding in world heritage site Wuling...
Meeting the needs of tourists to satisfy tourists is the policy basis for many mangers of world heritage sites in China. The paper, based on the case study of lift riding in world heritage site Wulingyuan China, challenge the policy. With tourist survey and online interview methods, the authors argue that lift do meet part of tourists’ needs, but it do not enhance the satisfaction level as the managers supposed, the assertion "meet the needs of tourists, thus enhancing their satisfaction" is not built on solid ground, and catering to the needs of tourists is at least not a valid reason for tourism developments in heritage sites. The results of this study coincide with the Motivation-Hygiene Theory. Some factors may not give positive satisfaction, but dissatisfaction results from their absence, such as good service quality and management skills. The improvement of services and management skills may eliminate dissatisfaction, but cannot enhance tourist satisfaction. They are called hygiene factors. Those factors that can provide positive satisfaction are called motivators. Cableway and lift act as motivators that can induce more satisfaction if properly operated.
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Ziener, K.,
Formal concept analysis – a method for exploring complex responses of tourist surveys
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2008 |
MMV 4 - Proceedings |
The Formal concept analysis goes back to the 1940s and is advanced by Rudolf Wille in the eighties. Based on the algebraic lattice theory so-called concept lattices will be used for visualisation of h...
The Formal concept analysis goes back to the 1940s and is advanced by Rudolf Wille in the eighties. Based on the algebraic lattice theory so-called concept lattices will be used for visualisation of hierarchical structures in a line diagram. The method needs as input a context consisting of sets of objects and attributes and a binary relation between these objects and attributes. In a concept lattice quantitative and qualitative data can be combined and relations between the objects as well as between the attributes can be analysed. Therefore concept lattices are suitable for analysing the results of surveys. The respondents and their answer patterns constitute the context. Precondition is a hierarchical structure of the answers (e.g. ordinal ordered data). In this presentation will be demonstrated how to use the line graph of the concept lattice for analysing complex questions of tourist surveys. As an example the main activities of about 600 tourists and daily visitors in the Lake Neusiedl Region are analysed. With the procedure of Formal Concept Analysis the different answer patterns of respondents are arranged as nodes in a line diagram. This diagram is constructed by means of two partial concept lattices that will be integrated later. The interpretation of the line graph will start at the biggest nodes, consider the whole structure of the graph and include additional attributes in order to describe groups of tourists with the same activity pattern.
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Absher, J.; English, D.; Burns, R.,
Customer service metrics as a basis for segmentation of forest recreationists
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Aikoh, T.; Kikuchi, K.; Shoji, Y.,
Visitors’ attitudes to the collection of voluntary fees in national parks in Japan
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Andersen, O.; Gundersen, V.; Strand, O.; Panzacchi, M.; Vorkinn, M.; Fangel, K.; Van Moorter, B.,
Wild reindeer interactions with recreationists: estimating spatiotemporal habitat use and potential conflict areas in two national parks in Norway
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Arnberger, A.; Eder, R.; Allex, B.; Sterl, P.; Burns, R.C.,
Exploring relationships between visitor motives, satisfaction, recreation quality and attitudes towards protected area management in the Gesaeuse National Park, Austria
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Arnegger, J.,
Economic effects of tourism in the Souss-Massa-National Park, Morocco
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Atik, M.,
Recreation impact research in Turkish Mediterranean; Studies in Olimpos- Beydaglari National Park
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
Recreation is a pleasant activity that people realise as a function of enjoyment, relaxation and refreshing themselves. Recreational activities often take place in natural settings and could create va...
Recreation is a pleasant activity that people realise as a function of enjoyment, relaxation and refreshing themselves. Recreational activities often take place in natural settings and could create various impacts on the natural environment. Impact is defined as an undesirable change and even the most careful visitor can cause various forms of damage such as soil compaction, alteration of plant cover, disturbance of fauna etc. On the other hand the quality of recreation activity highly depends on the integrity and naturalness of the recreation settings.
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Beekhoven, J.; Brouwer, M.J.,
Monitoring of visitor flows and safety in recreational areas around Amsterdam
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Berndsen, M.L.,
Staatsbosbeheer’s experiences with demand-driven working
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Bodnár, R.,
Landscape as a motivating factor for tourists
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Boeschoten, H.,
Staatsbosbeheer, everything nature has to offer
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Boonman-Berson, S.,
Invasiveness: the construction of a category and its impact for conservation and recreation practices
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Brandenburg, C.; Tomek, H.; Lexer, W.; Reimoser, F.; Heckl, F.; Muhar, A.,
Mountain bikers in forests and wildlife habitats
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Buijs, A.,
High attachment and poor relationships: how social processes influence the development of diverging views into social conflicts
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Burns, R.; Graefe, A.; Absher, J.D.,
Segmenting US Forest recreationists: river users, front country users and wilderness users
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Campbell, J.M.,
Are they listening? Monitoring cottager's compliance in reducing a property's attractiveness to bears in response to a targeted educational campaign
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Carver, S.,
Natura2000: a policy framework for wilderness protection in Europe?
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2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Cihar, M.; Gorner, T.,
Seasonal differences in visitor perceptions: a comparative study of three mountainous national parks in Central Europe
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Cihar, M.; Trebický, V.,
Framework of indicators for evaluation of long-term environmental, social and economic changes in Czech National Parks
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Cil, A.,
Biodiversity action plans as a way towards local sustainable development
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Clarke, R.; Liley, D.; Sharp, J.,
Linking housing and access: visitor numbers on internationally important heathland sites in southern England
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Cottrell, S.P.; Siikamäki, P.; Puhakka, R.,
Role of PAN Parks in local community development in Oulanka National Park, Finland – a mixed methods approach
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
De Vries, S.; Goossen, M.,
Demand-driven recreation planning in progress
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
De Vries, S.; Sijtsma, F.,
Recreation or tourism: local recreation opportunities and holiday behaviour
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Degenhardt, B.; Buchecker, M.; Kienast, F.,
Tools for recreation planning and monitoring - developing a spatial explicit model of people’s nearby outdoor recreation use
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Dehnhardt, A.; Kalisch, D.,
Visitors’ attitude towards climate change adaptation strategies for ski tourism areas in a German low mountain range – Results from a visitor survey in Oberwiesenthal, Erzgebirge
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Delafontaine, M.; Neutens, T.; Van De Weghe, N.,
Delineating potential trajectories in constrained environments using rough space-time prisms
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Edwards, D.; Jay, M.; Jensen, F.S.; Lucas, B.; Marzano, M.; Mason, B.; Montagné, C.; Peace, A.; Weiss, G.,
Public preferences for forests as sites for recreational use: a Pan- European perspective
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Elands, B.; Buijs, A.,
Public support for the protection of nature and landscape explained by ethnicity and images of nature
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Elands, B.; Lengkeek, J.,
The tourist experience of out-there-ness: theory and practice
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Emphandhu, D.; Nasa, M.,
Psychological carrying capacity of snorkeling activity at Mo Koh Chang National Park
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
English, D.B.K.; White, E.M.,
Comparing the economic impacts of recreation to rural and urban National Forests
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Folmer, A.,
Visitor’s experiences with wildlife in protected nature areas
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Fredman, P.; Boman, M.; Lundmark, L.; Mattsson, L.; Svensson, B.,
The economics of outdoor recreation participation among the Swedish population
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Gaglioppa, P.; Di Carlo, A.; Marino, D.; Marucci, A.; Nicosia, M.; Palmieri, M.,
Visitor flows indicators used in Italian protected area management effectiveness methodology (MEVAP) and data base on National Protected Areas: how to improve their efficacy?
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Garthe, C.,
Moving forward through looking back – Early recreation ecology research in German-speaking Europe
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Gentin, S.,
Adolescents’ outdoor recreation – a comparative study
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Getz-Smeenk, A.,
Highly underestimated risks of wildland fire in the rural-urban interface and the need for evacuation preparedness in recreational and protected areas in The Netherlands
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Goossen, M.,
Development of recreational areas using spheres of experiences
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Goossen, M.; Elands, B.; Van Marwijk, R.,
Preface - Recreation, tourism and nature in a changing world
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Gundersen, V.; Andersen, O.,
Visitor counting and surveys in a dispersed-use mountain area in Norway
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Haider, W.; Beardmore, B.; Hunt, L.,
The view from a canoe: the complexity of route choice behaviour captured in a stated choice survey
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Hammer, T.,
Protected areas as opportunities for recreation and tourism planning – The challenge to create synergies between nature protection and tourism development as a basis for regional development. Experiences from Switzerland
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Haukeland, J.V.,
Management of national parks and tourism development – two cases from Norway
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Healy, N.,
Mediating the tourist experience and appropriate levels of interpretation– Exploring reaction to the transformation of Irish nature-based tourism
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Henkens, R.; Jochem, R.; Pouwels, R.; Van Marwijk, R.,
Development of userfriendly decision support tool to support visitor impact management in protected areas
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Home, R.; Hunziker, M.,
Urban semi-public spaces: Preferences for management scenarios and measures to enhance their acceptance
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Hsu, Y.-C.; Wang, C.-P.; Leung, Y.-F.,
Integrating experience-based zoning into current management system in Yu Shan National Park
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Huhtala, M.; Kajala, L.,
Local economic impacts of national park visitation in Finland
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Husek, J.; Vitek, O.,
Methodological basis for decision making of administration bodies in the field of tourism
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Inge Vistad, O.; Vorkinn, M.,
Wilderness purism revisited: The value of a simplified standardised scale for monitoring purposes
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Ingram, C.; Hughes, M.,
Managing the managers managing people: Lessons for recreation and water management in protected areas
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Ishiuchi, T.; Yonekura, T.; Koyanagi, T.; Kuwahara, Y.,
Collection of users’ needs using Google Maps and mobilephone for park management
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Ito, T.,
Development of hut systems and their influence to visitor flow in Japan’s Protected Areas
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Jaarsma, R.; De Vries, J.; Beunen, R.,
The surplus-value of a long-standing monitoring program for visitor management in the Meijendel Dunes, a recreation and protected nature area
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Jaarsma, R.; Kooij, H.-J.,
Urban park as well as Nature 2000 area: monitoring and managing visitors and dogs
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Jansen, P.,
The gap between science and forest management
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Jay, M.; Schraml, U.,
Migrants’ perspectives on urban forests: the influence of a migration background on patterns of forest use and perception
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Jodlowski, M.,
Climbers’ attitudes toward nature conservation and management in Tatra National Park, Poland
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Keane, R.J.,
Monitoring and modelling of visitor use on access land across Rombalds Moor, Ilkley, England
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Kernen, R.; Furrer, M.; Rupf, R.; Wernli, M.,
Visitor monitoring in the Protected Area Aletsch Forest
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Kloek, M.; Schouten, M.,
Contemporary Dutch literature and nature images: Analyses of nature images in Dutch literature of autochthonous writers and allochtonous writers with a Moroccan background
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Kluge, T.,
Mountain Bikers' personal responsibility and knowledge versus the setting of close legal limits and standards in nature and landscape
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Kubo, T.; Shoji, Y.,
Heterogeneous preferences for trekking in bear habitat: The use of latent class stated preference choice model
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Kun, Z.,
Research needs for supporting better protection of Europe’s wilderness
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Lamers, M.; Gelter, H.,
Submerging in the Antarctic tourist experience: analysing the diverse expectations and experiences of diving and non-diving tourists in Antarctica
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Landauer, M.; Fredman, P.,
Nature-based artificial recreation environments: typology, empirical correlates and implications
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Lehrke, F.; Von Ruschkowski, E.; Rüter, S.,
Mountain Bikers, recreationists, land owners and conservationists: Multiple conflicts in Hannover’s Deister region
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Lewis, A.,
To what extent do different management regimes affect environmental impacts along the Ningaloo Coastline, Western Australia?
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Li, Y.-H.; Hsu, Y.-C.; Leung, Y.-F.,
Indicator development for Yu Shan National Park in Taiwan: an adaptive process
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Lin, H.-C.; Leung, Y.-F.; Hsu, S.-I.,
Evaluate trail surfacing effectiveness in Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan ROC: an index approach
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Lindholst, C.; Schipperijn, J.; Stigsdotter, U.,
The green-space experience as a tool for planning at small scales
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Livina, A.; Berzina, I.,
National parks management approaches and parks financing principles: practical findings
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Lu, D.-J.; Leung, Y.-F.; Hsieh, H.-T.,
Community-based trail monitoring as a echanism for capacity and partnership building: Lessons learned from Linmei Village, Ilan County, Taiwan
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Lupp, G.,
Green lifestyle or greening lifestyles? The social dimension of halting the loss of biological diversity
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Lyon, K.; Van Marwijk, R.; Siikamaki, P.; Cottrell, S.,
Biodiversity hotspots and visitor flows in Oulanka National Park, Finland
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Mann, C.; Absher, J.,
An emerging paradigm for sustainably managing conservation areas: examples from Europe and the US
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Manning, R.; Anderson, L.; Pettengill, P.; Reigner, N.; Valliere, W.;,
Integrating transportation and outdoor recreation through indicators and standards of quality
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Mayer, M.,
Innovative cable-cars and ski-lifts in Western Austria - their diffusion and impact on mature alpine tourism markets
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Mitas, O.; Mitasova, H.; Zinn, H.; Brothers, G.,
Using visitors’ reactions to landscape processes to manage a dynamic dune landscape
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Monz, C.,
Future opportunities in recreation ecology research: Lessons learned from the USA
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Moore, S.A.,
Frameworks for what? Australian experiences and developments in strategic frameworks for visitor management
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Morais, P.; Benayas, J.,
Using ecotourism experiences to educate tourists: First results from a research in Figueira da Foz salt works (Portugal)
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Muangasame, K.,
Green tourist perception and motivation: a study of the domestic market in Thailand
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Nasa, M.; Emphandhu, D.;,
Visitor perception of crowding at Doi Inthanon summit, Doi Inthanon National Park
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
O’Brien, L.; Ambrose-Oji, B.; Morris, J.,
What enables or prevents diverse groups, including black and ethnic minorities, from using and enjoying British woodlands?
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Paat, E.; Reimann, M.,
Conflict between motorized and non-motorized: recreation in Soomaa National Park, Estonia
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Pellis, A.; Beunen, R.; Duineveld, M.,
Docile bodies in the park? A post-Foucauldian perspective on effective visitor management in natural parks
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Peters, K.,
Urban public spaces: Different people, different wishes, different expectations?
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Petersson Forsberg, L.; Ankre, R.; Emmelin, L.,
Outdoor recreation in Sweden - Can local land use planning deliver the areas needed?
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Pouta, E.; Soini, K.; Vaarala, H.; Uusitalo, M.; Kivinen, T.,
Local residents’ sense of place, recreational use and perceptions of rural landscape
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Pouwels, R.; Opdam, P.,
Uncertainties and new management strategies: solving the recreation- biodiversity conflict with local stakeholders
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Pouwels, R.; Sierdsema, H.; Aranyosi, A.; Van Eupen, M.; Henkens, R.,
Does recreation affect Natura2000 goals for breeding birds? A case study for the Veluwe
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Pröbstl, U.; Damm, B.; Haider, W.,
Perception and evaluation of natural hazards as a consequence of glacier retreat and permafrost degradation in tourism destinations
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Pröglhöf, R.; Muhar, A.,
The visitors’ perspective of visitor monitoring: results from two recreational areas in Eastern Austria
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Restad, C.; Aas, Ø.; Wold, L.C.,
On the stone footpath - Reactions to abrasion reducing measures at Besseggen, Jotunheimen National Park, Norway
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Rodrigues, A.; Rodrigues, Á.,
Diversification of the tourism offer in rural and natural areas: the implementation of a Dark-Sky Reserve in Portugal
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Roose, A.,
Designing visitor monitoring system in Estonian nature reserves combining passive mobile positioning with other counting methods
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Rosa, P.; Almeida, M.; Carvalhinho, L.,
Nature sports in natural places: a contribution to the management of protected areas
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Rupf, R.; Koechli, D.; Haider, W.; Skov-Petersen, H.; Pröbstl, U.,
Framework Mafreina: management toolkit recreation and wildlife in the Swiss Alps
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Ruukel, A.,
Sustainable tourism development strategy: case of Soomaa National Park, Estonia
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Sayan, S.,
A neglected component of Turkish National Park system: “Quality of the recreation experience”
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Sayuti Hassan, M.; Ibrahim, Y.,
Monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas: use and abuse of nature areas in Taman Negara (National Park) Pahang, Malaysia
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Schops, I.,
Biodiversity is about life, our life
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Schouten, M.,
Wildlife reserves: sanctuaries, commons or commodities?
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
Nature does not know itself as nature. We perceive it as such. And in that perception we project our images of nature. Such images are social constructs that vary in time and between cultures: nature ...
Nature does not know itself as nature. We perceive it as such. And in that perception we project our images of nature. Such images are social constructs that vary in time and between cultures: nature as the enemy, nature as a resource, nature as an uncorrupted domain…..
Show more
|
|
Shibasaki, S.; Onodera, S.; Aiko, T.; Tsuge, T.; Shoji, Y.; Yamaki, K.,
Current situations and issues of risk management in protected areas; A case study of the Oirase Stream Area in Towada-Hachimantai National Park, Japan
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Siegrist, D.; Clivaz, C.; Gessner, S.; Manz, M.; Rinkel, A.; Rupf, R.; Stumm, N.; Wernli, M.,
VISIMAN. Development of a flexible visitor management tool for national and regional natural parks
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
Within the scope if the VISIMAN project a new ITbased tool for visitor management in national and regional natural parks will be developed. The product comprises a systembased management platform wi...
Within the scope if the VISIMAN project a new ITbased tool for visitor management in national and regional natural parks will be developed. The product comprises a systembased management platform with interfaces to the four functional units: ‘visitor information’, ‘expert information’, ‘visitor monitoring’, and ‘data management’. By keeping the interfaces open, the management can be extended for other functional units and applications on demand. Visitor monitoring was implemented and counting methods advanced.
Show more
|
|
Sievänen, T.; Neuvonen, M.; Pouta, E.,
Nation-wide outdoor recreation demand monitoring
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Siikamäki, P.; Kangas, K.; Cottrell, S.; Schroderus, S.,
Spatial overlap of biodiversity and recreational use in protected areas
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Siikamäki, P.; Puhakka, R.; Cottrell, S.; Kangas, K.,
Nature tourists’ response to ecolabels in Oulanka PAN Park, Finland
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Sijtsma, F.J.; Daams, M.; Van der Sluis, S.,
Nature on TV: deep interests on flat screens
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Sijtsma, M.T.J.; Vaske, J.J.; Jacobs, M.H.,
Acceptability of lethal control of geese and deer that damage agriculture in the Netherlands
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Skov-Petersen, H.; Jensen, F.S.; Bredahl Jacobsen, J.,
Decisions made along the tracks in forests
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Soliva, R.; Hunziker, M.,
Landscape scenarios for the Swiss Alps
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Stokowski, P.,
Social networks and visitor management: A review of land an agenda for future research
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Taczanowska, K.; Brandenburg, C.; Arnberger, A.; Tomek, H.; Muhar, A.,
GIS as a tool supporting understanding of visitor flows in recreational areas
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Tapaninen, M.,
Sustainable tourism development strategy as a tool to improve destination management: case Oulanka National Park, Finland
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Tempesta, T.,
The recreational value of urban parks in the Veneto Region (Italy)
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Thijs, J.J.,
Formulating a policy on public support for the Goois Natuurreservaat, the Netherlands
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Tonge, J.; Moore, S.A.; Beckley, L.; Ryan, M.,
“Everybody’s happy” – place attachment and visitors to the Ningaloo Reef, north-western Australia
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Toyama, M.; Take, M.; Aikoh, T.; Kadekaru, T.; Terasaki, T.,
The frequency of scraping trees by kayaking in mangrove estuary in Okinawa, Japan
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Trampetti, S.; Buckley, R.,
Tourism and conservation on private land in taly
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Twardock, P.; Monz, C.; Smith, M.,
Assessing resource conditions and visitor preferences of backcountry campsites in Western Prince William Sound
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Tyrväinen, L.; Hasu, E.; Silvennoinen, H.,
Towards sustainable land use planning for tourism destinations: clients views about the tourism development in Finnish Lapland
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Törnblom, J.; Angelstam, P.; Andersson, K.; Axelsson, R.,
Locals’ and tourists’ perceptions of forest landscape values: need for integrated landscape approach
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Ueda, H.; Nakajima, T.; Takayama, N.; Petrova, E.; Matsushima, H.; Furuya, K.; Aoki, Y.,
Ways of seeing the forest: landscape image sketches in Japan and Russia
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
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Verbeek, D.H.P.; De Haan, J.,
Leisure activities in Dutch destinations
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
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Viganò, G.; Mottironi, C.; Antonioli, M.,
Managerial implications for the supply of tourism services in protected areas: an empirical analysis of the Italian case
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Vogt, L.,
Effective park tourism planning – nature, actors, institutions
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Von Ruschkowski, E.,
Integrating local community interests in large protected area management – challenges and opportunities
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Vukolov, V.; Woodward, D.,
Ecotourism expedition to the Ile-Alatau National Park
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Wachowicz, M.; Maldonado, A.; Vazquez Hoehne, A.,
MovementMapper: the movement simulation of visitors in nature areas
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Weber, D.; Brown, G.; Rose, L.; Zanon, D.,
Using Internet technology to map community values & develop management plans for the Victorian Alpine Parks, Australia
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Williams, D.; Champ, J.; Lundy, C.; Cole, D.,
Using visitor generated Internet content as a recreation monitoring tool
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Wirth, V.; Pröbstl, U.; Haider, W.,
Simulation of tourism strategies for alpine destinations
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
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Yuan, M.,
The relationship between stated choice for recreation experience preferences and revealed activity choice
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
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Zanon, D.; Curtis, J.,
Societal & park recreation trends in Victoria, Australia
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
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Ziener, K.,
Ideas for tourism-oriented public transport in national parks and biosphere reserve regions based on touristic nodes
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Zinn, H.; Mosimane, A.; Morais, D.,
Wildlife tourism, community-based natural resource management, wildlife value orientations, and quality-of-life indicators in indigenous Namibian villages
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Šakic, R.,
Education of school children in special nature reserve “Gornje Podunavlje” (Serbia)
|
2010 |
MMV 5 - Proceedings |
|
|
Sandell, K.,
Outdoor recreation in change – What about Sweden?
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Väisänen, R.,
Challenges of visitor monitoring and management in protected areas
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Moore, S.
Current and future issues in natural area tourism with a special focus on visitor monitoring
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Myrvang Brown, K.
Managing difference in shared recreational space: Understanding the role of the body, movement and emotion
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Heberlein, T.
Attitudes, norms and the art of visitor management
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Ankre, R., Fredman, P., Lindhagen, A.,
Visitor monitoring from a management perspective – Experiences from Sweden
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Ólafsson, R.,
Tourist distribution in time and space: A case from the Icelandic Highlands
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Andersen, O., Gundersen, V., Camilla, L., Stange, E.,
Counting visitors in alpine areas: how sensor range, clothing, air temperature and visitor volume affects passive infrared counter accuracy
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Nogueira-Mendes, R., Silva, A., Grilo, C., Rosalino, L., Silva, C.,
MTB monitoring in Arrábida Natural Park, Portugal
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Lemahieu, A., Pennober, G., David, G., Lavigne, F., Pothin, K.,
Monitoring coastal uses of the Marine Reserve of La Reunion using aerial surveys, Reunion Island,France, West Indian Ocean
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
von Ruschkowski, E., Arnberger, A., Burns, R.,
Recreational use and visitor motivations at Torfhaus visitor area in Harz National Park, Germany
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Roberts, J., Liley, D.,
Welsh seasonal habitat vulnerability mapping
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Hunt de Bie, K., Vesk, P.,
Monitoring and management of bush camp grounds in an Australian national park
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Fangel, K., Eide, N., Hagen, D., Flyen, A., Vistad, I.,
A conceptual model for assessing wildlife vulnerability to human activity at visitor sites in Svalbard
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Arnberger, A., Eder, R., Taczanowska, K., Deussner, R., Stanzer, G., Hein, T., Preiner, S., Kempter, I., Nopp-Mayr, U., Reiter, K., Wagner, I., Jochem, R.,
How effective are planned buffer zones in reducing recreation impacts on an urban national park? – A combined visual discrete choice and agent-based modeling approach
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Cristina, T., Saporiti, F.,
Horse riding in protected areas: And the dung?
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Newsome, D., Lacroix, C.,
A research agenda for adventure racing events that take place in natural settings and protected areas
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Kloek, M., Buijs, A., Boersema, J., Schouten, M.,
Colourful recreation in green: Review of research on immigrants, greenspace and society
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Li, C., Burns, R., Chick, G.,
Exploring recreation pattern differences among Taiwanese Hoklos and Hakkas and Anglo-Americans
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Krymkowski, D., Manning, R., Valliere, W.,
Race, ethnicity, and outdoor recreation in the United States: Tests of the marginality, ethnicity, and discrimination hypotheses with national-level survey data
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Lovelock, B., Lovelock, K., Jellum, C., Thompson, A.,
Fear and loathing in the forest: Immigrant perceptions and experiences of natural area recreation in New Zealand
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Ketterer, L., Siegrist, D.,
Governance and sustainable tourism in World Heritage sites – Can sustainable tourism serve as a tool for improved protection of UNESCO World Heritage sites?
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Kraus, F., Merlin, C.,
A supply-side perspective on tourism enterprises in biosphere reserves – case study of Biosphere Reserve Rhön
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
van den Bosch, J.,
Hoge Kempen National Park (Belgium) – The economic impact of visitors as a crowbar for nature conservation
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Çaglayan, E.,
Tourism destination brand image of Beypazari as perceived by hikers in Ankara
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Carter, M., Horwitz, P.,
Tourism trade-offs: An analytical framework for visitor management in fresh water systems
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Pröbstl, U.,
Certification as a tool for sustainable development in winter sport destinations – challenges for “old” and “new” European skiing areas
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Kun, Z.,
The economics of wilderness – Role of policy and tourism for enhancing the protection of Europe’s wilderness
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Sievänen, T.,
Monitoring outdoor recreation trends in Finland
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Søndergaard-Jensen, F.,
Monitoring outdoor recreation trends in Denmark
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Fredman, P., Lindhagen, A., Nordström, G.,
Monitoring outdoor recreation trends in Sweden
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Lindhagen, A., Bladh, G.,
Trends in picking of wild berries and mushrooms in Sweden 1977–2011
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Roose, A., Sepp, K.,
Balancing conservation and visitation through a comprehensive monitoring system of nature protection in Estonia
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Schägner, P., Maes, J., Paracchini, L., Hartje, V.,
Total annual visitor monitoring: A meta-analysis
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Graefe, A., Mowen, A., Kerstetter, D.,
A method of correcting over-reporting and under-reporting bias in monitoring state park visitation among the general population
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Rein, H., Meifert, K.,
Joined and online-based visitor monitoring and benchmarking
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Rettie, K.,
Monitoring human use on trails in Canada’s mountain national parks
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Çaglayan, E., Asan, K., Emeksiz, M., Lise, Y., Yilmaz, M.,
An overview of national parks, recreational activities and visitor flows in Turkey
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Bekdemir, A., Altinçekiç, H.,
A method of carrying capacity for alternative recreation areas: Towards conservation thresholds and recreational potential
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Moyle, B., Weiler, B., Moore, S.,
Positioning parks to meet the needs of 21st century society
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Higham, J., Haukeland, J., Lindberg, K., Vistad, I., Amundsen, Å., Degnes-Ødemark, H., Hopkins, D.,
Norwegian protected area policy, tourism and recreation: A comparative analysis of the international context with reference to New Zealand.
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Monteiro, L., Pereira-da-Silva, C.,
Assessing carrying capacity in protected areas trails: The Formosinho Trail – Arrábida Natural Park (Portugal)
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Pouwels, R., van-der-Grift, E., Dirksen, J., Ottburg, F.,
The use of wildlife overpasses for outdoor recreation
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Stenseke, M.,
On the integration of nature conservation and outdoor recreation in the rural landscape
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Bartis, H., Baatjes, J.,
An analysis of the visitors at the ASP World Tour Billabong Surfing Festival in Jeffrey’s Bay, South Africa
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Arnegård, J., Sandell, K.,
Outdoor recreation in times of change
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Williams, S.,
Outdoor recreation and physical activity: population segmentation of participation
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Sødal-Skullerud, E., Stensland, S.,
Segmentation of salmon anglers and analysis of their motivation to fish in the Lakselva River, Finnmark, Norway
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Schneider, I., Kang, H.,
More than the motor: Differentiating motorized recreationists
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Lankia, T., Kopperoinen, L., Pouta, E., Neuvonen, M.,
Mapping outdoor recreation benefits in Finland using national inventory data
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Dehez, J., Lyser, S.,
Combining indicators for recreational beach assessment: the case of the “Beach Plan Scheme” in South West France
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Arnegger, J.,
Protected areas, the tourist bubble and regional economic development
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Lindberg, K., Fredman, P.,
Uncertainty in the contribution of outdoor recreation to local and national economies
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Lankia, T., Pouta, E.,
Effects of water quality changes on recreation benefits in Finland: Combined travel cost and contingent behavior model
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
English, D., Askew, A., Bowker, J.,
Recreation travelers’ carbon footprint
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Ham, S., Sandberg, E.,
Interpretation as strategic communication in protected area management
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Johansen, K., Koster, R., Hunt, L.,
Environmental messages, diver attitudes and depreciative behaviours: Does how we communicate environmental messages to recreational divers and dive tourists really matter?
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Jones, T., Yamamoto, K., Aramaki, S.,
Building a proactive conservation strategy for Mt Fuji’s foreign climbers
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Smrekar, A., Erhartic, B., Smid-Hribar, M., Tiran, J.,
Landscape interpretation based on the example of the Ljubljansko barje nature park (Slovenia)
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Stenberg, R., Insulander, J.,
Daring Dan and Mrs Dull – The reciprocal construction of heroic risk and dull safety in organized outdoor activities
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Jodlowski, M., Rechcinski, M.,
Model of high-mountain hiking trails (via ferrata type) in Tatra National Park – A comparison between Poland and Slovakia in the context of the Alps
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Kalisch, D.,
Car traffic in a national park: visitors’ perceptions and attitudes
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Haberfellner, E., Pröbstl, U., Wirth, V.,
Ski touring on ski slopes – Problem or opportunity?
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Andkjær, S., Arvidsen, J.,
“TRYG i naturen” – research in risk and safety related to outdoor recreation and education (friluftsliv) in the coastal regions of Denmark
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Goossen, M., Franke, J., Meeuwsen, H., de-Jong, A.,
Myplacetobe.eu – A smart way to collect landscape preferences
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Stokowski, P.,
Rhetoric and sense of place: Implications for tourist destination management
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Stensland, S., Aas, Ø.,
The influence of norms on catch & release behavior in salmon angling
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Haider, W.,
Context matters in behavioural recreation research
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Neuvonen, M., Sievänen, T.,
Methods for forecasting recreational use of natural environment
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Mayer, M., Kraus, F., Job, H.,
The ‚Alpenplan’ as spatial planning tool: a critical appraisal
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Petersson, L.,
Outdoor recreation – an important public interest that current municipal spatial planning in Sweden cannot protect?
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Skår, M., Vistad, I.,
Privacy concerns and common access along the Norwegian shoreline: tensions and possibilities
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Healy, N.,
Protected area governance conflicts in Ireland – mending poor relations and new modes of governance
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Vistad, I., Skår, M., Wold, L.,
Balancing public access and privacy concerns along developed coastal zones: Stakeholders’ preferences for management actions
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Rossi, S., Marina, C., Byrne, J.,
Differences among hikers, runners and mountain bikers in a peri-urban park
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Liedtke, G., Hack, K.,
Being in nature and the development of personal values
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Haslestad, K.,
‘Friluftsliv’ and teaching methods – classroom management and relational thinking
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Browning, M.,
The need for sustainable management of nature play areas: A survey of environmental impacts caused by children’s play
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Sandberg, M.,
Parents, housing and children’s contact with nature in the city – presenting four “outdoor perspectives”
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Schauppenlehner, T., Muhar, A., Höglhammer, A., Eder, R., Taczanowska, K.,
I AM HERE! Participatory exploration of the recreational behavior of adolescents using a multiple media approach
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Renner, C., Lupp, G., Stein, C., Siegrist, D., Bastian, O.,
Maintaining high biodiversity and landscape diversity for and through tourism – approaches for co-financing models
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Hidalgo, S.,
Financing natural areas in Spain, a weak point of sustainable development: the case of Castilla y León
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Trampetti, S., Di-Lonardo, S., Buckley, R., Raschi, A.,
Biodiversity and tourism: nature conservation in private protected areas in Italy
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Gessner, S., Siegrist, D.,
Financing of nature protection through nature-based tourism – the case of the European Alps
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Sijtsma, F., Daams, M., Hoekstra, J., Flohil, H.,
Selling nature? – Building customer relationship management (CRM) systems for nature areas
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Schaller, H., Ólafsdóttir, R., Aikoh, T.,
The footprints of tourism: Environmental sensitivity and impact of tourism on hiking trails in Iceland and Japan
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Johansen, K., Spence, K.,
Implementing the Trans Canada Trail 2017 connectivity plan in Northern Ontario, Canada: Tourism, hiking trails and rural development
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Vogt, L.,
Megatrend hiking and trekking? – A narrative synopsis of market research data, media reports and further presumable indicators
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Kabashima, Y., Cristina, T., Almeida, L.,
Theory and reality of the field guide profession in a protected area
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Micheletti, C., Ponticelli, L.,
The governance strategy of the Dolomites World Heritage Site – From carrying capacity to carrying capability
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Lupp, G., Heuchele, L., Renner, C., Pauli, P., Siegrist, D., Konold, W.,
Outdoor recreation destinations as model regions for adaption to climate change and protecting biodiversity
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Flemsæter, F.,
The moral landscapes of Dovrefjell – Exploring relationships between morality and landscape in the struggles over a highly valuated mountain area in Norway
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Wall-Reinius, S., Laven, D., Fredman, P.,
New challenges for managing sustainable tourism in protected areas: an exploratory study from a landscape perspective in Sweden
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Ponticelli, L., Micheletti, C.,
The Lavazé pass – Negotiating tourism development and landscape diversity
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Karlsson, I.,
Swedish-Norwegian regional cooperation increases access to outdoor recreation for people with disabilities
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Hennig, S., Zobl, F.,
Making web-based maps accessible for elderly people: Development of an improved information source for recreational visits in natural areas
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Árnason, Þ.,
Managing Vatnajökull National Park
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Culinovic, K.,
Management of visitors in Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) – present situation, nature conservation, challenges
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Vítek, O.,
Let’s Count with Geocaching
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Tao, C., Wu, C.,
The roles of hardening and separating sites and planting areas in enhancing the carrying capacity in neighborhood parks
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Manning, R., Anderson, L.,
Managing outdoor recreation: Case studies in the national parks
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Taplin, R., Moore, S.,
Benchmarking for visitor management in parks
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Lai, P., Hsu, Y.,
A place-based approach to building partnerships with recreational resource users
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Newman, P., Taff, D., Lawson, S., Fristrup, K., Trevino, K.,
Protecting soundscapes in U.S. national parks: Developing visitor simulation and noise exposure models
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Steiner, A., Williams, D.,
Fifty years of experiential knowledge: Using oral history to understand wilderness management in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks, USA
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Erhartic, B., Smrekar, A., Smid, M.,
Protected area within the city: Monitoring and management of visitors in Landscape park Tivoli, Rožnik and Šišenski hrib in Ljubljana (Slovenia)
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Fox, D.,
Urban-proximate nature as a resource for events and festivals: a SWOT analysis
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Buchecker, M., Degenhardt, B., Kienast, F.,
The role of the cultural background for nearby outdoor recreation behavior
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
de Vries, S., Goossen, M., de Boer, T.,
Visitor density, recreation motive, crowding and attractiveness
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
King, K.,
Get off my land! Managing youth leisure in multiple natural environments
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Manwa, H., Boema, D.,
Educational needs of South African national parks’ tour guides
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Fägerstam, E.,
Outdoor teaching on the school grounds and in the bush
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Mikaels, J.,
Skill development and our perception of the environment: A phenomenological approach to canoe tripping in Canada
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Öhman, J., Sandell, K.,
An educational tool for outdoor education and environmental concern
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Szczepanski, A.,
The importance of place for learning and teaching – an outdoor educational perspective
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Sezerel, H., Cil, A.,
Connecting nature, culture, and art in the context of socially responsible ecological tourism
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Velvin, J., Bjørnstad, K., Krogh, E.,
Tradition and innovation in farm-based nature tourism: Lessons for protected area management
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Campbell, M., MacKay, K.,
Understanding tourists’ choices in a developing tourist community
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Dóra, A.,
Managing tourism in a popular wilderness destination
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Leung, Y., Walden-Schreiner, C., Miller, A.,
Integrating geospatial technology with behavior mapping method in monitoring visitor use in open landscapes
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Mucha, D., Halpenny, E.,
Using a mixed-methods approach to explore the human dimension of Willmore Wilderness Park, Alberta, Canada
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Wolf, I., Stricker, H., Hagenloh, G.,
The implementation of GPS tracking and GIS technology for park visitor monitoring: a key to managing visitor assets and experiences
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Taczanowska, K., Brandenburg, C., Schauppenlehner, T., Eder, R., Garcia-Massó, X., González, L., Toca-Herrera, J., Muhar, A.,
GPS-based data collection and analysis methods for better management of recreational areas
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Rupf, R., Haider, W., Riesen, M., Skov-Petersen, H., Pröbstl, U.,
Developing parameters for agent-based models using choice experiments
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Skov-Petersen, H., Rupf, R., Köchli, D., Snizek, B.,
Revealing recreational behaviour and preferences from GPS recordings
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Bissix, G.,
The environmental, social, health and economic impacts of recreational use of all terrain vehicles (ATVs) in North America: Lessons for Europe
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Somarriba-Chang, M., Wallentinus, H.,
Recreational carrying capacity in hiking trails. Three case studies in protected areas in Nicaragua
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Burns, R.,
A comparison of 5 western US Wild and Scenic River users: Trip characteristics, opinions and satisfaction levels
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Wyttenbach, M., Haider, W., Pröbstl, U., Rupf, R.,
Too many people in the mountains in the winter time?
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Schamel, J.,
Perception of crowding in a high-use German national park
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Carter, M., Horwitz, P., Shadbolt, R.,
Developing the useability index for the Swan Canning Riverpark
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Adachi, H., Gokita, R., Terasaki, T.,
A study of “The impressive experience” in Japanese national parks
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Pothecary, F.,
Two legs good – two wheels bad? Are mountain bikes really bikes for the mountains? – What does ‘responsible access’ in the uplands mean conceptually and in practice for mountain bikers and land managers in the Cairngorms National Park?
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Aikoh, T., Ohba, K., Shoji, Y., Kubo, T.,
Visitors’ attitudes toward introducing a new visitor management program into a brown bear habitat in Japan
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Goossen, M., de, T.,
Method for managing visitor experiences
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Pardy, B., Whytock, K.,
An integrated visitor experience opportunities concept for Fundy National Park and partners
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Tyrväinen, L., Järviluoma, J., Nikkola, K., Silvennoinen, H.,
Windpower in a nature-based tourism area – green energy or landscape disturbance?
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Szczepanski, A.,
Outdoor Education – the hidden classroom in urban green settings
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Tapaninen, M., Kajala, L., Erkkonen, J., Aarnio, M.,
Healthy parks healthy people Finland
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Ihlebæk, C.,
Care farming – using the farm environment for rehabilitation
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Lee, J., Buerger-Arndt, R.,
Understanding the healing function of urban forests in Germany and in Korea
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Wolf-Watz, D.,
The outdoor recreation – environmentalism relationship
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Fox, D., Xu, F.,
Evolutionary and cultural influences on interactions with nature: a comparison of British and Chinese visitors to the New Forest National Park and Jiuzhaigou National Scenic Area
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
von Lindern, E., Hunziker, M., Frick, J., Bauer, N.,
The role of ecological orientation for forest visitors’ visiting motives, environmental preferences and recreation behavior
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Beery, T.,
Nature-based outdoor recreation and environmental connectedness
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Lovelock, B., Kahui, V., O’Sullivan, O.,
Ethical recreation? Applying an ethical decision-making framework to the case of heli-hunting in New Zealand
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Reimann, M., Ehrlich, Ü., Tõnisson, H.,
Valuing Estonian shores for outdoor recreation using landscape preferences and contingent valuation methods
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Gokita, R., Adachi, H., Terasaki, T.,
Psychological benefits of visiting national parks in Japan
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Boman, M., Ezebilo, E.,
The value of nature close to home for outdoor recreation in Sweden
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Hunziker, M., Frick, J., Bauer, N., von, E.,
Forest-preferences and recreation in Switzerland: Results from a nationwide survey
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Doidi, L., Colson, V., Vanwijnsberghe, S.,
Using automatic counters and GPS technology for recreation monitoring: case of Sonian Forest (Brussels, Belgium)
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Kangas, K., Tolvanen, A., Tyrväinen, L., Tuulentie, S., Nikula, A., Kyttä, M.,
Socioecological tools for the planning of tourist destinations in Kainuu, Finland
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Ólafsdóttir, R., Runnström, M.,
Assessing hiking trails condition in Iceland using GIS – Implication for sustaining visitor use in vulnerable arctic environments
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Orsi, F., Geneletti, D.,
Combining Stated Preference techniques and GPS tracking to model the effect of access policies in the Dolomites, Italy
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Ólafsdóttir, R., Rut, K., Runnström, M.,
The Use of GIS in Sustainable Tourism Planning – a case study from Katla Geopark, Iceland
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Leung, Y., Pickering, C., Cole, D.,
Informal trails and fragmentation effects: A conceptual and research overview
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Barros, A., Marina, C.,
Informal trails fragment the landscape in a high conservation area in the Andes
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Pickering, C., Castley, G., Richardt, K.,
Informal trails fragmenting endangered remnant vegetation in Australia
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Ballantyne, M., Pickering, C.,
Impacts of trail networks on rare and threatened plant communities in Australia
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Browning, M.,
Environmental impacts along informal trails and recreation sites at well-established Swedish nature play areas
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Backman, E., Arnegård, J., Sandell, K.,
Outdoor adventure- and lifestyle sports
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Beekhoven, J.,
Financing dedicated recreational areas in the urban proximate environment
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Benkhard, B., Szabó, B.,
Do we need mapping of tourist flows? Lessons from Börzsöny Mountain
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Carter, M., Martin, K., Wood, L., Samson, J.,
Observing children’s play in Naturescape: Key findings relating to social and environmental interaction
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Hibner, J.,
The conditions of development and tourism management in Polish mountain national parks included in the “Man and the Biosphere” programme
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
da Silva Jesus, J., Zimmermann, A.,
Planning and management of visitor impacts in traditional communities in the Reserva Extrativista do Rio Unini, Amazonas, Brasil
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Kmiecik-Wrobel, J.,
Equestrian tourism in Niepolomice Forest – conditions of development and its impact on natural environment
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Kubo, T., Shoji, Y., Takimoto, K., Suzuki, H., Osada, M.,
Understanding residents’ risk perceptions associated with fatal brown bear accidents: A case study in Shibetsu town, northern Japan
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Kurita, K.,
Management of protected areas in urban fringe area of Tama Hills, Tokyo, Japan
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Li, C., Wang, C., Burns, R., Chick, G.,
Cross-cultural models of customer services: The case of Taiwan and U.S. forest recreation visitors
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Mucha, D., Halpenny, E.,
Exploring the human dimension: visitor use analysis of Willmore Wilderness Park, Alberta, Canada
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Orsi, F., Geneletti, D.,
On the use of geotagged photographs and GIS analysis for detecting travel patterns in protected areas
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Rodrigues, Á., Rodrigues, A., Fernandes, F.,
“Night walks” and rural development: A Case Study of Alentejo, Portugal
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
von Ruschkowski, E., Arnberger, A., Burns, R., Elands, B., Salasová, A.,
Internationalizing academic training in parks and protected area management through the EU’s ERASMUS programme
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Schaller, H., Ólafsdóttir, R., Sigurgeirsdóttir, S.,
Trends in protected area management: Policies and the reality at national parks in Iceland and Japan
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Schneider, I., Earing, J., Martinson, K.,
Understanding the recreational horseback riding experience: Motivations, conflict and response to conflict
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Skår, M., Gundersen, V., Stordahl, G., Pareliussen, I., Bischoff, A., Follo, G., O’Brian, L., Worthington, R.,
How do children experience nature? Meaning-making and socialization to outdoor life
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Taczanowska, K., Garcia-Massó, X., Pellicer-Chenoll, M., González, L., Toca-Herrera, J.,
Quantification of the physical activity and physiological constants during hiking in peri-urban recreational areas of Vienna
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Takayama, N., Matsushima, H., Petrova, E., Ueda, H., Nakajima, T., Furuya, K., Aoki, Y.,
Differences in environmental attitudes between Russia and Japan
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Tamme, T.,
An overview of outdoor learning in Estonia
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Velojic, M.,
The definition of visitor product in Special Nature Reserve “Obedska bara”
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Vukolov, V., Woodward, D.,
Incorporating the 7 Summits transcontinental project into the curricula of higher education institutions in Kazakhstan
|
2012 |
MMV 6 - Proceedings |
NULL |
|
Ahas, R.
Mobile positioning as an innovative tool in visitor management and monitoring
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Aikoh,T.;Wei,T.
Monitoring the number of urban forest visitors and their attachment in Sapporo, Japan
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Andersen,O.;Gundersen,V.;Strand,O.;Camilla,L.;Vistad,O.I.
Manipulation of tourism traffic system in an important wild reindeer migration route in Norway
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Ankre,R.
Methodological challenges in nature-based tourism surveys – the use of self-registration cards in Swedish mountain areas
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Aoki,Y.;Rupprecht,C.;KumagaI,K.
Recreation research trends of MMV, 2002-2012
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Arnberger, A.; Reichhart, T.
Stop or go? An analysis of avalanche risk assessment behaviour of skiers
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Arnegger, J.;Dieterich, T.;Rodina,V.
Local awareness, acceptance and tourism development: challenges and opportunities for protected area management in Post-Soviet countries – the Samur-Yalama National Park, Azerbaijan
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Aşan,K.;Emeksiz,M.
Outdoor recreation motivations and nature experiences: the case of Eskişehir
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Ballantyne,M.;Pickering,C.;Gudes, O.
How formal and informal mountain biking trails result in the reduction, degradation and fragmentation of endangered urban forest remnants
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Bancheva,H.
“Holidays for Sustainability” – case study about education for sustainable development in a Bulgarian Nature Park as a form of tourism
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Beery, T.
Outdoor recreation and place identity in the Kristianstad Vattenrike
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Bergsma,M.;Huig,P.
Future tourism development in a vulnerable natural area: the case of the Dutch Waddencoast. Stakeholder perceptions on tourism development
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Bide, K.H.;Brown,G.;Weber,D.
Identifying community values to inform park management: an application of PPGIS
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Bielański, M.; Adamski,P.;Witkowski, Z.
Usefulness of GPS tracking in monitoring skitourers’ activity in Tatra National Park, Poland
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Bonnelame,L.K.;Siegrist, D.
Biodiversity and tourism – funding instruments for financing measures in favour of biodiversity through tourism
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Brandenburg, Ch..; Kasper, A.; Preisel, F.; Hirnschall, B.; Gantner, Ch.; Czachs, Ch.;Schreiber, B.;Reimoser, F.;Lexer, W.;Heckl,F.;Ziener, k.
Leisure activities - a red rag for wildlife management and nature conservation: an indicator- and spatial planning-based approach for identification of conflict areas
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Burgin, S.; Hardiman, N.
Maintaining competitive tourism advantage with reference to the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Burgin,S.;Hardiman,N.
Unintended de-marketing manages visitor demand in Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Burgin,S.;Hardiman,N.
Comparison of survey methods to profile participants in emerging adventure recreation activities undertaken in wilderness
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Burns, R.C.;Moreira,J.C.
Recreation monitoring in Brazil conservation units: a preliminary examination of trip characteristics, opinions, crowding, and satisfaction levels
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Burns,G.L.; Granquist, S.M.
Codes of conduct: managing interactions between visitors and wildlife in natural areas
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Buta,N.;Stein,T.V.;Bustam,T.D.
Assessing crowding perceptions and satisfaction among visitors at El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Butzmann, El.; Schamel, J.
Proposed methodological framework for empirical testing the product-based typology for nature-based tourism
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Campbell, J.M.; MacKay, J.K.
The nature of nature tourists in Bwindi Forest Uganda
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Campelo, M. B..;Mendes, R.M.N.
Comparing Webshare services to assess MTB use in protected areas
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Carić, H.;Štambuk, A.
Risk assessment of antifouling emissions in sensitive marine environments - semi closed port, marina or an anchoring area
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Čulinović,K.
Plitvička jezera National Park - outdoor recreation possibilities and conflicts
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Čulinović,K.;Magdić,N.;Špoljarić,S.;Rendulić,Ž.
Educational and recreational trails of forest ecosystems - New trekking possibilities in Plitvička jezera National Park
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Czachs,C.;Brandenburg,C.
Visitor monitoring with time lapse trail cameras
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Debrine,P.
World Heritage and sustainable tourism challenges and current approaches
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Dehez,J.
A new look at the costs of outdoor recreation
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Eagles,P.F.J.; Kajala,L.
Administrative procedures for operation of a national visitor use monitoring program in protected areas
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
English,D.B.K.;Bowker,J.M.;Askew,A.
US Forest Service Wilderness visitation after 50 years
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Farkić, J.; Romanov, R.; Nešić, M.
Mountaineering marathon on Fruška Gora – the promotion of active lifestyle
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Fernandez-Lozala,S.; Haider, W.; Pröbstl-Haider,U.
Mainstreaming ecosystem services into decisions – a choice experiment on the future use of Parque Nacional Cumbres de Monterrey/Mexico
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Fredman, P.
Toward indicators of nature-based recreation in Sweden
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Fredman,P.;Sandell,K.
Recreation trends and sustainable development in the context of the environmental objective “A magnificent mountain landscape”
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Gantner,B.;Brandenburg,C.
The importance of “nature” in geocaching
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Garthe,C.
Camping on previously unused sites in Fagus forests: Analyzing impacts from different amounts of use to inform visitor management
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Gokita,R.
An analysis of attitudes about paying user fees for nature areas in Japan
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Goossen, M.
New ideas for monitoring visitors
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Graefe,A.R.;Burns,R.C.
Oregon dunes national recreation area, USA: a trend examination of trip characteristics, crowding, and satisfaction levels (2002, 2006, and 2011)
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Gulič, J.;Štruc,S.;Šabec,N.D.
Monitoring and management of visitors on Pohorje Mountain active raised bogs (Slovenia)
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Halpenny, E.
World Heritage brand awareness and impact: a study of Canadian and US park visitors’ knowledge of and behaviour toward the World Heritage brand
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Halpenny,E.;Priebe,R.
An app in the park: a phenomenological study of park visitors’ use of mobile digital applications in a Canadian park
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Hansen, A.S.
Monitoring recreational qualities and impacts in coastal and marine areas
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Haukeland, J.V.; Lindberg, K.; Vistad, O.I.; Daugstad, K.; Fossgard, K.
Norwegian nature mangers’ attitudes towards nature-based tourism in national parks – a survey analysis
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Herget,Y.;Job,H.
Economic valuation of birding events: the example of crane tourism at Vorpommersche Boddenlandschaft national park, Germany
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Hidalgo,S.
Babia and Luna future natural park (Leon, Spain): between a paradise and a desert for visitors
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Höglhammer, A.; Muhar, A.; Stokowski, P.; Schauppenlehner, T.; Yalcintepe, E.; Renner, J.
Integrating immigrant communities in recreation planning for the Wienerwald Biosphere Park, Austria: first results
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Hornickel, J.; Schaub, J.
Comparison of visitor surveys gives useful insights: an example of the Kellerwald-Edersee National Park (Hesse) compared to the South Harz Nature Park (Thuringia) in Germany
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Hornigold, K.; Dolman, P.; Lake, I.
Modelling current and future recreational demand in rural England; the development of tools to mitigate against potential conflicts with biodiversity
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Hunziker, M.; Immoos, U.
The effect of wildlife-protection measures on winter-sports behaviour
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Hutter,H-P.;Eder,R.;Allex,B.;Arnberger,A.;Jansson,M.;Tappler,P.;Damm,L.;Kundi,M.;Wallner,P.
“Reloading my batteries” in grey places or green spaces? Cross-over experiment with adolescents in environments differing in closeness to nature - first results on wellbeing
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Jensen, F.S.;Nord-Larsen, T.;Johannsen, V.K.; Skov-Petersen,H.
Recreational indicators in the Danish National Forest Inventory – experiences and results
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Jeon,B-g.;Buerger-Arndt,R.;Avenzora,R.; Lee,J-h.
Community based outdoor recreation planning: an international collaborative venture between Korea and Indonesia
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Jone, B.;Findlater, K.; Bissix, G.
Operation ironworks: addressing antisocial behaviour in Scotland’s first national park
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Jones,T.;Take,M.
Monitoring attitudes to nature-based tourism: A case Study of Japan’s National Parks.
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Junge,X.;Schüpbach,B.;Hunziker,M.
Results of forest-preference surveys in Switzerland
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Kaneko, M.; Kosuga, C.; Jukrana, R.; Vogel, M.
Promotion of outdoor environmental education based on the monitoring of local environment in Sabah, Malaysia
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Kaprová,K.;Melichar,J.;Urban,J.
Investigating public preferences for forest recreation attributes: combined scenic beauty and discrete choice model
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Karoles,K.;Maran,K.
More than ten years of visitor monitoring in Estonian state forests
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Kelemen-Finan, J.; Salak, B.; Zuna-Kratky, T.; Pröbstl-Haider, U.
Developing a tourism zoning concept for the cross-border Morava-Dyje floodplains based on species sensitivity and stakeholder participation
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Kuentzel,W.F.; Daigle, J.J.; Utley, L.;Chase, L.C.; Brown, T.L.
The social amplification of landowner liability risk in the U.S. Northern Forest
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Lee,J-h.;Jeon,B-g.;Buerger-Arndt,R.
Preferences for and perceptions of nature experiences in mountain forests and in urban green spaces
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Leung,Y-F.;Ruschowski,E.;Pickering,C.Mendes, R.M.N.;Kollar,C.
Assessing technical trail features for mountain biking: examples from four countries
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Lewis, A.R.
Management effectiveness: case study of an Australian remote coastal camping location
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Li, C-L.;Liu, K-Y.; Aikoh, T.
Modelling service quality, satisfaction and behaviour intention among cultures: the case of cultural and language group in Taiwan
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Liebl,U.;Brandenburg,C.;Gantner,B.;Czachs,C.
Take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Lindern,E.v.
Assessing restorative qualities of a wilderness park from the perspective of environmental psychology
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Livina,A.
Monitoring for tourism cluster in the Gauja National Park, Latvia
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Lupp,G.;Syrbe,R-U.; Heuchele,L.; Renner, C.;Konold,W.;Siegrist,D.
Outdoor recreation, biodiversity and climate change adaptation: challenges for protected area management
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Lupp,G.;Weber,G.;Pauleit,S.
Integrating multiple societal demands into urban forestry for the future: the case of Munich (Germany)
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Magro,T.C.;Matsubara,L.Y.
How I see myself and how I see others: How do the values of visitors to an urban park Influence their behaviour?
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Manning,R.;Lawson,S.;Newman,P.;Hallo,J.;Monz,C.
Sustainable transportation in national parks: A Review and synthesis
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Manning,R.;Rovelstad,E.;Moore,C.;Hallo,J.;Smith,B.
From landscapes to lightscapes: indicators and standards of quality for night sky viewing at Acadia National Park
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Maran,K.; Karoles,K.;Karoles,K.
Environmental impact of forest recreation in Estonia – results of ten years of research
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Margaryan, L.; Fredman, P.
The supply of nature-based tourism in Sweden. A national inventory of service providers
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Mayer,M.
The importance of tourism for the regional costs and benefits of national parks – the case of Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Mehnen, N.; Sijtsma, F.J.
Monitoring the attractiveness of an UNESCO World Heritage region: identifying 14 million fans of the international Wadden area
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Melsas, M.
Handicapped opportunities on public beaches, example of Stroomi beach
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Mendes, R.M.N.;Dias,P.;Silva,C.P.
Profiling MTB users’ preferences within protected areas through Webshare services
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Mendes,R.M.;Martins,G.;Silva,C.P.
Geocaching and protected areas
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Merlin,C.
Sustainable tourism from an economic perspective - demand and management within German Biosphere Reserves
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Mitrofanenko, T.; Muhar, A.; Penker, M.
Potentials for incorporating intergenerational practices in protected areas and implications for visitor management
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Mitrofanenko,T.;Martins,C.P.;Inversini,A.;Lun,L-M.;Maurer,C.;Fedas,M.;Danut,U.;Malkova,T.; Francario,S.;Rega,I.
Innovation in Rural Tourism (InRuTou) project - implications for visitor management in protected areas
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Monteiro, L.;Svobodova, K.;Sklenička, P.
Monitoring the patterns of visitor use at World Heritage sites
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Monteiro, L.;Svobodova, K.;Sklenička, P.
Assessing indicators of attractiveness in the Krkonoše Mountains National Park Trails, Czech Republic
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Oliveira, J.N.C.G.; Mendes, R.M.N.
Outdoor recreation and visitor profile of protected areas in Portugal
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Ounmany, K.;Winkler,C.; Muhar, A.; Penker,M.
Community-based ecotourism as a tool for rural development and nature conservation: Lessons from protected areas in Laos
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Pickering, C.; Barros, A.
Assessing the relative impacts on plant composition and functional composition from mountain biking and hiking
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Pröbstl-Haider, U.
How to rejuvenate nature parks in southern Westfalia, Germany? Challenges, methods and proposed solutions
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Puhakka,R.
Generation Y and outdoor recreation. Changing meanings of nature in Finland
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Reimann, M.; Tiivel, T.
Changes in local community perceptions towards tourism impact. A case from Matsalu National Park, Estonia
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Reimann, M.;Jõõras,S.
Disabled people perceptions of the nature trails
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Rettie, K.
Winter data collection in Canada’s mountain parks
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Revier, H.; Folmer, A.
Nature excursions in the Dutch Wadden Sea: tools to integrate tourism, outdoor recreation and nature protection in a natural World Heritage site
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Richard, B.;Altin, L.
Guests’ reactions to being monitored: the balancing act of added value and privacy concerns
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Roose.A.;Sepp,K.;Kliimask,J.
Dilemma of rural diversification via tourism and nature conservation in peripheral Estonia
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Rossi, S.D.; Pickering, C.M.; Byrne, J.A.
Local community perceptions about mountain bike riding in peri-urban national parks
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Rupf,R.;Haider,W.;Pröbstl,U.
Hikers and mountain bikers – do they fight like cats and dogs?
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Ruschkowski,E.
The EU’s proposed ‘Fitness Check’ on nature legislation – potential impacts on nature conservation and the provision of ecosystem services
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Santos,T.;Mendes,R.N.;Vasco,A.
Geocaching activity within protected vs. recreational urban areas
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Schaub, J.
Visitor structure in the Kellerwald-Edersee National Park (Hesse, Germany)
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Schauppenlehner, T.; Eder, R.; Höglhammer, A.; Muhar, A.
Methods for the involvement of adolescents in participation processes
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Siegrist, D.; Bonnelame, L.K.
Alpine-wide quality standards for nature-based tourism
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Sievänen, T.;Edwards, D.; Fredman,P.;Jensen, F.S; Vistad, O.I.
Indicators for sustainable recreational use of forests and other natural resources– experiences from Northern Europe
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Stokowski, P.A.; Derrien, M.M.
Revealing sense of place through analysis of interpretive messages in forest settings
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Taczanowska, K.;Brandenburg, C.;Muhar, A.; Hat-Pawlikowska, K.; Ziobrowski, S.; Chlipala, B.; Grocholski, S.; Krzeptowski, J.; Jodlowski, M; Bielański, M.;Witkowski, Z.; Balon, J.; Berbeka, K.: Biernacki, W.
Who is hiking in the Tatra National Park, Poland? A socio-demographic portrait of visitors
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Taczanowska,K.;González,L-M.;Garcia-Massó,X.;Muhar,A.;Brandenburg,C.;Toca-Herrera,J-L.
Combining GPS-tracking and graph theory for evaluating the functionality of hiking trails in recreational areas
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Taplin, R.;Moore, S.; Rodger, K.
The benefits of using randomised experimentation rather than observational studies for visitor survey social research
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Taylor, S.
Understanding mountain bikers’ choices of recreational settings
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Tempesta,T.
An analysis of the factors affecting the landscape appreciation of urban parks. A research in the Veneto region (Italy)
|
2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
|
|
Thapa,K.;Getzner,M.
Tourists’ willingness to pay for entry fee in Langtang National Park, Nepal
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Tienhaara, A.; Pouta, E.; Janmere, L.; Kolstrup, C.L.; Pinzke, S.; Järvinen, M.
Consumer preferences for riding lessons in Finland, Sweden and Latvia
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Tyrvainen,L.;Ovaskainen
Securing quality of landscapes through market-based mechanism between forestry and tourism in Finland
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Ugolini,F.;Massetti,L.;Rossini,G.;Pellegrino,L.;Raschi,A.;Lucarelli,A.;Demi,M.
Alternative ways for attracting teenagers to protected areas: intergenerational learning and location based games
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Vähäsarja, K.
Promotion of health and wellbeing through nature in project Moved by Nature
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Vasiljević,D.; Vujičić,M.
Conservation through conversation – a brief review of geoconservation issues and initiatives from Vojvodina Province, North Serbia
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Ventura,M.A.M.;Queiroz,R.E.M.;Silva,J.A.G.
Management challenges of the hiking trails crossing Natura 2000 areas in the Azores (Portugal)
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Virkkunen,V.; Balandina, A.; Saarinen, J.; Pietilä, M.
Community perspectives to tourism impacts in conservation areas: case studies from Finland, Latvia and Lithuania
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Virkkunen,V.;Erkkonen, J.;Kajala, L.;Aarnio,M.;Mansikkaviita, R.;Lepikkö,T.;Kaikkonen, H.; Korpelainen, R.
Identifying health and wellbeing benefits perceived by visitors in Finnish protected areas
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Vistad, O.I.
What is “wise use” and “acceptable disturbance” of wildlife in protected areas? On balancing nature protection and recreation
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Vitek,O.
Where are the top destinations? Assessment of the online data from activities related to geographic position
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Vujičić, M.; Vasiljević,D.
Valuing abiotic nature - upgrading preliminary version of Geosite Assessment Model (GAM) by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Wall-Reinius, S.;Dahlberg,A.
National perceptions on protected areas and local community involvement in the Swedish mountains
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Weaver, D.
Willingness of local residents to participate in protected area enhancement in the urban/rural fringe: harnessing the potential of enlightened mass tourism
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Williams, D.R.
Making ‘sensible’ places: normative considerations in the management of protected areas
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Williams,S.
Understanding future demand for outdoor recreation
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Wold, L.; Skar, M.
Children’s use of nearby nature in Norway: no longer an integrated part of everyday life
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Wolf, I.D.;Wohlfart,T.;Brown,G.;Lasa,A.B.;Torland,M.
Monitoring and management of mountain biking through public participation geographic information systems
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Wölfle,F.;Türk,S.; Roth,R.
Effects of experience engineering on regional economy in protected areas
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Wyttenbach,M.;Rupf,R.
Urban mountain biking – multiple-uses of trails on the Uetliberg in Zurich, Switzerland
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Ziobrowski,S.; Skawiński,P.; Chlipała,B.; Grocholski,S.; Krzeptowski,J.; Jodłowski,M.; Balon,J.; Bielański,M.; Witkowski,Z.; Berbeka,J.; Berbeka,K.; Brandenburg,C.; Muhar,A.; Taczanowska,K.
Towards an effective visitor monitoring strategy for the Tatra National Park, Poland – a management perspective
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2014 |
MMV 7 - Proceedings |
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Banjac, M., Tesanovic, D., Kalenjuk, B., Nikolic, M., Radivojevic, G.
Gastronomic offer of Gornje Podunavlje Special Nature Reserve for the purpose of authentic development of tourism
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Special Nature Reserves (SNR) represent the protected areas (PA) of intact and preserved nature. Due to their environmental value and presence of rare wild species, the protected areas are gaining mor...
Special Nature Reserves (SNR) represent the protected areas (PA) of intact and preserved nature. Due to their environmental value and presence of rare wild species, the protected areas are gaining more attention of tourists, so there is indication of upward trend in the number of visitors in these areas (McCool and Spenceley, 2014). It is anticipated that the high growth in the number of visitors will continue in the future. By visiting the protected areas, visitors have the opportunity to get acquainted not only with natural values, but also with cultural heritage that makes each destination more authentic and allows tourists take away unforgettable and synergetic experience. Regardless of the reason for the visit, the food is an integral part of tourism offer and completes the experience of the destination itself. The aim of this study is to explore the gastronomic offer in restaurants that are located in the area of the selected Special Nature Reserve in order to determine the current offer in the facilities, with an emphasis on the offer of local agricultural, food and culinary products.
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Kalenjuk, B., Timotic, D., Tesanovic, D., Gagic, S., Banjac, M.
Analysis of the state and offer of the hospitality facilities in special nature reserves in Vojvodina
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Special Nature Reserves (abbreviated - SNR) are the most valuable protected areas, in which nature is unchanged or slightly changed. These include the habitats of endangered and rare species of wild p...
Special Nature Reserves (abbreviated - SNR) are the most valuable protected areas, in which nature is unchanged or slightly changed. These include the habitats of endangered and rare species of wild plants, animals and fungi, without settlements or with rare settlements where man lives in line with nature. The establishment of the SNR is carried out in order to preserve the existing natural features, gene pool, ecological balance, monitoring of natural phenomena and processes, preservation of traditional way of life (Epler Wood, 2002, Szabados and Kicošev, 2006).
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Radivojevic, G., Tesanovic, D., Banjac, M., Tomic, N.
Nature park ‘’sargan – Mokra gora’’ as a major hot spot for promoting Serbian gastronomy
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The goal of this paper is to determine the structure of the gastronomic offer in restaurants which are located in the area of Šargan-Mokra Gora Nature Park and to investigate which national dishes ar...
The goal of this paper is to determine the structure of the gastronomic offer in restaurants which are located in the area of Šargan-Mokra Gora Nature Park and to investigate which national dishes are included in the offer and promoted as representative dishes of Serbian gastronomy. The Nature Park is located between the Tara and Zlatibor Mountains in Western Serbia. When it comes to gastronomy, what makes it unique and diverse is its favorable geographical location. This area is well known for livestock farming which is the dominant economic activity in the area. Therefore, meat and other products of animal origin, accompanied by mountain cereal and fruit represent basic ingredients used by local people for preparing meals.
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Farias-Torbidoni, E.I., Baric, D., Mas-Alos, S., Planas-Anzano, A., Montserrat-Revillo, S., Gil, G.
The influence of visitor characteristic and natural park facilities on physical activity levels. A case of study
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Recreational and sport activities in protected natural areas (PNA) have increased in recent years. Protected natural areas are not only promising means to satisfy current health-enhancing physical act...
Recreational and sport activities in protected natural areas (PNA) have increased in recent years. Protected natural areas are not only promising means to satisfy current health-enhancing physical activity (PA) recommendations, but they also are an ideal environment to promote physical activity (Bedimo-Rung et al., 2005, Mowen et al., 2012). However, few investigations have examined user characteristics and park facilities in relation to park-based PA levels or intensities. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of PNA visitors (socio-demographic data, recreational behaviour, motivations and preferences) and PNA facilities (PA areas, supporting activities, etc.) in respect to metabolic equivalent (MET) expenditure: sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous activities. The work has prominent potential to help decision makers in developing the sound policy and managerial guidance to increase understanding about the complex relationships between user physical activity level and park amenities.
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Grinfelde, I., Livina, A.
Enhancing vitality of young students by integrated experience-based outdoor education methods
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In the present study the particular case of Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences Tourism and Leisure studies (founded in 1996, Valmiera, Latvia) will be used to present the experience of integration...
In the present study the particular case of Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences Tourism and Leisure studies (founded in 1996, Valmiera, Latvia) will be used to present the experience of integration of outdoor physical activities in the study program with a focus on development of skills knowledge and reduction of institutional barriers for physical activities. Despite the fact that a good physical condition is not only a personal issue, but also a professional precondition in case of tourism, the research of Grinberga (2016) reveals that 70% of students identify their lifestyle as sedentary and inactive (11% with 0 activity), 45% of respondents said that they do some outdoor activities because of the added value of natural surroundings. The most common problems related to physical inactivity that students mentioned is back pain, decrease of physical fitness, (difficulty to move, muscle weakness etc.), also weight gain, poor immunity and sickness, pain in the neck, apathy. In their comments about the reasons for inactivity students mention lack of time due to the intensive lecture schedule which could be interpreted as an organizational barrier.
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Shimojima, H., Shimad, S., Irie, M., Aso, M.
The environmental impact of mountaineering in the Mt. Everest region
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Sixty years have passed since the Mount Everest was first conquered. The popularity of its scaling and the rapidly growing tourism in the Nepal Himalayas after 1970 are noticeably affecting natural, s...
Sixty years have passed since the Mount Everest was first conquered. The popularity of its scaling and the rapidly growing tourism in the Nepal Himalayas after 1970 are noticeably affecting natural, social, and cultural environments in the vicinity. This in turn, is creating serious environmental problems at the Everest Base Camp (5,300 m above mean sea level), the entry point for climbing the Mt. Everest. In this study, our research objective was to elucidate the relationship between mountaineering activities and associated environmental changes by applying GIS and remote sensing, so that further degradation of present environmental conditions could be stopped.
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Tyrvainen, L., Neuvonen, M., Silvennoinen, H.
Contribution of nature areas to residents’ health in urban and suburban areas in Helsinki, Finland
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Urban and suburban greenspaces are increasingly acknowledged to provide an essential resource for residents’ mental and physical well-being and can be influential during both leisure time and commu...
Urban and suburban greenspaces are increasingly acknowledged to provide an essential resource for residents’ mental and physical well-being and can be influential during both leisure time and commuting. In many cities, however, land-use pressures leading to intensifying land use and compact city structure fail in taking into account the potential of nature areas to enhancing health and well-being of residents. Although Finnish cities are still fairly green compared to the European average, heavy pressures are placed on the green spaces of the largest growth centers, in particular in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Key information serving urban planning in this context include what kind of green infrastructure within and around cities supports health and wellbeing of different types of residents and how the use of these areas can be promoted among various user groups.
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Bjelajac, D., Lukic, T., Micic, T., Miljkovic, Dj., Sakulski, D.
Rainfall erosivity as an indicator of potential threat to erosion vulnerability in protected areas of Vojvodina (North Serbia)
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Soil erosion is one of the main environmental problems in Southeastern Europe. The major climatic variable affecting water erosion is precipitation. In order to illustrate the role of rainfall erosivi...
Soil erosion is one of the main environmental problems in Southeastern Europe. The major climatic variable affecting water erosion is precipitation. In order to illustrate the role of rainfall erosivity, it is necessary to examine the changes in the amount of precipitation over a certain period of time. Recent studies indicate that climate variabilityon global basis will affect the changes in precipitation in Southeastern Europe. Sinceclimate change is an inevitable natural process, it is necessary to make certain predictions based on analysis of all available rainfalldata in order to protect potentially endangered ecosystems and important areas of distinct natural values.Erosion and precipitation distribution are important elements concerning the implications of climate variability in the Panonnian basin. Vojvodina (North Serbia) is a region located in its eastern part. It is widely known as an important regionwhich consists of a great number of protected bio and geo-diversity areas. Therefore, it is very important to draw attention to the above mentioned areas vulnerabletopluvial erosion in order to create and implement adequate preventive and mitigation measures (Lukic et al., 2016).
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Matsubara, L.Y., Magro, T.C.
Potential of dispersal seeds by endozoochory of Urochloa decumbens seed and Melinis minutiflora by riding animals
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The use of horse riding in natural areas has caused great concern due to social and environmental impacts. One of the problems that has been investigated in some countries is the relationship between ...
The use of horse riding in natural areas has caused great concern due to social and environmental impacts. One of the problems that has been investigated in some countries is the relationship between the use of riding animals and the presence of exotic plants.This kind of study is very important, once invasive species are the second cause of biological diversity loss. Herbivores are able to disperse a wide variety of species through their feces (JANZEN 1984, Vellend et al 2003). However little is known whether these seeds will be able to grow and settle in places. It is estimated that only a small portion of seeds present in the feces of horses will be established. Therefore, this study aims to verify if seeds of Urochloadecumbens and Melinisminutiflora, after being eaten and defecated by horses, have the ability to germinate, grow and bear fruit in ideal conditions.
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Rathmann, J., Sacher, P., Mayer, M., Job, J.
Trade-offs between the forest ecosystem services biodiversity and recreation: Perception and assessment of deadwood by outdoor recreationists and the general public in Bavaria (SE Germany)
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The present study is part ofthisproject and analyzes theinfluence of deadwood oncultural ecosystem services and their trade-offs like tourismand outdoor-recreation, but also on spiritual and emotional...
The present study is part ofthisproject and analyzes theinfluence of deadwood oncultural ecosystem services and their trade-offs like tourismand outdoor-recreation, but also on spiritual and emotional relations of respondents to forests as part of their place attachment and personal identity. Despite some progress in recent years this nexus has not been explored in detail and not with a multiple method research design combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Thus, this study analyzes the impact of different amounts and arrangements of deadwood in specific forest sites on the visual preference of forest recreationists and tourists according to previous studies in that field (Edwards et al. 2012).Main goal of the research project is the assessment of the perception and valuation of forest ecosystem services by visitors, the public and other stakeholders that are related to forest management. Based on the results we seek to recommend location specific forest development options.
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Markovic, I., Sever, I., Pejnovic, D.
Impact factors on protected areas and management policies on a global scale
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The issue of sustainability of protected areas has been, up to twenty years ago, on the margins of scientific research due to common perception that the protected natural areas are sustainable by thei...
The issue of sustainability of protected areas has been, up to twenty years ago, on the margins of scientific research due to common perception that the protected natural areas are sustainable by their very existence. Tourism in general, including tourism in protected areas, which often has a prefix eco, inevitably changes and disturbs state of the environment by its existence in a certain area. The main impact of tourism is created by attracting tourists and their concentration on specific particularly attractive area, which brings consequences that signify the usual environmental pressures, such as: waste, wastewater, traffic and others (Growcock, Pickering, 2011). Infrastructure required for tourist activity irreversibly alters the natural, and social environments. Contact with tourism affects the way of life of the local population, socio-cultural identity and brings new structure of the local economy, which substituted the traditional activities. Accordingly, the question arises is tourism in the protected areas possibility or a challenge, at a time when modern trends of world tourism indicate growing interest in protected areas, which not only favours the development of a relatively undeveloped areas, but also generate considerable economic benefits (Dowling et al., 2013). Therefore, this paper examines the issues of sustainable development and management policies on the example of selected natural areas in the world.
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Klanjscek, T., Klanjscek, J., Gecek, S., Caric, H., Legovic, T.
Quantifying effects of tourist activities on the environment, tourists, and park services in nature protected areas
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Here we present such a framework based on the DPSIR (Driving forces-Pressures-State-Impact-Response) causal framework. DPSIR has been used to assess environmental impact of human activities by the Eur...
Here we present such a framework based on the DPSIR (Driving forces-Pressures-State-Impact-Response) causal framework. DPSIR has been used to assess environmental impact of human activities by the European Environment Agency (EEA 1999, EEA 2014), United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP 1997, UNEP 2012), and - more recently - to environmental impact of visitors in PAs (Navarro et al. 2012, Salerno 2013). However, the focus of DPSIR is on the state of the environment and impact on humans, while other important factors such as impact on the visitor satisfaction, and park services, are not included in the analysis. Our framework treats tourist activities as the driving forces, and connects the causal chain of Activities – Pressures – State – Impact – Response and Services (APSIRS, Figure). Unlike prior frameworks, we interpret the state as the state of all entities in the NPA, not just the environment. The entities are composed of four types of objects: people, cultural heritage, NPA services, and the environment. The state of the objects is quantified by indicators compatible with EU regulations and conducive to valuation of ecosystem services (ES), and can be evaluated subjectively (e.g. through opinion polls) or objectively (e.g. through sensors).
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Gecek, S., Klanjscek, J., Marn, N., Legovic, T., Klanjscek, T.
Estimating benefits of nature conservation: ecosystem service valuation in Krka National Park (Croatia)
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In this study, we estimate the benefits of ES in Krka National Park (Croatia) - to the local population and to the Park visitors. We develop new methodology to estimate indirect monetary benefits of n...
In this study, we estimate the benefits of ES in Krka National Park (Croatia) - to the local population and to the Park visitors. We develop new methodology to estimate indirect monetary benefits of nature-based tourism to local population (i.e. local economy), and non-monetary benefits of nature-based tourism to Park visitors. Additionally, using existing approaches (CICES), we estimate monetary benefits of provisional and regulating ecosystem services (ES), and direct monetary benefits of nature-based tourism (cultural ES).
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Rechcinski, M., Strzelecka, M., Grodzinska-Jurczak, M.
Does Natura 2000 Always Mean Ecotourism Potential? Application of PP GIS to the Perception Study of the Tourist Stakeholders’ Values at the Local Scale of Natura 2000 Municipalities
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Natura 2000 has been established as the world largest network of protected areas to halt biodiversity loss in Europe, mainly by promoting sustainable use of semi-natural ecosystems. However, in many c...
Natura 2000 has been established as the world largest network of protected areas to halt biodiversity loss in Europe, mainly by promoting sustainable use of semi-natural ecosystems. However, in many cases,the implementation of sustainability goals has beenlimited to its environmental dimension. This is evident especially in Central and Eastern Europe where residents reported significant social and economic costsof Natura 2000 (ref. Grodzinska-Jurczak, Cent 2011). Nature conservation authorities and some NGOs often proposeecotourism to respond to the residents’ concerns about negative local-scale economic impact of the Natura 2000 program. However, it can be misleading since an ecotourism potential is not solely created byenvironmental assets concentrated in Natura 2000 sites. Thus, inthis study, we focus more closely on social aspectsof ecotourismand provide insight into 1) community values towards nature, 2) stakeholders’ attitudes towards ecotourist path of development and 3) local environmental knowledge of the stakeholders. We arguethat only after learning these aspects and gaining an active support of wide array of stakeholders’ towards the ecotourist initiatives, the process can trulyaddress local-scale social and economic needswhile contributing to nature conservation (ref. Western, Wright 1994).
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Blye, C.-J., Halpenny, E.
Do Canadian’s Leave No Trace? A study examining the pro-environmental behaviours of front-country and back-country overnight park visitors
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Inherent in the term outdoor recreation is the interaction between humans and the natural environment. However, this interaction creates inevitable impacts on the natural environment, such as soil com...
Inherent in the term outdoor recreation is the interaction between humans and the natural environment. However, this interaction creates inevitable impacts on the natural environment, such as soil compaction and habitat fragmentation(Hammitt, Cole, & Monz, 2015). Some research has been done to investigate how back-country (BC) overnight visitors mitigate these negative impacts through low-impact camping practices, however little has been done on the millions of front-country (FC) overnight visitors. The purpose of this study was to understand the level of engagement in pro-environmental behviours of Canadian provincial parks users and compare those practices of FC and BC overnight visitors. Park visitors’ knowledge of, intent to engage in and actual practice of Leave No Trace (LNT) practices were measured. Guided by value beliefs norm theory and the theory of planned behavior, additional factors that influence these visitors’ engagement in pro-environmental practice were also measured(Ajzen, 1991, Stern, Dietz, Abel, Guagnano, & Kalof, 1999).
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Dalley, J.
Tranquility mapping: A tool for the equitable allocation of soundscapes in protected areas
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
It is well recognised that advanced industrialised societies have become progressively ‘noisy’ over time. This has led to the health and wellbeing benefits of tranquil spaces becoming increasingly...
It is well recognised that advanced industrialised societies have become progressively ‘noisy’ over time. This has led to the health and wellbeing benefits of tranquil spaces becoming increasingly recognised - and valued - around the world. Indeed, the search for tranquil environments is often the chief reason people give for escaping urban settings for ‘natural’ environments. Tranquillity in natural environments is a combination of both ‘natural’ landscapes - and ‘natural’ soundscapes. The preservation and conservation of natural environments therefore requires the management of not just natural landscapes and ecosystems, but also their associated soundscapes. Natural soundscapes are finite: at any place and time the soundscape is 100% ‘natural’ unless affected by ‘unnatural’ human-caused sounds. Therefore, the primary challenge to preserving and conserving natural soundscapes in protected areas is the management of unwanted human-caused sound - or ‘anthropogenic noise’.
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Yamamoto, K., Saka, T.
Monitoring visitor use and awareness in Sanriku Reconstruction National Park: Towards eco-based disaster risk reduction
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
On Friday at 2:46 pm Japan standard time, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred at the level of the Japan Trench, approximately 130 km east of Sendai. The sea floor was lifted up, causing a major tsunam...
On Friday at 2:46 pm Japan standard time, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred at the level of the Japan Trench, approximately 130 km east of Sendai. The sea floor was lifted up, causing a major tsunami that inundated 516 km2 of the eastern coastline of Japan. Together, the earthquake and tsunami resulted in around 16,000 deaths and approximately 2,600 missing people (Renaud and Murti (eds.) 2013, Japan National Police Agency 2016). In order to support the revitalization of the Sanriku area, the Sanriku Reconstruction National Park was created after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. However, large construction projects provoked adverse reactions in the tsunami-hit areas. For example, a giant conveyor belt is bringing mud to raise the ground level in Rikuzentakata City and some researchers have pointed out resulting negative effects on the ecosystem. In the case of Sri Lanka, dumping of debris from the cleanup into waterways and wetlands created pollution and drainage problems that hampered long-term recovery after the Indian Ocean tsunami (Sudmeier-Rieux and Ash 2009). These kinds of negative impacts have occurred in the aftermath of disasters and it is very important to pay close attention to the post-disaster recovery period and also to address how to strengthen the function of protected areas in eco-based disaster risk reduction. In addition to this viewpoint, this research focuses on visitor use, including visitor consciousness that can offer information on the value of a national park. Not only visitor use but also the consciousness of visitors, such as interest in disaster risk reduction and expected countermeasures, are thought to change gradually after a disaster but very little research has focused on such types of changes in psychological states.
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Wyttenbach, M., Graf, R.F., Sigrist, B., Karlen, B., Rupf, R.
Mountain biking and wildlife – disturbance experiments with roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Switzerland
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In addition to being the main habitat of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), forests provide diverse and outstanding settings for recreational activities such as hiking, horse riding and mountain...
In addition to being the main habitat of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), forests provide diverse and outstanding settings for recreational activities such as hiking, horse riding and mountain biking (Jacsman, 1990). The effects of new patterns of recreational use such as night rides with bright floodlights are hotly discussed topics associated with the management of recreational forests. Animal ecology so far has mainly focused on spatio-temporal behaviour of individuals in undisturbed remote areas, while research on human behaviour mainly focused on visitor conflicts in highly frequented recreational forests (Arnberger, 2006). Therefore, our knowledge about the effects of new recreational activities on wildlife is currently insufficient. We studied the effects of mountain biking events on the immediate spatio-temporal reaction and subsequent habitat use of roe deer. Furthermore, we compared the effect of on-trail mountain bike events with other disturbance events that occurred off-trail such as hunting, orienteering and on site observations.
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Mameno, K., Shoji, Y., Kubo, T., Aikoh, T., Tsuge, T.
Estimating preferences for pricing policies in Japanese national parks using best-worst scaling
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The purpose of this study is to understand preferences of the general Japanese public for pricing policies in the national park system applying the best-worst scaling (BWS) approach. One remarkable fe...
The purpose of this study is to understand preferences of the general Japanese public for pricing policies in the national park system applying the best-worst scaling (BWS) approach. One remarkable feature of Japanese national parks is that the most of costs for park services have traditionally financed not by visitors but by general taxpayers. Recently, however, the Japanese government has faced a serious financial shortage, each national park faces revenue shortfalls. In the near future, we need some fundamental changes in Japanese parks system on pricing policies. We have to know general Japanese citizens’ preferences for them.
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Thapa, K.
Assessing economic impact of national park visitation in Nepal
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has categorized Protected Areas into six categories depending on management objectives. National park (IUCN category II) is the large natural or n...
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has categorized Protected Areas into six categories depending on management objectives. National park (IUCN category II) is the large natural or near-natural areas protecting large-scale ecological processes with characteristic species and ecosystems, which also have environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities (Dudley, 2008). Thus, national park provides opportunities for recreation and tourism besides conservation of biodiversity and ecological processes. . Tourism and Recreation which forms part of the cultural ecosystem services provide benefits to local, regional and international community in the form of nature visit, wilderness experience and economic contribution.
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Visintin, F., Marangon, F., Spoto, M.
Accounting the value4money of Marine Protected Areas
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Protected Areas (PAs) both terrestrial and marine are financed by public funds. Since the last 2014 the Italian Ministry of the Environment is asking Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to report the public...
Protected Areas (PAs) both terrestrial and marine are financed by public funds. Since the last 2014 the Italian Ministry of the Environment is asking Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to report the public resource management and especially to assess the worth produced by MPAs at the local level. For this purpose, starting from the economic accounting, environmental benefits and costs have been valuated and integrated building the Protected Area environmental accounting model. The model approach complies with the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 (EU, 2011) and the Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Services Initiative (EU, 2014) carried out at European level aiming to promote the integration of environmental benefits into accounting and reporting systems at EU and national level. The research on which this paper reports illustrates the model highlighting what and how much value the MPAs are able to create from the money allocated by government and funding bodies. In the Methodology section, the method is outlined and the environmental accounting model is given. In the following section the results are described. The last section provides an analysis of the results and draws the conclusions.
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Began, M., Visnic, T., Bozic, S., Vasiljevic, Dj.
Degradation of in situ geosites caused by anthropogenic factors – analysis of tourists’ attitudes
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Geological diversity values are extremely vast, but are also most reasons for its degradation. Only at the beginning of the XXI century, with the popularization of science, the role of geological heri...
Geological diversity values are extremely vast, but are also most reasons for its degradation. Only at the beginning of the XXI century, with the popularization of science, the role of geological heritage started to be accepted and the need for its protection recognized in developing countries, such as Serbia. However, the papers available are mainly engaged with the essence of geoconservation and its basic steps: geosites inventory, examining their values and threats and suggesting the best solution or geoconservation method, etc. The authors returned to revise the part that concerns the study of the very threatening factors. Threatening factors can be divided into those arising from natural processes and those arising from anthropogenic activities - more numerous, but weaker.
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Melichar, J., Braun Kohlova, M., Kaprova, K.
Optimal pricing of recreation in the Czech protected areas
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
With growing number of visitors in wilderness areas, the burden on touristic infrastructure increases together with the nature protection expenses. The management of protected areas is not able to ful...
With growing number of visitors in wilderness areas, the burden on touristic infrastructure increases together with the nature protection expenses. The management of protected areas is not able to fully cover these costs and their economy is partially or completely dependent on state subsidies. The pricing of recreation is one of the options how to manage the number of visitors entering the protected area, and how to enhance the budgetary self-sufficiency of the protected areas. The contribution presents the model of the optimal entrance fees and potential revenues for the system of landscape protected areas and national parks in the Czech Republic. The model was transformed into a parametrized software tool available to the managements of Czech protected areas.
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Tomic, N.
Exploring the potential for geotourism development in the Danube region of Serbia
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The Danube region in Serbia is home to numerous geological and geomorphological features as well as paleonthological remains of mammoths and other animals that testify to the long and vivid history of...
The Danube region in Serbia is home to numerous geological and geomorphological features as well as paleonthological remains of mammoths and other animals that testify to the long and vivid history of this area. Parts of the Middle and Lower Danube in Serbia contain most of the rich natural and cultural (mainly archaeological) heritage dating back to prehistoric times as well as the remains from the Roman and Medieval period. Throughout history, it has been a place where different cultures and civilizations have flourished over a long period of time. All of these paleontological and prehistoric remains of mammoths and early man as well as numerous later civilizations and their achievements are simply woven in this space which has been continously inhabited for nearly a million years.
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Miljkovic, Lj., Miljkovic, Dj., Lukic, T., Bozic, S., Stojstavljevic, R., Bjelajac, D., Micic, T.
Protected natural areas and geoheritage of Homolje – an overview
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Homolje is one of the most outstanding geomorphological areas of Eastern Serbia, surrounded by Beljanica Mountain on the South, Homoljske Mountains on the North, Black summit on the East and Gornjacke...
Homolje is one of the most outstanding geomorphological areas of Eastern Serbia, surrounded by Beljanica Mountain on the South, Homoljske Mountains on the North, Black summit on the East and Gornjacke Mountains on the West. According to Spatial plan of the Republic of Serbia, Homolje represents an area of protected natural values with specific geo and biodiversity of national importance. The Central Registry of protected natural assets of Homolje encompasses the following natural assets: The Spring of Zagubica (The Mlava Spring), Homolje intermittent (rhythmic) spring, The Krupaj Spring, Uvala Busovata, The Osanicka River Gorge and The Samar Karst Bridge.
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Siljkovic, Z., Musa, S.
Papuk Geopark and the tourism activity
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Papuk Geopark can be described as an area with distinct natural and socio-economic features giving it its unique characteristics. Its vertical stratification is composed of parts of the lithosphere, h...
Papuk Geopark can be described as an area with distinct natural and socio-economic features giving it its unique characteristics. Its vertical stratification is composed of parts of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere and definitely social sphere. Consequently, geographical space differs from the biosphere since biosphere is only its integral part and the features created by human activity are incorporated within it. Taking in regard geospatial characteristics, both its features and functions one may conclude geological diversity is a unique system, distinct in its content and functionality, recognizable as a definite location. It reflects the state of the environment as the location where all living beings reside and are conditioned by the geospatial diversity. Geodiversity does not relate only to geographic physical features.
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Vrsaljko, A., Troselj, I., Markovic, N.
Landscape Diversity of the National Park Paklenica as Paradigm of Tourism Development
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Paklenica National Park was established in 1949. The Park territory forms a part of Dinaric karst, one of the most impressive karst units in the world, marked by distinctive geological, geomorphologic...
Paklenica National Park was established in 1949. The Park territory forms a part of Dinaric karst, one of the most impressive karst units in the world, marked by distinctive geological, geomorphological and hydrological features. The tourist offer of the National Park is extraordinarily interesting to foreign visitors, the number of whom is, according to the research included in this final paper, 77%. The types of tourism such as adventure ecotourism, wildlife tourism and nature based tourism are well implemented in the Park. For that reason, this paper dealt with the visitors’/tourists’ perceptions on valorisation of the landscape particularities as the paradigms of the development of specific types of tourism.
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Musa, S., Misilo, M., Siljkovic, Z.
Geodiversity as a fundamental determinant in distinguishing geoparks in Southeast Europe
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The problem of defining geodiversity in the broader area of South-eastern Europe seems to result in the unwillingness of their getting proclaimed and nominated into the European network. The question ...
The problem of defining geodiversity in the broader area of South-eastern Europe seems to result in the unwillingness of their getting proclaimed and nominated into the European network. The question of evaluation and general research of geo-diversity and seclusion of Geoparks in SE Europe is burdened with many problems. Among the first is a problem of lack of recognition of the importance of the same. Although the question of Geoparks is "typical geographical" (as regards space as a subject of study in geography) it is just ignored by geographers. Some of the most important reasons for this situation in the field of research of geological diversity and seclusion of Geoparks are: different approaches to the concept of geo-diversity (narrower and a broader approach to defining), partly the failure to recognize the meaning of seclusion and protection of the most valuable parts of geological diversity (geoheritage) and political and administrative problems, which in some countries of South Eastern Europe are very pronounced, etc.
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Zega, M., Grmovsek, A.
Protecting & Evaluating Geoheritagein Slovenia – Today’s Issues & Challenges
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Although Slovenia is a small country, it boasts with well-preserved diversity in natural and cultural resources.Many merits go to the first conscious and forward-looking individuals, which at the end ...
Although Slovenia is a small country, it boasts with well-preserved diversity in natural and cultural resources.Many merits go to the first conscious and forward-looking individuals, which at the end of 19th century came up with theideaof protecting the worthiest parts of nature, one example isThe proposition for protection of the Triglav lakes valley, handed by A. Belar in 1908 to Austro-Hungarian government. Today, the worthiest parts of nature on the territory of Slovenia are protected under the Nature Conservation Act (NCA)and other accompanying regulations.NCA acknowledges two pillars of nature conservation: (1) natural valuable features protection preservation,and (2) biodiversity. Preservation of biodiversity is mostly provided through Natura 2000network and analogous approaches, while protection of natural valuable features covers the entire natural heritage in Slovenia. In nature these represent: palaeontological sites, karstic and glacier phenomena, waterfalls, lakes, forests, botanic parks… By the NCA they are sorted indifferent categories: geological, geomorphological, hydrological, dendrological, zoological, botanical, ecosystemic, designed and valuable landscape, minerals and fossils.
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Hose, T.A.
Re Cycling and Geotourism: an adventure approach to appreciating physical landscapes
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Europe’s present-day rich legacy of geological material in museums, universities, archives and libraries – its cultural geoheritage – is a consequence of its citizens’ 400 years of geological ...
Europe’s present-day rich legacy of geological material in museums, universities, archives and libraries – its cultural geoheritage – is a consequence of its citizens’ 400 years of geological inquiry (Hose 2016a). Its recognised geosites and geomorphosites and their associated landforms, rocks, minerals and fossils (or geodiversity) – its natural geoheritage – populate both the historic and modern geological literature (Hose 2016b). The recognition that many of the literatures’ geosites and geomorphosites, and from which the specimens in the collections had been gathered, were lost, degraded or were no longer accessible led, from the mid-20th century, to the development of geoconservation measures to protect what was left (Hose 2008). Further, the recognition geology in general and geoconservation in particular were poorly regarded and understood by the public geologists and others, from the late 20th century, developed geotourism provision (Hose 2011, 2012), latterly with an emphasis on geoparks, indeed, it has been recognised that ‘In today’s economically stretched climate, tourists are a valuable source of local income. The encouragement of the tourist industry to include geodiversity within its remit is therefore high…’ (Burek 2012, 45). Whilst traditionally tourism provision has focussed on mass market provision there has been a growing interest in developing niche tourism (Novelli 2005) which can encompass geotourism (Hose 2005) and adventure tourism (Shephard & Evans 2005).
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Djercan, B., Brankovic, D., Bubalo-Zivkovic, M., Lukic, T.
Special Nature Reserve Obedska Bara: Good Example of Organization of Teaching in the Field
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The aim of this paper is to show how educational excursions can and should be implemented in education of primary school children. The paper shows detailed preparation of educational excursion for eig...
The aim of this paper is to show how educational excursions can and should be implemented in education of primary school children. The paper shows detailed preparation of educational excursion for eighth grade, and also describes possible implementation of one-day excursion for fifth grade (Collection of plants for school herbarium) and sixth grade (Making school collection of insects). Special Nature Reserve (SNR) “Obedska bara” was used as a teaching facility. Special Nature Reserve “Obedska bara” is located in the southern part of Srem, near the Sava River, at altitude between 71 and 82 m. The total area of the reserve with the highest level of protection is 9820.0 ha. Obedska bara is bounded by the Sava River in the south, while in the north it stretches across southern outskirts of rural areas of the villages of Grabovci, Obrez and Kupinovo. It is located in the municipality of Pecinci, 45 km away from Belgrade and 35 km from the international airport “Nikola Tesla”. It is 20 km away from regional road Ruma - Šabac, 30 km from Šabac, while 70 km from Novi Sad. Special Nature Reserve in contrast to the narrower space of Obedska bara covers significantly greater area of 16,133.43 ha.
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Lukic, T., Djercan, B., Bubalo Zivkovic, M., Penjisevic, I., Lalic, M.
Outdoor education in protected areas from viewpoint of geographic education
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Emel (2015) said that outdoor education helps one to develop environmental awareness, attitude, knowledge, time management, social relationship, success motivation, emotion control of people etc. Flet...
Emel (2015) said that outdoor education helps one to develop environmental awareness, attitude, knowledge, time management, social relationship, success motivation, emotion control of people etc. Fletcher (2015) further explored the role of ecotourism in the neoliberalisation of environmental education. Ewert & Sibthorp (2014) identified two branches of outdoor education: environmental education and adventure education. According to them, outdoor adventure education is a variety of teaching and learning activities and experiences that usually involve a close interaction with an outdoor natural setting and contain elements of real and perceived danger or risk in which the outcome, although uncertain, can be influenced by the action of participants and circumstances. Ting & Siew (2014) found that students develop better in their critical thinking skills and science process skills after undergoing an environment-based education. Probably, Gilbertson (2006) did the most complex study of outdoor education (Figure). Outdoor education is irreplaceable method in geographic explorations, but papers which deal with mentioned topic are rare. This research will try to put in focus outdoor education in protected areas from geographic point of view.
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Bussolotti, J.M., De Lima Guimaraes, S.T., De Jesus Robim, M.
Perception, interpretation and valuation of multifunctional landscapes of protected areas: a contribution to visitor management
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The work presented was discussion of the thesis entitled “ Building indicators for the landscape of the State Park of Serra do Mar: Santa Virginia.” The Park covers the northern portion of the Atl...
The work presented was discussion of the thesis entitled “ Building indicators for the landscape of the State Park of Serra do Mar: Santa Virginia.” The Park covers the northern portion of the Atlantic Forest of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, considered the owner of a valuable biological and cultural wealth. The conceptual bases used in the research were the Landscape Ecology and the phenomenological perspective of humanistic geography, basing the analysis of lived space and the lived world and the concept of multifunction Naveh landscape, taking into account the implicit values in the three areas of functions the landscape of this protected area: the bioecological, the socio-ecological- cultural and socioeconomic. It was established as main objective to create parameters for environmental valuation indicators in protected areas from the perceptions of those who experience it.
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De Souza Pimentel, D., Meireles, C.P., Maia, S., Barcellos, M.M.
Interpretative trails to enable an environmental education process in a Brazilian park
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In the Brazilian parks’ institutional field, EE is an integrating axis of the public use, as it is a planned activity for all the categories established by the National System of Conservation Unitie...
In the Brazilian parks’ institutional field, EE is an integrating axis of the public use, as it is a planned activity for all the categories established by the National System of Conservation Unities’ law (SNUC), that regulate this kind of protected area in Brazil. Considering the process of parks’ institutionalization and the consequent recognition of its importance for society, EE could enable a closer relationship among managers, adjacent communities and visitors (Pimentel and Magro, 2012). The Environmental Interpretation (EI) is based on practical experience of natural areas’ visiting, to inform, to raise awareness, to educate and to encourage the ability of observation and reflection about the relations of people with nature (Tilden, 1977). This can provide a structure for carrying out educational activities and contribute to the promotion of social mobilization in support of environmental conservation. Thus, the EI is an enabling tool for Environmental Education, both generating positive impacts related to public use in parks (Cole, 2012). So, Interpretative Trails (IT) should stimulate new perceptions about nature based on a critical stance to allow this new environmental awareness. The objective of this paper is to present the development of two Interpretative Trails for Environmental Education in the Serra da Tiririca State Park (RJ – Brazil).
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Stokowski, P.A., Derrien, M.M.
Environmental Interpretation and Forests: Perspectives of Managers and Agencies
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Beyond their ecological and commodity functions, forests are naturalsettings of scenic beauty, recreational activity and symbolic meaning. Peoples’ attachments to forest settings and landscapes are ...
Beyond their ecological and commodity functions, forests are naturalsettings of scenic beauty, recreational activity and symbolic meaning. Peoples’ attachments to forest settings and landscapes are fostered– discursively, and experientially – by resource management agencies, communities, non-profit organizations, business entrepreneurs, and others.Within these contexts, the services of environmental interpretation have been used to enhance personal and collective experiences of forest places. Environmental interpretation is a termthat refers to avariety of mediated and personal communicative servicesprovided by resource managers to “reveal meanings and relationships of our natural and cultural heritage to various publics” (Tilden 1977). Agencies offer interpretation services and programs to educate and entertain visitors, accomplish management goals, and promote positive images. More than just information presentation or educational techniques, environmental interpretation personalizes meaning using stories, revelation, provocation, examples, imagery, and other linguistic and visual devices. Interpretive presentations are found in brochures, museum exhibits, guided and self-guided tours, on-site signage, and other personal and mediated communications.
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Stojanovic, V., Pavic, D.
Educational and interpretative value of tourism offer as a prerequisite of sustainable tourism in protected areas in Vojvodina
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Tourism occupies an important positionwithin economic and development plans of both the government of the Republic of Serbia and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, which is reflected in numerous de...
Tourism occupies an important positionwithin economic and development plans of both the government of the Republic of Serbia and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, which is reflected in numerous development strategies for this economic sector. Important segment of tourism offer refers to protected areas and ecotourism. There are 121 protectedareas (national parks, special nature reserves, nature parks, landscape of outstanding features, nature monuments...) on the territory of Vojvodina.Protected areas cover 5.96% of the total area of Vojvodina. 25 protected areas out of the total of 121 have the potential of creating a tourism destination or an ecotourism site (Stojanovic et al, 2011). The potential is represented through the variety of natural conditions in Vojvodina ranging from geological heritage, relief, to versatile flora and fauna. Tourism and ecotourism in protected areas are frequently discussed as an important topic with regard to their protection and total social and economic development.
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Putica, J., Perutina, I.
Potentials for Development of Rural Tourism in Blidinje Nature Park
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
This paper investigates the possibilities of development of rural tourism in Blidinje Nature Park, as well as existing tourist offer. Significance of tourism reflects itself in the interaction of agri...
This paper investigates the possibilities of development of rural tourism in Blidinje Nature Park, as well as existing tourist offer. Significance of tourism reflects itself in the interaction of agricultural production, production of traditional products, presentation of tradition, gastronomy and touristic services – using existing resources of rural area as its constituent part. Thus, revitalisation of the existing traditional facilities, natural and cultural goods with new touristic purposes is very important. The aim of this research is to analyse the offer and to gain insight into the current condition of tourism potentials in the rural area of the park primarily with an aim of providing specific suggestions for development of existing resources, and of creating new products for improvement of touristic offer. The research methodology is based on the survey that was conducted in the period from September 2015 to April 2016. Survey was conducted on a sample of 200 visitors, and to explore whether we surveyed reliable and service providers in rural tourism.
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Kopek, A., Jozsa, E.
Ecotourism in Balaton Uplands National Park
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Balaton Uplands National Park, founded in 1997 on 57 000 hectars, is a diverse, mosaic-like array of habitats, consisting of 6 adjoining previous landscape protection areas. Due to the diversity of ge...
Balaton Uplands National Park, founded in 1997 on 57 000 hectars, is a diverse, mosaic-like array of habitats, consisting of 6 adjoining previous landscape protection areas. Due to the diversity of geological and geomorphological features and the local climate, wildlife and landscape are exceptionally appealing to tourists and researchers alike. The national park stretches along the north shore of Lake Balaton, which is the largest shallow-water lake in Central Europe, encompassed by hills, grasslands, lovely villages, vineyards. The once active, huge volcanic field of Balaton Uplands is a wonderland of unique geological heritage. The natural treasures of the Tihany Peninsula – part of the national park – were acknowledged by the European Diploma granted by the Council of Europe in 2003. Lake Balaton is the second most popular tourism destination in Hungary, with only the capital Budapest surpassing it. Regarding domestic tourism it is the most visited region in the country. The lake and the natural wonders of the national park enhance each other’s attractiveness, thereby raising the touristic value of the region. The operational area of the Balaton Uplands National Park Directorate includes the national park and several other protected areas as well (3 landscape protection areas, 27 nature conservation areas and numerous ex lege protected objects, e.g. caves). The Bakony–Balaton Geopark – managed also by the Directorate – is member of the European and of the Global Geoparks Network, assisted by UNESCO. The key tasks of the national park directorate are to protect and interpret the natural values.
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Emphandhu, D.
Visitor Management forResource Conservation in Community-based Ecotourism,Thailand
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
KohPitakin Thailand is a small island located near Mu KohChomphon National park. Most are local fisheries.In 1992, marine resources were in crisis. The commercial fishing boats over-fished in the area...
KohPitakin Thailand is a small island located near Mu KohChomphon National park. Most are local fisheries.In 1992, marine resources were in crisis. The commercial fishing boats over-fished in the area close to Koh Pitak. The local people at KohPitakfinally announced conservation measures to protect marine resources and introduced community-based ecotourism (CBET) to motivate community members in resource conservation. Ecotourism at KohPitakhas become very popular that many visitors came to visit Koh Pitak, but limited resourcesand poor management has gradually created tourism impact.This paper aimed to examine how local community has applied visitor management as a tool for resource conservation and managing tourism impact.
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Zega, M., Dakskobler, P.
MTB Soca Outdoor (Slovenia) – A good case scenario
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The interest in extreme or adventurous sports has grown rapidly in the last decade. Activities such as skydiving, paragliding, zip lining, canyoning, swinging bungie etc. are experiencing a burst out ...
The interest in extreme or adventurous sports has grown rapidly in the last decade. Activities such as skydiving, paragliding, zip lining, canyoning, swinging bungie etc. are experiencing a burst out in number of enthusiasts and challenge audacity. A huge progress has been made also in the corresponding technical equipment. Among mentionedadventuroussports, perhaps the most popularis mountain biking. Since most of these activities happen outdoor, preferably in nature or even better in preserved and remote corners of nature, they inevitably have a significant impact on other usersand inhabitants within these places, e.g. animals and their habitats, hikers, farmers, villagers, foresters, land owners, nature conservationists etc., who have been sharing the placemore or less reconciled with each other since a long time. Now, this new presence has become an everyday reality andit brings a conflict between ‘old and new users’, which cannot be ignored. Therefore, these activitiesneed to be properly integrated into thenatural environment and into the legal system, whichis easy to say, but much more demanding to accomplish.
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Kangas, K., Tolvanen, A., Juutinen, A
Nature-based tourism, protected areas and mining in Finnish Lapland
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Tourism is growing industry and an important livelihood in northern Finland (Lapin matkailustrategia 2015 - 2018). Simultaneously, nature has an essential role in tourism.Many tourism resorts are loca...
Tourism is growing industry and an important livelihood in northern Finland (Lapin matkailustrategia 2015 - 2018). Simultaneously, nature has an essential role in tourism.Many tourism resorts are located very close to protected areas and tourism in protected areas play an important role in the local economy (Huhtala 2007, Lapin matkailustrategia 2015 - 2018). While tourism has increased, the role of traditional livelihoods, like forestry and agriculture has decreased (Saarinen 2003, 2005). Simultaneously with tourism growth the metal mining industry and mineral exploration activities have increased notably in Finland(Kivinen et al. 2014). Although the growing mining industryhas potential to bring positive socio-economicdevelopment in northern peripheral areas, the ungovernable growth of mining may adversely affect tourism and nature protection, and have raised some concerns among local people. As competing land use interests related to mining, tourism, forestry and environmental protection are likely to increase in the future,there is a need for tools for reconciling different land use needs.Our aim is to develop a new GIS-basedapproach that simultaneously considers ecological, social and economic values. Method can be used in classifying sites by their suitability for different land uses and locating areas with possibly conflicting land uses.
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Danelutti C., Santarossa, L.
Creating a transnational ecotourism offer: The MEET Experience
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Despite the environmental and cultural importance of the Mediterranean, many immediate and long-term threats to biodiversity and local cultures persist, including the region’s reliance on revenue fr...
Despite the environmental and cultural importance of the Mediterranean, many immediate and long-term threats to biodiversity and local cultures persist, including the region’s reliance on revenue from mass tourism. Ecotourism has been demonstrated to be a form of tourism that is respectful to nature and culture which engages local people and brings significant economic benefits to local communities without the disruptive effects that mass tourism brings in its wake. The Mediterranean Experience of Ecotourism (MEET) is an EU-funded initiative, designed to harness the potential of ecotourism in the region. Having recently completed its three-year project life at the end of 2015, and involved 25 protected areas in 8 countries, MEET’s goal is to continue integrating new protected areas to expand the conservation and economic benefits of sustainable, respectful and nature-oriented tourism across the Mediterranean Basin.
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Hibner, J., Taczanowska, K.
Segmentation of alpine downhill skiers and snowboarders in mountain protected areas based on motivation factors: a comparison between two skiing areas: Kasprowy Wierch area (TPN, Poland) and Skalnaté Pleso area (TANAP, Slovakia).
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Comprehensive knowledge about visitor socio-demographic characteristics, combined with visitor motivations and preferences is necessary for successful visitor management in recreational and protected ...
Comprehensive knowledge about visitor socio-demographic characteristics, combined with visitor motivations and preferences is necessary for successful visitor management in recreational and protected areas (Cessford & Muhar 2003). Visitor profiles based on motivational factors may support design of targeted tourist offer and communication between the management of protected areas and tourists (Konu & Kajala 2012). The main aim of this study is to segment downhill skiers and snowboarders of two ski resorts located in the Tatra National Parks (TPN in Poland and TANAP in Slovakia) based on visitor motivations.
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Viswanathan, N.K., Vogel, R.M., Li, S., Wang, A.Z.
Sustainable Coastal Tourism on Long Island – A Preliminary Study
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
This pilot study, part of a two year project funded by the New York Sea Grant identified two coastal cities on Long Island. Based on survey data the study examined the demographic characteristics of t...
This pilot study, part of a two year project funded by the New York Sea Grant identified two coastal cities on Long Island. Based on survey data the study examined the demographic characteristics of tourists and attempted to understand their motivation for visiting Long Island. The survey instrument consisted of twenty questions and the tourists to be surveyed were selected at random at the tourist site in the two cities. The questions measured many variables including the following, tourism attraction preferences, reasons for visiting, communication medium through which the tourist was exposed to the destination, family size and age, the preferences for different types of attractions and activities.
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Farias-Torbidoni, E.I., Baric, D., Anic, P.
A segmentation approach in determining visitor motivation to engage in physical activities levels. The case of Spanish protected areas
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In last three decades, the volume of published literature, acknowledged that wilderness and protected areas play an important role in natural ecosystem conservation and provision of wide variety of go...
In last three decades, the volume of published literature, acknowledged that wilderness and protected areas play an important role in natural ecosystem conservation and provision of wide variety of goods and services necessary for sustaining the wellbeing of human community in general. Increased demand of society for participation in outdoor recreational activities during the leisure time, to date, instigate a number of scholars and community initiatives to focus their attention on promotion of protected natural settings as key “units” for the enhancement of human physical and mental health . As protected area visitors do not represent one homogenous group, it therefore, seems crucial to provide park managers understandable empirical evidences about whether and to which extent visitors differ in terms of willingness to engage in different physical activities levels. Despite that similar investigations have been conducted, the majority of them were focused on visitors to urban parks than wilderness and protected natural settings. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to segment the visitors to five protected natural areas in Cataluña (Spain), by their motivation to engage in physically challenging activities and then after to examine the influence of socio-demographic, trip, motivational and attitudinal descriptors on segmentation membership.
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Wilkins, E., De Urioste-Stone, S.
Recreational activities, place attachment, and intended future visitation under climate change conditions
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Climate is changing globally, bringing increasing average temperatures, more precipitation, and more extreme weather events. This is already impacting where visitors’ travel, and will likely continu...
Climate is changing globally, bringing increasing average temperatures, more precipitation, and more extreme weather events. This is already impacting where visitors’ travel, and will likely continue altering visitors’ destination selection and behavior in the future (Gossling et al. 2012). Previous studies have shown place attachment is an indicator of future visitation to an area (Ednie, Daigle & Leahy 2010). Place attachment describes how bonded people are to a particular location, both emotionally and cognitively (Altman and Low 1992). Additionally, visitor’s attachment to a place can alter their perceptions and behavior, making place attachment important to understand for visitor management (Kyle, Absher&Graefe 2003). This study aims to investigate the relationships between recreational activities participated in, place attachment, and intended future visitation under differing weather and environmental conditions resulting from climate change.
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Thorbjornsson, J.G., Burns, G.L., Chambers, C.P., Olafsdottir, J.H., Kristjansson, B.K.
Diving between continents: Visitor motivations, disturbance and management implications for Silfra, Iceland
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The Silfra fissure in Iceland’s Thingvellir National Park is a unique destination. It is the only place in the world where tourists can dive and snorkel in the crack between two continental plates. ...
The Silfra fissure in Iceland’s Thingvellir National Park is a unique destination. It is the only place in the world where tourists can dive and snorkel in the crack between two continental plates. Dive and snorkeling entries into Silfra have increased dramatically during the last few years, and the potential for disturbance of both the fissure’s ecosystem and the tourist experience requires monitoring and managing.This interdisciplinary study aimed to understand the motivations of dive visitors to Silfra and the impact of their dives. A mixed method approach to obtaining data from four key stakeholder groups included observation of divers, questionnaires completed by divers, tour guides and tour operators, and interviews with the Park managers. From the findings, management strategies to maintain the positive experience for divers while minimizing the negative impacts on the fissure are recommended.
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Taplin, R., Rodger, K., Moore, S.A.
The Multi-dimensional Components of Visitor Loyalty to Protected Areas
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Visitor loyalty is important for protected areas not only for the revenue received from entrance fees and other charges but also for political support for their continued existence (Rodger et al., 201...
Visitor loyalty is important for protected areas not only for the revenue received from entrance fees and other charges but also for political support for their continued existence (Rodger et al., 2015, Weaver & Lawton, 2011). For this reason extensive research reported in the literature examines not only visitor loyalty but also the factors (such as service quality and visitor satisfaction) that may increase visitor loyalty (Moore et al. 2015). This paper adds to our understanding of loyalty as a complex construct. Factor analysis is used to demonstrate the multidimensional nature of loyalty and to explore these different dimensions. Implications for loyalty research are discussed.
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Thorhallsdottir, G., Olafsson, R.
Tourism seasonality in Iceland
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Tourism is a seasonal phenomenon even though travelling habits are changing and few destinations, usually cities, are unaffected by some kind of seasonality. School holidays and the weather in the hos...
Tourism is a seasonal phenomenon even though travelling habits are changing and few destinations, usually cities, are unaffected by some kind of seasonality. School holidays and the weather in the host country are thought to be the most influencing factors for people’s decision to travel, especially during the winter time(Butler, 2001). Unpredictable weather and darkness canadd special excitement to the journey and make the destination interesting (Lundtorp et al., 2001). People are breaking free from previous holiday habits. The experiences tourists are seeking are also changing. People now want to experience something new and adventurous and have an exclusive experience(Koc and Altinay, 2007). Northern Europeans who used to spend their summer holidays on the beaches of the Mediterranean are now going further away during the summer break, and additionally taking short holidays during the winter period(Rosello et al., 2004).This diversification of travel practices is more visible in countries with cold climate and influences all parts of planning and management of tourist destinations (Baum and Lundtorp, 2001).
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Olafsson, R., Thorhallsdottir, G.
Where do the tourists in Iceland go?
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Tourism remains a seasonal phenomenon and each destination experiences some kind of seasonal imbalance, financial or physical (Bigovic, 2012). Destinations can be affected by different number of peaks...
Tourism remains a seasonal phenomenon and each destination experiences some kind of seasonal imbalance, financial or physical (Bigovic, 2012). Destinations can be affected by different number of peaks in seasonality and it is important to distinguish between the true seasons of the year (Butler, 2001). Knowing the number of visitors is the basic unit for measuring tourism seasonality (Lundtorp, 2001). The importance of knowing how many tourists visit destinations is well known by managers and good and accurate visitor data are valuable for planning and managing the destinations (De Cantis et al., 2015). The aim of this work is to measure where the tourists go at different times of the year.The numbers that visit the destinations will be compared with the number of tourists departing from Keflavik International Airport. Iceland is a unique destination in that Iceland is an island with practically only one access point, Keflavik International Airport (KEF), where 97% of the visitors pass through so tourist visiting the country can be quite accurately counted. The airport is in the capital area 45 minutes from the centre of Reykjavik.
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Sayan, S., Kalisch, D.
Immigrants’ urban outdoor recreation: Explorative case studies in Turkey and Germany
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Migration is a global fact which is driven by many complex and inter-related economic, social, political, environmental reasons. Europe has become ‘a continent of immigration’ in the course of the...
Migration is a global fact which is driven by many complex and inter-related economic, social, political, environmental reasons. Europe has become ‘a continent of immigration’ in the course of the last half century, and European societies have experienced growing ethnic and cultural diversity (Okolski, 2012). Accordingly diverse social groups with various cultural backgrounds interact in everyday life. Besides several economic and social challenges, the role of outdoor recreation on urban green spaces (UGS) deserves consideration in the social inclusion of immigrants. UGS are public places for recreation, stress relief, outdoor recreation activities and places for interaction and encountering other people. In contrast to dense built environment of the cities, meeting and communicating on urban green can be platform for breaking social segregation (German-Chiari and Seeland, 2004, Seeland et al., 2009, Leikkila et al., 2013).
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Sayan, S.
Cultural differences in outdoor recreation: A case study of Saklikent National Park in Turkey
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Personal characteristics of the visitors including cultural and socio-demographic background have been found to have an influence on the normative interpretation of outdoor recreation use patterns and...
Personal characteristics of the visitors including cultural and socio-demographic background have been found to have an influence on the normative interpretation of outdoor recreation use patterns and perceptions (Manning 2011). In a more technical sense, norms are cultural rules that guide behavior (Sayan et al. 2013). Research in outdoor recreation found that culture and demographics influence peoples’ motivations, expectations and preferences in the outdoor recreation (Fleishman et al 2004, Sasidharan et al. 2005, Buijs et al. 2009, Sayan et al. 2013). Culture has generally been addressed by examining similarities and differences among recreationists based on race, ethnicity, and nationality (Manning 2011) and formulated by standards of quality. One branch of normative theory and methods—structural characteristics models—has special application to park management and formulation of standards of quality in particular (Vaske and Whittaker 2004). In the context of park management, this model works by asking survey respondents (e.g., park visitors, residents of surrounding communities, and the general public) to evaluate the acceptability (or other evaluative dimension) of a range of recreation-related impacts to park resources or the quality of the visitor experience (Manning 2011).
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Bishop, M.
Outdoor recreation and protection of Iceland’s Central Highland: conditions for a consensus among domestic users
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The Icelandic Central Highland cover about 40% of the country, gathering a wide range of landscapes combining large glaciers, vast black sand desert, powerful geothermal areas and rivers, rough lava f...
The Icelandic Central Highland cover about 40% of the country, gathering a wide range of landscapes combining large glaciers, vast black sand desert, powerful geothermal areas and rivers, rough lava fields and important wetlands. As a result from such a diversity, the area as a whole consist of an outstanding venue for nature-based tourism and outdoor recreation. Other natural resources are also found in the area, as it has been used since historical times for hunting, fishing or as summer pasture or more recently to produce electricity from renewable sources. Similar to any other use of the natural resource, perspectives of development of the area for nature-based activities are raising serious issues as such highly sensitive environments may be irreversibly impacted by human activities. The establishment of protected areas is presented by various stakeholders as a potential solution to address the issues induced by the exponential growth of tourism. This study aimed to approach the attitudes of outdoor recreationist to the Central Highland and land-use management issues related to its protection. While there seems to be a certain consensus regarding the need to address issues related to the development of tourism in the Central Highland, views gets very polarized when it comes to the idea of a National Park, with a striking gap between opinions expressed by users of motorized and non-motorized activities.
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Stensland, S., Aas, O., Mehmetoglu, M.
Constraints and Facilitators to Salmon Angling Participation
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Atlantic salmon sport fisheries have declined remarkably in many countries and participation seems to correlate with salmon abundance. We investigated angling participation in the Atlantic salmon spor...
Atlantic salmon sport fisheries have declined remarkably in many countries and participation seems to correlate with salmon abundance. We investigated angling participation in the Atlantic salmon sport fishery in Norwegian rivers by incorporating facilitators for participation in a constraint-negotiation model. We specifically look at how resource changes influence the negotiation process and participation. New insight about which factors constrain or facilitate participation, and which negotiation strategies anglers use to overcome them, provides managers and tourism stakeholders with information on how to increase participation and maximize benefits to anglers and local economies.
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Kaae, B.C., Olafsson, A.S., Draux, H., Skov-Petersen, H.
Latent demand and constraints to water-oriented outdoor recreation in Denmark
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Denmark is a small and highly coastal country with 7,300 km of coastlines and over 400 islands as well as many lakes and streams. Consequently, the outdoor recreation patterns are particularly linked ...
Denmark is a small and highly coastal country with 7,300 km of coastlines and over 400 islands as well as many lakes and streams. Consequently, the outdoor recreation patterns are particularly linked to the coastal and marine environments. Based on a national survey, this paper focuses on assessing latent demand and constraints in relation to water-oriented outdoor recreation. The aim of the paper is to analyze latent demand and constraints to participation in water-oriented outdoor recreation among three groups: 1) water-oriented outdoor recreationists, 2) land-oriented outdoor recreationists, and 3) non-recreationists. The study explores the existence of a latent demand even among participants due to constraints reducing their preferred participation.
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Baric, D., Anic, P., Toncic, M., Macias Bedoya, A.
Exploring visitors’ desired benefits in Paklenica National Park, Croatia: Development, validation and management implications of measurement instrument
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In recent decades, a number investigations that addressed visitors desired benefits in protected areas have attracted considerable attention from various research teams (Ballantine & Eagles 1994, ...
In recent decades, a number investigations that addressed visitors desired benefits in protected areas have attracted considerable attention from various research teams (Ballantine & Eagles 1994, Pierskalla et al. 2004, Weber & Anderson 2010). Despite the differences in methodological approaches and the statistical techniques employed, the key findings revealed that the desire to enjoy and admire nature, learning about cultural and natural features, escaping and solitude, social affiliation and personal achievement were considered as the most important benefit sought to bring visitors to protected areas. The main purpose of this study was to develop a simple and cost-effective measurement instrument to monitor visitors desired benefits in Paklenica National Park in Croatia. Precisely we used a literature-driven approach to test the relevancy of five hypothesized benefit dimensions, composed of eighteen recreational experience items, on the general visitor sample. These were: Enjoy nature, Novelty and learning, Socializing, Escape and solitude and Personal achievement.
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Markov, M., Radic-Lakos, T., Perisic, A., Bracanov, V.
Profile characteristics and satisfaction of Kornati National Park visitors
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The Kornati Archipelago is situated in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea. It stretches over an area of 320 km2 and includes 149 island, isles and reefs. Part of the Archipelago encompassing 89 lan...
The Kornati Archipelago is situated in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea. It stretches over an area of 320 km2 and includes 149 island, isles and reefs. Part of the Archipelago encompassing 89 land units and adjacent marine area with total 217 m2 was proclaimed National Park in 1980 due to exceptional geomorphological features, anthropogenic terrestrial vegetation, rich marine biodiversity and oceanographic specificities. Tourism was gradually introduced in the Kornati Archipelago in the 1970s. This was the period of the major changes in the lives of the local people up to that time, which had a strong impact on the overall appearance of the Archipelago. The development of tourism activities was made possible with the appearance of fast-motorized boats, making the Archipelago more accessible. The local people turned to tourism and adapted their small houses for tourist accommodation and opened taverns and restaurants.
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Ishiuchi, T., Kawamoto, Y., Huruie, I.
Study on Comfort Evaluation using Brain Waves and Questionnaire Survey in Outdoor Spaces
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Modern society can be stressful, and there is growing interest in the creation of comfortable living space. Many studies of urban space have focused on ways of creating relaxing space and comforting e...
Modern society can be stressful, and there is growing interest in the creation of comfortable living space. Many studies of urban space have focused on ways of creating relaxing space and comforting environments. For example, green space at highway rest facilities has been found to ease driver stress (Iwasaki et al., 2007). In recent years, devices for measuring biological information that were originally used in the field of medicine have become generally available and are being used in a variety of research fields. Research into the evaluation of urban space is no exception, and many researchers are now using biological information to quantify the effects of spatial recognition on the human body. Examples are the measurement of salivary amylase levels (Nakagawa et al., 2014) and brain waves in moving subjects (Miura et al., 2005). Here, we quantified the difference between the healing effects and stress-reduction effects of green space and general street space (including space at a train station), by a using inexpensive EEG (electroencephalography or “brain wave”) machine. Our aim was to quantitatively verify the healing and stress-reduction effects of these spaces by using EEG measurement and a psychological analysis performed with a questionnaire survey.
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Melichar, J., Kaprova, K.
Measuring recreation benefits of forest quality change with contingent behavior model
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In this study, a single site travel cost model is applied to infer recreational values placed by visitors on Jizerské hory Mountains (JH), one of the oldest landscape protected areas in the Czech Rep...
In this study, a single site travel cost model is applied to infer recreational values placed by visitors on Jizerské hory Mountains (JH), one of the oldest landscape protected areas in the Czech Republic. Observed and stated behavior of recreationists are analyzed and used to estimate welfare changes associated with four hypothetical programs that improve or degrade the environmental quality in the area. The hypothetical scenarios are (i) decline of the forest quality of the existing spruce wood in the near future because of continuing air pollution (70% of spruce forest destroyed), (ii) change of forestry composition to 80% of broad-leaved trees which are more resistant to air pollution than spruce wood, (iii) the designation of the bird area as a Natura 2000 network which will cover 40% of the area and increases the number of birds, and (iv) charging an entrance fee into the bird area of 30 CZK.
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Skornik, I., Makovec, M.
Environmentally friendly visitation to Secovlje Salina Nature Park
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The Secovlje Salina Nature Park is a national territory of high natural, cultural, economic and aesthetic values, the biodiversity of which can be maintained and regulated through sustainable manageme...
The Secovlje Salina Nature Park is a national territory of high natural, cultural, economic and aesthetic values, the biodiversity of which can be maintained and regulated through sustainable management. The visitors in Secovlje Salina Nature Park are invited to experience the Park through various forms of guidance (information centres and points, information boards, trails, mobile applications), guided tours, workshops in nature, creative workshops and different education programs and lectures. Most suitable forms of recreation are those subjected to the Parks basic purposes. Our guests are recommended to visit the park on foot. To them, the park boards are intended, whereas from June 2016 onwards the Nexto mobile application, which enables an individual guided tour of the park, will also be available to them. The mobile guide is a good technological solution, as it helps us to conserve nature and cultural heritage without invasively encroaching upon it. The higher the number of the mobile application users visiting the natural features, the lower the number of information boards in the Park, which are unnecessary and often spoil the environment.
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Livina, A., Grinfelde, I.
Comparison of local and foreign visitor`s choices in two national parks in Latvia
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The park managers should be aware of the needs of their visitors so that they are satisfied with their experience during the visit. The park managers should balance the needs of nature preservation an...
The park managers should be aware of the needs of their visitors so that they are satisfied with their experience during the visit. The park managers should balance the needs of nature preservation and interests of visitors in order to ensure preservation of nature values for the next generations because every visit leaves some kind of impact on the visited territory (Eagles 2009, Beardmore 2015). The European Charter for Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas (ECSTPA) is of good assistance in retaining this concept in practical management. The goal of the present article is to show needs of local and foreign visitors and assessment of their visits in two national parks (NP) in Latvia. One of them, the Kemeri National Park (KNP), has earned (2012) the certificate of ECSTPA (Livina&Atstaja, 2015).
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Hoglhammer, A., Muhar, A., Stokowski, P., Schauppenlehner, T.
Perceptions of individuals and organized stakeholders on immigrants’ barriers to nature-based recreation
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Nature-based recreational areas provide important functions for today’s society.In particular, for people living in dense urban areas, outdoor nature-based areas offeropportunitiesfor recreation and...
Nature-based recreational areas provide important functions for today’s society.In particular, for people living in dense urban areas, outdoor nature-based areas offeropportunitiesfor recreation and relaxation and therefore support healthylifestyles, thus contributing to the physical and mental wellbeing of their users. Such spaces are usually open for the general public, though several access barriers have been identified for different user groups. Immigrants from non-western countries are recognized to be underrepresented in larger recreational areas, though often these people are very visible in public parks in cities.This underrepresentation has been recognized by recent scholars (Jay et al., 2012, Kloek, Buijs, Boersema, & Schouten, 2013), and several socio-economic, socio-spatial and ethnic cultural factors have beenidentified asdeterminants.As nature based recreation areas are often financed from public funds, decreasing such access barriers is a matter of social justice.
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Pietila, M.
Exploring environment-experience relations in Oulanka National Park using participatory mapping
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Managing recreational use in conservation areas targets the outcomes of outdoor recreation.A worldwide aim of conservation area managersis to enhance the benefits of outdoor recreation while preventin...
Managing recreational use in conservation areas targets the outcomes of outdoor recreation.A worldwide aim of conservation area managersis to enhance the benefits of outdoor recreation while preventing or mitigatingitsnegative impacts (Driver, 2008). Managers are, however, not able to create these outcomes on behalf of visitors. They can only provide opportunities –environments and activities–that will encourage desired outcomes and improve visitors’ experiences. Therefore, we need to understand how conservation area visitorsperceive and interact withthe settingsthey encounter. Geographically accurate information on recreational outcomes aids this understanding and helps managers focus on specific areas of concern. This study uses novel spatial techniques to more accurately measure and analyze visitor experiences. Field research was conducted in Oulanka National Park (NP) and its surrounding areas. Oulanka NP is located in northeastern Finland near the Russian border and the Arctic Circle. It is the fourth most visited national park in Finland with approximately 200,000 annual visits. The park allows numerous outdoor activities, including: hiking, canoeing, skiing, fishing and wildlife viewing. Despite the park’s pristine landscape, recreation infrastructure in Oulanka NP is well developed.
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Klanjscek, J., Gecek, S., Marn, N., Legovic, T., Klanjscek, T.
Relating daily change of visitor number to crowding perception and overall satisfaction in Nature Park Telascica, Croatia
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Nature Park Telašcica is a protected area situated in the southeastern part of the island of Dugi Otok. It has been protected since 1980 due to valuable plant and animal life, geological and geomorph...
Nature Park Telašcica is a protected area situated in the southeastern part of the island of Dugi Otok. It has been protected since 1980 due to valuable plant and animal life, geological and geomorphologic phenomena, and valuable archaeological heritage. There are strong daily and seasonal oscillations in visitor numbers. Seasonally, visitor numbers peak from mid-July to mid-August. During that period, visitor numbers peak daily between 11:00 h and 15:00 h because numerous excursion ships bring large numbers of visitors into the Park during that time. Large number of visitors at a same time, often resulting in crowding, has been hypothesized to be detrimental to visitor experience. The perception of crowding, however, does not correlate linearly with the actual number of people, but highly depends on the context of the experience. While in concert halls only extremely high densities reduce experience (and some crowding may be essential to a positive experience), even small crowds can be detrimental to an experience in nature, where solitude is sought for. Salt lake Jezero Mir locality of the Park has been suggested to be susceptible to such detrimental effects of crowding because it is a relatively small area frequented by 82% of the Parks visitors.
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Gudmundsson, R.
Analyses of overseas tourists in Vatnajokull National Park, Iceland 2010-2015
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The number of overseas tourists visiting Iceland has grown from 500.000 in the year 2010 to nearly 1.300.000 in the year 2015, which means a 160% growth in five years. In 2010 52% of the tourists came...
The number of overseas tourists visiting Iceland has grown from 500.000 in the year 2010 to nearly 1.300.000 in the year 2015, which means a 160% growth in five years. In 2010 52% of the tourists came to Iceland in the three summer months (June, July, August) but 48% the other nine months of the year (off season). In 2015 only 41% came in the summer months but 59% outside the summer season.
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Perrin-Malterre, C., Chanteloup, L., Gruas, L.
Perceptions and behavior of winter sports participants in Regional Natural Park of Bauges
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The development of ski touring and snow shoeing has led to an increasing human presence in mountains in wintertime. Wintertime is a difficult time for wildlife, due to rough weather conditions that ca...
The development of ski touring and snow shoeing has led to an increasing human presence in mountains in wintertime. Wintertime is a difficult time for wildlife, due to rough weather conditions that cause animalsdifficulty to move and higher energy expenditure at a time where food is scarce.Yet, territory managers have very few data concerning the perception of wildlife by visitors. In addition, their impact (extensive travelling, displacement of feeding and resting areas)on wildlife is difficult to quantify. A research program has been led on the Bauges mountain range in order to deal with these issues. As local managers became interested in the impact of winter recreational activities, the Regional Natural Park got involved in the campaign « Respect to Protect » to promote a more respectful visitor behaviour.Thus, a partnership was set up with EDYTEM lab in order to get a better understanding about these visitors, their types of practice and their perceptions. .
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Probstl-Haider, U., Haider, W., Mostegl, N.
Skiing unlimited? Acceptance of resort extension by skiers in Tyrol/Austria
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Many ski-resorts in the European Alps hope to increase their visibility and attractiveness when expanding their respective resorts by developing new slopes and/or by merging with others. Examples like...
Many ski-resorts in the European Alps hope to increase their visibility and attractiveness when expanding their respective resorts by developing new slopes and/or by merging with others. Examples like the Zermatt-Matterhorn-Ski-Paradise in Switzerland, the “Helm-Rotwand” in Sexten Italy, or the Ski-world “Wilder Kaiser” and the “Skicircus Saalbach -Hinterglemm - Leogang - Fieberbrunn” in Austria illustrate this trend. The main motives for the expansion and cooperation are expected marketing opportunities, synergetic management, and a higher overall financial stability (Zegg 2015). Also, climate change adaptation seems to be an argument in favor of increasing resort sizes (Steiger and Abegg 2013). The expansion or merging of ski resorts leads to impacts into the sensitive alpine environment and a permanent disturbance by the new infrastructure. The presented study aims to analyze the perception of the winter tourists and daily skiers concerning these changes and discusses recommendations for future resort development.
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Arnason, T.
Wild thoughts – exploring the meaning(s) of wilderness among Icelandic outdoor recreationists
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Wilderness protection in Iceland dates back to the Nature Conservation Act of 1999 (Johannsdottir, 2016). However, to date no areas in Iceland have been formally protected as wilderness per se, partly...
Wilderness protection in Iceland dates back to the Nature Conservation Act of 1999 (Johannsdottir, 2016). However, to date no areas in Iceland have been formally protected as wilderness per se, partly because the identification of such areas has so far been very rudimentary. Wilderness areas in Iceland have thus up until now mainly enjoyed protection if present within the boundaries of national parks or other protected areas, in particular withinVatnajokull National Park which covers an area of 13,500 km2,, mostly in the Central Highland. According to the working criteria adopted by government agencies, the largest potential wilderness areas in Iceland are located in the Central Highland, an uninhabited region in the middle of the island which covers roughly 40.000 km2 or 40% of its total land area.
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Monteiro, L., Vitek, O.
Developing standard procedures for visitor counters calibration in Czech Protected Landscape Areas
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Monitoring visitor use is critical to protect the protected area resources for future generations and provide high-quality experiences for visitors (Loomis, 2000, Manning, 2008). In the Czech Republic...
Monitoring visitor use is critical to protect the protected area resources for future generations and provide high-quality experiences for visitors (Loomis, 2000, Manning, 2008). In the Czech Republic, protected landscape areas (PLAs) are one of core components of the conservation strategy and, as such, visitor data are needed to inform and support sustainable management of these areas. With this effect, automated counting devices have been used since 2009 as means for estimating visitor use and today there are more than 100 automated visitor counters located in 17 protected landscape areas (out of 26 PLAs in total) and other protected areas managed by the Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic (NCA).
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Krzan, P., Krol, M., Zieba, S., Sitarz, M., Zwijacz Kozica, T., Zieba, A., Ziobrowski, S.
Visitor monitoring in practices. Few examples from the Tatra National Park (Poland)
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The Tatra National Park (TNP, south Poland) comprises the entire Polish part of the Tatra Mountains (200 km2), the highest and most western part of the Carpathians. In both polish and national parks, ...
The Tatra National Park (TNP, south Poland) comprises the entire Polish part of the Tatra Mountains (200 km2), the highest and most western part of the Carpathians. In both polish and national parks, human activities are restricted to especially designated areas, such as hiking and skiing trails or climbing areas. The rest is protected as nature reserves, access to them is allowed only with special permit from the national park administration, however, illegal trespassing is quite common. Particularly in TNP, human influence is really high, with about three million tourists visiting the park every year (data from TNP).
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Stastna, P., Pacak, J., Kala, L., Nejedly, O.
First Experience with Automated Counting System in the Krkonose Mts. National Park
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The Krkonoše Mts. (Giant Mts.) are situated on the north border of the Czech Republic. Even the mountains are not too high (the highest top called Snezka Mt. isonly 1603 m a. s. l.) the locality form...
The Krkonoše Mts. (Giant Mts.) are situated on the north border of the Czech Republic. Even the mountains are not too high (the highest top called Snezka Mt. isonly 1603 m a. s. l.) the locality forms a first barrier in the south and eastdirectionfrom sea for the prevailing winds.The climate there is therefore very oceanic, characterizedby humid and foggy weather,rich in precipitations. In the winter is the surface of protuberant objects in upper parts is often covered by thick layer of ice because of the humid winds.We have started counting with automated counters at 27 localities since the year 2012. 22 of themhas been situated at the entrances of the most protected area of the national park (the first zone), which is predominantly situated in the upper part of mountains, close or above the tree line.The movement of visitors is regulated there becausethese parts are higly visited. 4 of these counting point has been also combined for counting of cyclists or motor vehicles.
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Vitek, O.
Methodological questions raised from visitor monitoring in the Czech Republic
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic (NCA) manages 25 protected landscape areas and the most of national nature reserves and monuments. Visitor monitoring using modern automated counte...
The Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic (NCA) manages 25 protected landscape areas and the most of national nature reserves and monuments. Visitor monitoring using modern automated counters began in 2009 and has developed so far into a centrally controlled system. In 2016 there are more than 100 permanently monitored profiles. Data and its evaluation is outsourced, two companies have been successful in the contract competition. Basic methodology is given in contracts, but the companies differ from each other in detail. Similar visitor monitoring is realised in four Czech National Parks as well, know-how is shared between NCA and NP authorities. Adjustment of new contracts rises several methodological questions discussed in the contribution. The aim is to share the best practice and notify scientists about questions to be solved by applied research.
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Miyasaka, T., Oba, A., Akasaka, M., Tsuchiya, T.
Feasibility of using mobile phone GPS for visitor monitoring in a national park: a case study in Oku-Nikko, Japan
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Global positioning system (GPS) tracking has become a promising method for visitor monitoring in protected areas around the world. High-resolution data, including not only simple patterns of visitor m...
Global positioning system (GPS) tracking has become a promising method for visitor monitoring in protected areas around the world. High-resolution data, including not only simple patterns of visitor movement but also walking speed and duration of stops, can be collected by distributing GPS receivers to individual visitors. This method, however, also has disadvantages, such as the high cost of distributing a large number of GPS receivers, risk of loss, and constraints on visitor movement for device distribution and collection. Our study focused on using the GPS equipped in many mobile phones today as an alternative tool. The use of mobile phone GPS functions could reduce the noted costs, risks, and constraints, because this method would use visitors’ own devices. Meijles et al. (2014) mentioned that the use of smartphone GPS functions could improve data acquisition, but to the best of our knowledge, no research has yet been published on the use of GPS in mobile phones and smartphones for visitor monitoring in a protected area. Our objective was therefore to test the feasibility of these uses of the technology.
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Lupp, G., Forster, B., Naumann, J., Honert, C., Kantelberg, V., Koch, M., Pauleit, S.
Using trigger trail cameras for visitor monitoring – Applications in Bavaria
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The evaluation of visitor management actions is dependent on profound data about visitor flows and visitor numbers (Clivaz et al. 2013). Stakeholders in the Urban Forest 2050 project were interested i...
The evaluation of visitor management actions is dependent on profound data about visitor flows and visitor numbers (Clivaz et al. 2013). Stakeholders in the Urban Forest 2050 project were interested in more qualitative data to evaluate their visitor management and offers for specific target groups. Managing authorities were interested to get numbers of joggers, Nordic walkers and dog walkers, as well as prams and wheelchairs. Also user numbers of dog walkers and especially off leash dogs was considered important, since they are a source for potential conflicts with both other user groups and cause interference with wildlife. Finally, also the share of the persons reading information boards had to be assessed. A number of visitor counts and monitoring with camera-based systems have been described (e.g. Janowsky & Becker 2003). Rapid technological development has led to a wide availability of trigger trail cameras for wildlife observation at budget prices, so we opted for these cameras to test options and limitations of such cameras for visitor monitoring. Two urban proximate forests in Freising and the southwestern mountain slope of the Grunten Mountain in the southwest of Bavaria were selected as a study area.
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Walden-Schreiner, C., Leung, Y.-F.
Incorporating the digital footprints of visitors in protected area use and impact monitoring: Case studies from the USA and Australia
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Advances in mobile and internet-based technologies haveencouraged examinations of non-traditional spatial data products and innovative data collection methods for research in a variety of disciplines....
Advances in mobile and internet-based technologies haveencouraged examinations of non-traditional spatial data products and innovative data collection methods for research in a variety of disciplines. User-generated spatial content (UGSC) is increasingly leveraged to help address questions involving human-environment interactions (Sui, Elwood, & Goodchild, 2013). Protected areas (PAs) are an especially relevant context in which to explore the capacity of UGSC given the central role PAs represent in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provisioning, including recreation and tourism. To fulfill management objectives designed to minimize use-related impacts to natural resources, while providing opportunities for visitors, managers require timely and accurate data on not only the extent of different resource impacts, but also the precipitating or contributing factors such as visitor use activities, densities, and distribution (Hammitt, Cole, &Monz, 2015).
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Kangas, K., Tolvanen, A., Tarvainen, O., Nikula, A., Nivala, V., Tyrvainen, L., Tuulentie, S., Huhta, E., Jakalaniemi, A.
A novel GIS –based approach to reconcile the needs for nature conservation, tourism and recreation
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
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Monteiro, L.
Using GPS data from Web 2.0 platforms to assess informal trail network and its impacts in protected areas
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
VGI represent today a significant form of user-generated content compiling information about locations (e.g. places of interest), a phenomena or information (e.g. GPS tracking of bike and hiking route...
VGI represent today a significant form of user-generated content compiling information about locations (e.g. places of interest), a phenomena or information (e.g. GPS tracking of bike and hiking routes), and can be stored into interactive track management services (e.g. Web 2.0 platforms) (Rinner et al., 2008). The present explores the use of GPS-based visitor tracking data organized in a Web 2.0 platform as an alternative resource to assess the spatial distribution of informal trails networks and their level of impacts in protected areas. It has is application in Arrábida Natural Park (PNA), an important protected area in Portugal, located 37 km south of Lisbon, where informal trails are a constant management concern due to a lack of a structured and formal trail system, leading to some impacts and extensive areas of disturbance.
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Lupp, G., Brockard, M., Melber, M., Pauleit, S.
Geocaching – A harmless recreational activity of digital natives or a threat for forest conservation? Case studies from Bavaria
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Forest managers in Bavaria often had no idea about this activity until hunters and other stakeholders like nature conservationists complained about persons sneaking around in the forest at unusual tim...
Forest managers in Bavaria often had no idea about this activity until hunters and other stakeholders like nature conservationists complained about persons sneaking around in the forest at unusual times behaving in a strange manner (Kaufer 2014), disturbing wildlife and habitats such as tree cavities. In interviews carried out in urban proximate woodlands (Lupp et al. 2016), about only one out of 300 interviewees indicated geocaching as a reason for their visit to the forest. However, geocachers may not always admit their activity when interviewed because the cache should be hidden from “Muggels”.
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Taczanowska, K., Zieba, A., Hibner, J., Makaruk, W., Brandenburg, C., Muhar, A., Latosinska, B., Preisel, H., Gonzalez, L.M., Garcia, X., Toca-Herrera, J.L., Ziobrowski, S.
Application of GPS-tracking to analyse the spatial behaviour of cable car users – a case study from the summer season in the Tatra National Park, Poland
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The aim of this study was to explore the spatio-temporal distribution of visitors ina popular cable car destination -KasprowyWierchin the Tatra National Park. The main focus of this paper is the analy...
The aim of this study was to explore the spatio-temporal distribution of visitors ina popular cable car destination -KasprowyWierchin the Tatra National Park. The main focus of this paper is the analysis of individual trip itineraries of the most numerous visitor group in the study area – cable car users purchasing return tickets.
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Kobryn, H.T., Strickland-Munro, J., Brown, G., Moore, S.
Evaluating conflict potential in the marine and coastal areas of the Kimberley region of northern Australia through public participation GIS
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Marine spatial planning (MSP) has been emerging as an approach to plan and maintain a balance between different human uses and conservation goals. Large, remote areas present a number of challenges fo...
Marine spatial planning (MSP) has been emerging as an approach to plan and maintain a balance between different human uses and conservation goals. Large, remote areas present a number of challenges for conservation managers. The Kimberley region in northern Western Australia extends ten degrees of longitude, eight degrees of latitude, and in our study spanned over 13,300 km of complex coastline. The region is remote, with a low population, and a history of economic development including agriculture, mining, fishing, and more recently oil and gas exploration. It is also renown for its rich Aboriginal culture and heritage, biodiversity and wilderness (Wilson, 2014, Wilson, 2013). Most conservation planning, including MSP, suffers from the lack of social data (St Martin and Hall-Arber, 2014), hence the aim of this study was to evaluate, through the well established method of public participation GIS (e.g. Brown and Pullar, 2012), areas of conflict potential using human values associated with the marine and coastal region of Kimberley.
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Hodl, C.
Geocaching in protected areas – a survey of potential negative effects on the natural environment and implications for future management in the Donau-Auen National Park, Austria
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Geocaching originated in the year 2000 in the USA as a leisure activity, which requires the recreationists to find containers (so-called geocaches) based on their coordinates posted online. Since geoc...
Geocaching originated in the year 2000 in the USA as a leisure activity, which requires the recreationists to find containers (so-called geocaches) based on their coordinates posted online. Since geocaches are often hidden off-trail in natural environments, protected areas are likely to be affected by this activity (Brost & Quinn 2011). Previous analysis has shown that the Donau-Auen National Park, which is partly located within the boundaries of Austria’s capital city of Vienna and which is under a large amount of public use pressure (Arnberger & Hinterberger 2003, Tazcanowska et al. 2006), is most heavily affected by geocaching amongst all six Austrian national parks – both in terms of the number of caches hidden and in terms of the number of visits logged online (Hodl 2013).
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Draux, H., Olafsson, A.S., Kaae, B.C., Skov-Petersen, H.
Online participatory GIS mapping of marine recreation in Denmark: contrasting crowdsourced and representative survey approaches
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The lack of spatial information is a challenge to create a balanced and coherent planning and management of the sea, as framed in marine conservation planning andMarine Spatial Planning, MSP (Douvere ...
The lack of spatial information is a challenge to create a balanced and coherent planning and management of the sea, as framed in marine conservation planning andMarine Spatial Planning, MSP (Douvere & Ehler, 2009, Mazor et al 2014). The limited availability and quality of data on recreational marine uses is as an obstacle for implementing EU policy (EEA 2015).Innovative ways for documenting and mapping the missing ‘social landscape’ of the marine environment in terms of spatial attributes of recreational use are needed (Martin & Hall-Arber 2008). To find out the extent of use of the Danish waters for marine recreation activities, our research aimed to collect the spatial extent, diversity, and intensityof these activities.Here, we discuss the quality of the data collected through two sampling strategies: an online crowdsourcedsurvey and a commercial representative panel survey.
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Burns, R.C., English, D.
Testing the use of wild game cameras for US Forest Service recreational visitor monitoring in Oregon/Washington, USA
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In 2015 a university research groupbegan developing new methods for data collection using wildlife cameras (game cameras) for short-term (7-day) and long-term (year-round) data collection at pre-selec...
In 2015 a university research groupbegan developing new methods for data collection using wildlife cameras (game cameras) for short-term (7-day) and long-term (year-round) data collection at pre-selected recreation sites. The pilot study is in support of the US Forest Service (Region 6) National Visitor Use Monitoring Program (NVUM) program. NVUM has been the sole method of understanding visitor use within the US Forest Service since 2000. The USFS NVUM program manager selected 13 sites across Region 6 for the pilot study. Game camera methodology includes 16 short-term data collection sites scheduled for data collection at various times throughout the FY 2016 (four sites per Forest). These are a selection of low use sites and the goal is to continue to collect better quality data, reduce potential safety concerns, and at a reduced financial cost. Long-term data collection involves deploying cameras for year-round data collection.These is a selection of Permanent Traffic Counter sites where other monitoring methods pneumatic and infrared counters) are not appropriate for long-term monitoring due to factors such as geography (e.g. destruction by snow-plows) and limitations of the units (e.g. failure of some infrared counters to register high use counts).For both short-term and long-term sites, cameras can be used to collect valuable data pertaining to trail use (group size, overnight or day use, length of stay, etc.) and vehicle use (vehicles counts entering/exiting the Forest, vehicle type, etc.). Accordingly, we sought to a) Determine appropriate interval settings for cameras based on site type (i.e. necessary frequency of the recording of images to capture use of trails, roads) and b) Gather more information to contribute to the protocol in development for short-term (7-day) and long-term sites.
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Jones, T., Yamamoto, K., Aikoh, T., Kobayashi, A.
Comparing Climber Monitoring Methods on Mount Fuji
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Monitoring visitation is fundamental to effective management of protected areas, directing limited budgets towards mitigation of high priority impacts, such as those related to trails, trash and conge...
Monitoring visitation is fundamental to effective management of protected areas, directing limited budgets towards mitigation of high priority impacts, such as those related to trails, trash and congestion. Accurate data is fundamental to negotiate problematic ‘hotspots’ and minimize conflicts between visitor segments (Eagles, 2014). However, although considerable research efforts have been devoted to monitoring visitation, many protected areas still function with inaccurate or out-of-date visitation statistics, exacerbated by a lack of systematic data collection due to various problems (Cope et al., 2000, Cessford & Muhar, 2003, Buckley 2009, Aikoh & Gokita, 2015):- - lack of multi-year time series due to changing count methods and institutional arrangements, - under-reporting due to multiple entrances, multiple access roads or non-tourist traffic, - representativeness of sample days undermined by weather conditions, public holidays, etc, - ‘guesstimates’ based on perceptions of staff or local volunteers, indirect or anecdotal evidence. In the ongoing quest for reliable, cost-effective collection methods, the pros and cons of on-site staff versus automated counters is a perennial question which this paper aims to contextualize using the case study example of two parallel systems currently being utilized on Mount Fuji’s north face.
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Goossen, M.
Smart monitoring visitors National Parks
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The Dutch government is reintroducing policy for the 20 National Parks. The aim is to develop the National Parks into a strong brand. The reason behind it is the claim that a National Park contributes...
The Dutch government is reintroducing policy for the 20 National Parks. The aim is to develop the National Parks into a strong brand. The reason behind it is the claim that a National Park contributes to the regional economy. There is a clear need from the managers of National Parks to understand how that contribution works. Insights from the external factors, combined with information about its current users and stakeholders and market research data will help the manager, but also local enterprises to choose relevant target markets. There is therefore a need for the development of a tool that brings the benefits of a National Park in a simple, affordable and reliable manner. The tool consists of Key Performance Indicators (KPI). Key Performance Indicators will determine how well the National park is meeting its objectives (Wearing & Schweinsberg, 2016).
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Songpornwanich, S., Emphandhu, D.
Development of Performance Factors of CBT Learning Organization at Doi Inthanon National Park, Thailand
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In Doi Inthanon National Park, local community members created community tourism groups to deliver tourism program and services in the park. They must work with park staff in pursuing tourism in the p...
In Doi Inthanon National Park, local community members created community tourism groups to deliver tourism program and services in the park. They must work with park staff in pursuing tourism in the park. Cooperation between community members and park authority was the main issue. Working with park authority could be a barrier to reach the tourism goal of sustainability. The way of thinking and practices, organizational culture as well as the knowledge management was relatively different between them. Hence, the concept of learning organization was employed here as a framework to design an efficient local tourism organizations to work with park authority. This study aimed to develop learning organization performance factors and to evaluate the success of learning organization in community-based tourism (CBT-LO) of the three communities at Doi Inthanon national park: Mae Klang Luang, Nong Lom, and Pa Mon.
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Reimann, M., Kerge, H.
Trail use and willingness to participate in trail management by local community of the Neeruti protected area, Estonia
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Beside the visitor studies in protected areas local community studies are becoming more and more relevant in the perspective of locals’ participation in trail use as well as in involvement in the ma...
Beside the visitor studies in protected areas local community studies are becoming more and more relevant in the perspective of locals’ participation in trail use as well as in involvement in the management (Hughey et al 2015, Buta et al 2014, Reimann et al 2014). Neeruti Landscape Conservation area is established in 1957 with some restructuring in 1999 its area is 1313 hectars. The protected area is established to conserve unique postglacial landforms as well as forests, lakes and mires in the area. Neeruti is also included in the list of Natura 2000 areas. The area is also known as an action place of Estonian national epic, there Estonian national hero Kalevipoeg used to plow with a horse and formed the current landforms. Neeruti used to be a popular recreational area already 100 years ago when it had weekend recreation from Tallinn because of the good railway connection. In 1960s the first official nature trail in Soviet Estonia was established here. Today more marketed national parks and other protected areas have stronger popularity in Estonia and Neeruti has mainly regional importance for Laane-Viru county inhabitants. The purpose of the current study was to find out the usage and importance of the hiking trails for the local community and their willingness to contribute to the trail and visitor management processes.
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Morozova, A., Campbell, M.J.
Sustainable Tourism Development in Belize: A Comparison of two communities at different stages of development
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Recently Belize has implemented a National Sustainable Tourism Plan that aims to highlight Belize’s rich tourism resources while ensuring a sustainable future for tourism. Given that sustainable tou...
Recently Belize has implemented a National Sustainable Tourism Plan that aims to highlight Belize’s rich tourism resources while ensuring a sustainable future for tourism. Given that sustainable tourism must benefit local peoples and conserve nature it is important to understand exactly how tourism is impacting local communities.In this study we undertook an analysis of the current state of tourism in the communities of Laguna and Hopkins Village in Belize to identify: how residents perceive tourism and its impacts, the perceived economic, social and cultural effects of tourism on communities’ livelihoods and, how this relates to location, governance, and gender.
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Kubo, T., Mameno, K., Tsuge, T.
Which local policies increase revisit intention to Amami Oshima Island, Japan? Using Best–Worst scaling methodology
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Recently, many studies have increasingly used and discussed the concept of revisit intentions. For example, Baker and Crompton (2000) have examined the relationship between revisit intentions and thei...
Recently, many studies have increasingly used and discussed the concept of revisit intentions. For example, Baker and Crompton (2000) have examined the relationship between revisit intentions and their satisfaction with travel. Chen and Gursoy (2001) have revealed the influence of past vacation experience on their revisit intentions. However, our previous studies conducted in Japanese recreational sites have shown that most tourists have expressed high revisit intentions. It seems difficult to identify which local polices increase revisit intentions of tourists using general questions (e.g., 5-point Likert scale questions). Based on the above backgrounds, the present study used Best–Worst Scaling (BWS) methodology to examine which local policies encourage tourists to revisit the destination. The advantage of BWS over general rating questions is to easily elicit relative importance of items such as policies for respondents because they choose one most and one least preferred item in each choice set. This advantage can give decision makers facing budget constraints useful information about local policy priorities for sustainable tourism.
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Rajkovic, Z., Sijan, M., Petesic, V., Matokovic, J., Ramov, M.
Nature Conservation for Local Community: Sustainable Tourism Planning
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Two Sustainable Tourism Management Plans (STMPs) were developed within the framework of the “SEA-Med project: Development of Sustainable Economic Activities in Marine Protected Areas”. STMPs are s...
Two Sustainable Tourism Management Plans (STMPs) were developed within the framework of the “SEA-Med project: Development of Sustainable Economic Activities in Marine Protected Areas”. STMPs are strategic documents for nature conservation and tourism sectors. They were initiated and developed by the nature conservation sector, although tourism sector was included in its development. One STMP was developed for Lastovo Archipelago Nature Park (Marine Protected Area (MPA)), which administratively covers the same territory as Lastovo Municipality. Lastovo is one of the most remote inhabited islands and located in southern Adriatic. The other STMP was develop for whole Dugi Otok, which Telascica Nature Park (MPA) is part of. Dugi Otok is located at the border between northern and central Adriatic.
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De Bie, K.
Understanding and fostering local community support for protected areas engulfed by urban sprawl
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
This study examined the awareness and perceptions of the conservation values of a local community living in newly developed suburbs on the southwestern urban fringe of Melbourne, Australia. The subur...
This study examined the awareness and perceptions of the conservation values of a local community living in newly developed suburbs on the southwestern urban fringe of Melbourne, Australia. The suburbsborder a series of Ramsar listed wetlands, a coastal park and foreshore reserves managed by the Victorian protected area management authority. The wetlands and coastal park in the study area have high biodiversity values, provide important habitat for a variety of fauna species, including migrating birds and support a number of different vegetation communities. Previous studies have shown that increasing urbanization has resulted in a more visitors and a subsequent rise in unauthorized activities and potentially harmful use (Antos et al., 2007).The primary aims of this study were to 1) to explorethe local communities awareness, perception, attitudes and usage of the local parksand 2) identify potential compelling messages and triggers that can influence local resident attitudes and behavior.
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Bradic, M., Blesic, I., Vukosav, S., Ivkov, M.
Eco-labels in tourism and hospitality industry
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Ecolabelling is a voluntary method of environmental performance certification and labelling that is practised around the world. At the end of the last century only environmentaly oriented tourists cou...
Ecolabelling is a voluntary method of environmental performance certification and labelling that is practised around the world. At the end of the last century only environmentaly oriented tourists could hear or learn something about ecological labels like Green globe or Heritage Environmental Rating Programme. After decades of specific behavior patterns of tourists the current trend is returning from the mass to the individual both environmentally friendly tourism, where new eco-labels come into play.
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Pesout, P., Soltysova, L., Vitek, O.
Nature Houses in the Czech Republic
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Conservation of nature and landscape is not possible without support of wide public. Most of large protected areas in the Czech Republic are traditional tourism destinations and are hugely visited. Ov...
Conservation of nature and landscape is not possible without support of wide public. Most of large protected areas in the Czech Republic are traditional tourism destinations and are hugely visited. Oversize and just a little regulated tourism causes some negative impacts. Reduction of such impacts is managed through construction of high-quality and targeted visitor infrastructure and services leading to regulation of visitation and building positive relationships between nature conservation and visitors. Construction, running and care of visitor infrastructure and work with visitors directly in the field are ones of the most important ways of public relations (PEŠOUT, ŠULOVÁ & LICEK, 2014). The Nature House programme becomes the most demanding and key part of the visitor infrastructure system. Visitor centres (Nature Houses) and information centres in protected landscape areas are being constructed within the programme. The programme started in 2006 and since then it was designed on principles of PPP projects (Public Private Partnership). It is a partnership programme realised always in co-operation with municipalities, businessmen, NGOs, land owners and other regional stakeholders.
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Turk, S., Wolfle, F.
Barrier-free nature experience in national parks – Evaluation of visitor guidance through experience engineering
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The purpose of the study has been to discover the actual accessibility and usability for all people, either handicappedor not, to proof the attractiveness of each station to the visitors and to find o...
The purpose of the study has been to discover the actual accessibility and usability for all people, either handicappedor not, to proof the attractiveness of each station to the visitors and to find out whether the measures of experience engineeringcan take over the tasks of visitor guidance effectively. 137 people, aged from 6 to 82 (49% female, 51% male), have taken part in the evaluation of the Wild Kermeter in the period of 07.2015 to 10.2015. Half of the sample was physically and/or mentally handicapped. The evaluation of the barrier-free utilization possibilities in the investigation area is based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative researching methods. Paper-pencil surveys, participatory observations and anadjusted Visitor Employed Photographyhave been applied.
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Derriks, T., Pluijgers, I.
Meaningful knowledge for coastal city RV park creation: Understanding RV camping in practice
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
RV camping remains a popular type of self-drive tourism in Europe. Freedom and comfort are reasons why tourists chose to travel by RV from place to place. By facilitating RV campgrounds, or so-called ...
RV camping remains a popular type of self-drive tourism in Europe. Freedom and comfort are reasons why tourists chose to travel by RV from place to place. By facilitating RV campgrounds, or so-called RV parks, a coastal destination such as Vlissingen could improve its image and develop its brand.
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Stojanovic, V., Djokovic, F.
May the concept of ecolodge and ecohotel enhance the development of ecotourism in national parks of Serbia?
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Tourism development in national parks should follow the sustainable development criteria and enhance positive effects of this sector impact (Jovicic, 1997), but also to create prerequisites for ecotou...
Tourism development in national parks should follow the sustainable development criteria and enhance positive effects of this sector impact (Jovicic, 1997), but also to create prerequisites for ecotourism development in concordance with its principles. For instance: (1) activity that is based upon natural values and their protection, (2) philosophy of nature, people and local culture respect, (3) strategy that offers solutions for nature protection, (4) marketing that promotes nature protection, (5) principles that insist on joint efforts of tourism and environment (Walderback, 1995). Each of the principles may find its place in hospitality which is also important in sustainable tourism development, with regard to the increasing number of protected areas (Damnjanovic, Djokovic, Petrovic-Petronic, 2016). Ecolodges are basic accommodation type in ecotourism in national parks. Tourism development through building ecolodges where philosophy meets ecotourism principles may essentially enhance nature protection in national parks and act as ecotourism generator.
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Hennig, S., Wasserburger, W.W.
Natural areas for everyone – What infrastructure do people with disabilities require?
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Recreational activities in the outdoors have increased remarkably. Being in nature is ever more popular in society as a whole. This also includes disabled people for whom the positive impact of outdoo...
Recreational activities in the outdoors have increased remarkably. Being in nature is ever more popular in society as a whole. This also includes disabled people for whom the positive impact of outdoor recreation on well-being and quality of life is even more important than for not handicapped people. But, what kind of infrastructure is needed by disabled people to allow them accessing natural areas? How should elements be designed to be in line with disabled people’s demands? These questions are investigated in the senTour project.
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Kadijk, H., Bergsma, M.
The Dutch and German Waddencoast: Similar but different. An entrepreneurial context
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The Dutch and German Waddencoast belong to the international Waddensea area, which was assigned the status of World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2009. Cross-border comparison shows both areas have simil...
The Dutch and German Waddencoast belong to the international Waddensea area, which was assigned the status of World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2009. Cross-border comparison shows both areas have similar natural resources, however show different developments where tourism is concerned. While along the German coast artificial beaches, marinas and campsites are represented, these tourism assets are less matured along the Dutch Waddencoast. Empirical evidence shows that the natural and cultural resources of a destination constitute only a comparative advantage of a tourist area: they are a necessity but not a sufficient condition for being competitive (Cracolici & Nijkamp, 2009). Hence, if these resources do not provide an answer in explaining the difference in tourism development between Germany and the Netherlands, explanations should be sought elsewhere. Moscardo (2014) emphasized on the complex pattern of governments, entrepreneurs and other actors within the process of community development and called for a need to understand the interplay between tourism and other community activities. This research paper focuses on the interplay between tourism entrepreneurs and their environment. The purpose is to understand the difference in tourism development along the Dutch and German Waddencoast by exploring the meanings, feelings and beliefs German and Dutch tourism entrepreneurs attach to their environment.
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Siegrist, D., Ketterer Bonnelame, L., Sijtsma, F.
R-Types - Development of a typology of recreationists as a base for planning and design of nature-based recreation areas
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Recreation planning is an important aspect of landscape planning. The population of densely populated urban and peri-urban areas relies on the presence of attractive nature-based landscapes close to n...
Recreation planning is an important aspect of landscape planning. The population of densely populated urban and peri-urban areas relies on the presence of attractive nature-based landscapes close to nature and open spaces. A central aspect in the planning and design of recreation areas is the inclusion of the needs of the population. Against this background, the aim of the project “R-Types” is to assist landscape architects in planning and designing attractive recreational landscapes. First, a visitor survey will be carried out in five selected test areas in Switzerland. In parallel, an online survey will take place. Secondly, a classification of recreational areas in Switzerland is created on a qualitative basis. This enables to assign specific recreation types to each class of recreational areas. Based on this, type-specific measures to protect sensitive natural areas are developed.
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Arnberger, A., Schneider, I.E., Cottrell, S., Ebenberger, M., Schlueter, A., Eder, R., Von Ruschkowski, E., Venette, R.C., Snyder, S., Gobster, P.
Visitors’ trade-offs between physical and social factors of bark beetle impacted recreational forests
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
This study used a stated preference approach to explore visitor perceptions of bark beetle outbreaks at two state parks in the USA and a national park in Germany. A visual discrete choice experiment (...
This study used a stated preference approach to explore visitor perceptions of bark beetle outbreaks at two state parks in the USA and a national park in Germany. A visual discrete choice experiment (DCE) employed digitally calibrated images (Arnberger & Eder, 2011) to simulate forest stands with varying levels of bark beetle outbreaks, different management practices, and varying visitor uses. Translated and back-translated on-site surveys were conducted in summer 2014 with convenience samples of visitors at State Forest State Park (n=200) in Colorado, USA, Bemidji State Park (n=228) in Minnesota, USA, and Harz National Park in Germany (n=208). Each site has a history of bark beetle infestation with varying management approaches.
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Asan, K., Emeksiz, M.
Breeding racing pigeons: The serious leisure perspective
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Pigeon racing is based on the remarkable homing instinct of pigeons, which enables their return to their loft, usually many hundred miles away. It offers not only the thrills and excitement of racing,...
Pigeon racing is based on the remarkable homing instinct of pigeons, which enables their return to their loft, usually many hundred miles away. It offers not only the thrills and excitement of racing, but also the more sedate and intellectual rewards of breeding and rearing the birds (Jones, 2015). The history of breeding and racing pigeon is somewhat ancient. Pigeon homing was immensely popular during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Nowadays, pigeon breeding continues in many countries, especially through pigeon clubs or associations. These communities primarily aim to train and race homing pigeons. Apart from this, secondary objectives relevant to sustainability are also stated, including careful breeding, and taking measures to counter the poaching of birds (Baker, 2013).
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Pickering, C., Barros, A., Dario Rossi, S., Hernando, A.
What have we learned in the past 12 years about Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas? Current knowledge and future research directions.
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Visitation to recreational and protected areas continues to increase and diversify. This creates both challenges and opportunities for those who engage in these activities and for those who managethe ...
Visitation to recreational and protected areas continues to increase and diversify. This creates both challenges and opportunities for those who engage in these activities and for those who managethe destinations. With increased visitation there can be increasing environmental impacts and potential for social conflict unless appropriately managed. Recognizing the importance of these issues a group of scholars came together in 2002 to provide opportunities for academics and practitioners to exchange information by running multidisciplinary conferences every two years on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in recreational and protected areas (MMV conferences). The first conference was in Vienna, Austria in2002 Vienna, with subsequent conferences in Rovaniemi, Finland in 2004, Rapperswil, Switzerland in 2006, Montecatini Terme, Italy in 2008, Wageningen, The Netherlands in 2010, Stockholm, Sweden in 2012,Tallinn, Estonia in 2014, and here in Novid Sad, Serbia in 2016 (Figure 1).
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Viken, A., Svensson, G., Itkonen, P., Benonisen, R.
Borders of outdoor recreation
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
This paper focuses on the establishment of a bilateral and transboundary management of the Halti mountain area. The area is located on the border between Finland and Norway The region holds a special ...
This paper focuses on the establishment of a bilateral and transboundary management of the Halti mountain area. The area is located on the border between Finland and Norway The region holds a special place in many different aspects. For Finns in general and many tourists Halti holds a national symbolic value as it is the highest mountain in the country. The pristine nature is also attracting many tourists annually, but mainly on the Finnish side of the border. On the Norwegian, just like on the Finnish side, outdoor recreation, hunting, angling and reindeer husbandry are the prominent activities. Reindeer husbandry and cultural heritage are also important attributes that characterize the region. The area is also recognized for its biodiversity as an alpine landscape that connects the coast and boreal taiga forest. As an important wilderness area in Scandinavia that covers this diverse landscape, biology and history on both sides of the border there is a common interest and expressed need to secure a sustainable development for the region. By establishing a lasting cooperative organization – Halti landscape area cooperative board – one will work to secure a holistic management of the area that enhances the regions unique value in terms of cultural heritage, biology and landscape qualities which makes it attractive for recreational use. Through forming a common body of management one overcome some of the challenges that borders represents as the region share many interests, tasks and obligations to the preservation and development of the area.
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Percy, M., Paczkowski, J.
Monitoring Human Use around Wildlife Movement Corridors in the Rocky Mountains, Alberta, Canada
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The Canadian Rocky Mountains are home to a diversity of large, terrestrial mammals including carnivores (wolf (Canis lupus), cougar (Felis concolor), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), black bear (Ursus ame...
The Canadian Rocky Mountains are home to a diversity of large, terrestrial mammals including carnivores (wolf (Canis lupus), cougar (Felis concolor), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), black bear (Ursus americanus), lynx (Lynx canadensis), coyote (Canis latrans), red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and wolverine (Gulo gulo)), and herbivores (elk (Cervus elaphus), deer (Odocoileus sp.), moose (Alces alces), bighorn sheep (Ovis Canadensis) and mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus)). As human use of the Rocky Mountain landscape increases in both space and intensity, the effects of natural topographic fragmentation are exacerbated by human infrastructure, compromising wildlife movement and habitat use. While formal protection of these landscapes may exclude industrial disturbance, impacts from recreation and related infrastructure (trails, campgrounds, picnic sites, day-use facilities) may still represent a significant challenge to wildlife, particularly more wary species.
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Neuvonen, M., Nummelin, T., Sievanen, T., Tuulentie, S.
Future prospects of nature-based recreation and tourism in Finland
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Recent changes in tourism and recreation have been driven by socio-demographic shifts, increases in disposable time and incomes, technological changes, transport developments, and emerging systems of ...
Recent changes in tourism and recreation have been driven by socio-demographic shifts, increases in disposable time and incomes, technological changes, transport developments, and emerging systems of policy and governance (Williams & Shaw 2009). In addition, population growth, urbanization and decreasing environmental quality have been identified as megatrends in tourism, recreation and leisure (Gartner & Lime 2000). The aim of this study was to identify societal driving forces and trends ofoutdoor recreation,and to capture the insights and understandingof alternative futures among the actors working in research and practice in the field of nature-based recreation and tourism in Finland.
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Sievanen, T., Fredman, P., Søndergaard Jensen, F., Lexhagen, M., Lundberg, C., Sandell, K., Wall Reinius, S., Wolf-Watz, D.
Foresight Outdoor Recreation – A discussion based on monitoring experiences in the Nordic context
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Foresight outdoor recreation in the future is inherent important to inform policy makers and make the appropriate management decisions. It is also an essential tool to cope with changes. Participation...
Foresight outdoor recreation in the future is inherent important to inform policy makers and make the appropriate management decisions. It is also an essential tool to cope with changes. Participation in outdoor recreation in the Nordic countries has a long tradition and has been closely related to wellbeing, social welfare and cultural values. More recently, however, social, economic and environmental changes challenge the traditional view on outdoor recreation. This include, for example, urbanization, increased mobility, improved economy, cultural diversity, aging populations, new technology, climate change, competing leisure activities and time constraints.
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Fredman, P., Sandell, K.
Predicting Outdoor Recreation – Experts vs. the Public
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Future participation in outdoor recreation is of interest to authorities as well as tourism and outdoor recreation organizations, but at the same time difficult to give an accurate answer for. It is n...
Future participation in outdoor recreation is of interest to authorities as well as tourism and outdoor recreation organizations, but at the same time difficult to give an accurate answer for. It is not possible to study the future as such, since there is no empirical data to be analyzed which measures the time ahead of us. But the future is nevertheless a very important field of research because predicting the future is inherent important to make the right management decisions, improve adaptation, inform policy makers and ultimately support a more sustainable development. Alm et al. (2012:7) argue that "...we can use our knowledge about history and about the current situation for a discussion that also involves our values. The basic idea is that we can better shape our future in the way we want if we do this on an educated basis". Elements in building this educated basis with regard to social science is for example information about changes over time for activities and attitudes, as well as presumptions concerning the future expressed by different groups. Hence, among the techniques that can be used to get a better basis for speculations about the future are predictions by experts and surveys among potential participants.
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Pickering, C., Leung, Y-F.
What’s the latest research on mountain biking in protected areas?: Results from the special issue of the Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Public use of protected areas is changing, with declines in activities such as horse riding and hunting in some locations, while others such as mountain bike riding are increasing. Mountain biking rid...
Public use of protected areas is changing, with declines in activities such as horse riding and hunting in some locations, while others such as mountain bike riding are increasing. Mountain biking riding is popular now in a wide range of protected areas from urban parks to wilderness areas and in many countries. Such popularity energizes the discourse about how mountain biking can contribute to protected area objectives, and at what cost. There is also an increasing focus on research on social and environmental aspects of mountain biking. This interest was reflected in numerous talks on the challenges of managing and monitoring mountain biking at MMV7 (Reimann et al. 2014). Inspired by this emphasis, a special issue of the Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism was set aside to showcase the latest research on mountain biking (Pickering and Leung, 2016).
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Bihunova, M., Kutny, L.
Arboretum Mlynany (Slovakia) – what can we learn and experience more?
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Recreational activities are connected with the leisure time of human. They have passive or active form, individual or social mode, organised/regular or occasional way and could be realised in urban, p...
Recreational activities are connected with the leisure time of human. They have passive or active form, individual or social mode, organised/regular or occasional way and could be realised in urban, periurban or rural environment. Rural recreation and rural tourism are important for the economic growth of rural areas and contributes to the protection and improvement of environmental values. It is based on the attractiveness of the environment and landscape. It can develop and protect cultural, historical and natural heredity of the site (Flekalová, 2015). In Slovakia, the recreational activities in the protected areas is regulated by The Act. No. 543/2002 on Nature and Landscape Protection. According to the degree of the protection, different activities could be provided on the site. Arboretum Mlynany belongs to the fourth level of Nature Protection (there is a five degree scale of Nature and Landscape Protection in Slovakia) (Štepánková et al, 2012). Signs, trails and wayside exhibits are connectors between the site and visitors. They give meaning to the experience of the moment. Effective trails and interpretative sites are important components for telling the story of a site (Gross et al, 2006).
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Preisel, H., Arnberger, A., Brenner, H.
Spatio-temporal Patterns of Mountain Bikers in the UNESCO Wienerwald Biosphere Reserve
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Sincemany years, mountain biking has become a popular activity. In the late 1990s, more than 800 km of mountainbike trails werelaid in theWienerwald, Lower Austria and Vienna. Since then the demands o...
Sincemany years, mountain biking has become a popular activity. In the late 1990s, more than 800 km of mountainbike trails werelaid in theWienerwald, Lower Austria and Vienna. Since then the demands of mountainbikers have changed, because besideshardtail mountainbikes, downhillbikes and fullsuspensionbikeshave also gained importance. In the last few years various non-designated single trails in and around Viennahave become popular and many off-trail areas (areas with illegally built ramps and jumps by the users themselves)have developed.Interviews (e.g.Reimoseret al., 2008),observations (Arnberger and Eder, 2007) and analysisof available online GPS-user data (e.g. heat maps) show that non-designated trailsare sought out by mountainbikers.
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Kobayashi, A., Jones, T.
Investigating the Incident Profile of Vulnerable Climber Segments: Older Climbers in the North Japan Alps
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Recreational mountain climbing in Japan has some of the highest-participation rates in the world, but there has been a recent increase in climbing-related incidents and fatalities (OSC, 2016). From 20...
Recreational mountain climbing in Japan has some of the highest-participation rates in the world, but there has been a recent increase in climbing-related incidents and fatalities (OSC, 2016). From 2004 to 2013 the number of incidents across the country increased by 64%, and fatalities by 20% (Kobayashi & Jones, 2015). 47% of all incidents involved climbers aged over 60 years, with many due to falls confirming the heightened risk faced by older (non-climber) citizens (Curl et al, 2016). This paper aims to investigate these trends, and offer implications for improving risk management, by using prefectural police incident reports to examine climbers’ profile in the North Japan Alps.
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Hornigold, K., Lake, I., Dolman, P.
Modelling use of forest recreation routes, an application for woodlark (Lullulaarborea) conservation
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
During the 20th century large parts of the UK were afforested to provide a strategictimber reserve (Peterken, 1993, pg. 85). Afforestation of open habitatsreduced the extent of unimproved grasslands, ...
During the 20th century large parts of the UK were afforested to provide a strategictimber reserve (Peterken, 1993, pg. 85). Afforestation of open habitatsreduced the extent of unimproved grasslands, heathlands and wetlands, with consequent declines in associated species. To mitigate these impacts the UK Forestry Standard (Forestry Commission 2011) recommends a minimum 10% open space. In Thetford Forest (18,730 ha)the Forestry Commission is wideningverges along 278 km oftrackway to increaseopen habitat(current extent 7.1%) and createan ‘Open Habitat Network’ (OHN)to enhance habitat and population connectivity for rare and protected species(Armour-Chelu et al. 2014).In the present study we model recreational flow throughout theThetford Forest trackway networkto estimate DEs h-1on all elements of the proposed OHN. From estimatedthresholdsfor woodlark we quantify the number of trackway elements in the OHN unlikely to be colonised and therefore the potential loss of conservation benefit due to recreation. This tool is then used to assess mitigation through access point closure.
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Graefe, A., Blair, J.C.E., Ferguson, M., Mowen, A.
Using Photo Elicitation to Understand Hiker Perceptions of Energy and Communication Related Development Along the Appalachian Trail
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
As a result of a growing population, the demand for energy and communication related development has increased. Development needs inadvertently fall within boundaries or cut-through protected areas (...
As a result of a growing population, the demand for energy and communication related development has increased. Development needs inadvertently fall within boundaries or cut-through protected areas (i.e., national park units). Understanding impacts resulting from energy and communication related infrastructure development on an individual’s recreational experience is important to resource management agencies such as the National Park Service (NPS). Specifically, with eight power-lines stretching over 2,000 miles through six states associated with the Appalachian Trail (AT), understanding the impact of energy and communication related development is of increased concern. The purpose of this presentation is to provide results of a photo-elicitation study conducted with AT users in conjunction with the NPS and Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC) to determine hiker perceptions towards various energy and communication related infrastructure.
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Rupf, R., Karlen, B., Wyttenbach, M.
The rocky path – defining a trail and route network for a new national park: Case study Parc Adula, Switzerland
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Switzerland has the oldest national park in Central Europe and in the Alps – the Swiss National Park in the Engadin Valley. Established in 1914 and with an area of 170 km2, the park is well known, a...
Switzerland has the oldest national park in Central Europe and in the Alps – the Swiss National Park in the Engadin Valley. Established in 1914 and with an area of 170 km2, the park is well known, and has strict but well accepted rules for visitors (Backhaus and Rupf, 2014). The Swiss National Park is not classified as a National Park, but as a Strict Nature Reserve category Ia (IUCN). It only consists of a core area without a buffer zone. In 2007 the legal basis for new protected areas in Switzerland including national parks (IUCN category II) was established. This was the beginning of several initiatives to launch new national park projects. One of them is Parc Adula (see Figure 1), situated in the south eastern part of Switzerland, with a total area of 1,250 km2 and a core zone of 145 km2 (12 %). Parc Adula is part of the territory of two different cantons and authorities (Grison and Ticino). In addition, Parc Adula is home to three different languages and cultures (Italian, Romansh and German), with about 16,000 residents in 17 communities. The land drops from the highest peak, Piz Adula, from 3,402 m to 349 m, and different biogeographical regions are therefore represented.
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Bizarro, S., Nogueira Mendes, R.M., Santos, T., Juliao, R.P.
Monitoring Outdoor recreation in Serra da Estrela Natural Park, Portugal
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Using the information made available by new technologies and social networks specialized in this segment, the study proposes, based on Voluntary Geographic Information (VGI), the development of planni...
Using the information made available by new technologies and social networks specialized in this segment, the study proposes, based on Voluntary Geographic Information (VGI), the development of planning tools for an efficient characterization of this reality. The methodology intends to study, through an analysis of the available voluntary information, the users’ preferences towards the trail system of Serra da Estrela Natural Park (PNSE). The study results will contribute to the definition of standard criteria used in the design of a trail network, optimized according to the users’ profile and preferences.
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Hupka, J., Czachs, C., Hruby, S., Brandenburg, C.
Gathering information about leisure and recreational activities in an open landscape setting
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
A non-profit organisation, which is responsible for the conservation of a protected area, has commissioned the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna with the collection of data abo...
A non-profit organisation, which is responsible for the conservation of a protected area, has commissioned the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna with the collection of data about visitor activities in an area, which is particularly valuable in terms of nature conservation. The data collection should take place within the framework of several master’s theses. Information about visitor numbers as well as the different types and intensities of recreational activities the visitors practice on the semi-aridgrassland had been the main focus of the monitoring. Besides the allowed leisure and recreational activities, also the prohibited practices and behaviours, such as driving on the semi-aridgrassland by bike or walking dogs without a leash, should be captured.
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Skriver Hansen, A.
Introducing visitor produced pictures as a strategy for studying and monitoring visitor experiences in outdoor recreation management
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Visitor monitoring is an invaluable tool and source of information in recreation planning and management (Kajala et al. 2007). Traditionally, monitoring activitiesinvolve investigations on visitor num...
Visitor monitoring is an invaluable tool and source of information in recreation planning and management (Kajala et al. 2007). Traditionally, monitoring activitiesinvolve investigations on visitor numbers, profiles and spatial behavior, which is used for overview and information purposes. Unfortunately,monitoring activities that involve acquiring information about visitor experiencesare rarely prioritized by managers (Elands & Marwijk 2008). This is problematic, especially because recreation management “includes managing both material and symbolic […] landscapes” (Hall et al. 2013, p. 122). This is also emphasized by McCool (2006), who states that the state-of-art in visitor experience management needs improvement and that studying visitor experiences can be a way for managers to go beyond what he calls ‘superficial’ monitoring, which is monitoring efforts with a focus on visitor statistics only. Consequently, it is important thatvisitor monitoring efforts are not narrowed down to numbers and figures only, but also include detailed information about the details and specifics of various visitor experiences (McCool 2006). Indeed, it is an essential part of what has been referred to as experienced-based management, where securing and monitoring of high quality experience opportunities is put forward as a crucial part of area planning and management processes (Bushell& Griffin 2006).
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Kajala, L., Karoles-Viia, K.
Long term visitor monitoring in protected and recreational areas – results from Finland and Estonia
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Parks & Wildlife Finland (P&WF) is a unit of Metsahallitus that manages Finland’s national parks and other state-owned protected and recreational areas. Estonian State Management Centre (SFM...
Parks & Wildlife Finland (P&WF) is a unit of Metsahallitus that manages Finland’s national parks and other state-owned protected and recreational areas. Estonian State Management Centre (SFMC) is responsible for managing the Estonian state forests and providing opportunities for outdoor recreation in state forests and protected areas. Both agencies have monitored protected and recreational area visitors with similar methodology for more than ten years, P&WF Finland since year 2000 and SFMC since year 2002 (Metsahallitus 2016a, Metsahallitus 2016b, Karoles & Maran 2014). When visitor information is gathered with uniform and systematic visitor monitoring methods across areas and time, it provides invaluable possibilities for comparisons (Hornback & Eagles 1999, Kajala et al. 2007). This paper examines international visitor information, comparing national level visitor monitoring statistics from Estonia and Finland.
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Van den Berg, J.
Online visitor monitoring in Dutch nature reserves and National Parks
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The Netherlands is a delta area and is a haven for a large share of the European habitats. Out of roughly 200 European habitattypes the Netherlands houses almost 50 habitattypes on just a very small p...
The Netherlands is a delta area and is a haven for a large share of the European habitats. Out of roughly 200 European habitattypes the Netherlands houses almost 50 habitattypes on just a very small part of Europe that is densely populated. Staatsbosbeheer – commissioned by the government – manages a considerable share of all nature reserves and National Parks in the Netherlands. Staatsbosbeheer is promoting outdoor-recreation at as many sites as possible. We had to collect – in a very short time – data regarding our visitors per site. As we are provincial organised the data had to be collected likewise. We wanted to do this for a great number of the most visited sites per province. The collection of the data had to be uniform and without any effort for our local rangers. So we decided to perform online visitor research.The data we wanted to collect should be usuable in ranking our most visited sites and had to increase our knowledge of visitors as well. The key performance indicators we decided to collect regarding each individual nature site were meant to form an objective set of data leading to insights that informs our decision-making.
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Latosinska, B., Brandenburg, C., Czachs, C., Muhar, A., Grabowski, M., Sobanska, E., Pikus, A., Rothert, M., Taczanowska, K.
Social media dynamics affecting differences between online and on -site surveys: First findings from a case study in the Tricity Landscape Park, Poland
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Managers of parks and forestshave to optimize the allocation of resources to provide new recreational infrastructure and maintain the existing one.In order to successfully managerecreationalareas and ...
Managers of parks and forestshave to optimize the allocation of resources to provide new recreational infrastructure and maintain the existing one.In order to successfully managerecreationalareas and to gain realistic view on actual visitation levels as well as visitors’ needs and expectations, it is necessary to find reliable and effective tools and methods for visitor data collection and analysis(Kajala et al., 2007,Cessford, Muhar, 2003). In recent years, the use of online surveys in outdoor recreation research as complement to traditional survey methods (on-site, mail and telephone surveys) has been significantly expanded. Comparability of data gathered from traditional paper interviewing and from online surveys is a subject of discourse in many fields of social science research (Namhun, Xiaojuan, Zvi, 2013, Dolnicar, Laesser, Matus, 2009, Yetter, Capaccioli, 2010). Personal interviewson-site survey and online survey may involve respondents with different sociodemographic profiles because of the different mode. Furthermore, both approaches differ in place and time of interviewing. On-site surveys take place during a trip in a forest and the online survey at a random moment while browsing the internet. In this setting other influencing factors may play a significant role. In outdoor recreation research sampling biases and the influence of social media dynamics on participation in online surveys and representativity of results have not yet been sufficiently researched.
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Nogueira Mendes, R.M., da Silva, C.P.
Organized mountain biking events within peri-urban protected areas. How many are too many?
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Recreational activities within Protected Areas (PA) are growing in use intensity and diversity with special emphasis in does close to metropolitan areas. This fact is related not only by the increasin...
Recreational activities within Protected Areas (PA) are growing in use intensity and diversity with special emphasis in does close to metropolitan areas. This fact is related not only by the increasing numbers of practitioners but also due to modern life-styles were out-doors activities are, among others, almost synonymous of healthy lifestyles. In this paper we discuss some of the aspects that could be take into account in order to deal with such events, with special emphasis on extra use intensity that this races can represent taking as an example the development of an organized MTB event that involved 750 participants and over 150 staff members.
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Hegetschweiler, T., Plum, C., Brandli, U.-B., Fischer, C., Ginzler, C., Hunziker, M.
Physical and social aspects of forest recreation – approaches to a comprehensive monitoring
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Forest monitoring normally either focuses on physical aspects such as tree species, stand structure, vegetation cover, etc. or on social aspects, namely forest recreation and the relationship of peopl...
Forest monitoring normally either focuses on physical aspects such as tree species, stand structure, vegetation cover, etc. or on social aspects, namely forest recreation and the relationship of people with the forest. However, especially regarding forest recreation, both the physical characteristics of the forest in which recreation takes place as well as the social aspects such as visitor preferences and behaviour play an important role. A clearer understanding of the interactions of society and forest and in particular better knowledge of the interrelation of physical forest characteristics and forest recreation would allow better managing of the forest with regard to societal needs. Physical forest characteristics are often assessed by forest inventories, for which data is normally collected from sample plots on a systematic grid across the country (Tomppo et al., 2010). In order to assess the social dimension of forest recreation, nationwide surveys are conducted in several countries on a regular basis to provide valuable information about the relationship of the population with the forest, usage patterns, motivations for forest recreation, etc. (Sievanen et al., 2008). However, there is no spatially explicit link to the physical forest, or forest characteristics are dealt with in a minor way, e.g. by using photographs without underlying physical forest data. The question arises whether National Forest Inventories (NFIs) and socio-cultural forest monitoring (usually nationwide questionnaire surveys) could be combined to explain and possibly even predict forest recreation patterns from forest-related and visitor-related data.
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Jakovic, B., Tubic, D., Baklan, R.
Touristic events as generators of visitations increase and tourism sustainability of Nature parks
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Increased demand and interest in outdoor recreation is an ideal opportunity for tourism development in protected areas, but also and challenge for park management to attract more visitors, meettheir n...
Increased demand and interest in outdoor recreation is an ideal opportunity for tourism development in protected areas, but also and challenge for park management to attract more visitors, meettheir needs andexpectations. Satisfying the needs as well and the expectations of the visitors, mostly lead to achieving a higher level of touristic experience which brings multiple benefits for the visited protected areas, such as increased spending, longer stay, return, recommendation etc.Seeing that the revenues from traditional government sources decreasing, tourism provides a vital source of revenues for park agencies. It also provides a key means for protected area agencies to realize their objectives relating to visitor appreciation and enjoyment (Bushell, Eagles, 2006). Anyway, the tourism development in protected areas brings not only benefits, but also the expenses, from the ecological, economical and sociocultural point of view.Ensuring that tourism contributes to the sustainable management of protected areas, it will require enhanced cooperation and partnerships among the tourism industry, governments at all levels, local communities, protected area managers and planners (Eagles et al., 2002).
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Bartoletti, C.T., Magro, T.C.
Recreational use in Natural Protected Areas: Adventure Races
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
This research aimed to analyse Adventure Races’ rules as well as to interview races’ organizers and athletes in search of trends in Adventure Races’ organization in Brazil. It also sought whethe...
This research aimed to analyse Adventure Races’ rules as well as to interview races’ organizers and athletes in search of trends in Adventure Races’ organization in Brazil. It also sought whether or not, and to which extent these organizers and adventure sports’ consumers took into consideration environmental issues and not only logistical and financial factors when choosing the location, date and rules for a race. Finally, national park managers were too questioned about their professional perceptions towards the positive and negative impacts that Adventure Races had or may have on their work areas. Based on the information gathered from these tree stakeholders the final goal was to aid the establishment of better management actions focused on developing Adventure Races so that they will better meet the demands in public use and the objectives of conservation in natural protected areas.
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Milentijevic, N., Valjarevic, A., Vukoicic, D., Cimbaljevic, M.
GIS Technology and Spatial Analysis of Geo-cultural heritage in the Municipality of Prokuplje (Serbia)
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The idea to protect the geo-cultural heritage of Serbia dates its institutional beginnings in the 1950s. In the middle of nineties, start systematic valorization of cultural heritage and Natural objec...
The idea to protect the geo-cultural heritage of Serbia dates its institutional beginnings in the 1950s. In the middle of nineties, start systematic valorization of cultural heritage and Natural objects. The special place of conservation and geo-cultural protection belongs to the municipality of Prokuplje. The municipality of Prokuplje situated in the south region of Central Serbia, surrounding by mountains of Jastrebac, Radan and part of Kopaonik. Populations, manufacturing capacity and communications are concentrated in the valley of Toplica (in the town of Prokuplje), but mountain hinterland still lost demographic potential. These are the main reasons of not enough affirmation in the area of a municipality. The surface area of the municipality of Prokuplje is 759 km², which is only 0,8 % of the total area of Serbia. In this paper were marked most important geo-sites (epigeny of river Toplica, pseudo-cave Pasjacko kale) and objects of cultural heritage (Church St. Prokopije, Latin Church, and the medieval upper town Hameum). With using GIS technology we determined the dispersion of cultural objects on the territory of the municipality. The special view can be in creating virtual web map of geo-space. The analysed results represent a quality basis for data storage in digital form which in significance and more detailed touristic valorization of the geo-cultural potentials of the municipality in the future period.
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McArdle, K., Walden-Schreiner, C., Edwards, M.B., Leung, Y-F., Seekamp, E., Duerden, M., Blank North, G.
Evaluating Youth Conservation Corps Trail Improvement Projects: Sampling & Data Collection Protocols
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
This poster highlights the project’s first phase: development and implementation of a standardized trail assessment. This tool employs accessible measures appropriate for participants who may have l...
This poster highlights the project’s first phase: development and implementation of a standardized trail assessment. This tool employs accessible measures appropriate for participants who may have limited data collection experience, is applicable to a diversity of landscapes worldwide, and is adaptable to other types of programs besides conservation. The tools developed through this collaboration are being implemented by corps members and staff during and after improvement projects. Using a comprehensive and standard methodology, the evaluation will provide corps and their partners with valuable information to use in communicating their outcomes, identifying opportunities for program growth and improvement.
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Folmer, A.
Wildlife and flora and the valuation of green places: a comparison between local and national green places in the Netherlands
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In my study, wildlife and flora were defined as all species that can be encountered in the Netherlands. From another version of the Hotspotmonitor (version 1.9, in Folmer, Haartsen, Daams and Huigen, ...
In my study, wildlife and flora were defined as all species that can be encountered in the Netherlands. From another version of the Hotspotmonitor (version 1.9, in Folmer, Haartsen, Daams and Huigen, in press), it was found that locally, relatively common animal species are found attractive (e.g. Highland cattle, deer, waders, hedgehogs, ducks, frogs, dragonflies, rabbits, fish), whereas nationally, charismatic, and large wildlife are mentioned most often (e.g. wild boars, foxes, seals, and badgers). With regard to flora in local and national green places, the differences are less profound, locally, trees are mentioned most frequently, whereas nationally, heather is on first position. For both green places at local and national level, plants, flora, flowers, and more specifically orchids, are also mentioned as reason for attractiveness (Folmer et al.,in press).
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Marinoski, N., Nestoroska, I.
Spatial-planning aspects of tourism development in the protected area Jasen
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The aim of this paper is to present the spatial-planning aspects for tourism development of protected area Jasen, that is multipurpose area, and has potentials different tourism types, through identi...
The aim of this paper is to present the spatial-planning aspects for tourism development of protected area Jasen, that is multipurpose area, and has potentials different tourism types, through identifying the following: specific characteristics of tourism and geographical position of Jasen as a tourist value, and as a factor of tourism development, differentiation of locations with specific developmental resources that can be included successfully in the tourist offer, place and role of Jasen in tourism development of Republic of Macedonia, interactive connection of Jasen with other tourist area on national and international level, principles, criteria and indicators of sustainable development of tourism, and differentiation of different types of tourism and activities that can be developed in relation to the spatial and functional characteristics of Jasen and its differentiated localities.
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Rechcinski, M., Pietrzyk-Kaszynska, A., Olszanska, A., Peek, B., Cent, J., Grodzinska-Jurczak, M.
Is PPGIS always an effective management tool? Reflections based on the Tatra National Park case study
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The presented study, realized within the LINKAGE (LINKing systems, perspectives and disciplines for Active biodiversity GovernancE) project between November 2014 and February 2015, aimed to identify l...
The presented study, realized within the LINKAGE (LINKing systems, perspectives and disciplines for Active biodiversity GovernancE) project between November 2014 and February 2015, aimed to identify landscape values of Tatra district in Poland. The whole project was to improve biodiversity governance in Poland and Norway by developing innovative protocols and technologies for biodiversity governance. In order to meet that challenge, we used the same carefully designed Internet-based PP GIS application in the socio-ecological context of three national parks: Jotunheimen and Saltfjellet–Svartisen NP in Norway and Tatra NP in Poland (Brown et al. 2015). Both the case studies and adopted methodology were selected to maximise possibility of further comparisons of the results – all the sites were of high-mountain character and protected as national parks. The PPGIS application was based on a tool already widely-used worldwide (see landscapevalues.org for further references) which additionally suggested its broad applicability. The tool uses points as spatial representations of the measured variables. Thus, the mapping exercise required from the respondent to place several markers on the provided basemap to inform about a) landscape values, b) preferred activities and c) unpreferred activities connected to certain places. The task was identical in both Polish and Norwegian applications.
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Udas, E., Sacher, P., Mayer, M., Meyerhoff, J., Haider, W.
Towards a carbon-neutral university: Assessing the recreational value of a university forest and the tradeoffs with other ecosystem services
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In our research, we aim to assess tradeoffs and synergies between major forest ecosystem services for designing a decision support tool that provides anoptimal forest management strategy to offsetunav...
In our research, we aim to assess tradeoffs and synergies between major forest ecosystem services for designing a decision support tool that provides anoptimal forest management strategy to offsetunavoidable carbon emissions of the EMAU (Figure). As tradeoffs between forest recreation and carbon offsetting were largely unknown for the EMAU forests due to lack of informationon public preferences, it was necessary to conduct visitor monitoring and recreational preference surveys.
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Kaprova, K., Melichar, J.
Modelling the recreation demand for natural areas in the Czech Republic
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The contribution aims at modelling of recreation demand for large natural areas in the Czech Republic using a discrete choice model based on McFadden´s random utility framework. Our application encom...
The contribution aims at modelling of recreation demand for large natural areas in the Czech Republic using a discrete choice model based on McFadden´s random utility framework. Our application encompasses 27 recreation areas, including national parks and large protected landscape areas. The main interest of the analysis is to determine which environmental attributes of recreation sites (such as land cover, type or structure of vegetation or forest type) drive the demand for outdoor recreation, employing the recreation demand model, it is further possible to disentangle the implicit recreation value that visitors associate with particular sites and particular environmental characteristics of the area.
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Gulic, J., Struc, S., Debeljak Sabec, N.
Monitoring of disturbances in the natural environment on Pohorje Mountain (Slovenia)
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
This paper deals with the monitoring of disturbances (motorized vehicles, snowmobiles, bikes) in the natural environment on Pohorje Mountain range (Slovenia) and presenting implemented activities deal...
This paper deals with the monitoring of disturbances (motorized vehicles, snowmobiles, bikes) in the natural environment on Pohorje Mountain range (Slovenia) and presenting implemented activities dealing with visitor management in the area. Activities were carried out through the project SUPORT - Sustainable Management of Pohorje area (EEA Financial Mechanism and Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2009-2014 in Slovenia, EEAG 4300-346/2014, Y2015-2016) and transferring management planning process into ongoing project LIFE TO GRASLANDS - Conservationand management ofdrygrasslands in EasternSlovenia (LIFE 14 NAT/SI/000005).The project focusedtowards efficient management and monitoring of Natura 2000 sites. One of the work packages of the project included zoning of space on the appropriateness of human activity in the natural environment.With Ferro-magnetic sensors, we have monitored disturbances in the natural environment. The sensors tracked the frequency of disturbances in the natural environment and on forest roads, where traffic is only permitted for forest management
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Jodlowski, M.
Management strategies for outdoor recreation in Central European high-mountain national parks
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
High-mountain ranges are unique features of the landscape in Poland, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia and Slovenia. They are also one of the main tourism destination in the respective countr...
High-mountain ranges are unique features of the landscape in Poland, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia and Slovenia. They are also one of the main tourism destination in the respective countries. Traditional outdoor activities i.e. mountaineering and alpine skiing are extremely popular there although in the last two decades new forms of outdoor sports and recreation have gain significant importance, e.g. ski-touring, rock climbing, mountain biking and other (see Zinser 1995). There is a broad knowledge of tourism impact on mountain environment in general (e.g. Rixen, Rolando 2013) but various management strategies and regulations are applied in response to this impact (Eagles et al. 2002, Manning, Anderson 2012, Mason 2005).
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Cimbaljevic, M., Milentijevic, N.
ICT in promoting and interpretation in protected areas – example of Serbian national parks
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In recent years, the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the environment protection and promotion has attracted great attention. ICT can improve the understanding of environmen...
In recent years, the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the environment protection and promotion has attracted great attention. ICT can improve the understanding of environmental issues in humans, as well as their political implications. In research, ICT application is generally considered as a way to use this technology for the benefit of the environment. Today, communication processes are strongly associated with the use of Web 2.0 tools, working on desktop computers and mobile devices. Such advantages and challenges of modern ICT’s are quite relevant for large protected areas (e.g. national parks). Nonetheless, destination success depends on its capacity to create and promote the competitive tourism product according to preferences and requirements of potential and existing demand. For these purposes, in addition to ICT’s, geographic information systems (GIS) play an important role.
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Stankov, U., Klauco, M., Vujicic, M.D., Vasiljevic, Dj., Dragicevic, V.
National parks are going social? An exploratory study of former Yugoslav countries on Facebook
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Many national parks (NP) and other organizational structures for environmental protection recognized growing popularity of Facebook and this topic is gaining importance since it is attracting more and...
Many national parks (NP) and other organizational structures for environmental protection recognized growing popularity of Facebook and this topic is gaining importance since it is attracting more and more academic and practitioner attention. Still, this process is uneven in different parts of the world. This paper examines level of adopting and current practices of Facebook usage by the NPs in former Yugoslav countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia) to seek for common practices, good examples or pitfalls. In most cases, NPs can be seen as tourist destinations and consequently, parts of parks managing structures can act as destination management organizations (DMOs). Therefore, this research proposes and adopts the use of common methodology for assessing destination management organizations Facebook Pages in order to explore the level and form of acceptance among NPs.
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Peric, M., Krsmanovic, Z.M., Markovic, S., Krsmanovic, S.
Protected Areas in the Function of Tourism Improvement in Western Serbia
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The basic condition for tourism development is healthy and unpolluted environment with its natural and cultural values. Opportunities for tourism development in a certain area are more favorable in co...
The basic condition for tourism development is healthy and unpolluted environment with its natural and cultural values. Opportunities for tourism development in a certain area are more favorable in conditions when environment is better preserved and more attractive. On the other hand, there are polluted, degraded and devastated landscapes that cannot be returned to primarily state. In recent years, in many developed countries across the Europe, the great attention has been devoted to sustainable development of tourism and the preservation of the environment at the same time. It is assumed that integration of protected areas and their role in the tourism offer of Western Serbia will be improved on the basis of examples, experiences and knowledge of developed countries. The concept of sustainable development implies a balanced economic, social and cultural development without compromising the environment. So, it can be concluded that sustainable tourism has a long-term benefits and effects.
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Mayer, M., Woltering, M.
The recreational value of German national parks – consumer surplus analyzed with travel cost models
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
National parks (NLP) provide several ecosystem services like biodiversity and habitat protection, but also regulating and supporting services as well as cultural services like recreation and spiritual...
National parks (NLP) provide several ecosystem services like biodiversity and habitat protection, but also regulating and supporting services as well as cultural services like recreation and spiritual functions. Existing research about cultural ecosystem services of German NLP often focus on economic impact studies proving their role as major tourism attractions in rural areas (Job et al. 2016, Mayer & Job 2014, Woltering 2012). However, these studies only offer an incomplete view of the willingness to pay for recreation in NLP as they rely solely on the onsite expenditures of visitors while the travel and time costs to reach the parks are not considered. This paper presents the preliminary results for the recreational value of 14 out of 16 German NLP. The recreational value is determined using travel cost models (TCM). Although well established and criticized for years (Ward & Beal 2000), theseare its first applications to German NLP.
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Bergsma, M., Kadijk, H.
Tourism Markers for National Parks – The Case of the Netherlands
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In the Dutch nature conservation tradition and the management of National Parks, the focus has mainly been on nature protection, education and research. In other countries the NP’s have much more e...
In the Dutch nature conservation tradition and the management of National Parks, the focus has mainly been on nature protection, education and research. In other countries the NP’s have much more economic value for consumers and entrepreneurs (Van der Windt, 2012). Especially well established parks attract overnight visitors which spend money on accommodation and food in the surroundings of the national Park (Mayer et al, 2010). So tourists who are on holiday and visit a National Park in a particular country, are of economic value for the management of the protected area and local residents and gateway communities (Thomas, Huber & Koontz, 2015, King et al, 2012). In many regions National Parks and other protected areas have become an important attraction and play an important role in destination development (Reinius and Fredman, 2007). Such attractions are very important for the development of a tourism destination and the major motivator for tourists to travel to a certain destination. Effective marketing of the heritage values of the attractions will enhance revenue streams from tourism (King et al, 2012). A technique to build visitor awareness about the heritage values, is to present the tangible and intangible elements of the National Park prominently, consistently and repeatedly throughout the customer journey. This is not only important for the visitor experience but also for building positive beliefs and behaviours among decision makers, local inhabitants and tourism businesses (King et al, 2012).
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Stamenkovic, I., Pantelic, M., Stojanovic, V., Ivkov, M., Lazic, L.
Attitudes of the Government and Non-Government Sectors Towards Development of Ecotourism in Protected Natural Areas in Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbia)
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Each country tends to create a tourism policy and thus leads the planning and management of tourism development. Researchers opinion on the economic impact of the global ecotourism economy are differe...
Each country tends to create a tourism policy and thus leads the planning and management of tourism development. Researchers opinion on the economic impact of the global ecotourism economy are different and some of them believe that ecotourism is developing faster than the tourism industry as a whole, and that this proportion is more than 20% of the world tourism market. When it comes to the development of ecotourism most responsible factor is the government that provides the funding and the ability to create favorable circumstances for the control and knowledge of how the private sector could work effectively. The development of ecotourism in Vojvodina should be aligned with the expected results of the Twinning Project SR07-IB-EN-02 - Strengthening the administrative capacity of protected areas in Serbia - Natura 2000. The ultimate goal of the project was to create an ecological network of NATURA 2000 in the Republic of Serbia. That would improve the preservation of endangered species and their habitats and raising awareness on the protection of natural heritage as well as increasing the capacity to implement legal standards for the protection of nature.
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Kan, E., Oljaboy, S., Inna, R., Jens, W., Rustam, M.
A New Concept for Sustainable Natural Resources Management in Uzbekistan: The Case of the Lower Amudaryastate Biosphere Reserve
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The Project “Ecosystem based land and forest management of the tugai habitats of Amudarya river for improving livelihood of local communities and as adaptation strategy to climate change (Uzbekistan...
The Project “Ecosystem based land and forest management of the tugai habitats of Amudarya river for improving livelihood of local communities and as adaptation strategy to climate change (Uzbekistan/Turkmenistan)” financed by the German Federal Ministry of Development and Economic Cooperation (BMZ) is implemented between 2015 and 2017 by NGO KRASSin Uzbekistan and research institute under the Ministry of Nature Protection in Turkmenistan in partnership with the Michael Succow Foundation for the Protection of Nature(Germany). The project addresses a sustainable, climate- and site-adapted management of natural resources in the Amudarya River, thereby improving the livelihood of the people in the target region and the environmental capacity of the floodplain natural space.
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Sorensen, H., Moreno, M., Leppe, A.
Stakeholders to the Rescue Biosphere Reserve in the Chilean Andes
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
A multi-stakeholder approach with particular emphasis on the involvement of local communities were to be implemented that should foster dialogue, integrate cultural and biological diversity, and demon...
A multi-stakeholder approach with particular emphasis on the involvement of local communities were to be implemented that should foster dialogue, integrate cultural and biological diversity, and demonstrate sound sustainable development practices and policies based on research and monitoring,and finally the area should act as a site of excellence for education and training. Now five years after the declaration, formal public assessment and monitoring of the management efforts hasn’t been put in place, hence this presentation of an Impact Evaluation that aim toproduce an overall evaluative judgment about the significance of the declaration of the Biosphere Reserve in addition to descriptions of possible changes will be reported.
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Arnegger, J., Schaaff, C., Gokhelashvili, R.
Supporting Georgia’s Protected Areas: Linking Conservation and Local Development
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
According to Aichi target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the global network of protected areas (PAs) shall be extended to cover 17% of all terrestrial areas by 2020. Internationally, pr...
According to Aichi target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the global network of protected areas (PAs) shall be extended to cover 17% of all terrestrial areas by 2020. Internationally, progress has been achieved, with PAs now covering 12.5% of all terrestrial land. Challenges remain: Notably developing countries still lack both capacity and financial resources to adequately set up and manage PA systems, a gap that requires continuous commitment of international donors (di Minin & Toivonen, 2015). In this regard, approaches that aim to reconcile conservation and poverty reduction have been increasingly common in recent years: Between 1980 and 2008, almost three quarters of the total international aid allocated for biodiversity conservation was targeting “mixed” projects that explicitly addressed both ecological and economic objectives (Miller, 2014). This contribution presents one such project, the Support Programme for Protected Areas in Georgia (SPPA), and introduces the local context and existing challenges.
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Gokita, R., Kadowaki, M., Terasaki, T.
Effectiveness of Consensus-Building Methods Using Sustainable Tourism Indicators in the Collaborative Management of Japan’s National Parks: A Case Study of the Oku-Nikko Area in Nikko National Park
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Japans national parks are organized based on a regional land designation system that is not tied to land ownership or limited to the public use of the area. These areas are home to a significant numbe...
Japans national parks are organized based on a regional land designation system that is not tied to land ownership or limited to the public use of the area. These areas are home to a significant number of people (600,000 people across 32 parks). Therefore, it is necessary for park management to accommodate the local residents daily living, economic activities, and the natural areas’ protection and use. Based on these circumstances, managing national parks appropriately requires building a consensus among and striving to win the cooperation of a variety of stakeholder organizations and individuals. This is not limited to only park officials, but also residents, businesses, and visitors. In Japanese national parks, there are venues to examine individual issues and conduct liaison and coordination functions. However, these venues are extraordinarily limited with regard to which have been established as places in which the greater park system’s stakeholders can come together (Tsuchiya, 2014).
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Chazée, L., Réquier Desjardins, M., Khechimi, W.
Monitoring Recreational and Educational Services Provided by Mediterranean Wetlands: How Natural Capital Impact Human and Social Capital?
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Since 2011, the Mediterranean Wetlands Observatory (MWO) is a wetlands management tool of the MedWet regional Initiative (1991) working under the umbrella of the Ramsar convention (1971) and managed b...
Since 2011, the Mediterranean Wetlands Observatory (MWO) is a wetlands management tool of the MedWet regional Initiative (1991) working under the umbrella of the Ramsar convention (1971) and managed by the Tour du Valat Institute for Research and Conservation of Wetlands (TdV). MWO is developing its first indicator on cultural ecosystem services as an "impact" indicator to be integrated in the DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) conceptual model adopted by MWO. The overarching objective of this indicator is to develop additional advocacy based on sound scientific work among local and national decision-makers as well as planners involved in development options achievement and territorial management. This indicator also intends to help site managers to adapt their services to recreational and educational visitors. It aims concretely at measuring how ecosystem services biophysical value and function of wetlands provide human and social advantages to societies.
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Selin, S.
Backbone Leadership and River Recreation Corridors: The Mon River Valley Coalition
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
This research employed an embedded case study approach recommended by several tourism researchers (Dredge, Hales, & Jamal, 2013, Wray, 2015). The author was familiar with the Mon River Valley Coa...
This research employed an embedded case study approach recommended by several tourism researchers (Dredge, Hales, & Jamal, 2013, Wray, 2015). The author was familiar with the Mon River Valley Coalition having served as a program coordinator with the Monongahela River Town Program for two years. After stepping down from the program coordinator position, the author was able to use personal knowledge, social networks, and accumulated program material to conduct this embedded case study research design (Yin, 2009).
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Dehez, J., Bouisset, C., Degrémont, I.
The Contribution of Proximity-Based Analysis to Outdoor Recreation Management
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Managing outdoor recreation requires close coordination between stakeholders. This leads to a more complicated situation, because the majority ofstakeholders involved do not know each other well. Bett...
Managing outdoor recreation requires close coordination between stakeholders. This leads to a more complicated situation, because the majority ofstakeholders involved do not know each other well. Better integration of visitors into the management process calls for a fundamental change in the way, conceptual and practical models are designed. To this end, we propose an original analytical framework, inspired by the fields of economics and geography, based on various definitions of proximity.
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Bandeira Diniz, F.K., de Souza Pimentel, D.
Social Carrying Capacity at a Brazilian Protected Area
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The modern societies reencounter the nature’s social representation in protected areas. Thus, there is a new enchantment with natural environments and concepts’ redefinition (Borrie 2012). Accordi...
The modern societies reencounter the nature’s social representation in protected areas. Thus, there is a new enchantment with natural environments and concepts’ redefinition (Borrie 2012). According to this social archetype, the protected areas assume this main goal of biological diversity protection and ecosystems process maintenance (Dudley 2008). But even the most conscious visitors leave marks of their presence. A possible management action to protect resources and improve the visitor experience is to limit the number of visitors by calculating the social carrying capacity. This concept it refers to the number of visitors that can be accommodated in a protected area at the same time ensuring a satisfactory experience (Boullon 1997). The objective of this paper is to present the social carrying capacity of a high visited site in a Brazilian Park.
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Lykkja, H.
Visitor Management in the West Norwegian Fjords – Bridging the Gaps between Disciplines,Sectors and Administrative Levels
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
A preliminary study revealed a need to develop a method for sustainable and user focused visitor management with a high degree of user participation, suitable for both small and high volume destinatio...
A preliminary study revealed a need to develop a method for sustainable and user focused visitor management with a high degree of user participation, suitable for both small and high volume destinations. The Council for the WHS West Norwegian Fjords is the project owner, while management is under the Nærøyfjord world heritage park. Active partners are the municipalities, the travel industry, and local associations. (Lykkja and Knagenhjelm, 2014). The goal is to find a balance between preservation of important sites and giving visitors a rewarding experience, while at the same time supporting economic development. Achieving this goal will make it easier for the custodians to report to UNESCO, and to maintain the site in a sustainable manner. Research to be carried out includes customer analysis, the customer journey, local value creation and usage stress limits. We collaborate with other research projects conducted in the region.
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Haukeland, J.V., Dybedal, P.,
Visitor Monitoring in a World Heritage Area – The West Norwegian Fjordsnærøyfjorden and Geirangerfjorden
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The two West Norwegian Fjords,Nærøyfjordenand Geirangerfjorden, were registered on the World Heritage List in 2005. TheWorld Heritage Areascomprise narrow, deep and long fjords with steep sided rock...
The two West Norwegian Fjords,Nærøyfjordenand Geirangerfjorden, were registered on the World Heritage List in 2005. TheWorld Heritage Areascomprise narrow, deep and long fjords with steep sided rock walls that are consideredarchetypical parts of the world’s fjord landscapes. Numerous waterfalls and free-flowing rivers run across forests on their way to the sea. Thefjordsrepresentunique geological values and offer anoutstanding natural beauty. Nærøyfjorden and Geirangerfjorden also include small communities as well as reminisces of shut down tiny dairy farms supplementing cultural and aesthetical values to the natural fjord landscape. Moreover, the world heritage areas also include protected landscapes and natural reserves according to the Norwegian Nature Diversity Act.
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Hunziker, M., Hubschmid, E.,
Experimental Long-Term Evaluation of a Campaign to Reduce Freeriding-Wildlife Conflicts of Snow Sports
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The appearance of outdoor recreation activities has increased significantly all over the world (Manning & Anderson, 2012) as well as in Switzerland (Hunziker et al., 2011). This development can le...
The appearance of outdoor recreation activities has increased significantly all over the world (Manning & Anderson, 2012) as well as in Switzerland (Hunziker et al., 2011). This development can lead to conflicts, in particular between snow-sports participants and native wildlife populations in subalpine areas (e.g. Arlettaz et al., 2007). The Swiss and Austrian campaign “Respektiere deine Grenzen” so far successfully reduced such conflicts by positively influencingthe respective behaviour of people who engage in ski-touring and snow-shoeing by means of information and sensitization (Immoos & Hunziker, 2015). However, it has been known that one group of snow-sports participants can hardly be influenced by such information campaigns, the so-called freeriders: skiers and snowboarders who use the transport facilities of ski resorts but ride down off the ski-runs (e.g. Zeidenitz et al. 2010). Thus, a specific freerider campaign, called ""respect wildlife"", was launched in Switzerland, focussing on this group using its media and language.
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Aikoh, T., Kubo, T., Inaba, A., Shoji, Y.,
The Actual Situation and the Attitude of Visitors toward Feeding of Wild Animals in the Japanese Suburban Forest
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
In Japan, the number of local governments prohibiting feeding of wild animals in municipal bylaw has increased recently. Feeding of brown bears, wild boars, and Japanese monkeys for recreational purpo...
In Japan, the number of local governments prohibiting feeding of wild animals in municipal bylaw has increased recently. Feeding of brown bears, wild boars, and Japanese monkeys for recreational purposesis prohibited in some municipalities. In Sapporo City, feeding of squirrels and wild birds in the suburban forest is causing concern, and conflict with other visitors is increasing (Aikoh & Wei, 2013). The manager cannot take specific countermeasures, because feeding is not prohibited in the suburban forest. Therefore, it is becoming necessary to understand the attitudes of visitors for feeding. In this study, we investigated the actual situation regarding feeding of wild animals in a suburban forest, and visitors’ attitudes towards feeding activities, proper distance from wild animals, and the necessity of countermeasures against feeding. We aimed to propose suggestionsbased on our results for the future management of the suburban forest in Sapporo city.
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Slapnik, M.
Interpretation as a Soft Approach to Visitors’ Management in the Case of Slovenia’s Nature Parks
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
My research in the Slovenian protected areas deals with implementation of principles, methods and means of interpretation for the needs of visitors’ management. The main interpretation themes and me...
My research in the Slovenian protected areas deals with implementation of principles, methods and means of interpretation for the needs of visitors’ management. The main interpretation themes and means used in Slovenian parks have been analyzed, including all Slovenian parks with management: one national park, three regional parks and seven landscape parks. The analysis showed that the basic principles of interpretation for the needs of visitors’ management are at least partly used in Slovenian parks with a park management. However, there is still a wide range of unexploited possibilities. In recent years, the park managers have become more aware of quality interpretation, so the latest infrastructure is better designed and used. There is also a number of personal approaches that include quality interpretation – experienced guided walk, living history role-plays and interactive performances are the fastest developing approaches.
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Dimovic, D., Stefan, A., Ivanic, K.Z,
Values and Benefits of Protected Areas as Potential for Sustainable Development
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Demographic change is a challenge for many remote regions in Europe when it comes to the development of long term sustainable development strategies. While large scale investments often suggest new jo...
Demographic change is a challenge for many remote regions in Europe when it comes to the development of long term sustainable development strategies. While large scale investments often suggest new jobs and economic growth, the possible impacts of new regional development projects on natural resources and nature conservation are neglected. As a consequence, the opportunities and threats of regional development as well as the role of nature as a capital for local economies are rarely known. On the one hand the decreasing populations offer more potential for extensive agriculture, wilderness or sustainable tourism arising from additional land-use options and on the other hand the regions are facing the challenges to enhance the attractiveness and economic prosperity. This means that innovative solutions are needed to combine sustainable regional development that builds on the potential of nature conservation and natural resource management within sustainable and resilient local economic. In order to better understand the ecologically sustainable territorial developmentthe Protected Areas Benefit Assessment Tool (PA-BAT) was used to assess the protected areas in the Balkan ecoregion an area with a rich natural and cultural heritage.The PA-BAT is a new tool developed and tested by Equilibrium Research, WWF and partners.It was the biggest ever participatory assessments of protected areas benefits at the regional level, 60 workshops held in protected areas with more than 1,200 participants. This kind of workshops are an effective way of gathering and focusing public input at the early stage of protected area management planning process, but also motivation for their continued involvement in following stages.
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Corbett, J., Robles, N.,
Dispersed Visitation in Mexico’s Mountains: Challenges to Sustainable Management
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
References to “managing and monitoring visitors” generally bring to mind the grand concentrations of visitors thronging Angkor Wat, the Coliseum of Rome, or Teotihuacan, locations that by their fa...
References to “managing and monitoring visitors” generally bring to mind the grand concentrations of visitors thronging Angkor Wat, the Coliseum of Rome, or Teotihuacan, locations that by their fame and accessibility draw large numbers from around the world. Management becomes in effect synonymous with crowd control, carrying capacity, and dealing with periodic surges in visitation related to seasonal vacation periods or other circumstances influencing visitor flow. Rarely do we think of low or sporadic flows or tourism as presenting their own challenges, particularly when institutional support and management processes themselves confront serious constraints. In this paper we examine challenges to sustainable management under conditions of emerging but minimal, intermittent visitor traffic in mountain sites where historically suchvisitation has been non-existent.
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Robles, N., Corbett, J.,
The Program for Visitor Management at Monte Alban, Mexico: A Strategy for Managing Mass Tourism through Junior Volunteers
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
A common problem among those grand World Heritage Sites such as Angkor, TajMahal, Great Wall of China, or the Roman Coliseum is the unrelenting pressure of mass visitation, a continuing presence rega...
A common problem among those grand World Heritage Sites such as Angkor, TajMahal, Great Wall of China, or the Roman Coliseum is the unrelenting pressure of mass visitation, a continuing presence regardless of season or circumstance. Site managers and service providers know few respites and must plan their relationship with visitors as of constant demand. Most cultural and natural sites open to the public, however, experience periodic fluctuations in the flow of visitor traffic, i.e., across a year will have peak, moderate, and low seasons, often quite predictable because they coincide with calendars governing visitor mobility such as school calendars or public celebrations. In Latin America peak periods for domestic tourism frequently coincide with major flows of international tourist traffic, confronting sites with dramatic though predictable swings in the volume of visitors within a relatively short time.
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Fredman, P., Wikstrom, D.,
Monitoring National Park Visitors – Short and Long Term Changes
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Tourism and recreation in protected areas receive an increased recognition among both managers and researchers worldwide. A recent study of protected area visitation globally shows that eight billion ...
Tourism and recreation in protected areas receive an increased recognition among both managers and researchers worldwide. A recent study of protected area visitation globally shows that eight billion visits per year generate approximately US $600 billion per year in direct expenditure (Balmford et al., 2015). In order to ensure high quality experiences and long-term sustainable tourism operations, protected area managers have to pay attention to the different types of visitors, their attitudes and behaviors (Eagles, 2014). This can be achieved through different visitor monitoring schemes designed and applied in accordance with site characteristics and visitation patterns (Kajala, 2007). The current study compare results from visitor studies at Fulufjallet National Park (FNP) in 2001 (the year before the part was established), 2003 (the year after the park was established), and 2014 (12 years after the park was established). In doing so, short and long term national park designation effects can be analyzed. The establishment of FNP marks an important trend in Swedish environmental policy as it is the first national park where planning and implementation explicitly builds on visitor data in order to promote recreation and tourism opportunities.
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Ljustina, M., Opacic, B., Vitas, B.,
Visitor Management and Monitoring in Croatian Protected Areas
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Croatian protected areas (PAs), especially national and nature parks are often emphasised as main natural attractions in Croatia. Green Tourism Action Plan sees Croatia as a leader of tourism based on...
Croatian protected areas (PAs), especially national and nature parks are often emphasised as main natural attractions in Croatia. Green Tourism Action Plan sees Croatia as a leader of tourism based on natural heritage and sets several goals for development of sustainable tourist offer within and around PAs (Ministry of tourism, 2016). In addition, different projects on national level have goals to develop tourist offer and marketing of PAs focusing primarily on nature and national parks. In recent years there is also a raise of funds available for PA visitor infrastructure, although many already have educational trails, info centres etc. Even though some PAs have high and some low numbers of visitors, most national parks, with oscillations, show growth (SINP, 2014). Since, there is a growing interest for visiting protected areas globally (IUCN, 2015), we could ask ourselves are we prepared to manage visitation?
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Erg, B., Pezold, T., Avramoski, O.,
Protected Areas-Delivering on Global Conservation Goals and Targets
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Tourism, conservationof biodiversity and community well-being have proved to be intimately linked processes throughout much of the recent history of nature protection.Admiration for nature and wildlan...
Tourism, conservationof biodiversity and community well-being have proved to be intimately linked processes throughout much of the recent history of nature protection.Admiration for nature and wildlandvisitation were among the primary reasons for the establishment of first protected areas in the second half of the XIX century, which marked the commencement of the modern era of nature conservation. Ever since, the importance of tourism and recreation in achieving nature conservation goals has steadily grown. Today, tourism is widely regarded an increasingly relevant tool for biodiversity conservation and a key driver of national, regional and local economic and community development. Hence the growing recognition of the role that tourism plays in sustainable management of natural resources and community development.
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Beunen, R.
Innovation in Protected Area Governance: Competing Models and Their Impact in Different Places
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Innovation has become a key topic in the ongoing search for more effective, efficient and legitimate forms of protected area governance. In response to changing circumstances, new management challenge...
Innovation has become a key topic in the ongoing search for more effective, efficient and legitimate forms of protected area governance. In response to changing circumstances, new management challenges, and failed policies, managers of protected areas are continuously rethinking and adapting their policies and practices and exploring new ones. Over the years it has become clear that the sustainable management of protected areas remains a difficult challenge. The huge diversity of practices shows that protected areas can be governed in many different ways and that approaches should be dynamic. Management practices regularly need to be revised in order to adapt to changing social and ecological circumstances. Managers for example need to deal with increasing visitor numbers, changing visitor’ demands, environmental pressures due to recreational activities, budget cuts, or changing organizational beliefs. To some extend such changes reflect wider societal developments, such as emerging trends in outdoor activities, a changing political landscape, or economic ups and downs.
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Vasiljevic, Dj.A.
Introduction
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
The 8th MMV will be held in Novi Sad, Serbia 26-30th September, 2016. It is organised by people from Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad....
The 8th MMV will be held in Novi Sad, Serbia 26-30th September, 2016. It is organised by people from Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad. After more than two years of planning and organisational activities, we are more than proud to announce that we have more than 200 participants from almost 40 different countries from whole world!
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Eagles, P.F.J.
Developing a National Policy on Training, Education and Research in Visitor Monitoring and Management: Lessons from Canada
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2016 |
MMV 8 - Proceedings |
Canada has a long history of creating and managing parks, at all levels of government: national, provincial, regional, and municipal. However, the country lacks policy in two important areas: 1) an ac...
Canada has a long history of creating and managing parks, at all levels of government: national, provincial, regional, and municipal. However, the country lacks policy in two important areas: 1) an accepted strategy on training and education, and 2) a national research strategy. In April 2016 an initiative began to coordinate policy and operations of all park agencies and non-government bodies in the country. Ideas were discussed at the Canadian Parks Summit held in Canmore, Alberta, at an invitation-only meeting of policy leaders. At this Summit, a policy paper was presented by Paul F. J. Eagles from the University of Waterloo and Christopher J. Lemieux of Wilfred Laurier University, entitled: Policy on Training, Education and Research: A Call to Action. This MMV 8 abstract builds on that paper, and the subsequent discussions.
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Farias-Torbidoni, E.I.; Morera, S.; Baric, D.
Monitoring recreational use in protected natural areas. Alt Pirineu Natural Park 2011-2017. Spain
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
During 2011, a technical study was carried out in the Alt Pirineu Natural Park to assess the number, distribution and characterization of visitors (Farías, 2011). Six years later, in 2017, a detailed...
During 2011, a technical study was carried out in the Alt Pirineu Natural Park to assess the number, distribution and characterization of visitors (Farías, 2011). Six years later, in 2017, a detailed study was carried out with the following aims: to review the data collected in 2011; 2) to assess the changes related with the use made by the visitors of this area; and 3) to advance in the knowledge of other aspects related to visits to the Park
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Kajala, L.; Erkkonen, J.,
Why count visitors? Twenty years of experiences on visitor monitoring in Finlands protected areas
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This paper presents the Finnish case of visitor monitoring as implemented by Parks & Wildlife Finland (P&WF) in national parks and other protected areas. We give an overview of the entire visi...
This paper presents the Finnish case of visitor monitoring as implemented by Parks & Wildlife Finland (P&WF) in national parks and other protected areas. We give an overview of the entire visitor monitoring process from data collection and storage to using the data in reporting, management and decision making.
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Roux, F.,
Global attendance study in the Estérel Massif to preserve and manage a protected area
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
To cope with these difficulties and to mobilize new financial resources, the Intercommunal Syndicate for the Protection of the Estérel Massif (SIPME) adopted in 2015 a Forest Charter to better integr...
To cope with these difficulties and to mobilize new financial resources, the Intercommunal Syndicate for the Protection of the Estérel Massif (SIPME) adopted in 2015 a Forest Charter to better integrate the multiple functions of the forest (ecological, social and economic) within the framework of a coordinated management. It is also planned to complete this process with a “Grand Site de France approach” to deal with the high attendance level issues and to reach excellence in sustainable territory management
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Siegrist, D.
Whatsalp - A hiking study on protected area tourism accross the Alps
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
How has the image of the Alps changed over the decades? What traces are left behind in the landscape by people and natural events? Between June and September 2017, a group of Alpine experts hiked from...
How has the image of the Alps changed over the decades? What traces are left behind in the landscape by people and natural events? Between June and September 2017, a group of Alpine experts hiked from Vienna to Nice under the name “whatsalp”. Along their journey on foot, they examined the current state of and changes in Alpine regions, documented developments across the landscape and in society, and discussed future scenarios with local actors
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Lykkja, H.; Hansen, A.H.,
Linking Nature and Culture in World Heritage management. Lessons learned in Norway
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Linking nature and culture with peoples approach to planning and management is fundamental to support sustainability. This is time consuming and anchoring the processes will be difficult if roles an...
Linking nature and culture with peoples approach to planning and management is fundamental to support sustainability. This is time consuming and anchoring the processes will be difficult if roles and responsibility are not understood or accepted. Lessons learned from projects in the West Norwegian Fjords WHS (Lykkja et al, 2018) are taken into account as Nordland County is building up a new visitor strategy for Vega World Heritage Site, the Lofoten islands (on the tentative list) and Meløy/Svartisen (entrance National park)
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Clemetsen, M.; Barane, J.,
Storytelling as an intermediary between local communities and visitors in nature-based tourism
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
In this paper, we will present and discuss methods to identify and activate potential resources for integrated tourism and community development and wellbeing, particularly using storytelling as a way...
In this paper, we will present and discuss methods to identify and activate potential resources for integrated tourism and community development and wellbeing, particularly using storytelling as a way to reveal resources and to focus on integrity and the ethical aspects of NBT
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Haraldseid, T.,
Community entrepreneurship and collective orientation at the intersection of place-making and nature-based tourism
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This paper addresses the need for integrated perspectives on nature-based tourism and place-making through the lens of community entrepreneurship. The study is part of the research project BIOTOUR (fr...
This paper addresses the need for integrated perspectives on nature-based tourism and place-making through the lens of community entrepreneurship. The study is part of the research project BIOTOUR (from place-based natural resources to value added experiences, tourism in the new bio economy), funded by the Norwegian Research Council. The case area is the arctic town of Vardø in the Varanger region in Norway
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Magro Lindenkamp, T.C.; Bartoletti, C.,
Participatory management to engage society with the planning of protected areas: a mountain bike trail planning
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Participatory management can result in a reduction of potential social conflicts and natural impacts and – in the context of outdoor recreation - reduce the creation of unauthorized trails. Similar ...
Participatory management can result in a reduction of potential social conflicts and natural impacts and – in the context of outdoor recreation - reduce the creation of unauthorized trails. Similar to Newsome et al. (2016), we have implemented a collaborative approach to develop a mountain bike trail at Tupi Research Station, a public natural area in Sao Paulo State, Brazil.
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Stokke, K.B.,
Visitor management for nature-based tourism and community development: Participation across protected area borders
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
In this paper, we discuss the role of the regional parks as a bridge-builder among the environmental conservation authority, municipalities and other actors in order to create sustainable synergies be...
In this paper, we discuss the role of the regional parks as a bridge-builder among the environmental conservation authority, municipalities and other actors in order to create sustainable synergies between tourism and community development
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Oian, H.; Fredman, P.; Sandell, K.; Saeforsdottir, A.D.; Tyrvainen, L.; Sondergeard Jensen, F.,
Visitor influx and sustainable tourism development - paradoxes and dilemnas in the Nordic countries
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Visitors’ experiences of nature attractions are at the core of the tourism industry of the Nordic countries. The main aim with this presentation is to discuss some dilemmas and paradoxes arising fro...
Visitors’ experiences of nature attractions are at the core of the tourism industry of the Nordic countries. The main aim with this presentation is to discuss some dilemmas and paradoxes arising from the efforts of finding sustainable solutions to urgent problems caused by the rather sudden influx of tourist and the increasing variety of demands that follows from this
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Hay, G.,
Reconciling outdoor sport, biodiversity and wood production in a peri-urban forest - using the example of Fontainebleau Forest
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Fontainebleau Forest is a French peri-urban forest historically regarded as a local outdoor facility for an increasing number of outdoor sports users. Considering most of these outdoor sports have dir...
Fontainebleau Forest is a French peri-urban forest historically regarded as a local outdoor facility for an increasing number of outdoor sports users. Considering most of these outdoor sports have direct and indirect impacts on the area, where a series of complex rules apply, the ONF has endeavoured to create new policy instruments to target more and more autonomous users. In a context where public funding is constrained, it is also time to ask whether the outdoor sports industry needs to take these questions more seriously
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De Almeida Cunha, A.; Magro Lindenkamp, T.C.; De Souza Pimentel, D.; Leung, Y.F.,
Recreation Ecology in Brazil: a preliminary review
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Research on nature tourism in Brazil, are more focused on social science using qualitative methods. Quantitative or mixed-methods to monitor tourism and recreation impacts are still in an initial stag...
Research on nature tourism in Brazil, are more focused on social science using qualitative methods. Quantitative or mixed-methods to monitor tourism and recreation impacts are still in an initial stage and must be stimulated. In this study, we conduct a preliminary literature review on recreation ecology in Brazil
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Zadadskaya, A.; Kolchin, S.A.; Sazhina, V.A.; Pokrovskaya, L.,
Bear tourism in South Kamchatka Sanctuary (Russia): visitors and wildlife monitoring and management
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Our study showed that bear viewing activities (tracking, photographing, using drones, travelling via boats and helicopters) in the basin of the Kurile Lake cause the full spectrum of impacts upon the ...
Our study showed that bear viewing activities (tracking, photographing, using drones, travelling via boats and helicopters) in the basin of the Kurile Lake cause the full spectrum of impacts upon the areas population of brown bears that has been well described in other bear-viewing areas.
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Selvaag, S.; Gundersen, V.; Strand, O.; Panzacchi, E.,
Spatial segmentation of hikers and wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) at Hardangervidda National Park: Management Implications
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Our study suggests a strong potential for coexistence between wild reindeer and tourists in Hardangervidda National Park, at large spatial scale, and indicates that wild reindeer move to refuge areas ...
Our study suggests a strong potential for coexistence between wild reindeer and tourists in Hardangervidda National Park, at large spatial scale, and indicates that wild reindeer move to refuge areas with less tourist infrastructure and fewer hikers during the peak tourist season. More specifically, the study identifies popular hiking trails that are predicted to hamper the possibilities for wild reindeer to migrate and access important resources.
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Akashi, M.; Shoji, Y.; Aikoh, T.,
Understanding the Distance Between Humans and Brown Bears That Tourists Consider Appropriate: A case Study at Shiretoko National Park, Japan
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This study’s purpose was to understand distance between humans and brown bears that domestic and foreign tourists consider appropriate at Shiretoko National Park in northern Japan. |
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Lindberg, K.,
Beyond recreation experience and expenditure: Well-being and resilience in naturel area-human community systems
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This presentation will review well-being and resilience concepts and recent research, describe case studies and results, and suggest opportunities for future research and management. The well-being c...
This presentation will review well-being and resilience concepts and recent research, describe case studies and results, and suggest opportunities for future research and management. The well-being case study is based on a general population survey in Bend, Oregon, USA, while the community resilience case study is based on a nationwide survey of NBT firms in Norway
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Bourdeau, P.; Corneloup, J.,
Recreational Transition and management of protected areas. The Cultural turn
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Based on various illustrations drawn from observations and research programs conducted in different tourist configurations in the French Alps, the key-note will define recreational transition as a set...
Based on various illustrations drawn from observations and research programs conducted in different tourist configurations in the French Alps, the key-note will define recreational transition as a set of processes, approaches and actions by which tourism practices and policies are transformed into becoming coherent and resilient with change in fields such as climate, energy, culture, and the economy. We’ll examine the contradictory processes, ambivalences and conditions in which the sustainable recreational transition is and is not being operated
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Claeys, C.; Deldreve, V.,
Outdoor, Conservation and environmental inequalities
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Concerning this double challenge of nature protection versus social equity, this article proposes an analysis in terms of environmental inequalities. The concept of environmental inequalities gathers ...
Concerning this double challenge of nature protection versus social equity, this article proposes an analysis in terms of environmental inequalities. The concept of environmental inequalities gathers different forms of unequal access to resources and natural amenities, exposure to risk, environmental impact, ability to participate in and reap the benefits of environmental policies, and contribution to the effort required by these policies
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Vitek, O.
"Master of Data" shows some jewels from his visitor monitoring drawer (interesting results from visitor monitoring in Czechia)
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic (“NCA”) administrates 24 Protected Landscape Areas and several hundreds of National Nature Reserves and National Nature Monuments. Modern visitor m...
Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic (“NCA”) administrates 24 Protected Landscape Areas and several hundreds of National Nature Reserves and National Nature Monuments. Modern visitor monitoring started in 2009 and is performed at about 100 profiles in last years.
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Rogowski, M.
Monitoring System of Tourist Traffic (MSTT) in Stolowe Mts. National Park in SW Poland
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The Stolowe Mts. National Park (SMNP) is located in the Sudetes Mts. in South-West Poland, on the border with the Czech Republic. The total area of the SMNP is 6,340 ha and there are around 100 km of ...
The Stolowe Mts. National Park (SMNP) is located in the Sudetes Mts. in South-West Poland, on the border with the Czech Republic. The total area of the SMNP is 6,340 ha and there are around 100 km of marked hiking trails. The Monitoring System of Tourist Traffic (MSTT) in the SMNP consisted of the following specific objectives: 1) Qualitative monitoring using questionnaire-based data collection of visitors’ motivations and preferences; 2) Quantitative monitoring using 38 infrared sensors (Eco-counters) to count tourist traffic at the entrances of marked hiking trails within the SMNP border.
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Floyd, M.F.; Hipp, J.A.; Marquet, O.; Alberico, C.; Mazak, E.; Huang, J.
An Assessment of interrater reliability from the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) in urban parks in New York City
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
There is a lack of understanding of how SOPARC reliability might be affected by the factors such as time of day, presence of organized activities or type of target areas, could affect reliability and ...
There is a lack of understanding of how SOPARC reliability might be affected by the factors such as time of day, presence of organized activities or type of target areas, could affect reliability and agreement between observers. This variance might be exacerbated when trying to record combined user attributes such as age and gender or age and physical activity, measurements that have traditionally drawn lower reliability scores. To address this gap, we examine the extent interrater reliability varies across various types of target areas and contextual conditions using 3390 paired SOPARC observations in New York City parks
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Pickering, C.; Chabau-Gibson, M.; Raneng, J.
Using Flickr images to assess how visitors value and use natural areas: lessons from a popular natural area on the Gold Coast, Australia
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
To evaluate the benefits and limitations of using Flickr images to assess visitor use and sociocultural values we are conducting research in a range of popular natural areas. This includes the Spit, a...
To evaluate the benefits and limitations of using Flickr images to assess visitor use and sociocultural values we are conducting research in a range of popular natural areas. This includes the Spit, an area of beaches, dunes and forest separating the ocean from a major estuary, in the rapidly growing urban city of the Gold Coast, Australia
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Pietila, M.; Fagerholm, N.,
A management perspective on using Public Participation GIS to monitor visitors
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
In this study, we assess the potential of PPGIS approaches from managers’ perspectives in the context of visitor use planning in national parks. The aim is to increase the understanding of how the P...
In this study, we assess the potential of PPGIS approaches from managers’ perspectives in the context of visitor use planning in national parks. The aim is to increase the understanding of how the PPGIS method could aid the planning for visitor use in parks and related recreation areas.
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Teles da Mota, V.; Pickering, C.
How can we use social media to know more about visitors to natural areas
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This talk presents the results of a bibliometric analysis of current research on the use of social media to monitor tourism and recreation including in natural areas. Specifically, it assesses: (1) th...
This talk presents the results of a bibliometric analysis of current research on the use of social media to monitor tourism and recreation including in natural areas. Specifically, it assesses: (1) the extent of research on social media, on social media and tourism/recreation, and social media, tourism/recreation and natural areas. This includes assessing (2) when it was published, (3) where it was published, and (4) what disciplines publish on this topic
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Franco Roque, B.; Nogueira Mendes, R.; Magalhaes, M.F.; Pereira da Silva, C.,
Monitoring Walkers and Hikers of Madeira Island through web-share services
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The aim of this study is to explore whether web shared data can be used with the purpose of identifying users’ country of residence and compare it with the official touristic data regarding incoming...
The aim of this study is to explore whether web shared data can be used with the purpose of identifying users’ country of residence and compare it with the official touristic data regarding incoming markets of Madeira
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Stahal Olafson, A.; Kaae, B.C.; Hjorth Caspersen, O.; Steen Moler, M.;Skov-Petersen, H.; Proestholm, S.; Sondergard Jensen, F.
VGI crowdsourcing of recreational use patterns and experiential place value for national park planning in Denmark
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This study seeks out to explore and discuss the potential of VGI approaches by triangulating findings between three PPGIS surveys with different sampling strategies, and findings from a social media V...
This study seeks out to explore and discuss the potential of VGI approaches by triangulating findings between three PPGIS surveys with different sampling strategies, and findings from a social media VGI study of Flickr photos. Finding from all four studies are focused on a fjord landscape in a new national park situated in Roskilde, Denmark
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Rossi, S.D.; Barros, A.; Pickering, C.; Leung, Y-F; Walden-Schreiner, C.
Assessing visitor spatial behaviour in mountain protected areas with crowdsourced photos: Examples from Argentina and Australia
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This study explores how geotagged photos on Flickr can reveal spatial and temporal patterns of visitor use for managers of mountain protected areas |
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Perrin-Malterre, C.
Collaborative management methods for outdoor sports in the Vanoise National Park
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The Vanoise National Park (PNV) was created in 1963. Following a new law in 2006, a territorial project, the charter, was drafted and then approved in 2015. In this paper we assess the consultation pr...
The Vanoise National Park (PNV) was created in 1963. Following a new law in 2006, a territorial project, the charter, was drafted and then approved in 2015. In this paper we assess the consultation process implemented by the PNV including focusing on the environmental management of outdoor sports and of free flight.
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Ankre, R.
Snowmobiling and free riding in the Jamtland mountains, Sweden
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This project investigates conflicts over land use in the context of the Jämtland mountain region, Sweden where tensions due to snowmobiling and free riding are increasing. The study takes a planning ...
This project investigates conflicts over land use in the context of the Jämtland mountain region, Sweden where tensions due to snowmobiling and free riding are increasing. The study takes a planning and management perspective.
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Gruas, L.; Perrin-Malterre, C.
In-depth knowledge of visitors: a key element to awarness raising in the context of environmental controversy in protected areas
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This talk offers to present the early results of a research lead in three French alpine mountain ranges of various protection statuses with summer and winter recreationists. The aim is to gain in-dept...
This talk offers to present the early results of a research lead in three French alpine mountain ranges of various protection statuses with summer and winter recreationists. The aim is to gain in-depth knowledge of these visitors to understand which factors determine their perception of wildlife disturbance. This expertise of visitors will allow managers to improve the actions implemented on the territories and to target them better with awareness-raising campaigns.
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Helgadottir, G.; Sigurdardottir, I.
Riding Horses in protected areas - heritage and/or harm ?
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Is a trail a scar on the face of earth? This paper explores these and other positions through the case of horse riding in Icelandic national parks. The attitude and experiences of managers, horse owne...
Is a trail a scar on the face of earth? This paper explores these and other positions through the case of horse riding in Icelandic national parks. The attitude and experiences of managers, horse owners, conservationists, other residents as well as domestic and international riders towards horse-tourism, natural and cultural heritage conservation and the different kinds of riding trails were investigated
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Michot, T.; Fuchs, J.
Nature sports and environmental impacts: what do participants think ?
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
An online questionnaire survey was conducted as part of a work with master students, teaching support on the theme "sport and sustainable development" (November 2016). This survey was constr...
An online questionnaire survey was conducted as part of a work with master students, teaching support on the theme "sport and sustainable development" (November 2016). This survey was constructed on the basis of respondents actual sports practices, their opinions of their relationship to the environment, their perception of a few practices considered as « nature », and 5 motivations that pushed them to practice.
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Miller, A.; Cerveny, L.; Selin, S.; Blahna, D.; McCool S.; Helmer, M.; Barborak.J.
New Directions in Sustainable Recreation Research: Results of a U.S. National Assessment and Multi-stakeholder Workshop
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
In 2017, a group of 14 U.S. public land managers, researchers, and non-governmental partners from around the country started an effort to convene key players in outdoor recreation to take a holistic l...
In 2017, a group of 14 U.S. public land managers, researchers, and non-governmental partners from around the country started an effort to convene key players in outdoor recreation to take a holistic look at outdoor recreation management through a social-ecological sustainability lens. The goals of this effort were to identify current gaps in recreation management and research, identify new and emerging tools and processes for managing recreation, build a research agenda to develop and evaluate new tools and concepts, and cultivate a community of practice.
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Marsat, J.B.; Montoloy, C.
Carryingout both management of visitors and socio-economic development in a labelled protected areas: the role of a Regional Nature Park (RNP)
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The communication tells an analysis of the way the RNP of the Volcans d’Auvergne carries out its integrating remits. It is based on three main empirical sources : 1- the telling of her activity by o...
The communication tells an analysis of the way the RNP of the Volcans d’Auvergne carries out its integrating remits. It is based on three main empirical sources : 1- the telling of her activity by one of the authors, who is in charge in the RNP, 2- the documents which set the diagnoses and the frames of management of the site, and 3- the observation of the on-going processes by the other author.
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Ota, H.; Kasama, S.; Mastuda, Y.; Iwata; K.
Issues on Footpaths Linking Attractive Public Open Spaces in Hokkaido: from the Perspectives of Recreational Use of the Countryside
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
To clarify actual situations of footpaths running through public open spaces in Hokkaido and problems concerning creation, management and maintenance of footpaths, this study examined reference materi...
To clarify actual situations of footpaths running through public open spaces in Hokkaido and problems concerning creation, management and maintenance of footpaths, this study examined reference materials of footpaths in Hokkaido and carried out their field research, hearing survey to their operators, and questionnaire survey to footpath users.
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Rueede, D.
Approval of Black Forest National Park by local companies
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Besides their character as nature protection sites, National Parks are often expected to have positive outcomes on the economic development of the region they are situated in. Another major concern of...
Besides their character as nature protection sites, National Parks are often expected to have positive outcomes on the economic development of the region they are situated in. Another major concern of nature protection sites is the approval by the local community. Here, the main research is concerned with the degree of approval by the local community and possible explanations for variations in such evaluations as well as managerial implications to shape these evaluations
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Godtman Kling, K.; Wall-Reinius, S.;
Negotiating co-existence in a multifonctional landscape : trails as facilitators for communication
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This research contributes to the existing literature on handling multiple land-use interests, and adds to previous knowledge by taking on a rather new approach; that of the recreational trail as a fac...
This research contributes to the existing literature on handling multiple land-use interests, and adds to previous knowledge by taking on a rather new approach; that of the recreational trail as a facilitator for communication
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Rodrigues Marques, N.; de Almeida Cunha, A.; Fazito, M.
Socio-environmental conflicts in the Cerrado Protected Areas of Chapada dos Veadeiros: a discursive treatment of tourism and development in Brazil
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The critical literature on tourism development would benefit from a discursive treatment of development policy contexts (Bianchi, 2009), and more specifically in protected sites’ regions. To respond...
The critical literature on tourism development would benefit from a discursive treatment of development policy contexts (Bianchi, 2009), and more specifically in protected sites’ regions. To respond to this agenda, this ongoing research aims to analyze the socio-environmental conflicts between tourism and mining in the town of Cavalcante, in the state of Goiás. In order to address the proposed objective, we employed a Foucauldian Discourse Analysis method, seeking a deeper understanding of the empirical reality and its complexity.
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Suchet, A.
From canyoning to agritourism and cultural tourism. The diversification in lower or mid-altitude ski resort, French Alps
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The diversification of tourist activities in small, low altitude resorts has long been a major concern for these locations, especially since the 1990s . Compared with their high-altitude counterparts,...
The diversification of tourist activities in small, low altitude resorts has long been a major concern for these locations, especially since the 1990s . Compared with their high-altitude counterparts, many such resorts might be considered as intrinsically more diversified, benefiting from both a summer and winter season. A number of examples may be used to explore the issue of diversification in more detail as well as some of the problems it poses.
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Goossen, M.; Uphus, L.
Visitors counting combining new technologies; PIR and LoRa with Arduino
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The nature area ‘Het Renkums Beekdal’ in the Netherlands consists of a linear north-south valley with fringing forest on the hills to its East and West. They don’t have the financial resources t...
The nature area ‘Het Renkums Beekdal’ in the Netherlands consists of a linear north-south valley with fringing forest on the hills to its East and West. They don’t have the financial resources to be able to use most of the currently available methods, so they therefore need new cost-effective technology that can count the visitors effectively and accurately. We therefore searched for open source methods and new techniques.
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Nakajima, Y.; Izu, N.
Complex surveys for monitoring climbers in Mt.Fuji, Japan
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The Japanese government listened to the advice and decided to lay out Visitor Management Strategy that includes the process of determining carrying capacities for the upper access routes that will hel...
The Japanese government listened to the advice and decided to lay out Visitor Management Strategy that includes the process of determining carrying capacities for the upper access routes that will help realizing the desirable style of Mt Fuji accents. In order to do that, the government needs to investigate and research the current state of the mountain by collecting and analyzing objective data. This research was conducted in order to collect and analyze necessary data for strategy mentioned above
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Pouwels, R.; van Eupen, M.; Walvoort, D.; Jochem, R.
Predicting visitors densities in protected areas - rules of thumb for managers based on GPS tracks
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The aim of this conference paper is to derive rules of thumb for managers to predict how far visitors will enter the area and where visitor densities are high. We will use statistics to predict what f...
The aim of this conference paper is to derive rules of thumb for managers to predict how far visitors will enter the area and where visitor densities are high. We will use statistics to predict what features of the path network and landscape characteristics determine visitor densities in the area. We used a large dataset of GPS tracks from walkers and dog-walkers that has been collected during the PROGRESS research project for monitoring purposes in the New Forest
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Schallinger, T.; Rolf W.; Rueede, D.
GPS-Based Visitor Monitoring in Protected Areas Using Mobile Tracking Application Data - A Case Study in Black Forest National Park
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Today, due to the progress in information and communication technologies and widespread mobile internet use, new, innovative approaches involving secondary crowdsourced volunteered geographic informat...
Today, due to the progress in information and communication technologies and widespread mobile internet use, new, innovative approaches involving secondary crowdsourced volunteered geographic information (VGI) data are emerging . It was thus examined to what extent using online available GPS-tracked routes via mobile applications is applicable and beneficial as an alternative, cost-effective method to provide data for visitor monitoring in PAs.
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Staab, J.; Taubenbock, H.; Hob, H.
Monitoring Visitor Numbers with computer vision
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Utilizing cameras to count visitors has proven to be accurate, traceable and rich in features (Arnberger et al., 2005). However, extracting data from the imagery manually consumes large resources, lim...
Utilizing cameras to count visitors has proven to be accurate, traceable and rich in features (Arnberger et al., 2005). However, extracting data from the imagery manually consumes large resources, limiting the utilization of camera observations to short-term monitoring projects. In this work, we apply and test computer vision to characterize visitors at the Biosphere Reserve Schorfheide-Chorin in Germany in an automatic manner.
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Rupf, R.; Stauble, A.
Monitoring methods of winter backcountry recreation in a wildlife sanctuary
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Wildlife management is an important issue in areas near human settlements and agricultural landscapes, such as the European Alps. In order to objectively assess the impact of backcountry winter routes...
Wildlife management is an important issue in areas near human settlements and agricultural landscapes, such as the European Alps. In order to objectively assess the impact of backcountry winter routes and to increase acceptance of the results, the transparent recording of parameters such as the number of athletes or their area load is helpful. In this study we tested various different monitoring methods.
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Czegledi, O.; Garcia-Arjona, N.; Paget, E.; Rech, Y.; Gourin, L.
The impact of hiking on visitors consumer behavior in the French shores
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The interdisciplinary perspective of the project provides a cross-understanding of coastal pedestrian leisure activities by adopting different, yet interrelated scientific approaches, such as historic...
The interdisciplinary perspective of the project provides a cross-understanding of coastal pedestrian leisure activities by adopting different, yet interrelated scientific approaches, such as historical, sociological, geographical, legal, political and artistic perspectives. In this context, the present communication focuses on the analysis of hiking’s consequences on the leisure consumer behavior at coastal sites
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Nogueira Mendes, R.; Perreira da Silva, C.
Looking back at recreational activities in protected areas using VGI from web-share services
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The objective of this paper is to explore if datasets from web-share services collected today can also reflect past changes in trails’ use within R&PA providing a new added value to these data s...
The objective of this paper is to explore if datasets from web-share services collected today can also reflect past changes in trails’ use within R&PA providing a new added value to these data sources – the ability to look back in time
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Norman, P., Pickering. C.
Using volunteered geographic information to assess the visitor use of parks
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This type of volunteered geographic information (VGI) is starting to be used by researchers and managers to assess visitor use of parks (Senaratne et al., 2017). But which websites, what sort of infor...
This type of volunteered geographic information (VGI) is starting to be used by researchers and managers to assess visitor use of parks (Senaratne et al., 2017). But which websites, what sort of information is available and what are the limitations of this type of data? We conducted three research projects to determine: (1) what types of VGI is available for different parks, (2) how does route data vary among websites, (3) how useful is this VGI for assessing visitor use across and within parks, and (4) how accurate is this data compared to trail counters
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Bizarro, S.; Nogueira Mendes, R.; Santos, T.; Juliao, R.
Multicriteria analysis a proposal of revitalization of the ancestral trails of the Serra da Estrala Natural Park (PNSE)
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This study proposes the development of a methodology based on multicriteria analysis and Geographical Information System (GIS) that takes into account different levels and types of information, to des...
This study proposes the development of a methodology based on multicriteria analysis and Geographical Information System (GIS) that takes into account different levels and types of information, to design a recreational network for Serra da Estrela Natural Park suitable to accommodate both conservation needs and visitors and users demand
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Wolf, I.; Nogueira Mendes, R.;
A decade worth of progress in the participatory monitoring and management of visitors in recreational and protected areas
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The authors present and evaluate these methodologies in the context of a literature review, empirical studies and by drawing from their combined knowledge of over 20 years in people monitoring to iden...
The authors present and evaluate these methodologies in the context of a literature review, empirical studies and by drawing from their combined knowledge of over 20 years in people monitoring to identify advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional techniques
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Gentin, S.; Pitkanen, K.; Chondromatidou, A.; Dolling, A.; Proestholm, S.; Palsdottir, A.M.
Nature based integration in Europe - a review
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
There is a need for investigating the links between immigration and nature; and there are two perspectives, which this review aims to contributing. The first perspective relates to what role nature ca...
There is a need for investigating the links between immigration and nature; and there are two perspectives, which this review aims to contributing. The first perspective relates to what role nature can play or already plays in terms of integrating immigrants into their new countries of residence. The second perspective is rooted in a social environmental justice perspective, where focusing on the new Europeans should have the same rights and treatment (e.g. benefits of natural areas in terms of ecosystem services; or access to high quality natural environment) regardless of their ethnic background.
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Proestholm, S.; Gentin, S.Pitkanen, K.; Chondromatidou, A; Dolling, A.; Palsdottir, A.M.
Nature-based integration in the Nordic Countries - practices and perspectives
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
In order to increase the understanding of the role of nature and cultural ecosystem services in the social integration of immigrants into the Nordic societies, the Nordic Council of Ministers (NCM) ha...
In order to increase the understanding of the role of nature and cultural ecosystem services in the social integration of immigrants into the Nordic societies, the Nordic Council of Ministers (NCM) has funded project ORIGIN (Outdoor recreation, nature interpretation and integration in Nordic Countries). In order to facilitate a better knowledge exchange across borders, the ORIGIN project initiated annual Nordic workshops on nature-based integration, and a network of researchers, NGOs and public and private actors working in the fields of immigrant integration and/or nature was formed.
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Lupp, G.; Kasbauer, K.; Schisslbauer, J.; Kantelberg; V.; Paulet, S.
Perception of Forest and Forest Management by Germans and Migrants using Photovoice
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Recently, Photovoice as a qualitative approach has received increasing attention. People take photos of features considered relevant for the respective research questions. Afterwards, individual photo...
Recently, Photovoice as a qualitative approach has received increasing attention. People take photos of features considered relevant for the respective research questions. Afterwards, individual photographers explain in semi-structured interviews why they have taken these pictures (Wang & Burris 1997, Heyman 2012). In our study, volunteer participants, both Germans and migrants (persons not having been born in Germany) walked a 4 km loop trail in the Weltwald Freising near Munich and took pictures of the forest. At the end of the walk, persons explained why they had chosen to take the respective pictures.
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Reimann, M.; Kuldna, P.; Sovali-Sepping, H; Poltimae, H.; Uustal, M.
Naturalness and perceived safety in urban gree areas. Case study from Tallin, Estonia
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Naturalness and perception of safety in urban green areas can be two indicators that influence visitor recreational patterns, but their impact may vary (Kabish 2015, Kronenberg 2015). The current stud...
Naturalness and perception of safety in urban green areas can be two indicators that influence visitor recreational patterns, but their impact may vary (Kabish 2015, Kronenberg 2015). The current study provides an overview of the visitor survey of three different urban green areas in Estonian capital Tallinn: 1) historical and most prominent urban park Kadriorg; 2) former strictly closed Soviet military area Paljassaare which is still very wild looking and basically unmanaged; 3) mixed area which has one part of wetland and shrubland in former inaccessible coastal area and another part of classically managed park Rocca Al Mare.
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Skar, M.; Rybraten, S.; Oian, H.
Urban, proximtate nature - how is it important in a Norwegian and multi-cultural context ?
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
In an ongoing study, Integrating value diversity in the assessment of urban ecosystem services from nature-based solutions in cities (SIS URBAN), one of the main objectives is to expand our knowledge ...
In an ongoing study, Integrating value diversity in the assessment of urban ecosystem services from nature-based solutions in cities (SIS URBAN), one of the main objectives is to expand our knowledge about inhabitants’ engagement with diverse types of urban nature. This study is based on 280 interviews on three different areas in Oslo, addressing passers-by requested to participate in shorter interviews on the spot. The three areas span a range of green space.
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Fausitni Aquino, J.; Leah Burns, G.; Granquist, S.M.
Seal watching in Iceland: Ethical Management Development
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The purpose of this conceptual paper is to address the need to manage human-wildlife interactions in tourism settings to ensure positive outcomes for all stakeholders: wildlife, local communities, and...
The purpose of this conceptual paper is to address the need to manage human-wildlife interactions in tourism settings to ensure positive outcomes for all stakeholders: wildlife, local communities, and visitors. Seal watching in Iceland is used as a case study to develop a model for investigating theoretical and practical understandings of wildlife watching management, environmental ethics, and community development.
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Leah Burns, G.; Haraldsdottir, L.
Hydropower and tourism: Visitor and Operator perspectives on prefered use of natural areas
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This research aimed to understand visitor and tourism operator perspectives of a recreation destination in the face of competing land use. During the research, three proposals for hydroelectricity dev...
This research aimed to understand visitor and tourism operator perspectives of a recreation destination in the face of competing land use. During the research, three proposals for hydroelectricity development, at two locations in Austurdalur valley, were under consideration by the Icelandic Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources (Map One).
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Ingolfsdottir, A.H.; Gunnarsdottir, G.
Tourism as a tool for nature conservation ?
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The aim of this research is to explore the tension and conflicting interests between nature conservation, tourism and energy projects in Icelandic wilderness areas. Public discourses about new energy ...
The aim of this research is to explore the tension and conflicting interests between nature conservation, tourism and energy projects in Icelandic wilderness areas. Public discourses about new energy projects will be examined, using critical discourse analysis to tease out dominant ideas and underlying assumptions about the relationship between tourism, nature conservation and energy projects.
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Olafsdottir, G.
How the "essence of attraction" provides an important foundation for decisions on sustainable development of nature-based tourism destinations
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The paper introduces a contribution to destination development and management where the „essence of the attraction“ and “tourism recovery experiences” provide an important foundation for decis...
The paper introduces a contribution to destination development and management where the „essence of the attraction“ and “tourism recovery experiences” provide an important foundation for decisions on sustainable development of outdoor recreation sites. The contribution introduced in the context of Hornafjordur municipality as a destination for nature-based tourism at various levels of difficulty and service.
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Runnstrom, M.; Ollafsdottir, R.
Image analysis to assess hinking impact in Icelandic vegetation communities
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The objective of this research is to study the correlation between hiking impact (number of hikers) and resilience of different vegetation types in some common Icelandic vegetation communities; moss, ...
The objective of this research is to study the correlation between hiking impact (number of hikers) and resilience of different vegetation types in some common Icelandic vegetation communities; moss, moss-heath and grassland.
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Reigner, N.; Arnason, O.; Hallgrimsson, J.H.; Soevarsoon, R.; Gunnarsdottir, R.; Georgsson, S.O.; Skulladottir, S.S.; Salter, R.
Expanding carrying capacity assessment from the site level to the national level: An Icelandic case study
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Stjórnstöð Ferðamála has commissioned EFLA Consulting Engineers (Iceland), and their collaborators from Recreation and Tourism Science (USA) and TRC Tourism (New Zealand), to develop a nation-wid...
Stjórnstöð Ferðamála has commissioned EFLA Consulting Engineers (Iceland), and their collaborators from Recreation and Tourism Science (USA) and TRC Tourism (New Zealand), to develop a nation-wide approach to tourism carrying capacity assessment. This assessment analyzes the economic, infrastructural, and social dimensions of tourism carrying capacity for Iceland. Based on a quantitative modeling approach that predicts destination conditions (Y-axis variables) from tourism drivers (X-axis variables),
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Fredman, P.; Vidar, J.; Tyrvainen, L.; Siegrest, D.; Lindberg, K.
Prominent trends in nature-based tourism - An international comparison
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Nature-based tourism (NBT) is an increasingly important sector of the economy for many countries rich in outdoor recreation opportunities, especially so in rural regions where expectations for economi...
Nature-based tourism (NBT) is an increasingly important sector of the economy for many countries rich in outdoor recreation opportunities, especially so in rural regions where expectations for economic growth are high (Hall & Boyd, 2005; Fredman & Tyrväinen, 2010). NBT is also subject to significant changes due to social, technological, economic, environmental and political factors, referred to as mega-trends (Dwyer et al., 2008), where a trend implies a general direction in which something is developing, changing or people are behaving. This paper aims to identify the most prominent trends in NBT within and across five countries / regions with respect to their commercial potential.
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Wyttenbach, M.; Walker, D.; Rupf, R.
E-Mountain biking - Potential for Swiss Tourism Destinations
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Since the 1990s, mountain biking has been one of the fastest growing outdoor recreational activities in Switzerland and now represents an important branch in Swiss tourism. In this study, focus groups...
Since the 1990s, mountain biking has been one of the fastest growing outdoor recreational activities in Switzerland and now represents an important branch in Swiss tourism. In this study, focus groups were formed to examine the needs of Swiss tourism destinations for adaptation to E-mountain biking, most of them without E-MTB experience. A total of six focus group workshops took place in 2016 in Swiss tourism destinations
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Forbord, M.; Lindberg, K.; Siverstvik, R.M.
Nature based firms and community resilience
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
In rural communities, nature-based tourism (NBT) potentially contributes to resilience. The purpose of this paper is to discuss three aspects of resilience (ecological, economic, and social) with refe...
In rural communities, nature-based tourism (NBT) potentially contributes to resilience. The purpose of this paper is to discuss three aspects of resilience (ecological, economic, and social) with reference to NBT and illustrate this through findings from a study of NBT firms in Norway. The study is part of a cross-disciplinary research project on NBT (BIOTOUR) taking place 2016 to 2020.
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Bergsma, M.
Customer Journey Mapping for Nature organizations; implications and applicability
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Customer Journey mapping is a tool to analyze the way in which customers engage with an organization, encompassing their entire interaction, and how this influences the visitor experience (Stein &...
Customer Journey mapping is a tool to analyze the way in which customers engage with an organization, encompassing their entire interaction, and how this influences the visitor experience (Stein & Ramaseshan, 2016). The concept is mostly used in the retail industry and offers valuable insights which are helpful to improve visitor experiences in National Parks.
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Probstl-Haider, U.
The digital future and its possible influence on winter tourism in the European Alps
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
In the developed countries digitalization plays already a significant role in everybody’s life and influences both the private and the professional life significantly. Based on an extensive literatu...
In the developed countries digitalization plays already a significant role in everybody’s life and influences both the private and the professional life significantly. Based on an extensive literature review and expert discussion the presentation will analyze the expected benefits by digitalization and discuss possible consequences from an outdoor recreation and tourism perspective, including economic and ecological aspects.
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de Bie, Kelly
Park visitor segmentation to inform park management marketing and product development
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This approach identified seven visitor segments and provided a concise visitor typology applicable across a range of different parks. The visitor segments focused on the relationship between the level...
This approach identified seven visitor segments and provided a concise visitor typology applicable across a range of different parks. The visitor segments focused on the relationship between the level and type of services and facilities and visitor satisfaction for different park types and have been used to drive the development of visitor service strategies, park planning and management over the last ten years.
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Cosquer, A.; Hughes, M.; Le Corre, N.; Peuziat, I.; Michot, T.; Bernard, N.
Limited awarness by recreation users on the French marine protected areas: is there a flip side to the soft management approach?
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This study demonstrates the complexity of engaging with recreation users as a stakeholder group for marine protected area in a country where these protected areas are a relatively recent concept super...
This study demonstrates the complexity of engaging with recreation users as a stakeholder group for marine protected area in a country where these protected areas are a relatively recent concept superimposed on well-established and historically settled human uses. It seems that soft management of MPAs to avoid impinging on recreation access and public liberties is also associated with an overall low visibility of MPAs in France.
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Gil, A.; Fonseca, C.; Nogeuira Mendes, R.; Magalhaes, M.F.; Pereira da Silva, C.
Visitation "barometer" as a tool for environmental management and awareness: the Berlengas nature reserve case study
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This study aimed to: i) determine the number of visitors in Berlenga island - a baseline for carrying capacity adjustment, and ii) develop a Visitation ‘Barometer’ – a tool presented as a qualit...
This study aimed to: i) determine the number of visitors in Berlenga island - a baseline for carrying capacity adjustment, and ii) develop a Visitation ‘Barometer’ – a tool presented as a quality scale associated to the recreational pressure of the protected area, with the aim to provide information for management decisions and visual support to environmental awareness.
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Kaae, B.; Olafsson, A.S.
Profiles of water oriented outdoo recreation groups in Denmark
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The paper aims at drawing profiles of the different groups participating in different types of water-oriented outdoor recreation in Denmark in relation to a number of socio-demographic variables. |
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Stones, R.
UK National Marine Parks: Managing Tourism and Recreation Through A Paradigm Shift of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
As Stones (2018) states, ‘with so many demands on humanity to overcome social injustice and environmental degradation it does seem absurd to rely on a ‘relative’ model to progress sustainable ou...
As Stones (2018) states, ‘with so many demands on humanity to overcome social injustice and environmental degradation it does seem absurd to rely on a ‘relative’ model to progress sustainable outcomes from tourism and recreation management strategies. So, with an entirely new model of national park being proposed in the UK, how will a National Marine Park look to progress sustainable outcomes from tourism and recreational use? Will it be through a similar principle of responsibility or will it endorse a paradigm shift and look to progress a new model of responsibility? The character and style of this presentation will use the presenter’s extensive expertise in national park and tourism management to provide a conceptual framework addressing this new model of management.
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Caric, H.; Omanovic, D.; Cukrov, N.
Nautical tourism ecological footprint (NatEF) - Experiences from East Adriatic in developing assessment
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Project presented here is taking place in scenic marine environment that is a NATURA site linking to the Krka National Park that annually attracts more then 1.000.000 visitors with continuous increase...
Project presented here is taking place in scenic marine environment that is a NATURA site linking to the Krka National Park that annually attracts more then 1.000.000 visitors with continuous increase. Therefore the locations in question are under considerable visitation pressures from both nautical and land based tourism. Prime concern, therefore, from all interested stakeholders is to gain data, information, parameters and indicators that can enable informed decision-making.
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Haukeland, J.V.; Stokke, K.B.
The participation of tourism and outdoor recreation interests in coastal national park management in Norway - a lack of integration
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The paper addresses the participation of outdoor recreation and tourism stakeholders in the management of two Norwegian coastal national parks. By means of individual interviews, we aim to reveal stak...
The paper addresses the participation of outdoor recreation and tourism stakeholders in the management of two Norwegian coastal national parks. By means of individual interviews, we aim to reveal stakeholders’ roles and functions in the management systems of Ytre Hvaler and Færder national parks.
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Ginelli, L.
Impact based management of recreational uses: a fair share of environmental effort ? A sociological Approach applied to two French national parks
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This presentation focuses on the impact of nature-based activities on protected areas from an environmental sociology perspective. Without denying their ecological effects (Ng, Leung and al., 2018), t...
This presentation focuses on the impact of nature-based activities on protected areas from an environmental sociology perspective. Without denying their ecological effects (Ng, Leung and al., 2018), this approach underlines that those impacts also raise social issues, as with all environmental considerations (Candau and Deldrève, 2015). We argue that managing these activities on the basis of their impact on the natural environment is an “environmental effort” for users, that is to say a socially differentiated and potentially unfair contribution of social actors to environmental protection policies (Deldrève and Candau, 2014).
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Espinoza Garcia, N.; Corbett, J.
Managing Cisitors and Environments: resident Perspectives on Amenity Values in Mexico
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This paper draws from ongoing research in the Copalita watershed. Our central question is “How do local residents understand and make operational their sense of resource value?” Behind this questi...
This paper draws from ongoing research in the Copalita watershed. Our central question is “How do local residents understand and make operational their sense of resource value?” Behind this question is a recognition that if residents attach value to resources consistent with the values of conservation and sustainability they will act to protect those resources in ways consistent with prospective visitors, thereby enhancing the attractiveness of San Pedro El Alto for recreational and ecological tourism.
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Bissix, G.; Firth, R.
Reconciling Smal Scale Protected Area designation with Local and Traditional Land Uses: two Nova Scotia cases
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
European settlers established permanent settlements in Nova Scotia in 1604 substantially altering and dividing the landscape. Seventy percent was privatized into small private forests and farms with ...
European settlers established permanent settlements in Nova Scotia in 1604 substantially altering and dividing the landscape. Seventy percent was privatized into small private forests and farms with remnant Crownland generally found more remotely. More recent land expropriation by the provincial government to consolidate for national park designation in the nineteen thirties, sixties, and seventies (a failed attempt), engendered government distrust tainting later attempts to designate protected areas. Given the context of complex land use, traditional recreational uses and natural resource exploitation, protected area designation often clashes with established local practices. This paper examines two such cases, Black Point Beach /Hemeon’s Head on the South Shore and the Wolfville Watershed Nature Preserve, both in Nova Scotia, Canada
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Goldstein, S.; Surki, S.; Koriyat, E.; Nemtzov; S.
Collaboration with communities living next to protected areas, for the conservation of biodiversity, landscape and heritage in Israel
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA) is Israels government agency in charge of all legally protected areas (Nature Reserves and National Parks). The INPA has been working for many years in col...
The Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA) is Israels government agency in charge of all legally protected areas (Nature Reserves and National Parks). The INPA has been working for many years in collaboration with local communities. This connection between the INPAs Nature Reserves and National Parks, and the local communities that live next to them, is a longstanding association with mutual implications. Over the years we have experienced a rise in the publics impact upon the environment. In order to protect biodiversity, landscapes and heritage over the long term, the INPA realizes that we must have the public as a cooperative partner.
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Strzelecka, M.; Grodzinka-Jurczack, M.; Rechcinski, M.
Toward recognition justice through empowerment in Natura 2000 ecotourism
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This paper makes a theoretical contribution to the fields of sustainable tourism and environmental sociology by that it: 1) relates justice to empowerment from tourism in the context of post-transitio...
This paper makes a theoretical contribution to the fields of sustainable tourism and environmental sociology by that it: 1) relates justice to empowerment from tourism in the context of post-transition economy 2) trains the focus on justice-related issues in environmental policy making in Central and Eastern Europe. By applying recognition justice perspective this work offers a problematization of the Natura 2000 decision-making and empowerment through Natura 2000 ecotourism as political issue in post-transition state.
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Durand, M.H.; Thomassin, B.; Chaboud, C.; Stoica, G.; Ferrari, J.
Conservation, tourism and fishermen communities in the Toliara region (SW Madagascar)
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The win-win alliance between MPAs and recreational tourism, between environmental preservation and economy, is in question in Madagascar where roads are developing, and customary management has disapp...
The win-win alliance between MPAs and recreational tourism, between environmental preservation and economy, is in question in Madagascar where roads are developing, and customary management has disappeared. MPAs are mainly used for the tourism development and to increase catches for export species when fishermen, dispossessed of their space and customary rights, are left in patron-client relationships with foreign operators. The exploitation of the aesthetic value of the coral reefs is not without damage and must be regulated as the exploitation of the biomass, in a system considered as a whole.
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Blye, C.J.; Halpenny, E.A.; Hvenegaard, G.
Interpretation program perceptions: A comparison of Alberta Parks staff views of visitors trends, program opportunities, challenges, and outcomes
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
To understand perceptions of interpretation program outcomes, challenges and opportunities, we conducted short, semi-structured qualitative interviews with a sample of the 50 policy-makers, planners, ...
To understand perceptions of interpretation program outcomes, challenges and opportunities, we conducted short, semi-structured qualitative interviews with a sample of the 50 policy-makers, planners, managers, and practitioners associated with interpretive programs conducted by a Canadian provincial park agency, Alberta Parks. Alberta Parks manages 2.9 million hectares of protected areas landscapes, ranging from wilderness parks and strict ecological reserves to heritage rangelands and provincial recreation areas. It conducts extensive in-person interpretive programs in approximately 10 of its most heavily visited parks.
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Miller, Z.; Freimund, W.F.
Social media in parks and conservation areas: A case study of "virtual visitors" from the Facebook page of Yellowstone National Park
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Social media has fundamentally the way the people engage with organizations, including agencies like the National Park Service (NPS). Many organizations are trying to benefit from the huge number of p...
Social media has fundamentally the way the people engage with organizations, including agencies like the National Park Service (NPS). Many organizations are trying to benefit from the huge number of people that can be reached through social media. However, we know almost nothing about the “virtual visitors” that engage with park and conservation area organizations on social media. In this presentation, we discuss some of the first empirical research conducted on virtual visitors, including their characteristics, motivations, and preferences (Miller & Freimund, 2017).
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Spring, J.
Learning during guided wildlife tours in protected areas and its implications for behavioural change and stewarship
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This presentation introduces a model of wildlife tours that examines learning outcomes in the context of stimuli that constrain and provoke guide visitor interaction (GVI), the cues that participants ...
This presentation introduces a model of wildlife tours that examines learning outcomes in the context of stimuli that constrain and provoke guide visitor interaction (GVI), the cues that participants respond to, and, how guides can manage such factors. The model is based on qualitative research on professional and volunteer-based tours for non-government organisations (NGOs), Pacific Whale Foundation (PWF) and Supporters of Tiritiri Matangi (SoTM), in marine and terrestrial settings. The model responds to the research’s findings that highlighted the complexity of learning during the tours where access to wildlife is regulated for conservation
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Weiler, B.; Wolf, I.; Canosa, A.
Nature interpretation in protected areas: connecting with Gen Y
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This paper draws on a scoping study of literature from 1977 to 2017 together with a case study undertaken by Australia’s New South Wales (NSW) National Parks & Wildlife Service (2011) to illumin...
This paper draws on a scoping study of literature from 1977 to 2017 together with a case study undertaken by Australia’s New South Wales (NSW) National Parks & Wildlife Service (2011) to illuminate how Gen Y experiences, views and is influenced by protected areas. In particular, this paper focuses on research findings that have implications for communicating with Gen Y about and in protected areas.
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Chekalina, T., Fuchs, M.
Mobile Apps as nature based tourism experience facilitators: A conceptual approach
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The primary focus of the paper is on the value-creation potential of both content and the various elements of mobile apps functionalities. We argue that mobile applications show the capacity to enhanc...
The primary focus of the paper is on the value-creation potential of both content and the various elements of mobile apps functionalities. We argue that mobile applications show the capacity to enhance major aspects of the NBT experience, such as emotional, social and epistemic value, as well as excellence, efficiency and safety (Chekalina, Fuchs, and Lexhagen, 2018).
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de Souza Pimental, D.; Pinto Meireles, C.; Barcellos, M.; de Oliveira, M.L.; Ramos Costa, S.M., Perdomo Santos, V.
Developement of interpretative trails in Brazilian protected areas
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This paper aims to discuss the cases of interpretative trails’ development experienced in different protected areas, pointing out similarities and particularities of the process from defining the en...
This paper aims to discuss the cases of interpretative trails’ development experienced in different protected areas, pointing out similarities and particularities of the process from defining the environmental interpretation points to interpretative trails evaluation.
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Woodward, D.; Galymzhan, A.; Gaziz, A.; Erbol, D.; Woodward, A.
The effect of interpretation by local guides in burabay aspiring geopark, Kazakhstan
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The study aims to look at the effect of interpretation provided by local guides to visitors in Burabay National Park. The guides were selected and trained among representatives of local community with...
The study aims to look at the effect of interpretation provided by local guides to visitors in Burabay National Park. The guides were selected and trained among representatives of local community within geopark project. The methods used included questionnaires and in-depth interviews.
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English, D.K.; Zarnoch, S.J., White, E.M.
Estimating Daily Existing Traiffic from National Forest recreation Sites Using Short-Term Observations Counts
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Our goal was to develop estimates of daily (24-hour) exiting traffic volume using just the 6-hour observational count of exiting traffic and two variables from the interviews. More exactly, our goal ...
Our goal was to develop estimates of daily (24-hour) exiting traffic volume using just the 6-hour observational count of exiting traffic and two variables from the interviews. More exactly, our goal was to develop 24-hour estimates from the 6-hour counts that were equivalent to the estimates generated from the current NVUM method. If our work was successful, we could eliminate the data quality issues and costs of the mechanical counters without appreciably changing the resulting estimates of visitation. We present our analytic process and results, and an evaluation of how well the process worked.
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Granet, A.M.; Cordellier, M.; Dobré, M.
Nature based sports in forests areas in France. Results from the 2015 French National Survey "Forests and Society"
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Outdoor physical activities and nature-based sports are an important part of forest recreation. With their increase and diversification, foresters are facing new challenges to manage and sometimes lim...
Outdoor physical activities and nature-based sports are an important part of forest recreation. With their increase and diversification, foresters are facing new challenges to manage and sometimes limit these sport practices in forested environments whereas local communities are often interested in their development as part of an eco-touristic economy. In this context, the ONF chose to focus on physical activities and nature-based sports in the 2015 Forest and society national survey. This part of the survey was implemented on a 2000 people sample representing the French population aged 15 and more
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Neuvonen, M.; Sievanen, T.
Recreation monitoring: experiences of responding in web survey and prospects for future
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This presentation will describe some recent experiences of monitoring outdoor recreation in LVVI2 and NatureMove-projects and discusses of the advantages and challenges of new type of data collection....
This presentation will describe some recent experiences of monitoring outdoor recreation in LVVI2 and NatureMove-projects and discusses of the advantages and challenges of new type of data collection. Sharig experiences of the challenges in monitoring helps to improve and to harmonize monitoring in European wide context.
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Pouta, E.; Sievanen, T.; Neuvonene, M.
Accounting for cultural ecosystem services: a case of recreation services in Finland
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
In this study of cultural ecosystem service accounting the aim was to assess nature-based recreation in Finland by applying both physical and monetary measures. This presentation describes the methods...
In this study of cultural ecosystem service accounting the aim was to assess nature-based recreation in Finland by applying both physical and monetary measures. This presentation describes the methods and data sets used in analyses of indicators, thoughts of advantages and shortcomings, and identification of the gaps in data and methods. The presentation also discusses the opportunities to use the approach in broader European context.
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Kaprova, K.; Melichar, J.; Kohlovd, M.
A synthesis of recreation values of European forested areas and implications for national benefit transfers
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Our results demonstrate that the outcomes of primary studies focusing on estimation of recreation demand and values associated with non-urban forests vary significantly across Europe. We successfully...
Our results demonstrate that the outcomes of primary studies focusing on estimation of recreation demand and values associated with non-urban forests vary significantly across Europe. We successfully disentangle the effects of methodological and study site variables on the recreation value. However, in accordance with the previous works, the direct measurement of the effect of proxies for recreationists´ preferences or cultural differences across studies and countries is not straightforward, because the data available are very limited.
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Schagner, J.P.; Arnberger, A.; Eagles, P.F.J.; Kajala, L.; Leung, Y.F.; Spenceley, A.; Desguinet, M.; Gosal, A.; Signorello, G.; Engelbauer, M.; Bertsky, B.; Engels, B.
Visitors number for protected and nature areas: a global data sharing initiative
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
To fill the gap on globally available visitor statistics for nature areas, a group of researchers from around the world including the authors of this paper formed an informal research project. The res...
To fill the gap on globally available visitor statistics for nature areas, a group of researchers from around the world including the authors of this paper formed an informal research project. The researchers’ disciplinary backgrounds and interests in visitor data differ broadly. While part of the team originates in the domain of visitor monitoring, some focus on the economic impacts of nature tourism (TAPAS group), others concentrate on the modelling and mapping of cultural ecosystem services using earth observations (FAWKES-project) and again others work on nature conservation and how it may benefit from nature tourism (BIOPAMA.org).
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Burns, R.C.
Use of various of data in decision making: A transportation case study in Seattle, Washington, USA
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Access to outdoor recreation settings can be defined and operationalized in many different ways, including access through transportation methods that enable people to visit recreation areas. This rou...
Access to outdoor recreation settings can be defined and operationalized in many different ways, including access through transportation methods that enable people to visit recreation areas. This roundtable discussion paper focuses on understanding residents’ preferences for a potential transportation method from a major urban setting (the Seattle-Metro area) to the western, more accessible fringes of the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest (MBS), in the US state of Washington. The study involved a series of quantitative studies, focusing on MBS users and non-users.
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Hodl, C.
Managing geocaching in a protected area - what action were taken in the Danau-Auen National Park, Austria over the las three years
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The results have shown that, although a large share of caches are located within relatively small distances from the nearest trails, some of them require walking off-trail for longer distances or even...
The results have shown that, although a large share of caches are located within relatively small distances from the nearest trails, some of them require walking off-trail for longer distances or even climbing trees, which is both not in line with desired visitor behaviour. Also, damages to woody vegetation, mostly caused by nails and wires used to attach geocaches to trees, were found quite frequently (Hödl, 2016). Altogether, these findings strongly suggested the need for appropriate management actions to regulate geocaching within the park.
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Klanjscek, J.; Gecek, S.; Sakic, K.; Klanjscek, T.
Quantifying effects of signs on visitor flow in NP Krka
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
To quantify the ensuing effects on visitor movement, data on visitor movement before (2015) and after (2017) sign installation were analyzed. Data were collected using an app written for Android wher...
To quantify the ensuing effects on visitor movement, data on visitor movement before (2015) and after (2017) sign installation were analyzed. Data were collected using an app written for Android where each visitor (time of passage and direction of movement) was recorded on two locations at Skradinski buk - near the bridge and on the footpath in both years. Measurements were carried out in August during the summer season, when crowding is highest.
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Moreira, J.C; Burns, R.C.; de Carvalho, G.K.
Use of game cameras and interviews to monitor visitors: is there crowding in the Iguaçu National Park - Brazil
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The objective of this effort was to collect data with cameras and to verify the satisfaction of the visitor and their crowding perception. The methodology involved interviews with 920 visitors and o...
The objective of this effort was to collect data with cameras and to verify the satisfaction of the visitor and their crowding perception. The methodology involved interviews with 920 visitors and on-site data collection using a Plotwatcher camera. Camera images were collected each day, between 09h and 19h. Visitors were asked about their perception related with the number of people who were on the park at that time. The interviews took place between December 2017 and January 2018. Photos were also presented with 3 different scenarios to obtain visitors’ perceptions of the number of other visitors in the park. The three options were pictures with few people, with many people and a vast number of other people, so the visitor could answer which photo he preferred.
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Chazee, L.; Requier-Desjardins, M.
Elaboration and implementation of a cultural services indicator of impacts in the Mediterranean: a first diagnosis
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The purpose of this presentation is to develop on the original results that have been obtained, based on the first review of the available data for OZHM sites: 27 sites that have significantly contrib...
The purpose of this presentation is to develop on the original results that have been obtained, based on the first review of the available data for OZHM sites: 27 sites that have significantly contributed to this project will therefore be considered in this study. Specifically, 6 sites in the non-EU Balkans countries (Albania, Montenegro, and Serbia), 8 in the Maghreb (Algeria and Tunisia), 4 in the Middle-East (Lebanon and Jordan) and 9 in Europe (France, Slovenia, Croatia) are considered. The needed information is collected mainly from the 27 sites managers and a total of 3986 visitor questionnaires, with an average of 148 visitor questionnaires per site.
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Le Guyader, D.; Jannic, N.; Harlay, X.
Counting visitors in Marine Protected Areas and after ? A statistical modelling experiment to estimate the spatial and temporal distributions of recreational coastal activities
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Recently, a three years survey on recreational shore fishing has been conducted in French MPAs during European LIFE project. This survey has been extended to other concomitant recreational activities ...
Recently, a three years survey on recreational shore fishing has been conducted in French MPAs during European LIFE project. This survey has been extended to other concomitant recreational activities in the “Parc Naturel Marin des Estuaires Picards et de la Mer d’Opale (PNM EPMO)” (Meirland et al., 2015). This contribution aim to estimate the distribution over time (by season) and space (by counting site) of leisure activities on the PNM EPMO territory using statistical modelling of counting data.
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Olafsdottir, R.; Soeporsdottir, A.D.; Tverijonaire, E.
Environmental perception of long distance runners in the Icelandic highlands: a comparative study between 2007 and 2018
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This study aims to investigate environmental issues concerning trail runners in the Laugavegur Ultra Marathon by: i) assessing runners’ perception of environmental and social issues during their run...
This study aims to investigate environmental issues concerning trail runners in the Laugavegur Ultra Marathon by: i) assessing runners’ perception of environmental and social issues during their run; ii) identifying and examining what environmental values are held by trail runners as a group, and investigating whether these values have changed since 2007.
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Wimpey, J., Reigner, N.; Marion, J.; Meadema, F.; Arredondo, J.
Monitoring and Management of recreationists along long distance National Scenic Trails
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This session will present a brief overview of the monitoring and assessment data generated from the ongoing studies, discuss implications for management, and focus on a suite of new tools and methods ...
This session will present a brief overview of the monitoring and assessment data generated from the ongoing studies, discuss implications for management, and focus on a suite of new tools and methods for application of the findings. Discussion will focus on issues, obstacles, and limitations of these new approaches in their current state, while focusing on the potential for broader future use with proper development and strategic deployment.
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Leung Ng, S.; Cheung, S.Y.; Leung, Y.F., Fang, W.
Trail degradation and organized sporting events in Hong Kong
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The findings of this study point to the need for cautious permitting, planning, and management of organized sport events in protected areas with respect to event size (e.g., number of participants), t...
The findings of this study point to the need for cautious permitting, planning, and management of organized sport events in protected areas with respect to event size (e.g., number of participants), trail routes, environmental conditions, and appropriate actions to contain traffic and assist in recovery. It is recommended that organized sporting events and extreme sports be regulated and trail maintenance is crucially important for keeping the protected areas in good condition.
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Juliao, R.P: Humanas, S.E.; Valente, M.; Nogueira Mendes, R.
Issues on trail runners, trail running and recreational and protected areas in Portugal
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Present paper delivers a tentative picture of TR in Portugal, providing the first systematic research of this recreational activity. A geographical analysis is done to the race events of 2017 and anal...
Present paper delivers a tentative picture of TR in Portugal, providing the first systematic research of this recreational activity. A geographical analysis is done to the race events of 2017 and analyzed according to the trail runners profile in order to understand the main motivations and characteristics of this activity. Comprising the practitioners expectations is an important step to support land managers and decision makers to accommodate those within the main objectives of classified and protected areas - nature conservation, local and sustainable development, etc.
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Pettengil, P.; Sharp, R.; Reigner, N.; Manning, R.
Assessing and managing trail use and endurance activities in Grand Canyon National Park, USA
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Recent research at Grand Canyon National Park demonstrates that participation in endurance activities, including trail running, tends to be concentrated over a few weekends of the year (Pettengill 201...
Recent research at Grand Canyon National Park demonstrates that participation in endurance activities, including trail running, tends to be concentrated over a few weekends of the year (Pettengill 2017). When visitor use is concentrated like this, it can create or exacerbate impacts with potentially dramatic and lasting consequences. Impacts can be environmental (e.g., erosion, vegetation damage, contamination from human waste), social (e.g., crowding, conflict, degraded experiences), and administrative (e.g., exhausted employees, overtaxed facilities).
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Bessy, O.; Buron, G.
The development of trail station: an innovation to serve tourist development of territories ? Two examples of Saint Pierre de Chartreuse (Alps) and Ossay-Pyrénées (Pyrénées) stations
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The challenge of this communication is to shed light on the conditions under which the development of ‘Trail Stations’ can become a territory resource participating in the improvement of tourist a...
The challenge of this communication is to shed light on the conditions under which the development of ‘Trail Stations’ can become a territory resource participating in the improvement of tourist appeal of mountain territories. We shall illustrate our point by taking the example of Trail Stations such as St-Pierre en Chartreuse and Ossau-Pyrénées.
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Dehez, J.; Ginelli. L.; Le Floch, S.
Involving recreational users in environmental management: invasive aquatic plants in lakes on Frances Atlantic coast
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This presentation is based on an ongoing multidisciplinary research project (AquaVIT), combining scientists from the fields of economics, geography, sociology and ecology. It focuses on the ecological...
This presentation is based on an ongoing multidisciplinary research project (AquaVIT), combining scientists from the fields of economics, geography, sociology and ecology. It focuses on the ecological and socio-economic impacts of four macrophytes, i.e. Egeria densa, Lagarasiphon major, Ludwigia, Myriophyllum aquaticum, within freshwater Atlantic lakes in France. The social scientists within the project share two objectives among others: i) describing individuals’ activities and perceptions (in particular those related to the weeds) ii) understanding how recreational users are (or are not) associated into the current management processes.
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Spence, C.; Verreault, C.
Sharing the Stewardship of a Canadian Conservation Park
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Gatineau Park’s managers have recently undertaken a long-term, multi-pronged approach to try to engage its users in the conservation of the park. Certain activities, such as rockclimbing and horseba...
Gatineau Park’s managers have recently undertaken a long-term, multi-pronged approach to try to engage its users in the conservation of the park. Certain activities, such as rockclimbing and horseback riding, have been delegated to user groups to ensure trail maintenance and appropriate user behaviour. A similar approach will be put in place for mountain biking.
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Verreault, C; Spence, C.;
Unplanned trail creation in Gatineau Park, Canada: engaging users in finding a sustainable solution
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The National Capital Commission, the federal Crown corporation managing Gatineau Park, has initiated a series of consultations with over eighty user groups and adjacent communities to engage them in f...
The National Capital Commission, the federal Crown corporation managing Gatineau Park, has initiated a series of consultations with over eighty user groups and adjacent communities to engage them in finding a sustainable solution. Awareness of the negative environmental and public safety impacts caused by unofficial trails was enhanced among user groups and solutions to reduce these impacts were found collaboratively and are now being implemented.
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Miller, Z.D.; Freimund, W.A.; Powell, R.B.; Metcalf, E.C.; Nickerson, M.P.
A framework for integrating values into persuasive communication: value orientations, elaboration, and the theory of planned behaviour
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This presentation presents empirical findings that merge value orientations, the elaboration likelihood model, and the theory of planned behavior into a single framework. Collectively this research en...
This presentation presents empirical findings that merge value orientations, the elaboration likelihood model, and the theory of planned behavior into a single framework. Collectively this research enhances communication for visitor use management.
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Mamemo, K.; Shoji, T.; Kubo, T.; Tsuge, T.; Kuriyama, K.
Understanding the value of opportunities for tourist support in managing non-native invasive species
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This paper examines the value of opportunities for tourist support for managing non-native invasive species while on their trip. Recently, an approach for involving the public, especially tourists, in...
This paper examines the value of opportunities for tourist support for managing non-native invasive species while on their trip. Recently, an approach for involving the public, especially tourists, in the management of non-native species has attracted much attention. We examined the eradication program for carp and the mangrove canoe tour as a case study. In addition, this research contributes to the development of volunteer tourism.
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Firth, R.; Green, P.
Reconciling Traditional and Recreational Activities in the 100 Wild Islands
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
In 2017, a multi stakeholder initiative was launched called the Wild Islands Tourism Advancement Partnership (WITAP). WITAP is a community-based project with the goal to capitalize on the eastern shor...
In 2017, a multi stakeholder initiative was launched called the Wild Islands Tourism Advancement Partnership (WITAP). WITAP is a community-based project with the goal to capitalize on the eastern shore archipelago as a tourism destination. As part of the WITAP project, the Nature Trust and the provincial Department of Environment, are developing a management strategy that will provide complementary management direction on both Nature Trust and Crown land. The Nature Trust has focused community engagement for several years on gathering information on ecological and social variables, and to discuss and receive feedback on plans to acquire privately owned properties for conservation. More recently, communities have engaged with the Nature Trust to discuss possible management approaches to the 100 Wild Islands.
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Engelbauer, M.; Majewski, M.; Job, H.
Regional Economic Impact of tourism in German Biosphere reservess
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Within the UNESCO Man and Biosphere program the concept of biosphere reserves aims as an innovative form of protected areas to achieve sustainable development in areas of cultural or/and natural impor...
Within the UNESCO Man and Biosphere program the concept of biosphere reserves aims as an innovative form of protected areas to achieve sustainable development in areas of cultural or/and natural importance. The apparent contradiction between protection and development is dealed with the help of a zoning model. Inside the development zone, surrounding the core and buffer zones of nature conservation, innovative approaches should be tested to strengthen a sustainable regional economy (Kraus et al. 2014). Tourism can be seen as one important vehicle to achieve sustainable conservation and development outcomes, especially in UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (Job et al. 2017).
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Highfill, T.; Franks, C.; Georgi, P.; Howells, T.
Introducung the outdoor recreation satellite account
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), part of the U.S. Department of Commerce, produces official macroeconomic and industry statistics for the U.S. economy. Through a collaborative effort with outdoo...
The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), part of the U.S. Department of Commerce, produces official macroeconomic and industry statistics for the U.S. economy. Through a collaborative effort with outdoor recreation economists, industry experts, and multiple government agencies, the BEA recently released the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account (ORSA), a set of new statistics quantifying the U.S. outdoor recreation economy for 2012-2016. For the first time, the ORSA provides an estimate of the outdoor recreation economys contribution to current dollar gross domestic product (GDP), plus gross output, compensation, and employment by industry statistics.
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Sondergard Jensen, F.; Jacobsen, L.B.; Bakhtiari, F.Jellesmark Torsen, B.
The footprint of outdoor recreation on the Danish national economy
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Politically, more focus has been given to the importance of nature areas for the Danish publics outdoor life in recent years – a focus culminating in the spring of 2015, when the Ministry of Environ...
Politically, more focus has been given to the importance of nature areas for the Danish publics outdoor life in recent years – a focus culminating in the spring of 2015, when the Ministry of Environment published the first Danish national outdoor recreation policy (Miljøministeriet, 2015). In preparation of this policy, the national economic significance of outdoor recreation was called for. To meet this demand, the consumption related to the Danes’ outdoor recreation activities were estimated based on data collected through a questionnaire survey. Knowing this consumption allows for ’input-output’ analyses to calculate the proportion of Denmarks gross domestic product (GDP) that is attributable to the outdoor recreation activities of Danish households, and the related employment (Jacobsen et al., 2014).
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Shimazaki, Y.; Crowley, C.
Measuring tourism in public natural parks in Japan
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This study introduces methods of measuring visitors in Japanese public natural parks, and discusses associated problems and areas for future efforts in park management. We also discuss the use of data...
This study introduces methods of measuring visitors in Japanese public natural parks, and discusses associated problems and areas for future efforts in park management. We also discuss the use of data to estimate economic impacts from recreational use by visitors.
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White, E.M.; English, D.K.
Measuring the spending of visitors to U.S. national forests over two decades
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Understanding the magnitude and characteristics of spending by individuals recreating on national forests is key to describing how recreation use of the NFS affects the economy, both in communities ar...
Understanding the magnitude and characteristics of spending by individuals recreating on national forests is key to describing how recreation use of the NFS affects the economy, both in communities around national forests and nationally. We have been conducting long-term research on recreation visitor spending patterns as part of the Forest Service National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) Program. In this paper, we describe our approach to estimating visitor spending patterns and magnitude and report on the observed stability in spending patterns over time.
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Crowley, C.; Cline, S.
U.S. Federal recreation: diverse lands, diverse agencies - comparing agency methods of monitoring visitation and estimation economic impacts
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This presentation describes similarities and differences across the methodologies used by U.S. agencies to estimate visitation to recreation areas under their jurisdiction; the amount and patterns of ...
This presentation describes similarities and differences across the methodologies used by U.S. agencies to estimate visitation to recreation areas under their jurisdiction; the amount and patterns of related spending by those visitors; how this spending affects local economies in terms of economic impacts; and challenges to reporting nation-wide totals.
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Arnberger, A.; Preisel, H.; Brenner, H.
Using visitor monitoring data to manage mountain biking use in the Wienerwald Biosphere Reserve, Austria
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Since many years, mountain biking has been a very popular activity in the Wienerwald UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (WBR) which directly borders the city of Vienna with its 1.9 m inhabitants (Arnberger &...
Since many years, mountain biking has been a very popular activity in the Wienerwald UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (WBR) which directly borders the city of Vienna with its 1.9 m inhabitants (Arnberger & Eder, 2007; Hirnschall et al., 2012). A monitoring of mountain-biking use was established in one of the biking hot spots to deliver information on use intensities and to test the success of the reorganization of mountain bike trails and areas.
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Aikoh, T., Gokita, R.
Status of, issues with, and manager attidutes toward visitor monitoring in Japans national parks
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Monitoring of visitor behavior and attitude is indispensable for management of protected areas, including national parks, and accurate information regarding such is thought to lead to prudent manageme...
Monitoring of visitor behavior and attitude is indispensable for management of protected areas, including national parks, and accurate information regarding such is thought to lead to prudent management (Cessford & Muhar, 2003). It is essential to know the number of visitors and their trends, motivation, and satisfaction. That information is useful for making decisions concerning the planning and management of parks and is essential for sustainable and appropriate use of these protected areas (Hornback & Eagles, 1999). This study aimed to clarify the current condition of visitor monitoring in Japanese national parks and to understand the issues and attitudes of park managers.
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Hunziker, M.; Kleiner, A.; Freuler, B.; Arnberger, A.
Experimental long term evaluation of measures to reduce bikers-hikers conflicts - an example of an urban forest in Switzerland
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
As a measure to deal with the conflict, the City of Zürich 2005 built a bike trail to keep the bikers on a separate route. In addition, an accompanying information campaign was launched, and the tran...
As a measure to deal with the conflict, the City of Zürich 2005 built a bike trail to keep the bikers on a separate route. In addition, an accompanying information campaign was launched, and the transport of bikes on the train up to the Uetliberg mountain, where the trail starts, was banned. The aim of our study was to evaluate these management measures. To reach this aim, the following research questions had to be answered: 1. How was the acceptance of the management measures (trail, communication, bike-transport ban) taken by the authorities? 2. What was the actual effect (short and long-term) of the management measures regarding resolution of conflicts between hikers and bikers?
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Gstaettner, A.M.; Philipps, M.; Kobryn, H.; Rodger, K.; Lee, D.
Making use of visitor incident data in Karijini National Park: A western Australian case study
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This paper illustrates, using Karijini National Park in Western Australia as an example, how the information obtained from incident recording and analysis systems has been used to inform and justify m...
This paper illustrates, using Karijini National Park in Western Australia as an example, how the information obtained from incident recording and analysis systems has been used to inform and justify management decisions
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Sitarz, M.; Bukowski, M.; Zieba, S.; Zwikacz-Kozica, T.
Monitoring of illegal human activities in the Tatra National Park, Poland
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Monitoring of illegal human activities seems to be very important issue. Those activities vary from hiking, climbing to skiing, exploring caves and gathering plants. In the Tatra National Park camera ...
Monitoring of illegal human activities seems to be very important issue. Those activities vary from hiking, climbing to skiing, exploring caves and gathering plants. In the Tatra National Park camera traps are used to examine these issues and estimate the scale and type of human trespassing phenomena as well as its influence on wildlife. This method is worldwide used for wildlife (Roveroa et al., 2013; Wearn, Glover-Kapfer, 2017) as well as visitor monitoring (Hossain, et al. 2016; Miller et al., 2017).
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Kyle, G.; Wallen, K.; Landon, A.; Schuett, M.
Mode effect and response rate issues in North American Mixed Mode Survey Research: Implications for Recreational Fisheries Management
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The purpose of this study is to compare differences in response rates, socio-demographic characteristics, and angler behaviors, motivations, preferences, and expenditures between and within samples ob...
The purpose of this study is to compare differences in response rates, socio-demographic characteristics, and angler behaviors, motivations, preferences, and expenditures between and within samples obtained from three common survey designs.
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Kim, H.; Shoji, Y.; Tsuge, T.; Aikoh, T.; Kuriyama,K.
Understanding the demand for ecosystem services provides by park and green spaces: using the partial profile choice experiment
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The aim of this study is to identify the demand for ecosystem services (ESs) provided by parks and green spaces in Sapporo (northern Japan) using a partial profile choice experiment (PPCE), which is a...
The aim of this study is to identify the demand for ecosystem services (ESs) provided by parks and green spaces in Sapporo (northern Japan) using a partial profile choice experiment (PPCE), which is an application of a discrete choice experiment (DCE).
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Kobayashi, A., Jones, T.
Back to the North Japan Alps: A comparative Investigation of Incident Causes and Risks Profiles of Different Alpine Areas
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Against a backdrop of increasing incidents and rescues across Japan’s mountains, Kobayashi and Jones (2016) investigated the profile of vulnerable segments, especially older climbers, via the case s...
Against a backdrop of increasing incidents and rescues across Japan’s mountains, Kobayashi and Jones (2016) investigated the profile of vulnerable segments, especially older climbers, via the case study of the North Japan Alps. This paper revisits the same site: known as the birth-place of modern mountaineering in Japan, trends in this national park have national relevance (Murakoshi, 2010). Drawing on a longitudinally expanded database extracted from police reports, this paper extends previous research by comparing incident cause factors and risk profiles of different Alpine areas.
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Tyrvainen, L.; Neuvonen, M.; Pyky; R.; Ojala, A.; Borodulin, K.
Nature for physical activities promotion- role of green infrastructures in Finland
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This presentation discusses first results from an ongoing NatureMove -study funded by Ministry of Culture and Education investigating i) to what extent accessibility of close-to-home recreation areas ...
This presentation discusses first results from an ongoing NatureMove -study funded by Ministry of Culture and Education investigating i) to what extent accessibility of close-to-home recreation areas affects physical activity and ii) how individuals differ in their relationship with and perception of nature that might motivate residents being physically active outdoors.
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Elands, B.; Postma, L.; Schouten van der Laan, A.
Future Stewards? Connection to nature starts from childhood experiences in nature areas
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Recently, several interventions aimed at reconnecting children with nature, through real life nature experiences, have been initiated. Examples of these interventions are: the greening of children’s...
Recently, several interventions aimed at reconnecting children with nature, through real life nature experiences, have been initiated. Examples of these interventions are: the greening of children’s playing environment at nurseries, school and during leisure time and the introduction of nature experience programs for primary school children. The aim of this research is to investigate the connection of nature
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Tapaninen, M.; Kajala, L.; Lumijarvi, H.; Wennstrom, C.
Healthy parks, Healthy people Finland
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The presentation will highlight that there is very strong business case in the relationship of biodiversity and human health. Nature-connected innovations in health care systems, wellbeing tourism and...
The presentation will highlight that there is very strong business case in the relationship of biodiversity and human health. Nature-connected innovations in health care systems, wellbeing tourism and various approaches like Healthy parks - Healthy people, health walks, Green Care and green prescriptions already support this business case. Health is considered as the most basic human right and an important indicator of sustainable development. Biodiversity and health linkages are also crucial elements in several Sustainable Development Goals.
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Dalley, J.
Tranquility mapping for soundscape management: From concept to reality
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The search for tranquil environments is often the chief reason people give for escaping urban settings for the ‘natural’ environments of Protected Natural Areas (PNA). Over time, it became apparen...
The search for tranquil environments is often the chief reason people give for escaping urban settings for the ‘natural’ environments of Protected Natural Areas (PNA). Over time, it became apparent to all stakeholders that both the management and monitoring mechanisms were increasingly ineffective and iniquitous in the preservation and allocation of natural soundscapes, and that a new approach was required. Following an extensive scoping study, the Tranquility Rating Prediction Tool (TRAPT) was proposed as the most appropriate solution for DOC’s future soundscape management and monitoring requirements (Watts, Pearse and Donohue, 2016).
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Garms, M.; Mayer, M.
Wilderness in German national parks: the gap between rhetoric and reality
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
We address the following research questions: Are German National Park able to fulfill wilderness standards of the National Biodiversity Strategy given their regional development goals? Which potential...
We address the following research questions: Are German National Park able to fulfill wilderness standards of the National Biodiversity Strategy given their regional development goals? Which potential wilderness areas are left when visitor as well as management disturbances (e.g. hunting) are considered? What new challenges arise with high visitor numbers and related pressure on potential wilderness areas?
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Newman, P.; Miller, Z.; Levanhagen, M.; Francis, C.D.; Petrelli, A.; Abbot, L.; Shr, Y-H; Taff, B.; White, C.; Fristrup, K.; Monz, C.; McClure, C. ; Barber, J.
Sounds as an element of human-coupled systems: Social-Ecological Evidence from Muir Woods National Monument
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Sounds have a profound impact on both social and ecological components of the environment (Francis et al., 2017). Although many studies have studied the social and ecological soundscape components ind...
Sounds have a profound impact on both social and ecological components of the environment (Francis et al., 2017). Although many studies have studied the social and ecological soundscape components independently (Francis et al., 2017), no research has examined the coupled social-ecological impacts of natural sounds. In this presentation we discuss findings from Muir Woods National Monument (MUWO) in California, USA, that shows how both social and ecological components of the soundscape influence and are influenced by each other in a dynamic and synergistic human-natural coupled system.
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Sacher, P.; Sobek; M.; Rathman, J.; Mayer, M.
Assessment of the scenic beauty and attitudes towards deadwood experiment plots in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Within the framework of the research project BioHolz (www.bioholz-projekt.de/node/153), the influence of deadwood on forest biodiversity is investigated from an ecological perspective by creating expe...
Within the framework of the research project BioHolz (www.bioholz-projekt.de/node/153), the influence of deadwood on forest biodiversity is investigated from an ecological perspective by creating experimental plots characterized by different arrangements of deadwood structures. From a social-science perspective, it is of great interest to assess the perception and valuation of the deadwood experimental plots by forest visitors who were 1) intentionally led to them or 2) were confronted with pictures of the plots at the visitor center of a national park.
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Ventura, M.; Moniz, A.; Lopes, F.; Porteiro, J.; Pavao, D.; Silva, L.; Silva, F.; Moura, M.; Rui Bento, E.; Silva, L.
Landscape preferences of tourists hinking in the trails of St Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal): importance for conservation
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The Azorean trails were designed to maximize the tourists’ contact with nature and the Azorean landscape, including agricultural areas (mainly pastureland) and different forest types dispersed along...
The Azorean trails were designed to maximize the tourists’ contact with nature and the Azorean landscape, including agricultural areas (mainly pastureland) and different forest types dispersed along the trails. We selected São Miguel Island (SM) as a first case-study, because it is the larger and more populated island and is also the one receiving more tourists (SREA 2017). In order along the visited trails, we applied a structured questionnaire to a sample of 185 trail users in four trails to understand (i) the tourists’ motivations for hiking, and (ii) their landscape preferences in SM, with different land cover patterns, during the summer of 2017
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Allouche, F.; Chazee, L.; Benbelgacem, W.
Mapping of landscape attractiveness for the development of a monitoring indicator for Mediterranean wetlands: "Landscape perception indicators", Ichkeul area case studu, Tunisia
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The aim of the study was to define visitor’s perceptions of landscape attractiveness and to understand the cluster of factors that increase visitor’s attraction to Ichkeul Lake. The methodology of...
The aim of the study was to define visitor’s perceptions of landscape attractiveness and to understand the cluster of factors that increase visitor’s attraction to Ichkeul Lake. The methodology of the research was based on the ecosystem services framework of the Ramsar Convention, with focus to cultural (recreational and educational) services.
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Vrsaljko, A.; Troselj, I.
Biodiversity of Paklenica National Park as a prerequisite for the development of special types of tourism
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The aim of this research is to explore the extent to which biodiversity influences the Park’s attendance and the development of the specific types of tourism in the Park’s area. In order to test t...
The aim of this research is to explore the extent to which biodiversity influences the Park’s attendance and the development of the specific types of tourism in the Park’s area. In order to test the influence of biodiversity as the paradigm/prerequisite of the tourism development, it is necessary to analyse all the Paklenica NP biodiversity factors and explore the visitors’ views and the way in which the biodiversity of the Park influences the development of different forms of tourism. In doing so, a survey was used as a primary form of the empirical research of this paper.
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Mayer, M.; Gach, G.
Revealed and stated preferences and their determinants for cross-border visits of protected areas inthe Polish-German border region
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The present study examines the barriers to cross-border tourism for the case of protected areas along the Polish-German border between inhabitants of both countries. These protected areas are a suitab...
The present study examines the barriers to cross-border tourism for the case of protected areas along the Polish-German border between inhabitants of both countries. These protected areas are a suitable object of investigation insofar as the natural prerequisites are comparatively similar on both sides of the border and thus can be neglected as a moderating factor for the travel decision. In our study we compare the revealed and stated preferences for visits of protected areas in the neighboring country.
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Dehez, J.; Lyser, S.; Kuentz, V., Ben Hadj Abdallah, K.
Place-based approach to outdoor recreation economics: empirical analysis of recreational deman in forests
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
In this paper, we take a first step towards the introduction of more place-based perspectives into the field of outdoor recreation economics. We examine the possibility of coupling two conceptual trad...
In this paper, we take a first step towards the introduction of more place-based perspectives into the field of outdoor recreation economics. We examine the possibility of coupling two conceptual traditions, as synthesized by a dual definition of “proximity”.
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Brenner, L.; Mayer, M.
Governance and economic impact of whale-watching. The case of El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve, Baja California, Mexico
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This presentation analyses the nexus between governance and economic impact of WW for the case of the coastal lagoons in El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve, Baja California, Mexico, a globally-renowned WW...
This presentation analyses the nexus between governance and economic impact of WW for the case of the coastal lagoons in El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve, Baja California, Mexico, a globally-renowned WW destination, declared World Natural Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 1993
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Kerouaz, F.
How to sustainably manage recreational fishing: a meta analysis of technical regulation instruments
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This paper aims to demonstrate the ability of regulation tools to meet preservation objectives when faced with recreational pressure and heterogeneous angler preferences. Essentially, we aim to verif...
This paper aims to demonstrate the ability of regulation tools to meet preservation objectives when faced with recreational pressure and heterogeneous angler preferences. Essentially, we aim to verify the effectiveness of these tools regulating recreational fishing, with the aim of better protecting the biodiversity, particularly for endangered species.
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Sakic, K.; Skarica, V.
Sustainable financing of national and nature parks in Croatia and prossibilities for introducing the new finance mechanisms for biodiversity
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This paper provides an overview of the current finance mechanism of the national parks and nature parks in the Republic of Croatia and outlines different schemes of innovative funding mechanism that c...
This paper provides an overview of the current finance mechanism of the national parks and nature parks in the Republic of Croatia and outlines different schemes of innovative funding mechanism that can be applied to ensure stable and sufficient long-term financial resource (e.g. payment for ecosystem services, trust funds and green taxes mechanism resources, finding new donors such as large corporations, special fund-raising campaigns, volunteers actions for some specific jobs…).
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de Almeida Cunha, A.; Gomes, P.O.; Resende, C.; Fazito, M.
Economic contributino from tourism in a Brazilian National Park at the frontier of the Cerrado Biodiversity hotspot
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
We estimate the economic and financial impacts of tourism at Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park - PNCV, and discus the implications of different models of development, for the sustainable use of the ...
We estimate the economic and financial impacts of tourism at Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park - PNCV, and discus the implications of different models of development, for the sustainable use of the Brazilian Cerrado. Number of visitors in Brazilian National Parks and at Chapada dos Veadeiros region have been increasing in the last decades. This contributes to local economies, through the expenses of the visitors and also to the recognition of the values of the nature.
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Aikoh, T., Wang, M.; Gokita, R.; Shoji, Y.
Trends and awareness of foreign visitors in national parks - a case study of national parks Japan
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
What factors attract foreign visitors? Although facility improvement and diversification of services have the advantage of improving the convenience of Japanese users, there is also concern about thei...
What factors attract foreign visitors? Although facility improvement and diversification of services have the advantage of improving the convenience of Japanese users, there is also concern about their impact on natural resources and mismatch with the needs of foreign visitors. Thus, it is indispensable to examine the trends and needs of foreign visitors. In this study, the aim is to clarify the pattern of visits to national parks and the characteristics of foreigners visiting national parks and their needs
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Bartoletti, C.; Magro-Lindenkamp, C.; Sarries, G.
Staheholders perceptions towards factors of influence on the choice of places for adventure races
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This study reports the results of online questionnaires directed to adventure racers and race organisers, as well as to national park managers. Whereas in previous works more attention was given to or...
This study reports the results of online questionnaires directed to adventure racers and race organisers, as well as to national park managers. Whereas in previous works more attention was given to organisers’ perceptions and attitudes, this focuses on racers (BARTOLETTI; MAGRO, 2016). A few questions intended to investigate what adventure racers and organisers perceived to be the most and least important factors when choosing a place to race or organise an event: environmental and sustainability related factors or factors related to logistics such as safety and proximity to hotels.
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Burns, R.C. ; Moreira, J.
Development of a systematic visitor monitoring program for Brazil Parks and Protected Areas
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The purpose of this study was to define the visitor profile of the Brazilian Amazon Basin using data from two different locations: The Tapajós National Forest and Anavilhanas National Park. This stu...
The purpose of this study was to define the visitor profile of the Brazilian Amazon Basin using data from two different locations: The Tapajós National Forest and Anavilhanas National Park. This study also investigated satisfaction, perceptions of the number of other visitors, and methods of arriving at the protected areas.
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Caric, H.; Jakelic, M.; Mrda, A.
Informed visitor management in protected areas - lessons learned from Croatian experiences
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The authors here present an approach that combined efforts of various disciplines with the goal to gather information, produce analysis and derive correlations that can inform visitor management. The ...
The authors here present an approach that combined efforts of various disciplines with the goal to gather information, produce analysis and derive correlations that can inform visitor management. The goal was to consider the conservation requirements and needs of users, to produce a Study that would inform planning and management processes. Location of this endeavor is Kamenjak protected area (IUCN Category: V) located on the very tip of Istria peninsula, the region known for sun and sea seasonal tourism. Tools used in this process considered carrying capacity discourse within the tourism context and fragile Mediterranean ecology.
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Carvahlo, R.; Cardodo, Gil, A., Borges, P.
Preliminary results on evaluating and modelling impacts of recreational trails in the Azorean native forests
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
This research program aims to allow Protected Area managers to make knowledge-based decisions for recreational impacts, and provide them with specific tools for designing a sustainable policy for recr...
This research program aims to allow Protected Area managers to make knowledge-based decisions for recreational impacts, and provide them with specific tools for designing a sustainable policy for recreational activities in Azores.
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de Assis, L.; de Souza Pimentel, D.
Impacts of visitation on a trail evaluated through a combined methodology
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The objective of this article is to present and evaluate the impacts on Bananal Cove Trail (BCT) through different methods that consider its physical characteristics, as well as the visitors perceptio...
The objective of this article is to present and evaluate the impacts on Bananal Cove Trail (BCT) through different methods that consider its physical characteristics, as well as the visitors perceptions, seeking to identify the physical and social impacts in order to subsidize the management efforts.
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Efthimious, G.; Roussou, M.
A survey of visiting rat to National Parks of Greece
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Purpose of this research is to become an initial approach of trafficking in National Parks of Greece which are managed by a Management Body (MB). Our research was conducted from May to December 2017, ...
Purpose of this research is to become an initial approach of trafficking in National Parks of Greece which are managed by a Management Body (MB). Our research was conducted from May to December 2017, by sending questionnaires to the M.B., to gather information for registered visitors to them for the period 2010-2016.
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Ellis, M.
Has cruise tourism puhsed marine ecosystems to the "tipping-point" of their physical-ecological carying capacity ? Perceptions of stakeholders
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Researchers have proposed several measures to address problems of this nature however, these studies have focused on developed countries and the approaches used have been specific to the terrestrial e...
Researchers have proposed several measures to address problems of this nature however, these studies have focused on developed countries and the approaches used have been specific to the terrestrial environment. Furthermore, environmental and cultural differences limit the applicability of these approaches to other jurisdictions and hence a modified approach adaptable to other environments is warranted. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a “carrying capacity framework” for managing cruise visitors in marine spaces in Small Island developing States (SIDS), where incomparable challenges are faced. This paper specifically presents the findings of the first phase of the research, in which a baseline study was conduct on one of the islands in the Caribbean.
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Farias-Torbidoni, E.I.; Morera, S
Optimizing the use of the Eco-counters tool. A case of study
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Reliable data on visitor numbers, and particularly how they are distributed in time and space across these areas are key aspects to balancing conservational and recreational use (sporting and tourist ...
Reliable data on visitor numbers, and particularly how they are distributed in time and space across these areas are key aspects to balancing conservational and recreational use (sporting and tourist use) of protected areas (Cessford & Muhar, 2003). In this sense, the increasingly popular eco-counters are a good management tool. However, the evidence has shown that the correct analysis of the output data is more difficult than is commonly expected. The purpose of this presentation is to address the problems arising from the use of these eco-counters and to discuss a possible methodology to optimize the use of this tool.
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Gloaguen, M.
Preserve and manage Mercantour National Park using pedestrian data collection
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Mercantour National Park established a count data collection program more than ten years ago. Working with estimates was a first step towards a data-oriented management approach, but the need was bigg...
Mercantour National Park established a count data collection program more than ten years ago. Working with estimates was a first step towards a data-oriented management approach, but the need was bigger and lead to the development of a new count program a year ago. The goal was to be able to compare accurate, objective figures collected from automated counters with subjective user estimates on key trails in the area.
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Gstaettner, A.M.; Weiler, B.; Rodger, K.; Lee, D.
Exploring responsability sharing between visitors and managers: Results of a Delphi study
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The management of visitor safety is multifaceted and complex, and ambiguity often exists in terms of whether and how much individual visitors share responsibility for their safety with park management...
The management of visitor safety is multifaceted and complex, and ambiguity often exists in terms of whether and how much individual visitors share responsibility for their safety with park management authorities (Rickard 2012). In an effort to explore the perspectives of protected area managers, a qualitative study has been conducted to explore the concept of responsibility-sharing in recreational and protected areas in Australia. The study sought to answer questions such as: who shares responsibility for visitor safety in protected areas; why are responsibilities shared; and how may responsibility-sharing vary across different visitation contexts at different sites?
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Ishiuchi, T.
A Study of Confort Evaluation using Brain Waves and Questionnaire Survey in Green Spaces CG
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Here we quantified the difference between the healing effect and the stress reduction effect due to the difference in green amount in the CG space using an inexpensive electroencephalogram (electroenc...
Here we quantified the difference between the healing effect and the stress reduction effect due to the difference in green amount in the CG space using an inexpensive electroencephalogram (electroencephalogram or electroencephalogram) device. Our aim was to quantitatively verify the healing and stress-reduction effects of these spaces by using EEG measurement and a psychological analysis performed with a questionnaire survey.
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Kasama, S.; Matstuda, Y.
A study on the patterns of outdoor public spaces in tourist destinations that make the sight attractive
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
We are working on some research and analyses in order to clarify "factors" that make tourist destinations so attractive, from the viewpoint of outdoor public spaces or environments. By apply...
We are working on some research and analyses in order to clarify "factors" that make tourist destinations so attractive, from the viewpoint of outdoor public spaces or environments. By applying our future results, we aim at making it possible to analyze the attractiveness of each tourist destination and to propose effective methods to improve the attractiveness of the destination
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Klein, D.; Turk, S.; Graf, C.
Frequency of preschool childrens outdoor physical activity and relation to body mass index and motor performance
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The present study aims at the question, how frequent preschool children are physically active outdoors and if there are relations of the frequency being active outdoors to body mass index and motor pe...
The present study aims at the question, how frequent preschool children are physically active outdoors and if there are relations of the frequency being active outdoors to body mass index and motor performance.
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Kowalski, P.; Zielinski, M.; Pajak; M.; Nowicki, M.; Grzybowski, M.; Halecki, W.
Risk factors associated with practicing mountainbiking on single-use bikepark trails
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The aim of the research is to verify if the long-term impact of MTB related to heavy-metal and hydrocarbons pollution is considerable and may require further investigation. Observing increase in deman...
The aim of the research is to verify if the long-term impact of MTB related to heavy-metal and hydrocarbons pollution is considerable and may require further investigation. Observing increase in demand for professionally established mountain cycling trails, we’ve asked questions concerning long-term impact of MTB on single-use trails. As most research focuses on macro-scale effects of MTB, such as soil erosion or habitat (plant and animal) disturbance, we decided to verify, if there’s any traits of accumulation of heavy metals from worn brake pads and discs and hydrocarbons from tyre rubber in trail surface.
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Markov, M.; Perisic, A.; Beljo, I.; Mecev, D.; Radic-Lakos, T.; Bracanov, V.; Malenica, I.; Zanze, J.
Can we predict visitors loyalty in protected areas ? The case of Kornati National Park
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The degree of tourists’ loyalty to a destination is reflected in their intentions to revisit the destination and in their recommendations to others, and thus, information about tourists’ loyalty i...
The degree of tourists’ loyalty to a destination is reflected in their intentions to revisit the destination and in their recommendations to others, and thus, information about tourists’ loyalty is important to destination marketers and managers (Yoon and Uysal, 2005). Depending on temporal orientation, loyalty can be measured as past account or future prediction. When measured in future temporal manner, loyalty can be expressed as the likelihood to recommend, the likelihood to repurchase, or depending on the context, the likelihood to visit/repurchase from the retailer again. Understanding how satisfaction during a tourism-related service encounter develops and how it affects behavioural intention to return or to develop positive word of mouth is of substantial interest to managers and researchers
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Massart, C.; George, E.; Jasse, M.; Bourdeau, P.; Gauchon, C.; Granet-Abisset, A.M.
How do global change affect ski resorts and how do ski resorts adapt to global changes? General trends and local responses
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Climate change is now universally accepted. These phenomena could not leave indifferent the laboratory of excellence "Innovation and Mountain Territories" (LabEx ITEM), dedicated to the mult...
Climate change is now universally accepted. These phenomena could not leave indifferent the laboratory of excellence "Innovation and Mountain Territories" (LabEx ITEM), dedicated to the multidisciplinary study, in human and social sciences, of the issues which characterize the mountain territories. Several members of the LabEx have therefore wished to participate in the understanding of these complex upheavals by the publication of a collective book dedicated to the analysis of the pressures that affect the winter sports resorts and to the adaptation strategies that they deploy for answer to these pressures. This book also aims to fill three gaps identified in the academic production : a focus on climate change at the expense of global changes as a whole; the lack of studies dedicated to the adaptation strategies of ski resorts to global changes; a lack of study on emerging markets
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Macik, M.
Renovation of the tourist trails in the Tatra Mountains
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Due to substantial transformations of the surface within tourist paths in the Western Tatras, the Tatra National Park performs a reclamation of degraded slopes. It is implemented under projects "...
Due to substantial transformations of the surface within tourist paths in the Western Tatras, the Tatra National Park performs a reclamation of degraded slopes. It is implemented under projects "Reduction of tourist pressure on habitats and species in the area of the Tatras" co-financed by the EU (started in 2013, 2017).
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de Meira Albach, V.; Cardozo Moreira, J.; Burns, R.C.
Methodological proposal for the analysis of the online reputation of protected areas
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
In order to analyze the online reputation of protected areas on the TripAdvisor website, and to identify visitor’s opinions regarding satisfaction, quality and experience, categories of analysis hav...
In order to analyze the online reputation of protected areas on the TripAdvisor website, and to identify visitor’s opinions regarding satisfaction, quality and experience, categories of analysis have been defined. Three main categories are suggested: Landscape, Services and Activities. These categories encompass key aspects of analysis, with the use of keywords
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Peuziat, I.; Le Berre, I.; Minelli, A.; Le Corre, N.
Recreational boating and visitors observations in MPAs: methodological approach and challenges
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The presentation aims (i) to present the main methods implemented for the spatial and dynamic analysis of water-based frequentation in marine protected areas in France, (ii) to share this experience i...
The presentation aims (i) to present the main methods implemented for the spatial and dynamic analysis of water-based frequentation in marine protected areas in France, (ii) to share this experience in a critical way in order to improve the methods that allow for a more comprehensive assessment of nautical activities.
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Pinel, R.; Thian-Bo Moral, M.
Shark problematic issue in La Reunion : A sustainable monitoring of the sea territory?
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The object is to investigate the ecosystem and socio-system co-viability. To that extent, we focus on the monitoring of the coastal territory in La Reunion island, in the west Indian Ocean. In Februar...
The object is to investigate the ecosystem and socio-system co-viability. To that extent, we focus on the monitoring of the coastal territory in La Reunion island, in the west Indian Ocean. In February 2011 began one meaningful environmental conflict in this island : the « shark crisis » (term use by the stakeholder groups). Several shark-human interactions occurred this year and have increased since. The « ordinary risk » of unexpected encounter with a squale has been built and became an « absolute risk » (Thiann-Bo Morel & Duret, 2013). Since, La Reunion island is known worldwide to be a “sharks island”...
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Reif,U.; Rueede, D.; Petri, S.; Drossler, S.
Use of Mobile Data Application to Monitor Law Offense Cases at Black Forest National Park
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Here, we present a case study of Black Forest National Park in which we customized the application CyberTracker to collect data on law offense cases. With the rise of applications on mobile devices us...
Here, we present a case study of Black Forest National Park in which we customized the application CyberTracker to collect data on law offense cases. With the rise of applications on mobile devices used by park rangers to track species in a protected area, the possibility arose to use such a tracking application also for visitor monitoring.
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Shimojima, H.
Estimation of the environmental load of mountaineering activities in the Mt Manaslu region
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
In this research, we aim to develop a system that can combine high resolution imagery and Digital Surface Model (DSM) in the base camp and simple monitoring into one method in order to estimate the en...
In this research, we aim to develop a system that can combine high resolution imagery and Digital Surface Model (DSM) in the base camp and simple monitoring into one method in order to estimate the environmental burden associated with the climbing activities in the Manaslu Base Camp. We performed aerial photography of the base camp using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) and created DSM from Structure from Motion (SfM) of the obtained images. At the same time, positioning data of the feature was acquired through a Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) survey, and a 3D topographic map was created.
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Slabbert, L.; Moore, K.
Kruger National Park Bush Braai experiences - critical success factors, visitor preferences and willingness to pay
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
At the time of the research, future plans involved operating such a service from three gates in the south of the Park: Crocodile Bridge, Phabeni and Phalaborwa. A strong and clear market orientation i...
At the time of the research, future plans involved operating such a service from three gates in the south of the Park: Crocodile Bridge, Phabeni and Phalaborwa. A strong and clear market orientation is needed to advance consumer acceptance of a product perceived as ‘new’ by some tourists (Kirca, Jayachandran & Bearden, 2005), which lead the management of SANParks to request research to gauge visitors’ perceptions of an ideal Bush Braai experience to aid the product development and strengthen the existing product offerings run from the rest camps in the Park.
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Peric, B.; Sturm, S.; Cerkvenik, R.; Scuka, S.; Gabrovsek, F.; Sebela, S.; Mulec, J.
Managing visitor impacts on World Heritage Site Skocjan Caves, Slovenia
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Skocjan Caves is an exceptional natural site on a global scale, which is also used for tourism purposes. A balance between the two can only be provided by good knowledge of the natural characteristics...
Skocjan Caves is an exceptional natural site on a global scale, which is also used for tourism purposes. A balance between the two can only be provided by good knowledge of the natural characteristics of the cave and by specifying the permissible level of anthropogenic load. Our original interdisciplinary problem-solving approach can potentially influence the addressing of similar issues on a global scale.
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Taczanowska, K; Latosinka, B.; Czachs, C.; Hibner, J.; Muhar, A.; Brandeburg, C.; Rothert, M.
Toward standards for quantification of recreational use in forest areas - indicators and data collection tools applied by te State Forests National Forest Holding, Poland
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
The objective of the study was to create the list of indicators and to define reliable tools that can be utilized for measuring recreation use. The main focus was placed at systematic quantification o...
The objective of the study was to create the list of indicators and to define reliable tools that can be utilized for measuring recreation use. The main focus was placed at systematic quantification of visitor loads at recreational trails.
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Ursul, C.; Farias-Torbidoni, E.I.; Cahill, S.
Assessing recreational impact in a protected peri-urban park. The case of Collserola Natural Park, Barcelona, Spain
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Using Collserola Natural Park as the study area, this research was set out with the aim of assessing the utility and effectiveness of a trail survey methodology in the evaluation of recreational impac...
Using Collserola Natural Park as the study area, this research was set out with the aim of assessing the utility and effectiveness of a trail survey methodology in the evaluation of recreational impact in a peri-urban natural park. Collserola Natural Park is a protected Natura 2000 site covering over 8,000 ha of mostly Mediterranean pine and oak woodlands situated directly beside the city of Barcelona, in the centre of its corresponding metropolitan area with a nearby population of 3.2 million inhabitants, 43% of the population of Catalonia.
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Ruzicka, T.; Vitek, O.
Interpretation plan and visitor management policies in Czech PLAs
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic (“NCA”) administrates 24 Protected Landscape Areas (“PLAs”). Management plans are being compiled for all the PLAs, but it is too large document...
Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic (“NCA”) administrates 24 Protected Landscape Areas (“PLAs”). Management plans are being compiled for all the PLAs, but it is too large document for detailed planning in visitor management. First of all, interpretation plans were introduced in 2006 in connection to the House of Nature Programme (visitor centres in Czech PLAs, see Pešout et al. 2016). While Houses of Nature are one of measures how to interpret PLAs, PLA Interpretation Plans propose many other measures, e. g. web pages, guide service or another visitor infrastructure.
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Ludwig, T.; Vitek, O.
Interpret Europe - for all who use first-hand experiences to give natural or cultural heritage a deeper meaning
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2018 |
MMV 9 - Proceedings |
Interpret Europe (“IE”) is dedicated to heritage interpretation. It is the most prominent task of heritage interpretation to support people in experiencing deeper meaning in heritage. In Yosemite ...
Interpret Europe (“IE”) is dedicated to heritage interpretation. It is the most prominent task of heritage interpretation to support people in experiencing deeper meaning in heritage. In Yosemite Valley, nature conservationist John Muir reflected on wild nature. In 1871, he first coined the term ‘interpretation’ for becoming acquainted with natural heritage (Wolfe, 1978). To explain professional heritage interpretation, the interpretive triangle is used and the combination of four qualities is highlighted. The four key parameters: meaning, experience, participation and stewardship, describe what heritage interpretation is aiming for.
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Lehto, C.; Hedblom, M.; Ockinger, E.;Reinus, T.,
In search of a human habitat: using machine learning to explore the role of landscape characteristics in human outdoor recreation
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
As the importance of outdoor recreation increasingly has been recognized due to its positive effect on human well-being and health there has been a renewed focus on how to ensure that the natural and ...
As the importance of outdoor recreation increasingly has been recognized due to its positive effect on human well-being and health there has been a renewed focus on how to ensure that the natural and cultural landscape can produce sufficient recreational opportunities. This is especially true in urban environments, where high land use pressure due to urbanisation often has lead to the loss of green space. To ensure that the managed landscape can supply recreational opportunities requires an understanding of what landscape characteristics (such as type and composition of land cover, topology and heterogeneity) are drivers of different kinds of outdoor recreation. Previous research in the field has to a large degree focused on establishing preferences of different kinds of environments e.g. by showing people photo- graphs and asking questions (Gundersen and Frivold 2008); recently an increasing number of studies have been employing Public Participatory GIS-approaches to collect large amounts of data on human landscape usage (e.g Korpilo, Virtanen, and Lehvävirta (2017)). Still, most such studies are linked to specific areas (e.g. a single national park) or only looking at specific features (e.g. forest type, openness, heterogeneity).
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Kohori, T.; Yamamoto, K.; Tamashima, Y.,
Visitors awareness and behavior regarding donations for Mount Ibuki conservation: A comparative study between climbers and car users
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Resource managers seek to protect both visitor experiences as well as natural and cultural resources. There are three main categories of income for the management of conservation resources: societal t...
Resource managers seek to protect both visitor experiences as well as natural and cultural resources. There are three main categories of income for the management of conservation resources: societal taxes, toll road charges, and donations. However, donations are less contributive in most cases (Eagles, 2009). In Japan, there are a few compulsory collection systems, and most of them are based on voluntary donations. This study investigated the aware- ness and behavior of visitors with respect to donations for Mount Ibuki conservation and compared them between climbers and car users.
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Saga, A.; Aikoh, Y.; Hayasaka, S.; Ito, M.,
Risk communication as a measure to develop adventure tourism in Ja…
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The global market for adventure tourism (AT) was steadily growing before the COVID-19 pandemic broke out in early 2020. The market is expected to recover most quickly in the tourism arena because AT i...
The global market for adventure tourism (AT) was steadily growing before the COVID-19 pandemic broke out in early 2020. The market is expected to recover most quickly in the tourism arena because AT is realized as small group tours in amidst nature. Adventure tourism was in fact introduced in Japan several years ago. This study introduces the reason that AT has not been included in commercial tourism and seeks a way to develop AT in Japan. To realize this, risk communication is examined through a case study that focuses on hiking.
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Dehez, J.; Lyser, S.,
Comparing participation in different invasive aquatic plant management programs among recreational users of freshwater lakes in southwest France
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Alien species can have major ecological and socioec- onomic impacts and so effective management are needed. In this perspective, one increasingly seeks to involve end users, such a recreational users ...
Alien species can have major ecological and socioec- onomic impacts and so effective management are needed. In this perspective, one increasingly seeks to involve end users, such a recreational users (Shackle- ton, Adriaens et al. 2019). Recreational users may share valuable knowledge about the ecological eco- systems at stake. They have time, materials and money to afford. In the literature, several studies have looked at factors that increase user involve- ment highlighting the effect of variables such as e.g. perceptions, information, or education. Neverthe- less, these behaviors are often studied separately or, conversely, grouped into a single category called “pro-environmental behaviors” (Halpenny 2010). Without excluding the possibility of common factors affecting these behaviors, we consider that behav- iors are not necessarily homogeneous. In particular, the nature of the operations to be carried out may be very important (Niemiec, Ardoin et al. 2017, Pa- gès, Fischer et al. 2019). This is what we study in de- tail in this paper.
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Radakovitz, K.; Taczanowska, K.; Brendenburg, C.,
Recreational use vs nature protection in mountain protected areas - a case study of the Rax area, Vienna Alps, Austria
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The Rax mountain is a popular leisure and recreation area in the eastern part of Austria. In this region mountaineering has a long tradition and the area is used by a lot of visitors for different kin...
The Rax mountain is a popular leisure and recreation area in the eastern part of Austria. In this region mountaineering has a long tradition and the area is used by a lot of visitors for different kinds of leisure time activities during the summer and winter months. The Rax mountain not only has a particular importance to leisure and recreation, due to the advantageous geological conditions it belongs to the watershed of the First Vienna Spring Water Main and therefore the Rax is declared as a water protection area. To enable the interests of leisure and nature conservation equally as well as to ensure the high grade of water quality, profound knowledge of visitors sociodemographic structures, individual behavior and the spatial distribution is crucial.
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Kojima, S.; Kurita, K.,
Management and restoration with visitors on Japans Shikoku Pilgrimage paths
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Management and conservation of Japans Shikoku Pilgrimage paths is getting more important in order to restore its historical way of pilgrim on foot as well as the new way of pilgrimage by car or bicycl...
Management and conservation of Japans Shikoku Pilgrimage paths is getting more important in order to restore its historical way of pilgrim on foot as well as the new way of pilgrimage by car or bicycle. Au- thors investigated the present situation of 1,200km- long pilgrimage with 88 temples in Shikoku Island passing through several national parks and protected areas, which is proposed to be listed as an UNESCO World Heritage (cultural heritage) site.
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Kim, J.; Lee, J.,
Do the participants truly prefer an outdoor education? - A study on indoor forest education online programs in the COVID-19 era
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
COVID-19 pandemic and the Social distancing, there have been inevitable changes in Koreas Forest education program that usually provided face-to-face interaction. Therefore, this study aimed to invest...
COVID-19 pandemic and the Social distancing, there have been inevitable changes in Koreas Forest education program that usually provided face-to-face interaction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the changes in forest education programs during COVID-19 and determine the effectiveness of forest services in the online communication environment, which have not been experienced before. The real-time 2 hours online programs were developed and implemented by nationally certified 30 forest education experts from August 8 to October 31, 2020. Program participants communicated with forest education experts through online screens and chats, and 4202 people in total participated in 100 different programs were surveyed and analyzed. Participants could join in the broadcast with the link sent by the project institute. The programs were classified totally by educational method(Figure 1a), topic(Figure 1b), environmental characteristics of the venue, and geographic location. The forest education experts behavior and participants responses were followed up simultaneously, and the satisfaction levels were analyzed after completion of the programs. According to the study, three types of the method by only voice(58.0%), alone(12.0%), more than one person(30.0%) showed up. With regard to the topic of program development, mainly included somewhat passive programs such as walking(37.6%) and eco-crafts(20.5%). Parks(31.2%) and forests(28.6%) were preferred as venues, and the majority of the programs were conducted at the outskirts of cities(62.9%). The interview for the satisfaction revealed that the forest interpreters were dissatisfied with dealing with excessive amounts of the program running time for 2 hours. The participants were not happy with the quality of the broadcasts image, and the project institute experienced technical issues with the transmission of the broadcast network. However, under the limited conditions because of the COVID-19, the participants were able to experience the natural scenery, and the forest interpreters had the opportunity to proceed online programs were answered positively. In conclusion, the capabilities of forest interpreters and types of program content provided in the offline era have evolved to provide high-quality video and broadcast content in the current era of online communication. It was concluded that changes are essential to meet the increased demand for online forest education programs. Further research in on-line forest programs should develop and confirm these initial findings by revealing the effectiveness of each programs.
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Irwin, J.; Morrison, C.; Castley, G.; Pickering, C.,
People engaging with biodiversity in urban parks: insights from citizen science and social media for birds
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Bird watching, or avitourism, is both a highly popular form of nature-based tourism as well as a recreation activity undertaken by hundreds of thousands of people, including in Australia (Lopez et al....
Bird watching, or avitourism, is both a highly popular form of nature-based tourism as well as a recreation activity undertaken by hundreds of thousands of people, including in Australia (Lopez et al., 2020; Steven et al., 2015). Many people engaging in bird watching do so in their local area, and as a result bird watching is a popular pastime in many urban parks and other green spaces in cities. These often smaller and fragmented spaces are (i) easy to access and popular places for people to visit regularly, and (ii) able to support relatively high levels of biodiversity in otherwise low diversity urban landscapes (Catterall et al., 2010). Monitoring where people engage with nature in cities including bird watching can be challenging due to the diversity of locations and multiple ways people access and traverse them. Surveys and other methods have been used to assess the popularity of bird watching and other activities in urban parks and more broadly (Pickering et al., 2020). Recently researchers have started to utilize citizen science and social media records of birds as a way to assess where people engage with nature including in cities (Lopez et al., 2020). Here we compare two sources of data – the popular citizen science app/website iNaturalist, and images posted to the social media platform Flickr to assess how such data could be used to understand where people are bird watching. We use the large subtropical city of Bris- bane, Australia as a case study as it contains high bird diversity, many urban parks, bird watching is popular (Catterall et al., 2010) and there are hundreds of geolocated records associated with images of birds available on the two platforms for the city.
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Schagner, J. P.; Spenceley, A.; Engels, B.; Berkkonen, J.; Job, H.; Kajala, L.; Majewski, L.; Metzler, D.; Mayer, M.; Rylance, A.; Scheder, N.; Smith-Christensen, C.; Souza, T. B.; Thomas, C. C.; Woltering, M.,
A new guideline: “Visitors count! Guidance for protected areas on the economic analysis of visitation”
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
This paper introduces a guideline: “Visitors count! Guidance for protected areas on the economic analysis of visitation”[i] published by by German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) and ...
This paper introduces a guideline: “Visitors count! Guidance for protected areas on the economic analysis of visitation”[i] published by by German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) and UNESCO. The guideline aims at providing all knowledge needed for measuring economic impacts of tourism in protected areas (PA). The objectives are to provide essential knowledge about:• How to evaluate economic effects of tourism in PAs;• How to do visitor counting;• How to do visitor surveys;• How economic analysis works, and how to do it;• How to best report and communicate findings and• How to use findings for establishing sustainable PA tourism management strategies.The guideline targets PA managers, their respective natural and cultural heritage agencies, practitioners, academia, consultancies, international stakeholders and donor agencies. It is currently translated into a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). Within a series of online webinars over several months participants will acquire all relevant knowledge to conduct PA tourism economic impact assessment and a successful final exam will be certified.
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Sitarz, M.; Krol, M.; Kauzal, P.,
Monitoring of tourist traffic during the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic in the Tatra Na tional Park, Poland
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The Tatra National Park is the fifth largest national park in Poland with the area of 211 km2. Any kind of human activities is limited to the 275 km of tourist trails and specially designed areas for ...
The Tatra National Park is the fifth largest national park in Poland with the area of 211 km2. Any kind of human activities is limited to the 275 km of tourist trails and specially designed areas for hiking, skiing or climbing. Over the years the total number of tourist visiting the park has been gradually growing. However in 2020 with the outbreak of the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic it might seemed that the total number of tourists could decrease due to the temporary restrictions of traveling to the other cities and closure of hotels, guesthouses and restaurants. The borders were also temporary closed. For short period of time even the Tatra National Park was closed, at the beginning only for tourists outside Zakopane and surrounding villages but later also for local residents. The aim of this research is to present the observation of tourist traffic in 2020 during the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic and comparison to the year 2019.
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Kajikawa, M.; Miyasaka, T.; Kubota, Y.; Oba, A.; Miyasaja, K.,
Quantifying nationality bias in data from different social media platforms for visitor monitoring in Nikko National Park, Japan
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Nature-based tourism in protected areas has grown worldwide in recent years, but excessive use of natural areas can result in their degradation or loss. Visitor management should be based on proper mo...
Nature-based tourism in protected areas has grown worldwide in recent years, but excessive use of natural areas can result in their degradation or loss. Visitor management should be based on proper monitoring data to achieve quality experiences for visitors without damaging nature resources. Visitor data are typically collected through field surveys, but budget and human resource constraints can limit the spatiotemporal resolution of survey data. Geotagged photos and messages posted on social media by visitors have attracted attention as useful sources of information with high spatiotemporal resolution. Previous studies, however, have raised concerns that biases in social media data arising from the sociodemographic attributes of posters can create challenges in determining who and what the social media data represent, and in interpreting this data in a reliable way. The present study focused on nationality bias, i.e., differences between the nationality of actual visitors versus the nationality of those visitors who post on social media. Nationality bias can arise due to significant differences in the use of social media from country to country (including the proportion of the population using social media). Cultural and values differences between countries can also greatly influence visitor behavior, and these gaps may lead to over- or under-estimation of visitors from specific countries or regions. However, nationality bias is not fully understood because few studies have explicitly considered it until now (e.g., Heikinheimo et al., 2017; Sinclair et al., 2020). In addition, the previous studies were confined to protected areas where the majority of visitors were from Europe.
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Gomes, P.; Moura, M.; Mendes, R. N., Ventura, M. A.,
Did low-cost companies in the Azores provided an increase in the practice of recreational activities in nature? – Trail Running and Geocaching in São Miguel Island as a case-study
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Natural landscapes are among the greatest tourist attractions all over the world. Nature is a way to re-gain energies from the stress experienced in urban areas. In the Azores archipelago, the nature-...
Natural landscapes are among the greatest tourist attractions all over the world. Nature is a way to re-gain energies from the stress experienced in urban areas. In the Azores archipelago, the nature-based tourism is one of the main touristic products of the islands, according to the Strategic and Marketing Plan for Tourism in the Azores. The liberalization of the Azorean airspace in 2015 to low-cost airlines, helped to boost the tourism industry in the archipelago, with a focus on nature-based activities such as nature sports and adventure events (e.g. MTB and Trail Running epic races). Other landscape outdoor activities such as Geocaching have also developed, the latter reaching about 2000 geocaches placed in many touristic locations of the islands. Here we analyzed two nature sports, Trail Running, a pedestrian run performed on trails in natural areas, with one of the essential elements of this race being the practitioners approach to nature; and Geocaching, which is a treasure hunt of modern times, practiced all over the world, where all it takes is a spirit of adventure and equipment with a GPS receiver, using the coordinates to provide hidden containers (geocaches) and share the experience of your online adventure.
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Sitarz, M.; Kauzal, P.; Kot, M.; Krol, M.; Matysek, M.; Rabiasz, J.;Zieba, A.; Kozica, T. Z.,
Sewage management in remote protected areas: high mountain challenge
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Protected areas around the world have to deal with the problem of tourist pressure. Providing access to the most valuable natural areas has a great impact on the environment. This task is especially d...
Protected areas around the world have to deal with the problem of tourist pressure. Providing access to the most valuable natural areas has a great impact on the environment. This task is especially difficult in the core zones of the protected areas which are remote and far from the urbanized zones. One of the many identified threats associated with the intense tourist traffic is sewage pollution (Lebersorger et al. 2010, Weissenbacher 2008, Andreottola 2003). In the Tatra National Park the problem of sewage pollution becomes more and more crucial over the years. The reason of that is gradually rising number of tourists (almost 4 million of tourists in 2019 and 2020) who visit not only tourist trails and other specially dedicated areas but also trespassing the fragile natural habitats. In mountain shelters, located in the core zone and mostly in remote areas generally biological wastewater treatment plants are used, which very often hardly deal with the enormous amount of sewage. What is more faecal contamination occurs also nearby the tourist trails. As a result this situation is causing pressure on the nature, including the pollution of streams and ponds. Around the world there are many different solutions regarding the sewage management. The aim of this research is to gather and analyse these solutions in order to recommend the best options for the protected areas, especially remote.
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Bourdeau, P.; Chanteloup, L.; Civiaz, C.; Langenbacj, M.,
Mountain huts as observatories of tourism transition
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
In the face of the cumulative effects of climate and societal changes, mountain touristic development is currently experiencing a strong adaptive injunction of mountain tourism destinations. Alpine to...
In the face of the cumulative effects of climate and societal changes, mountain touristic development is currently experiencing a strong adaptive injunction of mountain tourism destinations. Alpine tourism development model based on seasonal snow resources and winter sports resorts is subject to uncertainties and weaknesses that brought it to a tipping point (Bourdeau, 2007; Clivaz & al., 2015). These call into question existing economic balances, territorial dynamics and mountain policies. In this tipping phenomenon, climate change acts as an amplifier and accelerator of structural contradictions, especially as its multiple effects combine themselves with societal, socio-cultural and technological changes. In this context, tourism is faced with a major transitional challenge having both spatial and temporal characteristics. This structural redefinition of the foundations of mountain tourism suffers from a major lack of knowledge on the governance and visitor flows of less-developed mountain areas. What is at stake is a transition trajectory based on a territorial rebalancing between less-developed mountain areas and developed mountain areas, which appears particularly strategic on the scale of the Swiss and French Alps. In this presentation we will present a French-Swiss research project called Mountain huts as observatories of the tourism transition. The repositioning of less-developed mountain areas and their related professions in the French-Swiss Alps (HutObsTour).
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Shimazaki, Y.; Crowley, C.,
What do website review activities imply about natural park users?
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Information-provision is a low-cost way of potentially affecting levels of park use. Providing information about amenities at various parks, along with information on current conditions can affect use...
Information-provision is a low-cost way of potentially affecting levels of park use. Providing information about amenities at various parks, along with information on current conditions can affect users choices of where to visit [Shimazaki and Crowley (2014)]. This is similar to how profit maximizing firms provide information (often as advertisements) to attract consumers. However, this tool may not always be used effectively by non-profit-maximizing park managers. Shimazaki et al. (2017) quantified the amount of information available on Japanese national park web sites created by the government managing authority, and investigated the relationship between information and the degree of national park use. They found that the amount of information posted on the authoritys web site is not related to the park visitation. Some internet services provide a platform to exchange information. Social network services allow users to transmit information not only among people with which the user has an established relationship, but also more widely, among people with no previous contact. Other internet services are specially designed to allow people to post public reviews of what they purchased or experienced.Such information on the internet often reflects peoples preferences, based on what they find worth mentioning, providing an indication of their underlying utility functions. For non-marketed goods like public goods and common resources, uncovering the factors affecting peoples perceived quality of experience is crucial for the management of resources. In this study, we investigate what information are park users are transmitting, focusing on subjective information such as user reviews from internet travel services. We also investigate the correlation between the number of review activities and the official visitor counts of parks to see if review activities can be used for estimating the number of park visits. The results of this study would help park management authorities seeking to optimize park user experiences, for example through information provision.
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Machida, R.; Aikoh, T.; Take, M.; Matsushima, H.; Yasushi, S.; Mikami, N.; Mitarai, Y.,
Volunteer activities for semi-natural grassland conservation in Japan and the impact of COVID-19 on these activities
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The changes in the landscape are caused by the economic and social forces of the early 19th century and particularly of the 20th century (Matej M., Frantisek P., 2013). The community of Nezasa (Pleiob...
The changes in the landscape are caused by the economic and social forces of the early 19th century and particularly of the 20th century (Matej M., Frantisek P., 2013). The community of Nezasa (Pleioblastus yoshidake) and Susuki (Miscanthus sinensis) plants forming the typical semi-natural grasslands of Japan used to cover approximately 10% of the land of Japan until the 1930s. The semi-natural grasslands have been managed by local agricultural activities such as controlled burning, mowing and pasturage for over 1000 years, but recently, due to the decline in the livestock industry and the gradually aging population, the landscape management of semi-natural grasslands has become increasingly difficult. The loss of semi-natural grasslands, which have decreased to less than 3% of the national land has become a key issue. In the Second National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan, the Japanese government designated such landscape crisis as Crisis 2, which is “the degradation of Satochi-satoyama (rural landscapes formed by sustainable use of natural resources) due to insufficient level of management”.(Ministry of the Environment, 2012). But recently, due to the decline in the livestock industry and the gradually aging population, the landscape management of semi-natural grasslands has become increasingly difficult. The loss of semi-natural grasslands, which have decreased to less than 3% of the national land has become a key issue.
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Deng, J.,
Estimating visit volume at the county level: An application of a variant form of the Lincoln Index method
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
It is important to have an accurate estimate of visit volume to a destination. While this may be easily done for a place with controlled gates and/or with ticket sales, it is a major challenge for a d...
It is important to have an accurate estimate of visit volume to a destination. While this may be easily done for a place with controlled gates and/or with ticket sales, it is a major challenge for a destination (e.g., a county) without gate counts. This study uses a variant form of the Lincoln Index method to estimate visit volume for Garrett County, Maryland based on data collected from two survey periods: 2008-2009 and 2019-2020.
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Vrsaljko, A.,
Krka National Parks biodiversity as basis for wildlife tourism development
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Krka National Park, a karst hydrological pearl of the Croatian coast with its distinctive geological, geo- morphological, hydrological and biological richness, was declared a National Park in 1985. Th...
Krka National Park, a karst hydrological pearl of the Croatian coast with its distinctive geological, geo- morphological, hydrological and biological richness, was declared a National Park in 1985. The geomorphological playfulness of the river Krka with the karst canyon along with 7 magnificent waterfalls with numerous lakes, rapids and cascades create an unreal and unique landscape pearl which generates a rich biological diversity. However, the tourist offer of the park does not differentiate or implement specific forms of tourism such as wildlife tourism, which is why the paper investigates the perception of visitors about the valorization of the parks biodiversity as a paradigm for the development of wildlife tourism; especially since the park is filled with a number of valuable, rare and endemic species. The research maps out the species habitats and proposes a unique programme for the visitors which prefer the wildlife tourism.
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Dagan, D. T.; Fefer, J. P.; Zajchowski, C.; Brownlee, M. T. J.,
Publicly reported trail experiences: A mixed-methods dive into the internet corpus
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
While many visitor monitoring efforts measure discrete and quantifiable attributes, such as spatial distribution of visitors or economic values, many aim to capture more subjective qualities. Monitori...
While many visitor monitoring efforts measure discrete and quantifiable attributes, such as spatial distribution of visitors or economic values, many aim to capture more subjective qualities. Monitoring visitor experience is one such undertaking. Visitor experience extends beyond objective qualities about the recreation environment, and studying it requires understanding nuances about visitors perspectives that can be difficult to generalize. These perspectives can be studied qualitatively to capture in-depth and nuanced data, or quantitatively in order to generate ore comparable or generalizable results. Both of these approaches are strong and useful, and in this study we aimed to capture the strengths of both these approaches in a novel mixed-methods methodology using publicly available web data. Using trip report data from a popular trail website, we were able to describe visitor experiences in a way that is both large in scale and reflective of subjective experiences.
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Guennoc, L.,
Managing “over-tourism” of natural and sensitive areas using visitor data
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
For several years now, visitor management in nature parks has been an ongoing discussion. The fragile balance between welcoming the public and preserving natural areas has always been at the heart of ...
For several years now, visitor management in nature parks has been an ongoing discussion. The fragile balance between welcoming the public and preserving natural areas has always been at the heart of decisions, sometimes difficult to make, by natural area managers.The current health context reinforces these tensions, with the increased importance of natural spaces, between periods of lockdown and the human need for outdoor spaces for exercise and leisure.In sensitive natural areas, and particularly in areas with high tourist pressure, the management of overcrowding has become a major topic, in the light of the COVID-19 crisis.Two specific topics have come to the fore: on one hand, health constraints may now require a specific threshold not to be exceeded, and on the other hand, the overall visitor experience and the preservation of sites, which requires measuring the number of visitors to avoid trampling and natural site degradation, whether they are natural parks, beaches but even periurban spaces.
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Rice, W.; Pan, B.,
Using Googles Mobility Data to understand park visitation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A note of caution
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted park visitation around the globe. In an effort to understand the factors influencing these changes, numerous attempts have been made to use big data to ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted park visitation around the globe. In an effort to understand the factors influencing these changes, numerous attempts have been made to use big data to monitor changes in park use (e.g., Venter et al., 2020). Googles Community Mobility Reports represent a dataset with significant potential in this regard. Released in April 2020, these reports were generated on the hypothesis that aggregated, anonymized data could be helpful [to] make critical decisions to combat COVID-19 (Fitzpatrick & DeSalvo, 2020, para. 1). The heading on the reports website asks browsers to see how your community is moving around differently due to COVID-19 (Google 2020b). The data released through the reports are generated from aggregated, anonymized sets of data from [Google] users who have turned on the Location History setting, which is off by default (Google 2020b).
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Toivonen, T.; Heikinheimo, V.,
Using Mobile Big Data to assess visits to national parks before and during COVID- 19
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The mobility restrictions related to COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in the biggest disruption to individual mobilities in modern times. The crisis is clearly spatial in nature, and examining the geog...
The mobility restrictions related to COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in the biggest disruption to individual mobilities in modern times. The crisis is clearly spatial in nature, and examining the geographical aspect is important in understanding the broad implications of the pandemic (Oliver et al. 2020). Visitations to national parks or other natural areas have experienced a tremendous change during the pandemic. In some areas, like in Finland, visitors seeking for experiences or less crowded places have crowded national parks. This has caused a need for national park managers to add services to the parks. In other places attracting high numbers of international tourists, like Madagascar, the visitor numbers have dropped drastically leading to problems of local livelihoods and even pressure to use land for alternative purposes like food production (Eklund et al. 2020).To understand these changes and their impact, there is a need to monitor how and where people use natural areas. Mobile big data (data collected by mobile phone operators or various apps) has been considered valuable for conservation already for some time (Di Minin et al. 2015; Tenkanen et al. 2017; Toivonen et al. 2019). The pandemic has highlighted the high potential of mobile big data even further (Poom et al. 2020). Mobile Big Data makes it possible to study the spatial effects of the crisis with spatiotemporal detail at the national and global scales. The data is being collected continuously, allowing monitoring change over time. The importance has not been left unnoticed: Some companies, like Google and Apple, have shared previously inaccessible information about peoples mobility patterns openly online, allowing, for a limited time period, new analyses also about visits to nature.
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Rose, M.; Victoria, P.,
Visitor monitoring during the COVID-19 Pandemic
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Parks Victorias Charter is to manage National, State and Metropolitan parks and waterways, recreational boating facilities, jetties and piers and other recreation, and tourist assets. This makes up ap...
Parks Victorias Charter is to manage National, State and Metropolitan parks and waterways, recreational boating facilities, jetties and piers and other recreation, and tourist assets. This makes up approximately 18 percent of all land in Victoria, Australia, with more than 100 million visits to parks, bays and piers every year. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 global pandemic, visitor monitoring became increasingly important in park management and decision making to ensure health and safety protocols were enacted in park to prevent further community outbreaks. During the COVID-19 restriction periods, staff and visitor monitoring documented changes in visitor use and numbers in the park system. Understanding the wellbeing benefits of being in nature as has been documented in past research, Parks Victoria wanted to examine the physical, emotional and social wellbeing benefits of being in nature and how this had changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This presentation displays two key research areas to understand the changes to visitation and ways in which Victorians used parks and protected areas during the COVID-19 Pandemic: 1.Park based visitor monitoring2.Impact of COVID-19 on park usage applied research project.
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Wunderlich, A. C.; Salak, B.; Hunziker, M.; Hegetschweiler, T.; Bauer, N.,
Impact of COVID-19 on forest visits in the early 2020 COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Switzerland
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Many surveys were conducted in the beginning of the lockdown to analyze changed behavior of respondents. So far, no study was able to analyze the behavior of the same cohort of respondents before the ...
Many surveys were conducted in the beginning of the lockdown to analyze changed behavior of respondents. So far, no study was able to analyze the behavior of the same cohort of respondents before the lockdown and during the lockdown. We profit from a unique data set: In March - right before the COVID-19 induced lockdown - a Swiss wide online survey on forest visits and attitudes towards forests was conducted (n = 8064 respondents). This survey ended on March 9th 2020. On the 17th of March, the Swiss government implemented the lockdown due to increasing COVID-19 cases. To study the impacts of the lockdown, a second wave of the survey with 1085 respondents was held from March 2nd 2020 to April 9th 2020. Therefore, we are able to study the impacts of the policy induced lockdown and its implication on the working environment (such as home office and short-time work) and rising COVID-19 incidences on forest visits within the same cohort.
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Fredman, P.; Wolf-Watz, D.,
Impact from Covid-19 on outdoor recreation in Sweden
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The Covid-19 outbreak has brought about radical changes for societies, individuals as well as the environment. Concerns about the infection and strategies to deal with it, including restrictions on tr...
The Covid-19 outbreak has brought about radical changes for societies, individuals as well as the environment. Concerns about the infection and strategies to deal with it, including restrictions on travel and social interaction, have dramatically altered many peoples lives. This includes also recreation in the outdoors as well as environmental impacts, following from crowding, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Considering the unique situation following the Covid-19 outbreak, it is of interest to study how outdoor recreation has changed and reflect upon possible environmental effects these changes may bring. We do this by asking the following questions; 1. Has participation in outdoor sports changed during the pandemic and why? 2. How has participation changed with respect to; transport and mobility, use of land and water, use of material and equipment, involvement in events, social values, motivation and meaning? 3. What are the potential environmental consequences, and opportunities, following the pan- demic? The study focuses on outdoor recreation participation in Sweden during the first months of the pandemic.
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Williams, S.,
The impact of Covid 19 on outdoor recreation in the UK: benefits and challenges
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Covid 19 has had a significant impact in the UK and has resulted in substantial changes to participation in outdoor recreation. A sequence of lockdowns where people were limited to stay at home regula...
Covid 19 has had a significant impact in the UK and has resulted in substantial changes to participation in outdoor recreation. A sequence of lockdowns where people were limited to stay at home regulations within their local area, followed by the re-opening of travel and activities in the late summer of 2020, have affected the places that people visit and the activities that they can do. In terms of outdoor recreation, Covid 19 restrictions have ranged from being limited to one short walk per day directly from home for the express purpose of exercise, to tourism visits to anywhere in the UK to undertake the full range of possible outdoor activities within larger groups. In between these two opposites has been a variable number of greater or lesser restrictions on outdoor recreation and travel. In order to understand the effect of Covid 19 on participation in outdoor recreation and associated land management issues, a number of robust social surveys and case studies have been undertaken by government agencies and academics across the UK. Many of these have been collecting evidence on a regular basis since the start of the pandemic and they provide a valuable resource to understand the impact of this societal wide change.
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Hansen, S.A.; Arce, J.F.; Lindberg, I.,
Outdoor recreation during the corona pandemic - experiences and trends from western Sweden
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The presentation reports on a study and published paper from western Sweden with a focus on the development of outdoor recreation in the region during the Covid-19 pandemic. When the pandemic swept ac...
The presentation reports on a study and published paper from western Sweden with a focus on the development of outdoor recreation in the region during the Covid-19 pandemic. When the pandemic swept across Sweden and Europe in March 2020, it resulted in major changes in and consequences for outdoor recreation activities across the country. Quite abruptly, conditions for a normal life in Sweden changed in order to reduce the spread of the virus. People were recommended to not travel outside their own region or municipality, and public transportation became problematic to use. Citizens were advised to work from home and not socialize with others beyond their own social circle. In other words, the whole foundation of an active outdoor lifestyle changed. This had consequences for all citizens and, not least, outdoor organizations, many of which had to postpone or completely cancel activities. As a result, the basic conditions for outdoor recreation changed fundamentally.
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Liu, Y.; Praestholm, S.; Olafsson, A.S.; Gentin, S.; Moller, M.S.; Kaae, B.C.,
Role of urban nature in Copenhagen during the global pandemic - taking urban cemeteries as an example
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
In general, the Covid-19 pandemic highlights the importance of urban nature as outdoor recreational spaces. Urban nature includes different types of green spaces, such as lawns, community gardens, par...
In general, the Covid-19 pandemic highlights the importance of urban nature as outdoor recreational spaces. Urban nature includes different types of green spaces, such as lawns, community gardens, parks, urban forests and urban cemeteries. The role of urban cemeteries as outdoor places is in focus in this study. Cemeteries act as active burial grounds in the city, but also as highly vegetated urban nature that potentially provides a diversity of outdoor experiences (Nordh et al., 2017). Previous research shows cemeteries hold the potential to provide recreational opportunities, and thus invite frequent use in the dense urban context (Quinton and Duinker, 2019; Swensen et al., 2016). Researching on urban cemeteries not only shed light on knowledge formation in terms of provision of ecosystem services, specifically recreation and mental restoration (Quinton and Duinker, 2019), but also help understand the role of this special type of green spaces in the urban fabric. Hence, this study aims to understand (1) who are using cemeteries and what experiential value(s) are highly valued during the pandemic (2) how important are urban cemeteries to local people and (3) what are the challenges for sustainable management of urban cemeteries as multifunctional green spaces.
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Neuvonen, M.; Tyrvainen, L.; Lankia, T.; Sepponen, A.,
The importance of nature during the COVID-19 pandemic - experiences of national outdoor recreation demand inventory in Finland
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Access to natural environments has been linked to have positive effect on physical and mental health (WHO 2016, Markevych et al. 2017, Tyrväinen et al. 2019).Because of the COVID-19 outbreak differen...
Access to natural environments has been linked to have positive effect on physical and mental health (WHO 2016, Markevych et al. 2017, Tyrväinen et al. 2019).Because of the COVID-19 outbreak different countries enacted restrictions, the close down of public places, rejections for travelling and leisure time activities, reduce of social contacts to slow down the virus spreads. Differences exists how the countries or specific regions put into practice these restrictions. In Finland visiting natural spaces and outdoor recreation areas has been allowed in all times during the covid-19 pandemic. This study provides insights into how the pandemic has impacted outdoor recreation in Finland. The national outdoor recreation inventory 2019-2021 (LVVI3) provides new knowledge of the use of the forests and natural areas during the period of COVID-19 in 2020. The aim of the national recreation monitoring study is to produce comprehensive and ground level information of outdoor recreation demand in Finland, to monitor long term changes of outdoor recreation, but also to support the sustainable use of natural areas.
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Bonnelame, L.K.; Siegrist, D.,
Covid-19 as an opportunity to newly discover Switzerlands nature-based cultural landscapes. Qualitative study among German-speaking Swiss holiday guests in Switzerland.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Due to the corona pandemic, many Swiss people stayed in Switzerland in the summer of 2020. According to a survey (SRG & sotomo 2020), in May 2020, 49% had planned longer holidays abroad for summer...
Due to the corona pandemic, many Swiss people stayed in Switzerland in the summer of 2020. According to a survey (SRG & sotomo 2020), in May 2020, 49% had planned longer holidays abroad for summer 2020 and were then tending to change to excursions and shorter holidays in Switzerland due to the changed situation. What the forecasts predicted actually came true: a large proportion of the Swiss population, including many who otherwise travel abroad, spent their main holidays in a Swiss holiday region. Many hotels in the mountain cantons recorded an increase in bookings. The biggest losers were the cities and destinations with otherwise many international arrivals (Nau 2020). This development was seen in many European countries. Covid has brought about major changes in travel behavior due to closed borders and many people have vacationed in their own country. (YouGov 2020). Due to that, many Swiss might have got to know their country newly in one way or another in summer 2020. The preference for holidays in ones own country suggests the hypothesis that experiences of nature-based and culture-related tourism were given additional importance. Characteristically, this type of holiday experience takes place in natural areas and nature-based cultural landscapes (Siegrist et al. 2019). As part of a qualitative survey the changes in perception of Switzerland as a holiday destination, due to the altered starting position of domestic guests because of the corona pandemic, were analysed and evaluated. The questions asked were whether new holiday qualities in Switzerland were discovered, changes in attitudes and activities occurred (Pine & Gilmore 2013) or how cultural and natural attractions visited were perceived.
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Bhadury, M.; English, D.,
The effect of COVID-19 on visitation to US forest service wilderness
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
COVID-19 affected multiple aspects of human behavior in the United States, including choices for outdoor recreation. State-level stay-at-home orders were enacted across most of the country during spri...
COVID-19 affected multiple aspects of human behavior in the United States, including choices for outdoor recreation. State-level stay-at-home orders were enacted across most of the country during spring and early summer of 2020. Access to many indoor leisure activities and settings was restricted; outdoor recreation was promoted as a safer alternative, notably in dispersed forested settings to ensure social distancing.Wilderness may have been perceived as especially safe in that it epitomizes uncrowded and natural outdoor settings. Using data from the Forest Services National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) program, we examine the impact of Covid-19 on visitation volume to Forest Service Wilderness.NVUM results estimated about 9 million visits to Wilderness in fiscal year 2019. The estimate for 2020 was just over 16 million visits. Nearly all the increased visitation occurred from May through September, the last 5 months of the fiscal year.
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Tyrvainen, L.; Sepponen, A.; Lankia, T.; Neuvonen, M.,
The role of outdoor recreation during the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on recreational behavior and attitudes towards nature in Finland
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The overall participation in outdoor recreation has been high and remained rather stable in 20 years time of outdoor recreation monitoring in Finland. A long-term trend also indicates slight increase ...
The overall participation in outdoor recreation has been high and remained rather stable in 20 years time of outdoor recreation monitoring in Finland. A long-term trend also indicates slight increase in outdoor recreation visits among the Finnish adult population. Moreover, the importance of health and well-being benefits from nature have steadily increased and boosted at least partly by continued urbanization and adoption of modern lifestyles. These health supporting benefits are also more intentionally sought for among recreationists (Neuvonen et al. 2019, Tyrväinen et al. 2019). The outbreak of covid-19 pandemic changed globally dramatically everyday life routines and increased in many countries demand for recreation opportunities particularly in urban areas (e.g. Derks et al 2020). In Finland, there has not been any use restrictions of natural areas during the pandemic. The ongoing national inventory of outdoor recreation (2019-2021) gave a unique opportunity to study effects of pandemic of peoples outdoor recreation behavior on a national level. In order to understand the importance of green spaces in supporting peoples well-being during pandemic, we studied i) how pandemic affects peoples recreation behavior and experiences ii) which population groups rely on nature areas the most and iii) what kind of impacts pandemic may have on attitudes and values of people towards nature and outdoor recreation.
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Fagerholm, N.; Eilola, N.; Arki, V.,
Outdoor recreation and natures contribution to well-being in a pandemic situation - case Turku, Finland
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Urban green infrastructure provides a range of experiences for people and various health benefits that support human well-being. To increase urban resilience, exceptional situations, such as the COVID...
Urban green infrastructure provides a range of experiences for people and various health benefits that support human well-being. To increase urban resilience, exceptional situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are important to learn from. This study aims to understand how the residents in Turku, a middle-sized city in Finland, perceived their outdoor recreation changed and how nature contributed to their subjective wellbeing during the early phases of the COVID-19. Sites of outdoor recreation and associated ecosystem service benefits were gathered through a map-based survey. In addition, the contribution of nature on subjective well-being and the changes in outdoor recreation behaviour were measured. Data was analysed through quantitative, qualitative and spatial methods.
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Aikoh, T.; Shiino, A.,
Changes in childrens lifestyle and outdoor activities due to COVID-19 in Japan
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
In Japan, from late February 2020, the number of people infected with COVID-19 increased. The governor declared a state of emergency on February 28 in Hokkaido, where the infection spread faster than ...
In Japan, from late February 2020, the number of people infected with COVID-19 increased. The governor declared a state of emergency on February 28 in Hokkaido, where the infection spread faster than in other parts of Japan. The Japanese government abruptly requested the closure of all elementary schools, junior high schools, and high schools starting March 2. Consequently, universities, high schools, elementary and junior high schools, kindergartens, and daycare facilities were closed, and parents had to stay home to care for their children. Although initially, there were no clear guidelines for going out or playing in parks, one week after the school closure, the government announced that outdoor exercise and walking will be allowed. Although there were some differences between areas, schools remained closed until the end of May. The three-month-long closure of schools restricted childrens outings and physical activities and significantly impacted their lifestyles, development, and mental health. In this study, we report on the changes in the lives of pre- schoolers, elementary school students, and junior high school students and indicate how their outdoor activities were changed during this period of school closure. The study is based on a questionnaire survey of childrens parents.
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Farias-Torbidoni, E.I.; Morera, S.; Martinez, V.D.; Cahill, S.; Casas, J.O.S.; Navarro, M.N.; Gaston, I.R.; Moya, M.D.,
Changing visitor influx during the covid-19 pandemic. The case of Serra de Collserola Natural Park, Barcelona.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Proper and effective management of public use in protected natural areas (PNA) is closely linked to having an updated diagnosis of their state. The duty to conserve, implicit in these kinds of areas, ...
Proper and effective management of public use in protected natural areas (PNA) is closely linked to having an updated diagnosis of their state. The duty to conserve, implicit in these kinds of areas, requires having sufficient information to justify decision-making. According to Leung et al. (2015), Cessford & Muhar (2003), between a long list of authors, three basic kinds of data need to be considered: 1) the influx of visitors, understood as the total number of users who visit the PNA annually; 2) the recreational, sports and tourist use of the area, which summarizes the number and distribution of user-visits, including the characterization of the different activities carried out during visits; and 3) the profile of the user-visitors. In the case of peri-urban PNAs, such as the Serra de Collserola Natural Park (SCNP), which is also a Natura 2000 Special Area for Conservation (SAC), this kind of information is even more necessary and relevant due to the intense pressure these sites tend to experience, not only in terms of visitor influx but also in terms of the diversity of uses that occur there and also considering their importance from a nature conservation perspective.
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Gunter de Queiroz, L.; Lindenkamp, T.C.M.,
Impacts of lockdown on the management of Brazilian National Parks
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
What did the current pandemic represent for park managers in Brazil? This pandemic certainly created negative consequences for costumers (visitors). But does this mean as well for conservation? Based ...
What did the current pandemic represent for park managers in Brazil? This pandemic certainly created negative consequences for costumers (visitors). But does this mean as well for conservation? Based on interviews sent to the 74 managers, we present an overview of the impact of Covid-19 at management of Brazilian National Parks.
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Sivertsvik, R.M.,
Small nature-based tourism firms and their ability to cope with major external changes exemplified through Covid-19
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Within tourism, resilience is often understood as relating to a firms or destinations ability to be robust in the face of change and the strategies they follow when the framework conditions shift (e.g...
Within tourism, resilience is often understood as relating to a firms or destinations ability to be robust in the face of change and the strategies they follow when the framework conditions shift (e.g., Cheer and Lew 2018; Hall, Prayag and Amore 2018; Prayag 2018). As Prayag (2018:133) notes, adapting from Holling (1973), «ideas of resilience are related not only to change but also to stability and response». The Covid-19 pandemic presents one such challenge that has significantly tested the resilience of the tourism sector and places where tourism is important. It has also exacerbated tourism trends established prior to the outbreak, notably a shift away from mass tourism linked to major commercial sites, towards smaller scale, more authentic and unique tourist experiences. In this paper we discuss, based on interviews with small firms in the nature-based tourism (NBT) sector before the pandemic hit, to what extent such firms might have special advantages in responding to major external challenges like Covid-19.
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Pouwels, R.; Schmidt, A.; Foppen, R.; Van Kleunen, A.,
Outdoor sports, leisure and recreational activities is considered a main pressure for achieving European nature conservation targets
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Protected areas are one of the major strategies to conserve biodiversity. Still many habitats and species occurring in these areas are under threat due to pressures from within as well as outside thes...
Protected areas are one of the major strategies to conserve biodiversity. Still many habitats and species occurring in these areas are under threat due to pressures from within as well as outside these areas. One of these potential pressures is disturbance by human activities like sports, tourism and other recreational activities. As these activities are increasing in most protected areas, conflicts between outdoor recreation and nature conservation have also increased. In order to take adequate measures, managers need scientific knowledge on the nature and severity of the impact of these human activities on conservation targets (McCool 2016). However, scientific knowledge is inconclusive, and often based on studies that take into account few habitats or species. In Europe the Habitats and Birds Directives (HBD) are the main nature conservation policy instruments to safeguard Europes diversity of wild plants, animals and landscapes. The aim of the HBD is to protect the most vulnerable habitats and species in Europe. Their conservation status assessed every six years according to a standard protocol. The assessments show that for many habitats and species the conservation status is still unfavourable. This unfavourable conservation status is caused by a multitude of pressures and threats. Agricultural activities and urbanization are the most frequently reported pressures and threats for both habitats and species.
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Gruas, L.; Cerrin-Malterre, C.; Loison, A.,
Wildlife disturbance caused by nature sports: an overview from general to specific
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Mitigating the impact of recreationists has become a major challenge for natural area managers who often express the need to be provided with information about the visitors. Indeed, as managers start ...
Mitigating the impact of recreationists has become a major challenge for natural area managers who often express the need to be provided with information about the visitors. Indeed, as managers start to organize and take this emerging issue into consideration, land use restrictions and other awareness raising campaigns flourish in mountain territories. Knowledge of nature sports participants is thus required, not only to make them aware of the issue but also to know which factors influence awareness the most and to get feedback on the way measures are perceived and accepted by visitors. Yet, if much research in the field of ecology has been done to show the existing impacts of recreation on wildlife, little research was led on the perception and acknowledgment of the impacts by recreationists.
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Wyttenbach, M.; Volpert, F.; Hochreutener, A.; Rupf, R.,
Disturbance caused by recreational activities -Case study Regional Nature Parc Beverin (RNPB), Switzerland
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Due to their structural diversity and altitude gradients, mountain regions provide suitable habitats for a diverse range of wildlife and plant species (Ingold, 2005). At the same time, they are import...
Due to their structural diversity and altitude gradients, mountain regions provide suitable habitats for a diverse range of wildlife and plant species (Ingold, 2005). At the same time, they are important recreational areas for humans. Due to the increase in outdoor activities, negative impacts on nature and wildlife should be counteracted by means of focussed visitor management (Clivaz et al., 2013). The RNPB is visited by tourists all year round, with a greater proportion in the summer season. The landscape consists mainly of forests, alpine areas, extensive meadows, pastures, habitats for pioneer species, and covers an area of 412 km2. The RNPB aims to enable recreationists to experience nature without disturbing it at the same time. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to determine which types of recreational activities may be practised in the area and how they can be characterised (spatially, temporally, frequency). The aim of this study is to identify areas in summer and winter in which a potential conflict between recreationalists and nature could occur based on a spatial mapping approach.
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Arnegger, J.; Herz, M.; Campbell, M.,
Media representation of nature, mass ecotourism, and the visitor experience
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The soft or mass ecotourism sub-field makes up a large percentage of the ecotourism sector in many regions worldwide. This sub sector is generally characterized by larger group size, lower environment...
The soft or mass ecotourism sub-field makes up a large percentage of the ecotourism sector in many regions worldwide. This sub sector is generally characterized by larger group size, lower environmental commitment, and higher levels of service standards when compared to traditional “hard” ecotourists (Weaver, 2001).It has been argued that this popularity is driven in large part by representations of nature in popular media such as documentaries and magazines (Lemelin, 2006). Generally, any form of media may play a salient role in tourism contexts, i.e. raising expectations toward destinations, trips or tourism experiences, which may not be met in reality (Michalkó et al., 2015). Thus, while media has the potential to positively impact peoples expectations, perspectives and attitudes it also implies the danger of overpromising. Individuals with unrealistic expectations are hence more likely to experience some form of disappointment (Bramwell, 1998).These general notions can be expected to be specifically relevant in nature-based settings, in that tourists expectations may be highly influenced by curated representations of nature and wildlife. In turn, expectations are generally assumed to impact satisfaction which is a main driver for positive behavioral outcomes such as intention to re-visit and positive word-of-mouth (Faerber et al., 2021). When applied to wildlife tourism experiences we assume that the more the held image (shaped by media consumption) differs from objective reality, the greater will be both the tourists expectation and his/her disappointment.The present study examines the relationship between visitors pre-trip expectations and post-trip satisfaction of a mass ecotourism nature experience as a function of previous involvement in nature activities and organizations, and consumption of wildlife and nature-based media.
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Nygaard, V.J.,
Staging the wild: Photographers behaviour and attitudes towards the use of bait, hides and landscape modifications in large carnivore photography
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Wildlife photography is a growing phenomenon in Scandinavia. As most forms of wildlife tourism, wildlife photography may have positive and negative effects, on both local communities and wildlife itse...
Wildlife photography is a growing phenomenon in Scandinavia. As most forms of wildlife tourism, wildlife photography may have positive and negative effects, on both local communities and wildlife itself. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate tourists ethics in relation to wildlife photography.My work explores photographers perceptions on the phenomena “wildlife/wild animals” and “wilderness”. These perceptions are also linked to the photographers values. Furthermore, I investigate how they reflect upon facilitating or manipulating both the wildlife itself and the wilderness that serves as a backdrop, in wildlife photography.
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Berge, T.B.,
Between a rock and a hard place: How nature guides in Arctic Svalbard navigate conflicting norms
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Human-wildlife interactions in the context of tourism have received significant attention in the academic literature. However, non-consumptive wildlife watching tourism taking place in animals natural...
Human-wildlife interactions in the context of tourism have received significant attention in the academic literature. However, non-consumptive wildlife watching tourism taking place in animals natural habitats has received less attention than hunting and fishing tourism and human interactions with captive wildlife. Meanwhile, increasing global pressure to visit remote places with unique fauna requires an improved focus on wildlife viewing tourism in animals natural habitat. Tourisms interest in exotic and endangered species is growing and poses a considerable challenge, particularly evident in the Arctic. Polar bear tourism exemplifies the paradox where a vulnerable species is synonymous with both attractive tourism experiences as well as being a symbol of climate change (Lemelin & Dyck, 2008). Also, the demand for close interactions with wildlife has been stimulated and reinforced by marketing and behavioral trends, which poses new challenges to the niche. Therefore, wildlife destinations must strive for comprehensive and interdisciplinary management strategies taking into account both conservation and animal welfare concerns (Winter, 2020).
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Warmouth, J.; Skibins, J.; Schuler, G.,
Cold as Ice? Arctic tourists epiphanies and connection to wildlife
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Wildlife tourism is expected to produce conservation benefits for species observed during a trip. This is due, in part, to the unique wildlife encounters that occur during such trips. It is hypothesiz...
Wildlife tourism is expected to produce conservation benefits for species observed during a trip. This is due, in part, to the unique wildlife encounters that occur during such trips. It is hypothesized that the more unique and rare animal encounters in the wild are, the more likely tourists will be to realize heightened emotional states. Previous studies have explored tourists emotional connection to wildlife (i.e., conservation caring) and environmental epiphanies as two constructs to evaluate the effect of wildlife tourism experiences. Furthermore, these constructs are shown to have a direct positive influence on conservation behaviors. This study investigated tourists conservation caring and environmental epiphany levels during a 10-day wildlife viewing cruise through the Svalbard Islands (Norway).The purpose of this study is to explore 1) if arctic tourism is capable of stimulating an environmental epiphany; 2) the emotional connections (i.e., conservation caring) arctic tourists form with wildlife, and 3) the relationship between environmental epiphanies and conservation caring.
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Fennell, D.; Moorhouse, T.,
Towards a model for the assessment of conservation, welfare, and governance in wildlife tourism attractions
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
In the absence of appropriate standards to regulate wildlife tourism attractions (WTAs), the treatment of animals is morally justifiable on the basis of what tourists find acceptable. Under this model...
In the absence of appropriate standards to regulate wildlife tourism attractions (WTAs), the treatment of animals is morally justifiable on the basis of what tourists find acceptable. Under this model, there is little motivation for operators to improve standards if tourists do not leave reputationally damaging feedback. Given this current state, the objectives of this paper are twofold. First, we wish to highlight and categorise existing systemic barriers that prevent the operation of a green market for WTAs. Second, we combine knowledge of these barriers with a recently published theoretical framework on animal justice to derive an initial, robust set of practical criteria with which non-expert tourists can externally assess - and accurately represent to other tourists - ethical standards at WTAs. These criteria allow tourists to better understand the scope and consequences of the proper and improper use of animals in tourism, which, in turn, will hopefully induce positive change along governance, conservation and animal welfare lines.
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Miller, A.; Blahna, D.; Leung, Y.; Morse, W.; Rowland, M.,
The recreation ecosystem: A social-ecological systems application for recreation ecology highlighting wildlife
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Research outside the recreation ecology field investigates the benefits of natural ecosystems on recreationists, benefits of recreation on the protected ecosystems in which it occurs, and negative imp...
Research outside the recreation ecology field investigates the benefits of natural ecosystems on recreationists, benefits of recreation on the protected ecosystems in which it occurs, and negative impacts of ecosystem components on recreation. Other, less common explorations apply ecological concepts to understand recreation opportunities, activities, and behavior. However, empirical research investigating relationships between social and ecological systems in the recreation context within the same research project (e.g. DAntonio et al. 2013) are sparse. A recent review of the recreation ecology literature revealed this scarcity, with only 3.4% of articles considered interdisciplinary (Sumanapala & Wolf 2019). Interdisciplinary research is critical in understanding how social and ecological systems work together in the outdoor recreation context. This gap could be addressed through development of a framework for interdisciplinary studies in recreation ecology.
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Mangachena, J.; Pickering, C.,
Why are some species more popular with wildlife tourists: Insights from South Africa.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Wildlife tourism is popular in many countries and often takes place in protected areas including in developing countries (Higginbottom and Tribe, 2004). Income generated from this type of tourism can ...
Wildlife tourism is popular in many countries and often takes place in protected areas including in developing countries (Higginbottom and Tribe, 2004). Income generated from this type of tourism can contribute to the economy and provide employment in rural areas, including in South Africa (Naidoo et al. 2011). Considering its potential benefits, it is important for those providing wildlife tourism opportunities to know which species are attractive to tourists and why. A common way to obtain this information is by surveying visitors in parks, and this has been done in a range of parks in South Africa, but how do the studies compare, and what species were most popular overall and why? To assess tourists preferences for wildlife tourism in South Africa, we examined data from multiple published surveys in several parks and private game reserves to: 1) examine consistency in species popularity among locations and visitors, and 2) identify species traits that may account for differences in popularity.
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Godwin, D.; Hughes, M.; Kobryn, H.,
Snorkeller attitudes and behaviours at two popular sites in Ningaloo Reef Marine Park, northern Western Australia.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Globally, coral reefs play various important roles. Despite only occupying ~0.2% of the surface of the ocean, coral reefs are home to diverse species, provide ecosystem services and generate income fo...
Globally, coral reefs play various important roles. Despite only occupying ~0.2% of the surface of the ocean, coral reefs are home to diverse species, provide ecosystem services and generate income for millions of people (Cesar et al., 2003). Approximately 18% of all coral reef habitats are in marine protected areas. While marine protected area management commonly seeks to balance conservation and human use, there are ongoing concerns about human activity impacts, including recreational uses like snorkelling. The World Heritage-listed Ningaloo Reef Marine Park, in northern Western Australia, receives approximately 179,000 visitors annually, with snorkelling rated as the most important and popular recreational activity in the Marine Park (Jones et al., 2011). Although snorkelling is generally considered a low-impact activity, growing evidence suggests that certain behaviours, including fin kicks, brushes, grabs, and sitting, standing or kneeling on corals, may damage coral colonies, which are slow to recover (Webler & Jakubowski, 2016). While previous studies looked at how snorkellers impact Ningaloo Reef, few have looked at behavioural drivers to understand why.
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Dybsand, H.N.H.; Stensland, S.,
Centrality to life and the Theory of Planned Behavior: The case of musk ox safaris in Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, Norway
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Ajzens (1985) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is one of the most recognized frameworks for understanding wildlife-related behaviors. According to this framework, intentions to perform behaviors can b...
Ajzens (1985) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is one of the most recognized frameworks for understanding wildlife-related behaviors. According to this framework, intentions to perform behaviors can be predicted from attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Behavioral intentions are evaluated as how likely a person is to perform a behavior in the future, with these intentions accounting for a considerable amount of variance in actual behavior together with perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1991). Involvement is another useful concept when studying behavioral outcomes, as highly involved participants can hold more intense attitudes and emotions, that may in turn influence future behavior (Burke & Stets, 1999; Havitz & Dimanche, 1999). Understanding a possible relationship between involvement and TPB may provide further insight on wildlife-related behaviors, as the literature suggests both concepts have effects on behavioral intentions. However, to the best of the authors knowledge there are no previous studies combining TPB and involvement in a wildlife watching tourism context. Meanwhile, one of wildlife watching tourisms main justifications is its potential to improve participants empathy and actions toward wildlife and the environment (Hughes, 2013). However, some activities are better suited for this purpose than others, and short duration and mass marketed activities oriented toward a single focal species may not have this effect (Curtin, 2013).Our study investigates connections between TPB and centrality to life, a concept that is often used to measure involvement when studying participants degree of recreation specialization (Scott & Shafer, 2001) and enduring involvement (Forgas-Coll et al., 2017). Additionally, we investigated participants intentions to perform three pro-environmental behaviors that benefits wildlife following a wildlife watching experience.
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Sorakunnas, E.,
The experiential value of national park visits
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The marketing discipline offers suitable and well-established constructs for viewing outdoor recreation from the demand perspective, namely experiential consumption (Holbrook and Hirschman 1982) and c...
The marketing discipline offers suitable and well-established constructs for viewing outdoor recreation from the demand perspective, namely experiential consumption (Holbrook and Hirschman 1982) and consumer value (Woodruff 1997, Holbrook 1999). Although non-commercial, visiting national parks represents consumption in terms of acquiring experiences; visitors immerse themselves in an experiential, nature-based context to derive personal experiences that provide value. The concept of consumer value has been established in marketing for long, but self-organized and independent visits to national parks represent a new area of application. This approach, viewing park visits through the eyes of the visitors, combines the setting attributes and individuals activities to their desired personal outcomes. Thus, it is similar to the Outcomes Focused Management approach (Driver, 2008) as well as the Recreation Preference Scale (Driver, 1983) and Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (Clark and Stankey, 1979) frameworks, but provides an integrated outlook by comprising also the underlying universal values unlike conventional outdoor recreation research.
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Loseth, K.,
Niches in tourism- how do the entrepreneurs learn and interact?
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
While the tourism industry pre-pandemic was steadily growing worldwide, it has often been portrayed as a sector with challenges tied to knowledge development and innovation. This has been explained by...
While the tourism industry pre-pandemic was steadily growing worldwide, it has often been portrayed as a sector with challenges tied to knowledge development and innovation. This has been explained by the industry being dominated by small and medium sized businesses, high levels of labor turnover, challenges tied to seasonality, rapid changes of ownership and lack of dedicated career ladders (Hjalager, 2002). The nature of the tourism experience makes cooperation necessary in the industry, but the small scale of the businesses means limited resources for network cooperation. The fragmentation of the industry may also halt cooperation, as it consists of entities of different scales from different areas, that hinders communication and knowledge transfer (Czernek, 2017). Instead of trying to cover the whole of a fragmented industry, this research will examine knowledge development in businesses that offers similar products. Aldrich and Fiol (1994) use the concept of organizational populations to describe groups of organizations with similar products and/ or processes. Research on knowledge transfer in tourism indicate that businesses with similar product products has the potential for more specific learning, and more direct imitation (Weidenfeld et al, 2010:610), and that product similarity is positively related to exploitative knowledge transfers resulting in innovation (Weidenfeld et al, 2010; Sørensen, 2007).
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Livina, A.; Druva-Druvaskalne, I.,
Experiences of Co-Designing Tourism Product Strategy for Tourism Destination: Bottom-up approach
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Management issues of tourism destination highlight collaboration among involved stakeholders, their engagement in planning processes, functions and responsibilities, particularly hot item is sales of ...
Management issues of tourism destination highlight collaboration among involved stakeholders, their engagement in planning processes, functions and responsibilities, particularly hot item is sales of tourism destination and tourism products (Mariani et al. 2013; Mackay et al. 2020). The purpose of the paper is to show development process of tourism product strategy development initiated by bottom -up approach.
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Konu, H.; Tyrvainen, L.,
Tourism firms perceptions on payments for ecosystem services model - Case: Landscape and Recreation Value Trade
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Countries with abundant natural environments have recently attracted growing number of tourists motivated mainly by the variety of nature-based activities and attractions. The nature is the core resou...
Countries with abundant natural environments have recently attracted growing number of tourists motivated mainly by the variety of nature-based activities and attractions. The nature is the core resource in nature-based tourism and hence quality of nature as well as its accessibility are essential for service providers (e.g. Fredman & Tyrväinen, 2010). Although tourism industry benefits directly or indirectly from nature and landscape conservation, it is not usually actively engaged in or contributing to these targets. One reason for this is the lack of diverse incentives and models that enable the contribution easily (Konu & Tyrväinen, 2020). Therefore, new instruments, such as Payments of Ecosystem Services (PES) models, are needed in nature-based tourism areas to secure the natural environments and enhance the quality of forest landscapes (e.g. Tyrväinen et al. 2014, Mäntymaa et al., 2019). The PES policies compensate communities or individuals for taking actions that support and increase the provision of ecosystem services (Jack et al., 2008). It is noted that to be efficient and generally accepted a PES scheme should be both socially and environmentally robust and fulfil the needs of stakeholders involved (Reed et al., 2017). Hence the participatory approach and mapping stakeholder perceptions have a central role in developing PES models. This case study introduces a tourism-related PES model that will be funded by tourism sector to support landscape and recreational values of forests in Ruka-Kuusamo tourism area in northern Finland.
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Nowak, M.; Heldt, T.,
Financing recreational trails through donations: Management challenges, visitor experiences and behavioural theory in a mountain biking context
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The demand for outdoor recreation has significantly increased over the last decade, and along with this the pressure on financial resources required to develop recreational infrastructure in nature ar...
The demand for outdoor recreation has significantly increased over the last decade, and along with this the pressure on financial resources required to develop recreational infrastructure in nature areas. Fiscal and regulatory policies to generate the necessary funding are often neither ideologically nor legally accepted in countries where the right of public access applies, which is particularly broad in scope in the Nordics. Local stakeholders are thus reliant on voluntary contributions of visitors as one funding source (Sandell & Fredman, 2010). However, since these are often insufficient to cover the costs of infrastructure development, new strategies are called for to realise the benefits of trail-based recreation in the Nordics, without impeding the right to roam and the welfare of the natural environment (Sandell & Fredman, 2010). Soft policy approaches enhanced with insights from behavioural economics may offer such alternatives (Heldt, 2005). Recent research in this field provides strong arguments that consideration of social and psychological factors can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of soft policies (Avineri, 2012; Thaler & Sunstein, 2008). Behavioural theories like the Norm Activation Model (Schwartz, 1977), Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 2012), and Conditional Cooperation (Frey & Meier, 2004) have thus increasingly been used to study different pro-social behaviours and to inform policies accordingly (Testa et al., 2018). Despite their success in various field, behaviourally informed policies are still rare in the management of nature areas.
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Hartje, V.,
Funding outdoor recreational opportunities in Germany- conceptual foundations and state of literature and data
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
A lot of the economic research on the management of visitors in recreational and protected areas focuses on the demand side (what makes visitors tick). It asks how management could relate/ react to th...
A lot of the economic research on the management of visitors in recreational and protected areas focuses on the demand side (what makes visitors tick). It asks how management could relate/ react to the needs, interests, behavior of visitors to make the recreational experience worthwhile for these visitors. This is to a large extent due to the methodological advances in valuing recreational decisions. Comparatively, the amount of research on the supply side of recreational opportunities has been rather small. The standard economic analysis of supply of other (e. g. consumer) goods (in economic terms private goods) focuses on the need to make the necessary resources available for the production of these goods, looks at the cost implications and sees how prices develop to cover these costs and how they fund the supply of these goods. This analysis has been applied to recreation as a recreational production process by Loomis & Walsh in their textbook in 1997. Within this approach, a public supply of recreational opportunities is combined with a household production involving time, money skill equipment to generate visitor use of the area (p.14). I would like to propose a differentiation of their model, by pointing out that outdoor recreational opportunities are not managed jointly as a public supply (as in the National Parks in the USA), but that the major inputs to recreational opportunities (land, landscape qualities, water bodies, access, ancillary infrastructure, information about the opportunities and users knowledge for use) are often provided separately, by different providers and funded by varying sources. This is the case in Germany and it can be observed in other countries as well.
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Burns, G.L.; Haraldsdoottir, L.,
Interpretation in Ásbyrgi: communicating with National Park visitors in Iceland
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The tourism industry in Iceland is of significant economic importance to the country and, until global travel restrictions in 2020, the number of visitors to natural areas was continuing to grow. Corr...
The tourism industry in Iceland is of significant economic importance to the country and, until global travel restrictions in 2020, the number of visitors to natural areas was continuing to grow. Corresponding with this increase is the need to effectively manage tourists to ensure safe and responsible experiences that are as socially, economically and environmentally sustainable as possible. This management includes decisions about interpretation - what information to provide for tourists and the most effective way to deliver that information to them. This presentation will report on part of a project conducted at Asbyrgi, in the northern section of Icelands Vatnajökull National Park. The parks managers are cognisant that Tourism in national parks is essentially about providing memorable nature-based experiences for visitors (Weiler et al., 2019) and want to provide those experiences without disturbing the plant and animal life in the park. To achieve this, they are keen to implement interpretation that aims to stimulate interest, promote learning, guide visitors in appropriate behaviour for sustainable tourism and encourage enjoyment and satisfaction (Moscardo et al. 2004).
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Chekalina, T.; Fuchs, M.,
Evaluating the impact of mobile apps on nature-based tourism experiences
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The study focuses on the evaluation of the impact of applications developed for smartphones intended for usage in connection with nature-based tourism (NBT) experience. Outdoor recreationists increasi...
The study focuses on the evaluation of the impact of applications developed for smartphones intended for usage in connection with nature-based tourism (NBT) experience. Outdoor recreationists increasingly use mobile applications to interact with nature by consuming, creating and sharing the content related to NBT experience before, during and after the trip (Wang et al., 2014; Dickinson, Hibbert, and Filimonau, 2016). We argue that both, content and the various elements of mobile apps functionalities show the capacity to enhance major aspects of the NBT experience, such as emotional, social and epistemic experience value, as well as excellence, efficiency and safety (Chekalina, Fuchs, and Lexhagen, 2018). NBT segments utilize various functional elements of mobile apps (either web-based applications or native apps users need to download and install on their smartphones), such as map-based information, weather/avalanche warnings, augmented reality and 360 images, QR-code tags and geocaching, location-based services, near field communication (NFC) and mobile payments, as well as social media integration (Buhalis and Foerste, 2014; Kolas et al., 2015). Prior research identifies various categories of apps, which can enhance the NBT experience (Chekalina, Fossgard, and Fuchs, 2021). Digital reference books replace printed guides of birds, plants, mushrooms and integrate image recognition and augmented reality technology. The categories of “exercise and training” apps and “map and navigation” apps show similarities in terms of content and functionality. However, the former category focuses on performance, such as pace, distance, elevation or calorie consumption, while the focus of apps in the latter category is on tracks, routes and attractions. Other categories of apps include travel guides, weather apps, games, compass apps, flashlight apps, apps for photo and video, as well as niche social media networks (Chekalina et al., 2021).
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Akurugoda, I.; Karunaratne, M.,
Challenges and potentials of sustainable ecotourism management and conservation: A case study of Kanneliya rainforest in Sri Lanka
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Tourism has become a major income source in the Sri Lankan economy. During 1980s, beach tourism was a prominent industry in Sri Lanka. This trend has been changed over time and according to the new wo...
Tourism has become a major income source in the Sri Lankan economy. During 1980s, beach tourism was a prominent industry in Sri Lanka. This trend has been changed over time and according to the new world trends. At present, tourism has various sub-divisions such as ecotourism, agro-tourism, adventure tourism and heritage tourism (Fernando & Meedeniya, 2009; SLTDA, 2015). Out of these, ecotourism can be identified as the most popular and fastest growing sub-division of the tourism industry (Donohoe & Needham, 2006; Page & Dowling, 2001; Fennell, 2003). Ecotourism, according to Fenell (2001) is traveling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations (both past and present) found in these areas. Fennell (2001) identifies five of the most frequently cited variables within ecotourism: (1) reference to where ecotourism occurs (natural areas); (2) conservation; (3) reference to culture; (4) benefits to locals; and (5) education. The practice of ecotourism has generated interest of many stakeholders as it attempts to satisfy contrasting conservation and tourism development needs (Donohoe & Needham, 2006). For Das & Chatterjee (2015), proper management of the ecotourism sites at each of economic, social and environmental could help in the long-term conservation.
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Cajiao, D.; Leung, Y.; Larson, L.; Tejedo, P.; Benayas, J.,
Exploring the association of trip characteristics and motivations with pro-environmental outcomes of Antarctic tourists: An analysis based on PRE and POST surveys.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Tourism in Antarctica has significantly increased and diversified over the last decades (Carey, 2020). In the 2019-2020 season, the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) repor...
Tourism in Antarctica has significantly increased and diversified over the last decades (Carey, 2020). In the 2019-2020 season, the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) reported 74 401 tourists visiting the continent, representing a 134% increase from the 2010-2011 season (IAATO, 2021). While Antarctic tourists are purported to have meaningful interactions with the Antarctic environment, little empirical research exists to understand how motivations and trip characteristics of the Antarctic journey shape tourists experiential outputs, which may in turn influence their pro-environmental outcomes, both core elements of Nature Based Tourism (NBT) experiences.
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Oian, H.; Ericsson, B.; Selvaag, S.; Breiby, M.; Lerfald, M.,
The second home industry in Norway - management and sustainability
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Norway, like the other Nordic countries, has long holiday-cabin traditions (see e.g. Müller, 2007). Until a few decades ago cabins were built scattered throughout large mountainous areas and were mos...
Norway, like the other Nordic countries, has long holiday-cabin traditions (see e.g. Müller, 2007). Until a few decades ago cabins were built scattered throughout large mountainous areas and were mostly without electricity, water supply, and car road connection. Since the 80s, urbanization, growing average income, increased mobility, flexible working hours, and digitalization have caused an increasing demand for second homes with a standard that roughly equals first homes. This has changed both the landscapes and the ways in which people are using their second homes. The increase in the number of second homes should also be seen in the context of the continuous depopulation of Norways mountain municipalities. The growing tourism industry is often viewed as the lifeline in these communities. This has contributed significantly to the boom in second home industry, especially in areas easily accessible from the metropolitan areas. While offering economic advantages for landowners and developers, local businesses, and municipalities, the second home industry encounters several sustainability challenges, which has resulted in resentments and conflicts among several kinds of stakeholders (Overvåg & Berg, 2011).
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Selin, S.; Valenzuela, F.; Golston, J.,
A participatory assessment of the USDA Forest Service Southwestern Regions sustainable recreation strategy
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Public land management agencies, both in the United States and internationally, have been challenged mightily to operationalize sustainable outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism policies and pra...
Public land management agencies, both in the United States and internationally, have been challenged mightily to operationalize sustainable outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism policies and practices at a field level. Needed are action-oriented and field-based evaluative research focused on “how” sustainable recreation is being operationalized in the field. The purpose of this research study was to conduct a participatory evaluation of the Southwestern Region (Region 3) Sustainable Recreation Strategy (SRS) after five years of implementation. Using both outcome-based and process measures, the study evaluated the efficacy of SRS policy/program actions and interventions in progressing towards its original goals and expected outcomes. In addition, the study also assessed what policy/program adjustments are needed in the SRS to adapt to system and agency change and to strengthen the capacity of Region 3 Recreation Programs across the 11 National Forests.
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Spernbauer, B.; Monz, C.; Smith, J.,
Impacts and trade-offs of alternative transportation systems in U.S. National Parks
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
As climate change continues to become a serious threat to social and ecological systems, strategies to reduce emissions are becoming increasingly important. Many park and protected area management age...
As climate change continues to become a serious threat to social and ecological systems, strategies to reduce emissions are becoming increasingly important. Many park and protected area management agencies have begun to seriously consider their role in contributing to, and possibly mitigating, climate change. The US National Park Service, for example, has attempted to reduce the emissions generated as a result of park visitation by implementing alternative transportation systems (ATS) at select national parks across the country. Those most commonly include voluntary or mandatory shuttle systems. Despite their promise of reducing emissions while also alleviating congestion and capacity issues, the implementation of ATS can have other consequences such as negatively affecting visitor experiences, resource conditions at attraction sites, and park budgets (Law- son et al., 2017; Manning et al., 2014). National park managers are consequently placed in the precarious position of having to consider the visitor experience, resource protection, and economic development (National Park Service, 2004). Balancing trade-offs between environmental, social, and economic interests is made more difficult given the lack of research which has taken a comprehensive approach to the implications of ATS. This research begins to fill this gap by systematically examining the primary and secondary impacts of ATS in US National Parks. By doing so, we provide managers and researchers with a holistic view on the topic, and point out the trade-offs that need to be considered when considering implementing or expanding an ATS.
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Breiby, M.A.; Selvaag, S.K.; Oian, H.; Duedahl, E.; Lerfald, B.,
Managing sustainable development in recreational and protected areas
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
In the process of developing local visitor strategies for the Norwegian Protected Areas within 2020, the intention is to facilitate for better visitor experiences and improve local economies related t...
In the process of developing local visitor strategies for the Norwegian Protected Areas within 2020, the intention is to facilitate for better visitor experiences and improve local economies related to tourism, without affecting the conservation values (Norwegian Environment Agency, 2015). Hence, protected areas have become more closely connected to their economic and social environments, with an emphasis on integrating national parks into wider regional and local tourism development processes (e.g., Hidle, 2019; Puhakka & Saarinen, 2013). This case study involves a mountain municipality with two of the largest national parks in Norway, Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella and Rondane-Dovre. More than 73% of the municipalitys area has protection status. As protection regulations restrict tourism development within the borders of the park, the governmental policy is to encourage tourism development in the edge zones. However, recently the government has asked each national park to develop individual visitor strategies in order to allow for extended tourism activities within the borders of the national park. Tourism development is welcomed in mountain communities that experiences depopulation and shrinking job opportunities. Local inhabitants do on the one hand resent the protections regulations as it put restriction on how the protected areas were used traditionally, and on the other hand they are concerned that increased tourism inside the park will prioritize the needs of visitors more than of the local inhabitants.
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Hansen, A.S.; Glette, V.; Arce, J.F.,
Mapping recreational activities in coastal and marine areas - PPGIS findings from western Sweden
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The presentation reports on a study and published paper with a focus on mapping coastal-marine recreation in the Gothenburg region on the west coast of Sweden. In Sweden, outdoor recreation is conside...
The presentation reports on a study and published paper with a focus on mapping coastal-marine recreation in the Gothenburg region on the west coast of Sweden. In Sweden, outdoor recreation is considered an important land and water use activity, and is associated with key societal aspects, such as increased environmental awareness, public health and local development. For this reason, outdoor recreation has become an important planning topic in the Gothenburg region, which offers many recreational opportunities in the coastal zone (Hansen, 2016).
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Teles da Mota, V.; Pickering, C.,
Mapping visitation across thousands of kilometres of beaches using social media data
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Coastal areas are very popular worldwide, providing a range of important ecosystem services. Tourism and recreation are within those services, with beach tourism popular in a range of areas including ...
Coastal areas are very popular worldwide, providing a range of important ecosystem services. Tourism and recreation are within those services, with beach tourism popular in a range of areas including the Mediterranean, east and west coast of the USA, Latin America and Australia. Assessing tourists to beaches including who visits, when and where and what they value is important for tourism and coastal managers, including to better allocate facilities and resources and for tourism campaigns. Traditional methods such as direct observations, track counters, and surveys have been used to gather such data, but with some limitations (Veal, 2018). In an attempt to complement traditional methods, metadata of posts on social media platforms have been increasingly used by researchers to assess visitation to natural areas (Ghermandi & Sinclair, 2019; Teles da Mota & Pickering, 2020), as it is often free and easy to use, and provide large amounts of user generated content. Beaches, although very popular for tourism, are only now being assessed using geolocated data from social media. This talk presents preliminary results of a comparison of temporal and spatial patterns of beach use at a regional scale, using Flickr images metadata. Specifically, it assesses: (1) who visits beaches, including locals, other nationals and international tourists, and (2) temporal and (3) spatial patterns of beach use along the whole 2,101 km coastline of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, including Sydney, the largest city in Australia with internationally renowned beaches including Bondi and Manly.
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Kaae, B.C.; Olafsson, A.S.,
Inclusion of coastal and marine recreation in a data-driven framework for ecosystem-based Maritime Spatial Planning in Danish marine waters.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
This presentation describes how coastal and marine recreation data has been included in a cross-sectoral project ECOMAR: A data-driven framework for ecosystem-based Maritime Spatial Planning in Danish...
This presentation describes how coastal and marine recreation data has been included in a cross-sectoral project ECOMAR: A data-driven framework for ecosystem-based Maritime Spatial Planning in Danish marine waters. This development and demonstration project involves data from a range of marine sectors including coastal and marine recreation and analyses these in an extensive cumulative impact assessment modelling. The presentation will focus on the results linked to the coastal and marine recreation: How other marine sectors have impact on coastal and marine recreation as well as the recreational impacts on some of the sectors. The results, implications and use of coastal and marine recreation data for Maritime Spatial Planning and management are discussed and related to the newly released Danish Maritime Spatial Plan.
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De Bie, K.; Rose, M.,
Community usage, awareness and perceptions of marine parks and sanctuaries in Victoria, Australia.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
National parks and protected areas in Victoria, Australia, are managed by a state government agency, Parks Victoria.Parks Victoria was established in 1998 and are responsible for managing an expanding...
National parks and protected areas in Victoria, Australia, are managed by a state government agency, Parks Victoria.Parks Victoria was established in 1998 and are responsible for managing an expanding and diverse estate covering more than 4 million hectares, or about 17 per cent, of the state.In 2002, the Victorian Government established the Marine National Park system, including 13 Marine National Parks (MPAs) and 11 Marine Sanctuaries.MPAs span Victorias five marine bioregions and aim to conserve and protect ecological processes, habitats and associated flora and fauna. With 2022 signalling the 20-year anniversary of the Victorian Marine National Park system, there was a desire to better understand Victorians current awareness, usage and perceptions of marine parks and sanctuaries.Specific aims of this research include to: Measure recent community visitation to the MNPS Understand community awareness of, and key perceived benefits of the MNPS Identify differences in perceptions, if any, between users, non-users and their respective segments Identify indicators and metrics that could measure the social, ecological and/or economic value provided by the MNPS Understand awareness and reception of current communication tools, and identify avenues to develop and refine communications in general
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Botelho, A.Z.; Costa, A.C.; Parente, M.I.; Torres, P.; Borges, P.; Nunes, J.C.; Ventura, M.A.,
Seascapes in the Azores: from tourist perception to site evaluation
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The Archipelago of the Azores has a high potential for tourism differentiation at an international level due to its distinctive and unique characteristics and natural beauty. Seascapes have high biolo...
The Archipelago of the Azores has a high potential for tourism differentiation at an international level due to its distinctive and unique characteristics and natural beauty. Seascapes have high biological diversity, ecological and economic connectivity, and aesthetic and cultural value (Atkinson et al., 2011), although seldom subjected to assessments. Additionally, marine geological heritage has been only occasionally exploited by Azorean companies, mostly because there is a lack of data about underwater geodiversity, geological heritage, and its valuation, for recreational purposes. This study (within the project SCAPETOUR - SeaSCAPEs promotion to diversify TOURistic products) aimed to analyze visitors perception regarding the importance of seascapes features and their value, more specifically: a detailed and full characterization as well as sectorial analyses of selected coastal and underwater trails for tourism and a valuation of seascapes for tourism and conservation purposes, including visitors perception regarding the seascape features. In the context of species conservation and ecosystem protection, it is important to increase users and stakeholders knowledge on the natural value of the assets to promote sustainable use of the ocean and marine life.
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Mykletun, R.J.,
Cold water wave surfing and tourism destination developments in Norway
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
With a length of 103,000 km, The Norwegian coastline is the second longest worldwide and offers many places with good wave surfing conditions. At the outset, wave surfing was a warm water leisure acti...
With a length of 103,000 km, The Norwegian coastline is the second longest worldwide and offers many places with good wave surfing conditions. At the outset, wave surfing was a warm water leisure activity, but modern wetsuits provide thermal protection for surfers that make cold water surfing possible. Since its onset in 1963, surfing in Norway has grown as leisure, sport, and tourism activities. To date, only two papers have focused surfing in Norway.Langseth focused on the construction of surfer identities in Norway, while Elmahdy, Orams, & Mykletun (2021) studied Norwegian surfers experiences and travel behaviour. No official registration of surfing sites exists, and studies have addressed the localisation and development of surfing destinations and possible consequential environmental issues on the Norwegian coastline, which is the focus of this paper. How and where has surfing developed in Norway, and does it threaten conservation and protection goals?
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Sidder, S.; D'Antonio, A.; Dinkins, J.; Monz, C.; Wesstrom, S.,
Exploring landscape-scale social and ecological drivers of backcountry sea kayaker campsite selection in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, USA
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Researchers and land managers increasingly consider parks and protected areas (PPAs) to be integrated social-ecological systems. To apply social-ecological concepts to recreation research in PPAs, res...
Researchers and land managers increasingly consider parks and protected areas (PPAs) to be integrated social-ecological systems. To apply social-ecological concepts to recreation research in PPAs, researchers must incorporate both social and ecological factors into research on the drivers of recreation behaviors. This research presents one approach for incorporating social and ecological drivers, at the landscape-scale, into a behavioral analysis by applying movement ecology concepts to understand drivers of campsite selection among backcountry sea kayakers in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve (GLBA).
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Matsuba, M.,
Differences in the desired environments for marine and coastal recreational spots: an analysis of user valuation at travel- review websites
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Marine and coastal ecosystems have provided us with various recreational services such as beach recreation, recreational fishing, and aesthetic or spiritual spots. These recreational services have att...
Marine and coastal ecosystems have provided us with various recreational services such as beach recreation, recreational fishing, and aesthetic or spiritual spots. These recreational services have attracted attention in recent years from the viewpoint of improving psychological human well-beings as well as providing economic values through sightseeing and recreation. However, quantitative evaluation of recreational services provided by seascape is not enough. In this research, I constructed the statistical model to reveal the relationship between environments and marine and coastal recreational values evaluated by a user valuation at travel-review websites. Then, I applied this model to future climate and demographic changes to assess future threat to recreation services in Japan.
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Hochreutener, A.; Pachlatko, J.; Wyttenbach, M.; Boldt, A.; Rupf, R.,
Aletsch Forest in the UNESCO natural World Heritage site Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch: changes of visitor flows and vegetation in the last ten years
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The Aletsch Forest in Switzerland lies within the UNESCO natural World Heritage site Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch and is one of the oldest of its kind. The 410 ha large forest is protected as a cantona...
The Aletsch Forest in Switzerland lies within the UNESCO natural World Heritage site Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch and is one of the oldest of its kind. The 410 ha large forest is protected as a cantonal forest and nature reserve as well as a federal wildlife reserve. The private nature conservation organization Pro Natura manages the area on behalf of the canton of Valais. Recreationists greatly value this pristine nature and each summer many people visit the forest. Management of the Aletsch Forest therefore faces the challenge of finding a balance between use and protection. Utmost priority has the undisturbed natural development of the forest. It is prohibited to leave official trails or resting areas. Still, a sustainable recreational use should be possible. To navigate between these demands and to make effective visitor management decisions, the area management needs empirical data to characterise recreationists (Clivaz et al. 2013) as well as the natural setting (Stankey et al. 1985).
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Kim, H.; Ito, R.; Shoji, Y.; Aikoh, T.,
Evaluation of crowding acceptability in national recreation area using field and web-based surveys: A case study in Shiretoko World Heritage site
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Crowding management is an important issue in the field of natural recreation. Our study site at Shiretoko National Park is one of Japans most popular natural recreation areas, visited by over 1 millio...
Crowding management is an important issue in the field of natural recreation. Our study site at Shiretoko National Park is one of Japans most popular natural recreation areas, visited by over 1 million visitors every year. Particularly in the summer season, many visitors want to observe bears, causing crowding problems. To solve these crowding issues, it is essential to determine the appropriate carrying capacity in natural recreation areas. To this end, investigating visitors crowding perceptions (crowding norms) is necessary. There are various approaches to measuring visitors crowding norms. More recently, visual approaches have been widely applied. This approach enables the identification of respondents crowding norms by asking them to identify the most acceptable level of crowding using photographs or illustrations (Manning & Freimund, 2004). As this approach uses photographs or illustrations, respondents can visibly recognize and recall the places in question (Manning & Freimund, 2004). Many studies investigating visitors crowding norms have been conducted using field and web- based surveys. However, researchers have given limited attention to explaining how crowding norms differ between fields and potential visitors. When determining the appropriate carrying capacity in natural recreation areas, it is necessary to consider both visitor types crowding norms; this paper investigates these, providing suggestions for determining the appropriate carrying capacity.
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Jungmeier, M.; Kovarovics, A.; Leitner, H.; Rossmann, D.,
Managing emerging patterns of outdoor recreation - The example of Nockberge Bio-sphere Reserve, Austria
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed multiple aspects of human-nature interactions and relationships. In protected areas, for example, the significantly reduced or altered visitor frequencies of the ant...
The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed multiple aspects of human-nature interactions and relationships. In protected areas, for example, the significantly reduced or altered visitor frequencies of the anthropopause (Rutz et al., 2020, p. 1156) have opened up the possibility of observing the influence of tourism and visitor behaviour on wildlife. Yet, the pandemic has increased the pressure on many natural sites and protected areas. An inquiry on European protected areas identifies overcrowding, a new profile of visitors, problematic behavior, and conflicts between different user groups(McGinlay et al., 2020, p. 1) as corresponding problems. This gives measures for the precautionary proactive management of visitor flows and tourism activities a new relevance.
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Farias-Torbidoni, E.I.; Morera-Carbonell, S.; Dorado-Martinez, V.; Nogueira- Mendes, R.M.; Iturria, D.; Sola, M.,
How many is too much? A methodological approach to determining climbing carrying capacity. The case of Margalef Site - Serra de Montsant Natural Park - Spain
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Protected areas (PA) are key territories for protecting biodiversity while also providing opportunities for human-environment interactions through recreation and tourism, activities that have generall...
Protected areas (PA) are key territories for protecting biodiversity while also providing opportunities for human-environment interactions through recreation and tourism, activities that have generally grown all over the world. Over the last three decades, due to the improvement of materials, techniques, and methods of physical preparation, one of the recreational/sports use that has increased considerably in PA has been Climbing that has reached unpredictable popularity and technical levels, increasing pressure and impacts over natural and fragile environments. The Montsant Natural Park, located in the westernmost of the Catalan Pre-littoral range, within the Priorat region, is a special rocky territory with five differentiated climbing areas among which Margalef stands out by being a well known internationally climbing spot with over 1500 routes. This PA that occupies 9.242 hectares, received nearly 166.000 visits in 2020, of which almost 55% concentrated in Margalef area (Farias, Morera & Dorado, 2019). To manage visitation and nature conservation, several carrying capacity frameworks have been developed over the last decades considering all its environmental, social, and economic factors but only a few attempts have been made to operationalize this concept and to transform it into a management tool (Manning 2002). This paper aims to present an adaptation of Cifuentess Touristic Carrying Capacity (Cifuentes,1992), widely applied in the context of trails, to the climbing routes.
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Rupf, R.; Pachlatko, J.B.; Wyttenbach, M.,
Backcountry winter recreation in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Engiadina Val Müstair, Switzerland - Developments in the last 10 years
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Engiadina Val Müstair is situated in the easternmost part of Switzerland at the border to Italy. Since 2010, together with the Swiss National Park, it forms Switzerlands ...
The UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Engiadina Val Müstair is situated in the easternmost part of Switzerland at the border to Italy. Since 2010, together with the Swiss National Park, it forms Switzerlands first UNESCO biosphere reserve in the alpine region. The biosphere reserve is well known for its wildlife such as the ibex, chamois and red deer as well as grouse such as the black grouse and capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus). The latter is a large woodland species with very specialized habitat preferences. Its population has declined in recent decades in Central Europe and therefore the species is classified as endangered EN on the Swiss red list of breeding birds. Due to cold conditions with high snow cover and a lack of feed, capercaillies are very sensitive to disturbance in winter.At the same time, Val Müstair biosphere reserve is a renowned backcountry winter recreation area which attracts many visitors who are passionate about winter sports activities like snowshoeing or ski mountaineering. As a consequence, the issue of conflicts between backcountry activities and conservation has emerged. The situation from 2008 to 2010 was analysed by Rupf et al. (2011). It could be demonstrated that winter recreationists travel quite often through capercaillie core habitats.According to Swiss nationwide representative surveysfrom 2008 to 2020, the number of declared active winter backcountry sports recreationists has increased by 275 % from about 165,000 to 455,000 (Lamprecht et al., 2009, 2015, 2020). Additionally, Haegeli et al. (2019) and Rupf et al. (2019) state that some backcountry visitor groups look to avoid crowds and therefore enter new terrain, even though it would increase their risk of being caught by an avalanche. Based on those findings, there is an implication that the wildlife habitats will continue to subjected to the pressure of recreational backcountry winter sports activities. In this article we will address following research questions:1) Could increased numbers of winter backcountry recreationists also be observed in the countryside, specifically in UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Val Engiadina Val Müstair? - How have the numbers of usage changed in the last ten years?2) What effects did a forest clearance on a ski mountaineering route have for its neighbouring wildlife habitats?
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Pereira da Silva, C.; Mendes, R.N.; Fonseca, C.,
10 years of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve of Berlengas: Challenges and pitfalls
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The protected areas, including UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, have been witnessing an increase in the number of visitors, resulting in periods of human overload, which can compromise the development strat...
The protected areas, including UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, have been witnessing an increase in the number of visitors, resulting in periods of human overload, which can compromise the development strategy, conservation objectives, and the quality of the recreational experience. Information about visitors is therefore vital to create new management strategies, which also include education and environmental awareness.Now, that in 2021 we are celebrating the 10th anniversary of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve of Berlengas (Portugal), it is appropriate to assess the evolution in the last decade, mainly about visitation, and consider the challenges ahead.
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Arklina, A.,
Synergies between youth and biosphere reserve. Case of North Vidzeme Biosphere reserve, Latvia
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The COVID-19 pandemic proved that natural areas play an important role in human daily life and even more in their leisure time activities. Managing institutions of specially protected areas are paying...
The COVID-19 pandemic proved that natural areas play an important role in human daily life and even more in their leisure time activities. Managing institutions of specially protected areas are paying more attention to planning tourism infrastructure without harm to the environment and show members of society, especially youth, that these areas are open for people.More and more questions have been raised about young people and their motivation to visit protected natural areas in order to raise awareness and ensure nature protection in the future (Egan, 2016). It is important to understand why travelers go to visit nature tourism attractions and what influences their decision or motivation to go there in order to be able to prepare and offer an appropriate service.
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Arnberger, A.; Eder, R.,
Monitoring of recreation use in Austrian UNESCO Biosphere Reserves - the case of the Wienerwald Biosphere Reserve
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
UNESCOs MAB Programme and its World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) play a key role in the integration of biodiversity conservation in sustainable development. Since 1976, when the MAB Programme ...
UNESCOs MAB Programme and its World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) play a key role in the integration of biodiversity conservation in sustainable development. Since 1976, when the MAB Programme designated the first 57 BRs, the Programme has undergone many significant developments. Meanwhile, the WNBR includes more than 700 BRs in 129 countries (Köck & Arnberger 2017). BRs include not only attractive landscapes and specific landscape features but also settlement areas, and can even include parts of larger cities. Such areas are exposed not only to high overnight and day tourism pressure but also to the everyday recreation of even millions of urban residents. Austria established its first four BRs in 1977. These first generation BRs were removed from the WNBR between 2014 and 2016 because of not fulfilling the renewed criteria for BRs (Köck & Arnberger 2017). Two of these BRs were located in East-Austria and part of national parks. While for the former Untere Lobau BR, which is part of the city of Vienna, a rich and long-term data base on recreation uses exists (Arnberger 2006), there is little knowledge on recreation uses of the former Neusiedler-See BR. Between 2000 and 2019, four second generation BRs were established, among these the Wienerwald BR (WBR) located in East-Austria.
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Goossen, M.; Dekker, L.,
Recreational use in a natura2000 area and stakeholders ideas about management and maintenance: Citizens involvement, understanding the underlying views and the importance of communication.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
We conducted a recreation study in the Jufferswaard, a 31 ha floodplain in the municipality of Renkum with 30.000 inhabitants in the Netherlands. In this Natura 2000 area with recreation we counted th...
We conducted a recreation study in the Jufferswaard, a 31 ha floodplain in the municipality of Renkum with 30.000 inhabitants in the Netherlands. In this Natura 2000 area with recreation we counted the use, conducted a stakeholder analysis, qualitative interviews and an users survey. In contrast to the amount of nature data, there was no recreation data for this area. The Pilogroep, a group of active citizens in the municipality, asked us for this data.In the period 2018-2019 we counted the amount of recreational visits for one year with passive infra-red (PIR) sensors at the four entrances. We used LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) technique: a telecommunications network that allows data to be sent to and from wireless sensors over a long distance gateway. On eight days, we counted the amount of visitors manually to check the PIR-data. The accuracy of the PIR-sensors was 75%. There are 55,000 visits a year, mainly from residents of the neighbouring villages of Renkum and Heelsum. On average there are 150 visits per day, mainly between 12.00 and 14.00. Sundays are by far the busiest days. The stakeholder analysis looked at what wishes were involved about management and maintenance and how much influence the various stakeholders have. According to the Pilogroep, the accessibility of the walking paths could be improved in the area. They also have wishes for the preservation of cultural history in the area. These wishes are not directly shared by the owner of the Jufferswaard: Federal Forest Service Staatsbosbeheer. They maintain the area soberly. The wishes for the area were explained on the basis of nature images consisting of different management. The Pilogroep has a more functional nature image and Staatsbosbeheer a more wilderness nature image, although the Natura 2000 status does not necessarily require a wilderness nature image. The influence of the Pilogroep is limited in contrast to Staatsbosbeheer as an owner. But citizens involvement is important to Staatsbosbeheer.
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Folmer, A.; Schuurmans, S.; Wielenga, B.,
Critical indicators for measuring the support for bird protection among visitors in the Dutch Wadden Sea area
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
“Onbekend maakt onbemind” [Unfamiliar makes unloved], is a typical Dutch saying that refers to unfamiliarity with a place, with food or some-thing else, leading to a lack of emotional connec-tion,...
“Onbekend maakt onbemind” [Unfamiliar makes unloved], is a typical Dutch saying that refers to unfamiliarity with a place, with food or some-thing else, leading to a lack of emotional connec-tion, support and/or care. With this in mind, nine nature organisations in the Netherlands want to increase awareness on the special nature values of World Heritage Site the Wadden Sea area among a broad public, with the overall aim to enlarge support for nature and bird protection. Their campaign is part of a larger multi-faceted project called “Wij & Wadvogels” [“We and Wadden birds”], which is running from 2019 to 2026. The project is unique as it does not only focus on physical measurements to improve the natural habitat of birds (restoration and expan-sion of resting, foraging and breeding places for birds); it also includes the social valuation of na-ture, with the focus on birds. The project aims to offer new sustainable forms of bird recreation which should result in increasing support for na-ture and birds (Vogelbescherming, 2018). This aim underlines the importance of gaining more insight into which aspects contribute to a higher support for nature and bird protection most. In this paper, we investigate indicators which predict support for bird protection among visitors to the Wadden Sea area. These indicators will be part of a monitoring system which moni-tors the effectiveness of activities of the project from 2021 to 2026. Due to the corona crisis, the actual monitoring could not start yet, as the type of visitors was expected to differ significantly from a normal year. Especially the relatively high number of first time visitors was notable. On the other hand, this gave us more opportunities to investigate differences between visitors.
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Arnegger, J.; Eisenstein, B.; Job, H.; Woltering, M.,
Protected area labels as brands in tourism: insights from Germany
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Protected areas (PAs) are often major tourist attractions, notably in peripheral regions. Officially awarded designations, e.g. “national park”, have been described as being important brands that ...
Protected areas (PAs) are often major tourist attractions, notably in peripheral regions. Officially awarded designations, e.g. “national park”, have been described as being important brands that can create unique selling propositions (USP) for destinations, distinguishing them from similar, but unlabeled landscapes (Arnegger, 2014). The PA label is seen as a guarantee for quality and authentic nature experiences. Officially designated PAs represent a scarce resource since official (national or international) labels are not easily, if at all, transferable and imitable (Hannemann & Job, 2003). It is often argued that certain designations, especially national parks and world heritage sites, have a superior brand identity compared to other, less-known labels such as biosphere reserves or nature parks (Reinius & Fredman, 2007; Job et al., 2005; Nolte, 2004). However, this argument appears to be based to a large degree on specific case studies and on-site surveys rather than on systematic image assessments of PA categories. The present study addresses this research gap by evaluating the strengths of different PA categories as brands in tourism in a representative panel study for the German context. We focus on the three major large-scale PA categories as defined by the German Federal Law on Nature Conservation (BNatSchG): (a) national parks, (b) biosphere reserves and (c) nature parks (“Naturparke”), all of which can play, according to their legal mandate, important roles for tourism.
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Smith-Christensen, C.,
VMAST - the UNESCO World Heritage Visitor Management Assessment & Strategy Tool
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
UNESCO designated areas, natural and cultural heritage including World Heritage sites, Biosphere Reserves and Global Geoparks are among the most visited places and attractions in the world. After a pe...
UNESCO designated areas, natural and cultural heritage including World Heritage sites, Biosphere Reserves and Global Geoparks are among the most visited places and attractions in the world. After a period of growth and challenges relating to visitor management and overtourism, the pandemic has demonstrated the vulnerability of tourism dependent communities. To build back better, we need tools and methodologies that help enhance adaptive and transformative capacity through a systems approach.The UNESCO Visitor Management Assessment & Strategy Tool (VMAST), developed within the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention (1972) and set out through the UNESCO World Heritage Sustainable Tourism programme, is a new addition to the World Heritage Sustainable Tourism Toolkit. As a voluntary self-assessment tool, it helps site management authorities manage visitation and tourism for the protection of heritage values while localizing sustainable development goals.
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Probstl-Haider, U.; Kogler, A.,
Second homes in the European Alps - strategies to reduce the significant land take
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Since several decades spatial planning in the alpine area tries to handle the ongoing enlargement of second home areas and the loss of landscape and natural resources. The negative consequences for th...
Since several decades spatial planning in the alpine area tries to handle the ongoing enlargement of second home areas and the loss of landscape and natural resources. The negative consequences for the local population are well-known and consist of high property prices, limited space availability, gentrification and districts that are only alive on a few days a year. However, the demand is increasing since real estate can be purchased now by all persons which are inhabitants in the European Union. In addition real estate is known to be a safe investment for the future or for retirement. This trend is currently reinforced by low bank interest rates and the effects of the pandemic Covid 19.
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Xie, Y.; Wu, B.; Zhong, L.,
Enjoyed cultural services and perceived benefits through visitation to Chinese National Parks: A case study of Wuyishan Pilot
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
A growing body of research reveals the important contribution that nature exposure and national parks and protected areas (NPPAs) make(s) to hu-man health and well-being (Lemieux et al., 2012; Romagos...
A growing body of research reveals the important contribution that nature exposure and national parks and protected areas (NPPAs) make(s) to hu-man health and well-being (Lemieux et al., 2012; Romagosa et al., 2015). According to the studies, NPPAs can contribute to people mental health, psychological and physiological health, scien-tific/local knowledge accumulation and educa-tion, emotional improvement, transcendental experience, happiness, enjoyment, social net-work, reflection, self-actualization, personal growth, inspiration, quality of life, etc. Meanwhile, cultural ecosystem service (CES) studies also draw wide attention. The ES framework was promoted by the United Nations to better understand relationships between eco-system changes and human well-being develop-ment. And now, the framework is advocated by many researchers to be used as a decision-making tool to better govern and manage ecosystems and natural resources, and as well as to achieve human/citizen well-being. Scholars pointed out that CES and its contribution to psychological well-being is very important for visitor manage-ment (Willis, 2015); ES researchers also explored CES as beneficial outcomes of PA visitor activities (Roux et al., 2020). However, still few attentions were paid to the spatial distribution of visitor CES enjoyment and the corresponding benefit per-ception in a national park.In China, many NPPAs have long histories and are homes of local residents. National parks are usually combinations of many different types of protected areas from the former PA system. For example, Wuyishan Pilot (designated in 2016), our study area, is integrated from five former different types of protected areas (At-tachment figure 1), which are Wuyishan National Nature Reserve (1979), Wuyishan National Scenic and Historic Area (NSHA) (1982), Jiuqu River Na-tional Aquatic Germplasm Resource Reserve of Spinibarbus hollandi (2011), Wuyishan National Forest Park (2004) and Wuyi Tianchi National For-est Park (2013), and five other non-protected tourist resorts. Also, the national park area is largely overlapped with Mount Wuyi World Mixed Nature and Culture Heritage Site Area.Meanwhile, traditional Chinese and mod-ern global values make dual impacts on Chinese visitors. As traditional Chinese view of environ-ment follows a tian ren he yi (the unity of man and heaven) philosophy, which guide most Chi-nese PA visitors behaviors (Xu et al., 2014), out-door recreation fashion also influences many other visitors. Their motivational differences and cultural divergences (Cui et al., 2015) can result in totally different national park visitation para-digms, and thus different CES enjoyment and benefits perceptions.
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Bussard, J.,
Heritage value and stakeholders perception of four geomorphological landscapes in Southern Iceland
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Geomorphological heritage and landscapes have one common characteristic: their existence de-pends on a certain socio-cultural context and on the subjective view of different observers. In-deed, consid...
Geomorphological heritage and landscapes have one common characteristic: their existence de-pends on a certain socio-cultural context and on the subjective view of different observers. In-deed, considering landforms or portions of land as heritage results from a process of “heritage making” (“patrimonialisation”, Di Méo 2008): an object is considered as heritage when the values assigned by society or by some actors are suffi-ciently important to justify its preservation and transmission to future generations. From the per-spective of geomorphologists, the central value of a landform is its geoscientific interest (Grandgirard 1997; Reynard 2004), i.e. its interest in understanding geomorphological processes, reconstructing the formation and the evolution of a landform, etc. The values that justify the her-itage recognition of a landform may also be relat-ed to its beauty (aesthetic value), its cultural in-terest or its ecological value. A geomorphological landscape refers to a landscape whose geomorphological component is of heritage interest. Some landscapes have gained international recognition for their geosci-entific value, particularly the 93 sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List that meet crite-rion viii - “to be outstanding examples repre-senting major stages of earths history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic fea-tures”. Obviously besides their scientific interest, most of these sites are also landscapes of particu-larly high aesthetic value. As part a PhD thesis in progress (Bussard, in prep.), we first assessed the heritage value of four geomorphological landscapes in southern Iceland from a geomorphological perspective and, then, we conducted a series of interviews to see to what extent the heritage values assigned by different local stakeholders overlap with this assessment. The four geomorphological land-scapes are Skaftafell Glacier, Laki craters, Torfa-jökull caldera in the vicinity of Landmannalaugar and Breiðamerkur Glacier and its proglacial mar-gin, including Jökulsárlón.
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Li, C.; Chen, H.,
Mental health: A cross-regional comparison between the East and West coast in Taiwan
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Previous research showed that different types of landscapes and environments resulted in different mental health perceptions. Studies suggested that natural environments such as natural resources and ...
Previous research showed that different types of landscapes and environments resulted in different mental health perceptions. Studies suggested that natural environments such as natural resources and protected areas were associated with peoples health and wellness. Presence of nearby nature has effects on human both physically and psychologically, and improves peoples mental health. People who are frequently exposed to natural environments tend to have better perceptions of mental health.Taiwan has an area of 36,197 km2. The area is about one-tenth of that of Norway. The mountain ranges occupy central part of Taiwan. This results in distinctive differences in the urban and rural settings between the west and east coasts of Taiwan, as there are obviously more natural resources and protected areas such as national parks on the east coast. However, there is only a small number of studies focusing on the cross-regional comparison of health and well-being related variables such as mental health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mental health differences between residents on the east coast and residents on the west coast in Taiwan.
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Kyle, G.,
Shifting setting densities and normative evaluations of crowding over time
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
In the United States, population growth and domestic migration is placing increasing pressure on natural landscapes and the array of ecosystem services they afford. The growth has given rise to the pa...
In the United States, population growth and domestic migration is placing increasing pressure on natural landscapes and the array of ecosystem services they afford. The growth has given rise to the paradox of resource depletion through fragmentation and development while at the same time increasing the demand and need for these resources. In the context of publicly available nature-based recreation opportunities (e.g., protected areas, preserves, parks, lakes, rivers) lying near growing urban centers, the pressure can be particularly acute. Increased demand for these resources has led to ecological and social impacts. The diminished service quality increases human exposure to pollutants (e.g., water, air, noise), and stressors (e.g., conflict, crowding) within these environs. Given the array of psycho-social and physical benefits afforded by nature-based recreation opportunities, the depletion in service quality has potentially troubling implications for human wellbeing. In the context of aquatic opportunities (e.g., rivers, lakes) concern is exacerbated by both the limited availability of accessible resource substitutes and limited capacity to acquire or develop additional resources. Vaske and Shelbys (2008) meta-analysis of social carrying capacity research conducted in the context of nature-based recreation resources illustrated that for boating as a general participation category, of the 66 investigations conducted in the 30 years leading up to their analyses, 20 percent of respondents considered the condition encountered “greatly over capacity” of the resources ability to accommodate demand. When broken down into more specific aquatic categories, such as canoeing, those considering the resource demand “greatly over capacity” jumps to 50 percent. In this investigation, we document residents perceptions of shifting use patterns of an aquatic nature-based resource situated within the Austin MSA - Lake Travis - over an eight-year period from 2008 to 2016. Specifically, we examine the drivers of residents perceptions of setting density on the lake along with the cognitive and behavioral coping strategies they employ to maintain psychological homeostasis in conditions of rapid social and ecological change.
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Hurtado, M.; Burns, R.; Andrew, R.G.; Schwarzmann, D.; Moreira, J.C.,
Visitor satisfaction and crowding at the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Understanding the human benefits and pressures on ocean and coastal environments is critical to keep managing these areas in a sustainable way. Outdoor recreation in marine protected areas has been in...
Understanding the human benefits and pressures on ocean and coastal environments is critical to keep managing these areas in a sustainable way. Outdoor recreation in marine protected areas has been increasing over the years. The increasing popularity of marine areas presents a paradox. On one hand, people seek to recreate in unique natural coastal environments with settings that match their needs and desires, and at the same time, millions of people depend on coral reefs and their income from tourism. On the other hand, the same increased recreational attention has resulted in negative impacts on the physical and social environment. Unfortunately, the literature indicates that sandy coastal areas are naturally more vulnerable to recreation impacts due to interactions between wind, waves and sediments. This is the main reason why an effective management and monitoring of visitor use is fundamental in marine protected areas. Carrying capacity is a term that emerged within the environmental and outdoor recreation fields of study and can be used as a potential management tool. A background on social carrying capacity leads to two important terms, which are satisfaction and crowding. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the satisfaction and crowding of visitors at the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. There are different variables that can influence overall satisfaction and crowding levels, this study will compare these variables across recreation users, such as snorkelers and divers, and other demographic variables in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.
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Moreira, J.;Burns, R.; Andrew, R.; Schwarzmann, D.; Hurtado, M.; Martins, L.,
Social media posts: An experience from Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, US
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The US National Marine Sanctuaries newly developed visitor estimation effort (NMS-COUNT, Figure 1) engages academics, agency scientists and managers in an iterative process to research and identify vi...
The US National Marine Sanctuaries newly developed visitor estimation effort (NMS-COUNT, Figure 1) engages academics, agency scientists and managers in an iterative process to research and identify visitor estimation methods applicable to a specific site (NMS-COUNT, Burns et al, 2020).The NMS-COUNT process uses multiple different data sources to estimate visitation on water and along shorelines.Data sources include visitor interviews, traffic counts, satellite data, smart buoy data, and other technological methods.As a part of this study, social media was used to better understand perceptions and use by recreationists.The objective was to identify and analyze pictures posted by visitors that were geotagged with a specific location in Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.
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Burns, R.; Andrew, R.; Schwarzmann, D.; Moreira, J.,
Estimating marine sanctuary public use: Preliminary results from a US National Ma-rine Sanctuaries pilot project
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The U.S. contains over 172,481 square miles of underwater parks designated as National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS).They serve as a bridge to nat-ural resource exploration, education, recreation, tourism,...
The U.S. contains over 172,481 square miles of underwater parks designated as National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS).They serve as a bridge to nat-ural resource exploration, education, recreation, tourism, and offer many other ecosystem services for both U.S. citizens and foreign visitors alike.Visitors to these areas number in the mil-lions each year and account for significant eco-nomic production within, and adjacent to, these areas as well. Despite the popularity and im-portance of these areas on the whole, a knowledge gap exists with respect to visitor use and monitoring in areas of specific aquatic orien-tation.Visitor use can be profoundly productive in terms of economic activity. Therefore, the National Marine Sanctuary System is critical in supporting vast production of economic activity each year.With their unique resources, National Marine Sanctuaries attract large numbers of visi-tors every year and may serve as primary eco-nomic drivers for surrounding communities. However, specific visitor use counting and moni-toring methods are not standardized or properly applicable to specific marine sanctuary sites.A better understanding of visitor use patterns and motivations at specific marine sanctuary sites would increase the capacity for economic growth and sustainability of valuable ecosystem services in these areas. Marine sanctuaries and parks inherently have porous borders, and multiple access points may make counting as a means to arrive at visitation estimates a challenging ap-proach.The National Marine Sanctuaries Visitor Counting Process (NMS-COUNT) offers an iterative framework to address this knowledge gap while involving key stakeholders throughout the pro-cess.In this way, communication among manag-ers and researchers is incorporated to help de-velop and implement the most efficient method-ology for a particular aquatic area.
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Schwarzmann, D.; Burns, R.; Andrew, R.,
Understanding recreation use at Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: A pilot study
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
NOAAs Office of National Marine Sanctuaries has a long history of understanding economic expenditures in and near sanctuary settings. Users use can be profoundly productive in terms of economic activi...
NOAAs Office of National Marine Sanctuaries has a long history of understanding economic expenditures in and near sanctuary settings. Users use can be profoundly productive in terms of economic activity.Many studies have documented the linkage between users use and economic gain for particular areas.A 2016 study conducted by the Department of Commerce determined the gross value of recreational fishing and boating at approximately $38 billion.Concurrently, the National Marine Sanctuary System (NMS) is estimated to support several billion dollars of economic activity each year. Nationwide, the National Marine Sanctuary system attract millions of users every year and serve as primary economic drivers in many communities. A better understanding of users use patterns and motivations would certainly increase the capacity for sustainable use and preservation of ecosystem services in these areas. The National Marine Sanctuaries Users Counting Process (NMS-COUNT) is a methodology being used to understand user expenditures at Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) during the 2020/21 timeframe.Field sampling was originally scheduled for spring and summer 2020, relying on a variety of data collection techniques including in-person surveys and point counts of users.However, the recent development and spread of novel coronavirus COVID-19 within the U.S. and around the world has caused disruptions in travel and everyday life, including research activities.
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Andrew, R.; Burns, R.; Hentz, A.; Schwarzmann, D.,
Monitoring remote aquatic protected area use with remote methods during a pandemic: Innovation as necessity
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Monitoring outdoor recreation and use in remote aquatic areas presents challenges beyond traditional sampling and methodologies. A diversity of entry points and mechanisms, coupled with diffuse pathwa...
Monitoring outdoor recreation and use in remote aquatic areas presents challenges beyond traditional sampling and methodologies. A diversity of entry points and mechanisms, coupled with diffuse pathways to enter such areas makes assessment of use especially sensitive to bias and limitations of methods.Also, the unique attributes of protected areas make use assessment and monitoring an inherently customizable problem.To address these challenges, an iterative process that incorporates local expert knowledge to prioritize methods that balance accuracy and efficiency is preferred.One such process, called NMS-COUNT (Burns et al. 2020) has been developed to address use monitoring at National Marine Sanctuaries within the United States.This process seeks to apply a standardized assessment of potential methods through extensive literature review (Andrew et al. 2021) and expert panel feedback to arrive at a customized formula of methods suitable for context-specific protected areas.This method was applied to two pilot study sites using data from 2019-2020 in Grays Reef National Marine Sanctuary and Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in the southeastern U.S. During the development phase of the process, mixed methods were prioritized, including the use of in-person surveys and counting. As the design phase progressed and was ready for implementation, the COVID-19 pandemic emerged as an even greater challenge to human use sampling and monitoring.
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Lemmen, M.; Burns, R.C.; Andrew, R.G.; Schwarzmann, D.,
Assessment of visitation patterns in Grays Reef National Marine Sanctuary: An offshore aquatic protected area
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The United States includes over 600,000 square miles of underwater parks designated as National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS). These areas often serve as a popular destination for natural resource explorat...
The United States includes over 600,000 square miles of underwater parks designated as National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS). These areas often serve as a popular destination for natural resource exploration, recreation, tourism, and they offer many other ecosystem services. Understanding visitor use is fundamental for engaging and improving management in protected areas. As part of a larger scale project, named NMS-COUNT, which is developing a methodology to estimate the number of visitors in National Marine Sanctuaries, two questionnaires were distributed to potential visitors of Grays Reef National Marine Sanctuary (GRNMS) and surrounding coastal Georgia. The first survey instrument was focused on visitation and trip characteristics and the second one was focused on economics. Both questionnaires included questions about the participants demographics, trip characteristics, recreation activities and the location of GRNMS as well as departure points, the most visited location of coastal Georgia and departure points for ocean recreation trips. Participants were asked to indicate the locations on separate heat maps. The sample size of this study was 1,650 effective survey contacts, with a response rate of 50.7 %.
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Pickering, C.; Norman, P.,
Listening to public debate on Twitter about parks and other natural areas
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Increasingly those monitoring and managing natural areas are interested to know what people talk about in relation to these landscapes and tourism and recreation activities within them. But obtaining ...
Increasingly those monitoring and managing natural areas are interested to know what people talk about in relation to these landscapes and tourism and recreation activities within them. But obtaining such data can be challenging with methods such as surveys, focus groups, interviews and others limited in scale and time due to logistical and financial constraints. With increasing debate occurring online about a wide range of issues, it is increasingly possible to listen into such discussions to monitor who talks about what places and issues and how they feel about them, as well as monitor responses to specific events (Norman, 2020). Park agencies, governments and tourism operators are already using popular social media platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, to communicate with visitors and others about issues relating to visitation such as natural disasters, social unrest, the closure of parks, trails, roads or other facilities, as well as the promotion of specific events and activities. Some platforms, such as Twitter, also provide the opportunity to not only listen to peoples responses to what organizations post, but also monitor more general conversations about a wide range of relevant issues in the form of 280 character tweets posted to the platform (Norman, 2020; Teles da Mota and Pickering, 2020). Here we review some of the benefits and limitations when using Twitter to monitor public debate about natural landscapes and visitation highlighted in a range of recent papers and projects.
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Wood, S.; Lee, H.; Lia, E.; Miller, L.; Seo, B.; White, E.; Winder, S.,
Landscape-scale insights into recreational activities derived from social media content
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Volunteered geographic information, such as social media and online trip reports, are a promising source of data on the amount and character of recreational use in parks and protected areas. The vol...
Volunteered geographic information, such as social media and online trip reports, are a promising source of data on the amount and character of recreational use in parks and protected areas. The volume of data is often correlated with on-site measures of park visitation, and the content contains rich descriptions of visitors experiences. This study presents a novel and generalizable model of public land visitation based on posts to three online social media platforms and two trip reporting platforms from National Forests in Washington, USA. Then, we introduce and apply a convolutional neural network model for accurately classifying these visitors activities, based on the content of the social media. We find that social media can substantially improve estimates of visitation to public lands. Furthermore, there is also a strong correlation between the number of survey respondents reporting their participation in 14 common recreational activities and the number of social media posts classified as pertaining to the same activity. The models perform nearly as well in novel locations as in the primary location, suggesting that the approaches are broadly applicable, though performance varies by activity. By comparing our maps of recreational participation to the underlying landscape, we find that natural features (such as rivers, lakes, and higher elevations) and some built infrastructure (campgrounds, trails, roads) support a greater diversity of activities, while visitors are less sensitive to features such as picnic areas and wilderness designation. Even while respecting the limitations of the volunteered data and models, these results provide actionable information to land managers by illuminating how recreation varies spatially and according to the recreational activities that are provided.
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Vaisanen, T.; Heikinheimo, V.; Hiippala, T.; Toivonen, T.,
Exploring human-nature interactions in national parks with social media photo-graphs and computer vision
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Understanding the activities and preferences of visitors is crucial for managing protected areas and planning conservation strategies. User-generated geographic information such as photographs shared...
Understanding the activities and preferences of visitors is crucial for managing protected areas and planning conservation strategies. User-generated geographic information such as photographs shared on social media have emerged as new data sources to complement more traditional visitor information such as on-site surveys. However, analyzing large volumes of photographs manually is a laborious task. Automated analysis of the rich textual and visual content on social media data offers new opportunities for understanding human presence and activities in nature (Toivonen et al. 2019). Approaches for textual and content analysis have been widely developed under the umbrella of conservation culturomics (Ladle et al. 2016). They have been recognized as a useful data source for nature conservation. At the same time, automated analysis visual content has remained rather underexplored when mapping human activities in nature. In this presentation we present our findings of using computer vision methods to explore human-nature interactions from social media photographs and their applicability to visitor monitoring of protected areas. Our main questions are: What types of information can off-the-shelf computer vision methods extract from social media photographs, in terms of activities and preferences of people? Do different visitor groups share different types of photographs from national parks? How does photographic content vary between different types of national parks?
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English, D.; White, E.,
Potential contributions of crowd-sourced data in public lands recreation monitoring systems
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Data on recreation use and visitor patterns are critical for information decisions about recreation management and policy. In the U.S., the recreation monitoring systems used by the federal public lan...
Data on recreation use and visitor patterns are critical for information decisions about recreation management and policy. In the U.S., the recreation monitoring systems used by the federal public land agencies rely almost exclusively on traditional tools and approaches (Leggett et al. 2017). Specifically, U.S. federal agencies commonly combine permanent and temporary traffic counters with on-site visitor surveying to measure the amount of recreation use and visitor characteristics. Of the federal agency recreation monitoring programs, the National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) Program used by the United States Forest Service is viewed as the most comprehensive. Recreation practitioners and policymakers have raised the potential for using crowd-sourced and online information posted by visitors in place of, or as supplement to, traditional recreation monitoring programs. We have found that crowd-sourced data, including social media posts, are well correlated with official NVUM use estimates across a range of spatial resolutions (Fisher et al. 2018, Wood et al. 2020). Further, Wood et al. found that models could be used to directly estimate the amount of recreation use, even at previously unstudied sites. However, that study also found that models developed using social media data worked best when they incorporated some on-the-ground counts gathered using traditional approaches. In this presentation, we describe opportunities to use crowd sourced data to complement the National Visitor Use Monitoring Program. First, crowd-sourced data offers the ability to infer patterns in recreation use at individual sites. The NVUM sampling program is not designed to provide recreation use estimates for individual sites and crowd sourced data offers promise to fill in this gap. Second, the NVUM program only provides results for individual forests every five years. By identifying relationships between the crowd-sourced data and the NVUM data collected in the on-the-ground sample year, we can develop an estimate of recreation use trends in the years between NVUM sample estimates using crowd-sourced data. Finally, the NVUM sample is drawn from a population of recreation site days characterized by field managers. This characterization can be difficult for managers because it requires knowledge of fine-scale temporal patterns in recreation use at individual sites. We believe that crowd-sourced data can be used to assist in describing those temporal trends, potentially improving the accuracy in characterizing the site day population.
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Daasnes, M.,
Collaboration to promote outdoor life (friluftsliv) in the Nordic countries - Is an action plan the way forward?
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Outdoor life (friluftsliv) has a strong position in all the Nordic countries, and is mainly built on the same traditions. In the Nordic collaboration, both between authorities and organisations, outd...
Outdoor life (friluftsliv) has a strong position in all the Nordic countries, and is mainly built on the same traditions. In the Nordic collaboration, both between authorities and organisations, outdoor life have been a central theme. Nature-based tourism and outdoor life also have many commonalities in the Nordic countries. In this round-table session, invited researchers and representatives from Nordic outdoor life organizations, will present and discuss opportunities and challenges in promoting outdoor life in the Nordic countries. The session also welcome participants to discuss ideas and reflections from other parts of the world. There will be several short presentations to set the stage, followed by plenty of time to discuss. At the end of the session we will ask if there is a need for a common Nordic action plan to promote outddor life, or are there other and better instruments?
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Kajala, L.; Konu, H.; Mikkola, J.; Neuvonen, M.; Tapainen, M.; Tyrvainen, L.,
Exploring trends of visitation: 20 years of visitor monitoring in Finnish national parks
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The demand of nature-based tourism and recreation has increased due to changes in society, leisure, urbanization, and increased awareness of the health benefits of nature, and during the COVID-19 pand...
The demand of nature-based tourism and recreation has increased due to changes in society, leisure, urbanization, and increased awareness of the health benefits of nature, and during the COVID-19 pandemic destinations such as national parks and protected areas have become even more popular (e.g. Haukeland et al. 2021; Rikkonen et al. 2020). The steady growth during the last decade can be identified also from the increased number of national park visits in Finland (see Figure 1). The growing numbers of visitation, combined with the increase in park hectares, place pressures for management, especially as customer needs and preferences have become increasingly diversified. Gaining visitor insight - identifying growth trends and changes in visitor profiles - is essential for the quality of management in national parks. The purpose of this study is to gain a broader view on the development and trends of visitor motivations, activities, and demographics during the last 20 years. More detailed examination is also made in four park categories.
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Bleines, D.B.; Williams, S.; Rhydderch, M.,
Counting on success: Implementing a new approach to visitor data collection and usage in a national environmental public sector body
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Monitoring visitor use is critical for Natural Resources Wales (NRW) to protect ecosystems and to manage green space adequately, whilst maximising visitors wellbeing and enjoyment benefits. This resea...
Monitoring visitor use is critical for Natural Resources Wales (NRW) to protect ecosystems and to manage green space adequately, whilst maximising visitors wellbeing and enjoyment benefits. This research aims to explore the effectiveness of different types of people counters used concurrently on NRW managed land in the Summer of 2021. It presents an opportunity to review the type of data collected and its application to support decision-making. This is timely given the changing societal backdrop pre-empted by Covid-19 and its associated impacts on nature and wellbeing.Currently NRW uses sensor and data counting technologies to measure visitor numbers. These monitor trail and car park usage in more than 120 sites managed by NRW across Wales.These technologies do not need main power, mobile phone signal or WIFI and have been in place since 2004.This emerging research is necessary to address four questions: Is the data produced by these counters still fit for purpose? Has the purpose itself changed? How is disruption minimised in longitudinal data collection when switching from one technology to another? How can technology be futureproofed in the face of rapid advances over the next 15 years?The anticipated outcomes from this work will be the selection of the most appropriate visitor counter technology capable of informing NRW recreational and wellbeing policy and practice across Wales. Having this in place will better enable NRW to discharge its regulatory, advisory, land manager and wellbeing provider roles for current and future generations.
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Bhatt, P.; Pickering, C.,
Spatial and temporal patterns of visitation: Insights from Flickr images of Chitwan National Park, Nepal
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Nature-based tourism is popular including to many national parks globally (Balmford et al. 2015). To conserve these natural areas and their biodiversity, while facilitating appropriate tourism, it is ...
Nature-based tourism is popular including to many national parks globally (Balmford et al. 2015). To conserve these natural areas and their biodiversity, while facilitating appropriate tourism, it is important to monitor visitors including when they visit, where they go and what they value. Well established monitoring methods including surveys, direct observations, interviews, track counters, ticket sales, permits, indirect observations (e.g., cameras, satellite images) as well as newer methods such as GIS tracking and Public Participatory GIS. In the last few years, social media has started to be used to monitor visitation including in protected areas. One of the most common data sources examined so far is geolocated images posted to the photo sharing platform Flickr (Teles da Mota and Pickering 2020). However, there is very limited research assessing if there is Flickr data available and if it would be useful for parks in developing countries where nature-based tourism is important, economically, socially, and environmentally but resources for monitoring are limited, such as in Nepal. Here we test how social media could be used to monitor visitation in parks in countries such as Nepal. We analyzed images about Chitwan National Park posted to Flickr, including assessing: 1) when do people visit the Park and how similar are the patterns to ground visitor data, 2) where do people go and how does this vary seasonally and 3) what do people value in the Park.
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Hutton, E.; Nikula, A.; Tuulentie,S.,
Comparing participatory GIS and social media data with more traditional visitor monitoring methods
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Visitor numbers, new user groups and new activities in recreation areas are increasing and thus creating a need for new visitor monitoring tools. These methods should ideally provide continuously upda...
Visitor numbers, new user groups and new activities in recreation areas are increasing and thus creating a need for new visitor monitoring tools. These methods should ideally provide continuously updating, located data of user groups and activities. Our aim was to explore the usability of public social media data, web-shared GIS and online PPGIS surveys for visitor monitoring in remote and less visited protected recreational areas. The study was made as a part of Interreg Nord funded Halti project in a border region of two Nordic countries consisting of popular recreational sites of Käsivarsi Wilderness Area, Malla Strict Nature reserve and Kilpisjärvi village in Finland and Reisa National Park and Kåfjorddalen in Norway.
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Hunziker, M.; Hegetschweiler, T.; Wartmann, F.; Salak, B.; Bauer, N.; Torregroza, L.; Kienast, F.,
Monitoring approaches in Switzerland that integrate both physical/spatial and preference/recreation data
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
In Switzerland there are two major monitoring programs that include outdoor recreation and try to integrate physical/spatial data from area statistics and remote sensing as well as social data from su...
In Switzerland there are two major monitoring programs that include outdoor recreation and try to integrate physical/spatial data from area statistics and remote sensing as well as social data from surveys. The first one is forest monitoring consisting of the National Forest Inventory (NFI) as well as the socio-cultural forest monitoring WaMos. The second one is the landscape monitoring program LABES which includes various physical/spatial indicators as well as preference data from surveys. Forest monitoring normally either focuses on physical aspects such as tree species, stand structure, etc. or on social aspects such as forest recreation and preferences. However, in forest recreation, both the physical characteristics of the forest as well as the social aspects play an important role. The question aroused whether NFIs and socio-cultural forest-monitoring surveys could be combined to explain and possibly even predict forest recreation patterns from forest-related and visitor-related data.
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Praestholm, S.; Andkjaer, S.,
How to survey on the “Last child in the woods” - Danish experiences with who and how to ask about childrens use of nature
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
This paper compares and discusses pro and cons regarding choice of different survey methods based on recent surveys about childrens use of nature and green spaces in Denmark (data collected 2015-2019)...
This paper compares and discusses pro and cons regarding choice of different survey methods based on recent surveys about childrens use of nature and green spaces in Denmark (data collected 2015-2019). The paper focus on differences between asking the children or the parents. The primary data origins from a survey with two thousand children aging 10-15 years (Andkjær et al. 2016). Children in 5th and 8th degree answered a digital questionnaire during school time under technical supervision by their teacher. The secondary data comprises parents responses from a national survey with responses about more than four thousand children aging 1 through 15 years (Præstholm et al. 2020). Responses regarding the same age groups as the primary data were retrieved.
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Van den Heuvel, L.; Blicharska, M.; Blyth, S.; Ronnback, P.,
Monitoring recreational fishing activities: anglers attitudes towards a national catch reporting program
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Recreational fishing activities have been facing a decline in participation rates throughout industrialized countries in recent years (Arlinghaus et al., 2015). However, many countries are now seeing ...
Recreational fishing activities have been facing a decline in participation rates throughout industrialized countries in recent years (Arlinghaus et al., 2015). However, many countries are now seeing a considerable increase in recreational fishing license sales as a response to the restrictions on many indoor sports and leisure activities caused by the Covid-19 pandemic (Cooke et al., 2021). Recreational fishing activities have the potential to affect fish populations worldwide, but data about actual fishing pressure is lacking in many countries. Despite the European Commissions recent call for monitoring all fishing activities (including recreational efforts), the development of monitoring programs is still moving slowly. Increased understanding of potential ecological impacts of recreational fishing, combined with the current positive participation rates, emphasize a demand for monitoring recreational fishing catches and effort.
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Keller, R.,
Sounds like Norway: a review of research needs and future paths
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Many of us experience some surprise when we step off a beaten trail and into a wooded dell. Suddenly, we feel a bit closer to nature: not be-cause we have finally arrived, but because we finally hear....
Many of us experience some surprise when we step off a beaten trail and into a wooded dell. Suddenly, we feel a bit closer to nature: not be-cause we have finally arrived, but because we finally hear. There has been an emphasis in re-search and conservation policy about the visual features of landscape. Yet, we hear place as much as we see it. The weaving of sounds and percep-tion within place is called the soundscape. Natu-ral soundscapes (areas mostly free of undesirable anthropogenic sounds, i.e. noise) provision hu-man wellbeing and influence positive behavior, whereas noise in nature severely degrades expe-riences connected to outdoor life (i.e.friluftsliv) and impacts wildlife. In Norway 2.1 million (40%) are exposed to outdoor noise exceeding 55dBA - a level known to drive adverse health effects- and has serious implications for effective conservation of biodiversity and diverse restorative experienc-es in national parks. Thus, parks have an increas-ing importance to harbor natural sounds and are-as free of noise. This paper presents a possible series of steps to assess and monitor natural soundscapes, following guidance provided by the US National Park Service Division of Natural Sounds, and the work of Ferraro et al. 2020, Le-venhagen et al. 2020, among others: 1. establish-ing what sounds people expect or need to hear when recreating in particular national parks and what constitutes noise (national survey); 2. inven-torying sounds using passive audio recorders (PARs) linked as a sensory array from remote to high access settings (ecological and human dis-turbance gradient); 3. linking reported friluftsliv experience with perception of place and sounds to collected acoustic data(attended listening sur-vey); 4. mapping noise proliferation in parks (PARs); 5. experimentally modify noise levels via messaging or restricting recreation equipment use to examine effects on bird distributions (point counts) human perceived (bird)biodiversity, quality, wellbeing and support for natural sounds conservation efforts (survey); 6. bring in identified important natural sounds and noise sources as indicators of soundscape quality in a management by objective framework for natural resource managers. The paper highlights how these steps may be deployed in two case studies, Femundsmarka and Rondane national parks.
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Skibins, J.,
The infinite visit: A unifying temporal/spatial framework for visitor management
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
As they are currently conceived, visitor use management frameworks for parks and protected areas (PPAs) are built upon false dichotomies and artificial constraints which preclude them from reaching th...
As they are currently conceived, visitor use management frameworks for parks and protected areas (PPAs) are built upon false dichotomies and artificial constraints which preclude them from reaching their objectives. Current frameworks create artificial constraints around the discrete on-site visit rather than considering it part of a broader temporal-spatial recreation experience, which most recreation theories advocate. Failing to temporally-spatially contextualize beyond the on-site visit artificially constrains visitor engagement and relegates visitors to being viewed as a resource to be managed rather than as partners in mission. This creates false dichotomies around the questions of when a visit begins and ends, as well as the role of a visitor.
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Ruede, D.; Krüger, F.; Garms, M.,
Visits counting from point data to area and period estimates
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
How many visitors do you have? is a basic and frequently asked question to protected area managers. However, answering such a question is challenging in the case of recreational and protected areas th...
How many visitors do you have? is a basic and frequently asked question to protected area managers. However, answering such a question is challenging in the case of recreational and protected areas that are characterized by free access and multiple entry points. Due to constraints in financial and personnel resources data collection cannot be anytime (time) and anywhere (space). Thus, the selection of suitable data collection methods and their proper combination arises (Muhar, Arnberger and Brandenburg, 2002, p.1). Within this study, we answer the question for the Black Forest National Park by using counting devices and manual counting events. In addition to estimating the total number of visits, we estimate the relative importance of different use types such as hiking, biking and winter sports. As we are interested in monitoring changes over time, we put a special emphasis on developing a reproducible methodology that can be applied in upcoming years.
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Lia, E.; Wood, S.; Winder, S.; Miller, L.; White, E.,
Community science supported recreation data using a SMS chatbot
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Collecting data on visitors demographics, their experiences, and general use patterns at recreation sites, such as trails, requires significant effort and resources. Despite this information being hig...
Collecting data on visitors demographics, their experiences, and general use patterns at recreation sites, such as trails, requires significant effort and resources. Despite this information being highly valuable to recreation planners for decision-making, there is often a scarcity of data at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales. To address this data gap, we developed a community science method, VisitorsCount!, to engage visitors in the data collection process. Visitors provide information about their recreation trip by interacting with a simple text-messaging chabot. This method allows visitors to submit data on recreation use and visitor experience with no prior training. We tested this method in the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest in Washington State, USA.
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Bredeweg, E.; D'Antonio, A.; Esser, S.; Jacobs, A.,
Steps on a path: An application of machine learning using a random forest algorithm to predict visitor use levels on trails in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Understanding the location and level of recreation use in park and protected areas (PPA) can be useful for effective visitor use management. While there is a wealth of geospatial data available online...
Understanding the location and level of recreation use in park and protected areas (PPA) can be useful for effective visitor use management. While there is a wealth of geospatial data available online and in the manager databases of many PPA, the development and format of these datasets may be shaped more by the nature of GIS software than the way visitors explore and use a PPA system. Moreover, aspects important for visitor management such as quantification of visitor use levels on trails may be more difficult to source for each trail segment than physical trail characteristics (length, location, elevation profile, etc.). It would be expected that trail characteristics would influence the traffic of visitors, but there are many other factors such as accessibility, parking, or nearby attractions that can influence visitor behavior in complex ways. While we can obtain the physical characteristics, available amenities, and relative locations of trails within the entire PPA, we often do not have visitor use levels on the same extent. In order to examine visitor use levels on the scale of the entire PPA, we need to be able to model the relationship between physical location, trail characteristics, and amenities that ultimately shape visitor use.
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Sacher, P.,
The influence of deadwood on forest recreation - results of a choice experiment in Bavaria/Germany
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Forests cover one third of the land area of Germany. They are among the most important land use forms in the country and provide important ecosystem services (ESS). After centuries of human influence,...
Forests cover one third of the land area of Germany. They are among the most important land use forms in the country and provide important ecosystem services (ESS). After centuries of human influence, only a few forests develop without human interferences. In particular, the core zones of large-scale protected areas like national parks have to be mentioned here. One characteristic feature of natural forest development is deadwood, which occurs in most managed forests only to a small extent. However, deadwood is an important factor for biodiversity and long-term health of forests and should be preserved instead of removing it (Thorn et al. 2020). The importance of deadwood for forests was also recognized in the German National Biodiversity Strategy of 2007. This also includes programs for the enrichment of deadwood in mainly commercially used forests which are often visited for recreational purposes. Thus, the question of how the general public will react to different deadwood management measures in terms of recreational behavior is of great interest. Ultimately, the goal of this research was to identify trade-offs that arise between a more biodiversity-oriented forestry and recreational values of forest.
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Mayer, M.; Sinclair, M.; Woltering, M.; Ghermandi, A.,
Opportunities and limits of social media data for monitoring and valuing visitation in protected areas - evidence from the German national parks
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
As exemplified by the recent review articles by Ghermandi and Sinclair (2019) and Teles de la Mota and Pickering (2020), social media as data source for environmental sciences, nature-based tourism an...
As exemplified by the recent review articles by Ghermandi and Sinclair (2019) and Teles de la Mota and Pickering (2020), social media as data source for environmental sciences, nature-based tourism and visitor monitoring is a highly dynamic field. However, what is missing despite many promising results are validations of the results of social media analyses against those obtained with “traditional” onsite visitor monitoring approaches. Therefore, we compare in this contribution social media data (Sinclair et al. 2020a,b) and onsite survey results (e.g. Job et al. 2016) in nearly all German national parks with respect to visitor provenance, visitor type (local, day-tripper, vacationists) and recreational value of national park visits (consumer surplus). Furthermore, we estimate visitation numbers based on social media data for protected areas without systematic visitor counting and provide information about the spatio-temporal visitor behavior in the protected areas.
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Breyne, J.;Marechal, K.; Dufrene, M.,
Monitoring visitors in diffuse nature areas, a case study in the Belgian Ardenne
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Nature-based tourism and recreation are ecosystem services that have the potential to benefit human wellbeing, as well as local economies (Haines-Young and Potschin, 2010). They can therefore represen...
Nature-based tourism and recreation are ecosystem services that have the potential to benefit human wellbeing, as well as local economies (Haines-Young and Potschin, 2010). They can therefore represent an important political argument to conserve and restore nature areas (Schirpke et al., 2018). However, for these contributions to be acknowledged, they should first be monitored. The number of visits to nature areas has been recognised as one of the major indicators to assess nature-based tourism and recreation (Schägner et al., 2018). Visiting frequencies are, for example, crucial for the estimation of economic contributions. However, for diffuse nature areas with multiple entry and exit points, this data is often scarce, scattered and imprecise. Recently, innovative technologies have allowed to obtain more continuous and/or detailed data for both small and larger areas (Kellner and Egger, 2016). Our research used two of those methodologies to estimate visitor frequencies in nature areas: 1) an analysis based on passive mobile phone positioning data and 2) automatized image analysis based on photos issued from camera traps. Our case study area concerns the Ardenne forests, located in southern Belgium (Walloon region) for the period spring 2018 - summer 2019. The aim of this research is to improve ecosystem services assessments concerning nature-based tourism and recreation and, by doing so, facilitate ES being taken into account by site managers and policy makers in the sustainable management of nature areas.
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Olafsson, A.S.; Purves, R.S.; Garcia-Martin, M.; Wartmen, F.; Fagerholm, N.; Torralba, M.; Albert, C.; Verbrugge, L.; Heikinheimo, V.; Kaaronen, R.; Hartmann, M.; Plieninger, T.; Raymond, C.,
Comparing landscape value patterns between participatory mapping and social media content across Europe.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Visitor monitoring and mapping techniques are rapidly evolving fuele…Visitor monitoring and mapping techniques are rapidly evolving fueled by open georeferenced data and social media opportunities. ...
Visitor monitoring and mapping techniques are rapidly evolving fuele…Visitor monitoring and mapping techniques are rapidly evolving fueled by open georeferenced data and social media opportunities. Knowledge on how visitors use and value landscapes is increasingly elucidated by social media data or user-generated data passively contributed by online communities. Examples of this is the use of data from social media such as Flickr, where users share and store geocoded images in an online platform. Here images, locations and associated tags is opportunistic crowdsourced by researchers and planners to conceptually and spatially elicit landscape values such as cultural ecosystem services and relational values.At the same time, integrated landscape planning and management has increasingly focus on planning ideals of deliberative processes, co-creation and inclusion of diverse values. Examples of this is participatory mapping techniques aimed to support the inclusion of diverse values held by residents and visitors into integrated landscape management. By the use of online public participation GIS (PPGIS), participants are actively recruited to purposely map socio-cultural values about specific landscapes.The values data collated using active participatory mapping techniques and passive user generated data is rarely compared.In this study, we bring PPGIS and Flickr together in an exploration and discussion of the similarities and differences. In contrast to previous comparative studies focused on single study site, we expand the analyses from a single site to cross-site analyses of 19 landscapes across Europe (in 11 countries). We argue that in order for planners to harness the qualities of both - we need to place a spotlight on strengths and shortcomings of each method and core opportunities for complementary use. We do this by a direct comparison of the spatial distribution, intensity and type of landscape values elicited using PPGIS and Flickr data.Moreover, we relate similarities or differences to specific landscape characteristics and types of landscape values.
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Heikinheimo, V.; Toivonen, T.,
Critical comparison of social media and other user-generated geographic information as a source of visitor information - lessons learned in the SoMeCon-project
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Up-to-date information about outdoor recreation experiences is important for the planning and management of national parks and other outdoor destinations. User-generated data such as geotagged social ...
Up-to-date information about outdoor recreation experiences is important for the planning and management of national parks and other outdoor destinations. User-generated data such as geotagged social media posts and GPS-tracks shared via sports applications have emerged as potential new data sources to complement on-site counters and surveys. There are considerable amounts of geographic information available from digital platforms and mobile devices representing the movements, activities and preferences of visitors, and these data have been increasingly used for studying visits to national parks and green spaces..This presentation draws together our findings from the Social Media Data for Conservation Science -project SoMeCon (2016-2021). Our main objectives were to 1) gain methodological understanding about social media and other user-generated data sets as a source of geographic information, and 2) to provide new information about the spatial and temporal patterns of human activities in national parks and green spaces. We compared social media data to official visitor statistics from Finnish and South African national parks, and social media to other sources of user-generated geographic information (sports app data, mobile network data, PPGIS data) from urban green spaces in Helsinki, Finland.
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Mayer, M.; Staab, J.; Udas, E.; Taubenbock, H.,
Triggered trail camera images and machine learning based computer vision as alternative to established visitor monitoring approaches?
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Visitor monitoring is crucial for many management and valuation tasks in protected areas and other recreational landscapes. Its core data are visitor numbers which are costly to estimate in absence of...
Visitor monitoring is crucial for many management and valuation tasks in protected areas and other recreational landscapes. Its core data are visitor numbers which are costly to estimate in absence of entry fees. Camera-based approaches have the potential to be both, accurate and deliver comprehensive data about visitor numbers, types and activities. So far, camera-based visitor monitoring is, however, costly due to time consuming manual image evaluation (Miller et al. 2017). To overcome this limitation, we deployed a convolutional neural network (CNN) and compared its hourly counts against existing visitor counting methods such as manual in-situ counting, a pressure sensor, and manual camera image evaluations.
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Mendes, R. M. N.; Farias-Torbidoni, E.; Morera, S.; Dorado, V.,
Using web share services to monitor high sensitive habitats. A GIS approach to Pedraforca, Spain.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Over the last decades, recreational uses in Natural & Protected Areas (N&PA) have increased largely all over the world, requiring extra efforts among staff and management teams of these territ...
Over the last decades, recreational uses in Natural & Protected Areas (N&PA) have increased largely all over the world, requiring extra efforts among staff and management teams of these territories to deal with this reality. In many places, nature conservation has somehow even been replaced by tourism management due to social and economic factors altogether with the massification of visitors. Modern lifestyles have contributed to this situation where visitation peaks concentrate within short periods such as Holy Week, summer, or winter vacations depending on local culture and social habits. Quite often these visitation peaks largely exceed any ecological or social carrying capacity becoming a delicate subject to deal with, reducing in many cases the administration of N&PA to the management of visitors crowds and traffic.One of the situations that happen due to overuse is the proliferation of trails that can lead to ecological and soil impacts from erosion, roots/bare rock exposure to changes of species, or habitat fragmentation, among others. Even in N&PA with a well-structured trails network, the proliferation of variants of trails and paths can easily happen, becoming a serious problem for managers due to its ecological impacts but also due to risk and safety issues for visitors/users. Keeping tracking and monitoring trails proliferation is a demanding task, where technology such as high-resolution imagery or digital elevation models can provide a huge help. Nevertheless, although these data sources become more affordable and widely available they might not work for all places. In this paper, we discuss the use of smart data and technologies as a potential tool to provide new insights on how to deal with this issue by taking advantage of web-share platforms and a myriad of GPS tracks - what can be acknowledged as an advantage of modern uses of N&PA.
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Conti, E.; Farsari, I.,
Nature-based tourism experiences between mobile connectivity and the freedom of disconnecting
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Mobile Internet connectivity is traditionally seen as an experience enhancer in tourism, and extant research in the context of natural and protected areas show a positive attitude towards such technol...
Mobile Internet connectivity is traditionally seen as an experience enhancer in tourism, and extant research in the context of natural and protected areas show a positive attitude towards such technology. On the visitor experiences side, it enhances safety, information retrieval, connectivity to peers and accessibility (Elmahdy, Haukeland and Fredman, 2017). On the destination managements side, it constitutes a resource for visitor planning, monitoring and engagement (Pickering, Chelsey, Barros and Rossi, 2020; Hausmann et al., 2017).Recent studies are discussing more critically whether ubiquitous connectivity always represents a resource for tourism or conversely a factor that jeopardizes the tourism experience by triggering pressures, discomfort as well as estrangement from local communities and places (Egger, Lei and Wassler, 2020). The issue is particularly important within nature-based tourism, due to its relation to experiential themes of genuineness, detoxification and escapism and its localization in areas where transformational and educational experiences are prioritized (Li, Pearce & Low, 2018).
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Calderon, M. M.; Lozano, C. A. B.; Jimenez, E. C.,
Tourism overuse indicators system for protected areas and buffer zones
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
There are considerable national parks and other protected areas around the world that are attracting a huge number of visitors annually. In many cases the tourist visitation can be highly concentrated...
There are considerable national parks and other protected areas around the world that are attracting a huge number of visitors annually. In many cases the tourist visitation can be highly concentrated both spatially and temporally leading to the generation of impacts in different directions in social, economic, environmental, technical areas not only within the protected area but also in its buffer zone. Because of this situation and the absence of specific indicators to manage tourism overuse, this study aims to develop a proposal of indicators and sustainability index of tourist frequentation to determine the impact of ecotourism associated with protected areas and buffer zones of high tourist demand. The selection of indicators was carried out after a systematic process consisting of: (i) identification of the problem to be evaluated, (ii) definition of indicators and their variables, (iii) selection of indicators, (iv) definition of criteria for indicator selection, (v) selection of indicators, (vi) design of indicators, (v) validation of indicators using the Delphi method. As a result, there are a set of 32 indicators that take into account areas such as natural resources, community, visitors, protected area management, and tourist operation. The proposal includes an Approximate Tourism Visitation Sustainability Index (AToViSI) which varies between 0 and 1 according to the degree of sustainability determined. The proposal collaborates in the management (both internally and externally) of protected areas to generate mechanisms or strategies towards the sustainability of the tourist destination. The COVID-19 pandemic is an opportunity to improve visitor management and not make past mistakes or at least mitigate and guide adaptive management to more sustainable conditions in areas of high tourist attraction.
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Ancin-murguzur, F. J.; Monz, C.; Munoz, N. C. L.; D'Antonio, A.; Sisneros-Kidd, A.; Tomczyk, A.; Ewertowski, M.,
Recreation and tourism monitoring under increased pressure: practical tools and approaches for sustainable management
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
This session will be organized as a discussion panel with short introductory presentations (approx. 15-20 minutes) and a discussion after each presentation, first between the panelists, and afterward ...
This session will be organized as a discussion panel with short introductory presentations (approx. 15-20 minutes) and a discussion after each presentation, first between the panelists, and afterward opened to the public. We will cover an integrative view of the available technological tools to monitor visitor impacts on protected areas and their relationship with visitor preferences on nature (i.e., cultural ecosystem services). With the increased visitation to nature, especially to parks and protected areas (PPA), there is a growing need for tools that allow rapid gathering of data regarding the visitor preferences in PPA and their impact on the landscape. The session aims to achieve an overview of how the complexity of the combination of increasing visitation with degradation of natural features can be addressed by integrating different methods.
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Blye, C.; Hvenegaard, G.; Halpenny, E.,
Investigating the outcomes of personal interpretation and extending the psychological factors of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Environmental interpretation can help mitigate the negative impacts of recreation, tourism, and human use of parks and protected areas. Inter-pretation is a mission-based approach to commu-nication ai...
Environmental interpretation can help mitigate the negative impacts of recreation, tourism, and human use of parks and protected areas. Inter-pretation is a mission-based approach to commu-nication aimed at provoking in audiences the discovery of personal meaning and the forging of personal connections with things, places, people, and concepts (Ham, 2016). Personal interpreta-tion enhances enjoyment of visitor experiences (Stern et al., 2011), increase visitors knowledge and understanding of natural and cultural re-sources (Ham, 2016), foster a sense of apprecia-tion toward those resources (Powell et al., 2009), and promotes stewardship behaviors (Ham, 2016). Importantly, interpretation can be an ef-fective management tool for parks to mitigate and influence visitor behaviours (Marion & Reid 2007). This study sought to determine, based on a case study of Albertas Provincial Parks, the out-comes of personal interpretive programs and the factors influencing those outcomes. As a major goal of interpretation is behav-ioural change, this study employed Ajzens (1991; 2011) Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) which suggests that behaviour is best predicted by a persons intention to perform a specific behav-iour, and this in turn is explained by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control associated with the behaviour in ques-tion. The TPB performs well in predicting a wide range of behaviours and behavioural intentions including environmental behaviours (Vagias et al., 2014). This study not only investigated the effi-cacy of environmental interpretation on influenc-ing pro-environmental behaviour intentions, but also expanded on the theoretical constructs mak-ing up TPB. As such, motivations, satisfaction of visit, knowledge, and environmental worldview were included. The additional psychological con-structs were included in the proposed theoreti-cal model based on previous studies focused on environmental interpretation and pro-environmental behaviours (Moghimehfar & Hal-penny, 2016; Vagias et al., 2014).This study examined the following hy-potheses: (1) Attending in-person environmental interpretation programs increases park visitors intentions to engage in pro-environmental behav-iours; (2) The TPB variables (e.g., perceived be-havioral control, attitudes, and social norms) help predict park visitors pro-environmental behav-ioural intentions; and (3) Motivations, satisfaction of visit, environmental knowledge, and environ-mental worldview improve the prediction of pro-environmental behaviour intentions (proposed theoretical model, figure 1)
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Ankre, R.; Wall-Reinius, S.,
Accessible recreational areas? A pilot study on disabilities, experiences and the outdoors
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Nature experiences and outdoor recreation have numerous positive outcomes with important physical and mental health benefits for the individual. In various international and Swedish legislative propos...
Nature experiences and outdoor recreation have numerous positive outcomes with important physical and mental health benefits for the individual. In various international and Swedish legislative proposals and governmental letters this is evident; public health and well-being must be supported, as well as outdoor recreation, and nature experiences for everyone. Some groups in society are nevertheless excluded. Different physical disabilities can be particularly challenging due to physical barriers in nature. It can also be a challenge to get to nature areas because of, for example, incomplete information, long distances, transportation, or individual ability. Lack of accessibility is still a crucial obstacle for people with disabilities to participate in outdoor recreation (Burns et al., 2009). A better understanding of the participation patterns and perceived constraints by people with disabilities is necessary if nature and outdoor recreation are going to become accessible and inclusive (Corazon et al., 2019). The project aims to understand factors that enable and hinder participation in outdoor activities for people with physical disabilities. In the context of Östersund municipality, Sweden, we discuss how people with physical disabilities perceive accessibility to nature, and analyse available information on websites. What prevents people from getting out into nature? What kind of barriers can be identified? What kind of information is needed and is it available?
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Delphine, L.; Morales, E.; Theriault, W.; Tang, B.; Routhier, F.; Mortenson, W. B. ; Prescott, M.,
“Inclusive Parks”: A scoping review of accessibility standards for people with disabili-ties
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
It is well recognized that access to green and blue spaces have physical, social, psychological and health benefits for people with and without disabilities (Gascon et al., 2017; Labbé et al., 2019; ...
It is well recognized that access to green and blue spaces have physical, social, psychological and health benefits for people with and without disabilities (Gascon et al., 2017; Labbé et al., 2019; Markevych et al., 2017; Merrick et al., 2020; Rugel et al., 2019, Zhang et al, 2019.). However, many people with disabilities are still excluded from these spaces because of accessibility issues (Burns et al., 2009). The federal government has determined that accessibility for people with disabilities in Canadas world-renowned national parks should be addressed (Marcastel, 2019). Historically, standards have focused on promoting access for people with physical disabilities; however, existing accessibility standards are relatively dated and have had less emphasis on people who experience cognitive or sensory challenges (i.e., visual or auditory) (Parks Canada, 1994). For example, wayfinding is emerging as a critical topic for different disabilities to identify accessible routes for planning purposes and enable real-time navigation. Moreover, environmental features intended for one group (e.g., tactile sidewalk sections for people with vision problems) may make it challenging for people from another group (e.g., those who use mobility devices like wheelchairs) (Ormerod et al., 2015). It is thus important to avoid developing standards in a siloed manner (i.e., with only one disability group in mind). This scoping review is part of the project Providing Accessible ReCreation Outdoors: User-driven Research on Standards (PARCOURS) which overarching goal is to improve the Canadian accessibility standards for national parks funded by the Canadian Accessibility Standards Development Organization. The first phase of this project was to conduct a scoping review to compare and contrast existing international and national standards and novel research evidence to inform the development of revised standards. The question guiding the search for relevant studies was “What are the current accessibility standards in terms of outdoor spaces, including parks to allow people with disabilities to enjoy the natural environments in their community?”
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Prescott, M.; Robillard, J.; Grandisson, M.; Mahmood, A.; Francois, R.; Best, K.L.; Labbe, D.; Mostafavi, M. A.; Miller, W. C.; Morales, E.; Sawatzky, B.; Bulk, L.; Aguilar-Carrasco, M. J.; Borisoff, J.;Mortenson, W. B.,
Providing accessible recreation outdoors: User-driven research on standards (PARCOURS) - Research protocol
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Although people with disabilities desire outdoor park experiences similar to other visitors, getting around parks and enjoying their features can be a challenge. There are environmental obstacles and ...
Although people with disabilities desire outdoor park experiences similar to other visitors, getting around parks and enjoying their features can be a challenge. There are environmental obstacles and hazards that affect the accessibility and enjoyment of parks (i.e., wayfaring) as well as difficulties maintaining orientation and direction (i.e., wayfinding) that can result in anxiety. These conditions can diminish the many benefits attributable to park participation. In Canada, federal parks have a duty to accommodate, as best they can, the diverse needs and preferences of people with disabilities who make up 22.3% of the population. In response to this imperative, Canada is in the process of developing accessibility standards to ensure universal access. The overarching purpose of this study, funded by Accessible Standards Canada (ASC), is to inform these standards through the lived experiences of people with disabilities. The objectives are to identify and prioritize the impact environmental factors have on the ability of individuals to gain access to and enjoyment of all aspects of the park experience, document the range of these requirements, and develop and prioritize standards that can be used by parks to promote accessibility in parks. The following describes the proposed protocol for the study.
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Dahlberg, A.; Borgstrom, S.,
A just access to urban green commons? The case of people using wheelchairs in Stockholm
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Urban green space and urban green infrastructure as contributors to city qualities have received growing scholarly and practical attention. Of the many forms of urban green space, we focus on urban gr...
Urban green space and urban green infrastructure as contributors to city qualities have received growing scholarly and practical attention. Of the many forms of urban green space, we focus on urban green commons (UGC), arguing that issues of environmental justice are highlighted and strengthened in the perspective of commons. The UGC concept has been used with slightly different meanings, where e.g. Németh (2012) defines urban commons (not only green spaces) as being collectively owned, held in joint use, and to which everyone has access. Coldings and Barthels (2013:157) definition of UGC includes urban green space of varied ownership and which “depend on collective organization and management”, as e.g. community gardens and allotment gardens, which are not open to all. In this study, we define UGC as green spaces that legally are accessible to anyone, which in a Swedish context is where the Right of Public Access applies (SEPA 2020). However, just because you have the legal right of access does not mean that you have realized access.We focus on access in a broad sense explored from an environmental justice perspective. The degree of access is often defined quantitatively such as proximity to green spaces, or by how many from a certain social group use these spaces (Kabisch & Haase 2014). However, access is a complex concept, and inspired by Rigolon (2016) we include mental (e.g. fear), social (e.g. company), physical (e.g. roots, ice), and structural (e.g. transport, information) aspects of access. There are different ways of theorizing and analyzing environmental justice (e.g. Anguelovski 2020), and in this study, we follow Svarstad and Benjaminsen (2020), who defines environmental justice as distributive, recognition, procedural, and capabilities, and Rutt and Gulsrud (2016) who apply this lens on access to UGC. We find that within these categories all aspects of environmental justice can be explored.UGC are intended to be accessible for all people - but is that really the case? Loftus (2020) raises the question about what really is included in the expression “all the people” that often is used in policy and planning declarations, also concerning urban green spaces. But are they in practice UGC from an environmental justice perspective? The use of UGC is increasingly studied, but people with impaired mobility, e.g. using a wheelchair, is one example of a group whose access to urban green spaces has been largely neglected. Most studies about this group include all disabilities (Burns 2013) or are not focused solely on the urban context (Burns 2013, Stigsdotter 2018). However, Corazon et al. (2019) present a qualitative study with people with mobility impairment in cities.
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Wolf, I. D.; Waitt, G.,
Wellbeing geovisualization: geographies of difference, accessibility and everyday natures.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Some of the benefits for people whose everyday routines are organized to incorporate interactions with places for nature are well established in the liveable cities literature. Officially designated g...
Some of the benefits for people whose everyday routines are organized to incorporate interactions with places for nature are well established in the liveable cities literature. Officially designated greenspaces, including parks and reserves, for instance not only play an important role in maintaining biodiversity and socio-ecological functions; they offer urban recreationists the opportunity to exercise, socialize and relax (Torland, Weiler, Moyle & Wolf, 2015; Wolf, Stricker, & Hagenloh, 2015). And yet the multitude of benefits of urban places of nature remains largely understudied (Wolf, Ainsworth & Crowley, 2017). Also places that may be socially constituted as natural beyond official categories of greenspace are often not included when researching the benefits of engagement with places for nature. This project enrolls a participatory geographic information system (PGIS) and specifically visualization to better understand the relationships between everyday natures and wellbeing.
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Karlsdottir, B.; O'Brien, L.,
How mobile apps can draw families to the forest
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Forestry England has a history of producing chil-drens activity trails at their forest sites based on popular media characters such as Zog and Stick-man. The aim of these trails is to engage children ...
Forestry England has a history of producing chil-drens activity trails at their forest sites based on popular media characters such as Zog and Stick-man. The aim of these trails is to engage children and families with the forest through forest-based activities with stories which are meaningful to children. For a recent trail based on Shaun the Sheep (an animated film by Aardman Animations), Forestry England partnered with Sport England to also encourage increased physical activity. Some of the trails have been app-based, using technology to provide visitors with chal-lenges and fun interactive and augmented reality elements. Activity packs are sold on site with stickers and activity booklets linked with the apps which are free. Signposts or statues of characters provide clues along the trails. Previous surveys have shown that the trails, especially the Gruffalo Spotters in 2017, have brought a high number of visitors to the forest. Encouraging increased visits to forest sites and other natural environments brings multiple, phys-ical, psychological and social benefits to visi-tors (OBrien et al., 2011; Houlden et al., 2018; Twohig-Bennett and Jones, 2018). Further bene-fits can be gained from undertaking physical activ-ity in forest settings (OBrien, 2019).The Forestry England trails are targeted at younger age-groups, usually ranging somewhere between 3-12 years. With mental disorders among children and young people on the rise (NHS, 2018), coupled with concerns about childrens lack of engagement with nature, it is important to design interventions for children that provide opportunities for nature-based social interactions, physical activities and cognitive res-toration. The Forestry England trails provide such opportunities through designing attractive mo-bile apps based on much loved childrens charac-ters. Time used by children on electronic media is negatively correlated with time spent in nature and connectedness to nature, and can lead to physical and psychological health prob-lems (Larson et al., 2019). However, the two are not mutually exclusive and Human-Computer Interactions (HCI) technology can improve both time spent in nature and connectedness to na-ture. Exploratory technology such as the Forestry England apps help “encourage children to ex-plore outdoors in nature” (Anggarendra and Brereton, 2016)
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Palsdottir, A.; O'Brien, L.; Dolling, A.,
Nature-based vocational training for nature conservation and human wellbeing in Skåne, Sweden
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
There has been an increase in the flow of refugees, migrants, immigrants, and asylum seekers into Europe from the Middle East and Africa, which has meant that their integration into societies has beco...
There has been an increase in the flow of refugees, migrants, immigrants, and asylum seekers into Europe from the Middle East and Africa, which has meant that their integration into societies has become an important topic. The Nordic countries have received a higher number of migrants per capita basis over the past few years than other European countries (Pitkänen et al.2017; Gentin et al., 2019). In 2015, about 163,000 people sought asylum in Sweden and the integration of these people into Swedish society has become an important focus for the government (Swedish Institute 2015-2018). Nature-based solutions have been defined by the European Commission as solutions that are inspired and supported by nature (European Commission, 2015 p5), and nature-based interventions can be used as solutions for a variety of purposes and with different groups within society. Pitkänen et al. (2017) found there is increasing interest in nature-based solutions which are seen as having the potential to be a cost-effective and efficient means of integrating migrants into host societies. A number of nature-based integration projects have been created in Nordic countries; they are mainly voluntary for migrants but can combine integration or labour market training or vocational and medical rehabilitation.
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Puhakka, R.; Pitkanen, K.; Oinonen, I.,
Does nature support the integration of immigrant youth? A study on adolescents in the city of Lahti, Finland
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Successful integration of immigrants has been identified as the key for future social and economic well-being in EU. In Finland, a great share of the recent immigrants consists of people who have come...
Successful integration of immigrants has been identified as the key for future social and economic well-being in EU. In Finland, a great share of the recent immigrants consists of people who have come to Finland as asylum seekers from countries whose cultural and natural environment is different from the Nordic countries. Nature has traditionally played a central role in the Finnish identity, although there are signs of polarisation in relation to nature among younger generations (Hakoköngäs & Puhakka 2021).Meanwhile, it is increasingly recognised that contact with nature promotes psychological, physiological, and social well-being and health (Keniger et al. 2013). Contact with nature can play an important role for social cohesion and immigrant integration (Jay & Schraml 2009). Green spaces seem to be especially important for immigrant youth to make contacts and friends across cultures (Seeland et al. 2009). Hence, nature can be an important means for integration, but it should also be understood as a resource that should be equally accessible to all (Gentin et al. 2019). Gentin et al. (2019) have suggested that the relationship between nature and integration can be understood in terms of structural and cultural integration that emphasises the importance of equal access to natural environments and knowledge related to nature. Nature is also important for interactive and identificational integration by offering a platform and means for social interactions and a meaningful target to form emotional bonds with other people and places. This study applies the framework of integration (Esser 1999; Gentin et al. 2019) to study how nature supports the integration as well as the well-being of immigrant youth in Finland. We explore adolescents participation in outdoor recreation and their well-being experiences of and relationships with nature in the city of Lahti. We analyse the differences between the immigrant and non-immigrant groups to discuss how nature can support the health and well-being as well as interactive and identificational integration of immigrants, and how structurally and culturally inclusive nature is to the youth.
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Gentin, S.; Praestholm, S.,
From idea to practice: potentials and obstacles in engaging volunteers and refugees in nature based integration in five Danish municipalities.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The European Commission has promoted revisiting and developing approaches for the successful integration of migrants all over Europe. One possible response to address this challenge is using nature as...
The European Commission has promoted revisiting and developing approaches for the successful integration of migrants all over Europe. One possible response to address this challenge is using nature as an arena for social integration of newcomers, as discussed by Gentin et al (2019). The aim of the project - “Nature friend - integration through outdoor recreation and nature activities” was to enroll new volunteers and test new approaches in integration of refugees and newly arrived asylum seekers through nature based activities. Local groups of the Danish Refugee council in five different municipalities in Denmark participated in the project. The theoretical point of departure was Essers (1999) four basic forms of social integration: structural, cultural, interactive and identificational integration. Based on Esser (1999) the relationship between nature and integration can be understood in terms of: 1) Structural integration describing access to common resources and main institutions of society, 2) cultural integration with aquisition of knowledge and competences, cultural aspects, common practices, general rules of behaviour, 3) interactive integration describing friendships and social interactions, 4) identificational integration with emotional bonds to other groups and places.In this relation, “Naturefriend - integration through outdoor recreation and nature activities” focused on social interactions and language learning (interactive integration), as well as getting to know near-by nature (identificational integration). Further, the work by Rishbeth and Finney (2006) and their focus on novelty and nostalgia was found in the refugees thoughts about the nature-based activities inspired the theoretical understanding of the refugee perspective of this project.
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Slabbert, L.; Marumo, P.,
Researching, attracting and catering for ‘non-traditional visitors in South African National Parks
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The South African National Parks (SANParks) is a significant player in ecotourism in Africa with a vision of being a connector between societies. Yet, it has been reliant on a largely homogenous marke...
The South African National Parks (SANParks) is a significant player in ecotourism in Africa with a vision of being a connector between societies. Yet, it has been reliant on a largely homogenous market base of loyal visitors, the majority being Caucasian middle-aged or older. Future sustainability depends on finding a balance between attracting new feasible markets and connecting to younger generations, while retaining current loyal markets. Attracting non-white and younger tourists to national parks should not just represent an opportunity for greater economic stability, “…but should transmit a stronger message that national parks remain - and will always be - a domain for all…” (Butler & Richardson, 2015). Diverse visitor experiences play an essential role in cultivating greater societal support for national parks (Weiler et al., 2013). However, little research is available to inform parks tourism development and marketing initiatives to attract more diverse tourism markets. With financial barriers removed, what are non-traditional tourists reasons for not visiting? What are their tourism-related preferences, and how do they perceive a stay in a national park? How can they be persuaded to include a national park visit in their travel choice set?This presentation provides a synopsis of the results of two research projects commissioned to address these research questions, followed by practical examples of how national parks in South Africa is transforming their tourism and experiential offerings and integrating new insights into marketing initiatives.
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Pouwels, R.; Van Eupen, M.; Walvoort, D.; Jochem, R.,
Using GPS monitoring to develop tools for managers to assess the impact of management interventions on visitor densities and bird populations
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Achieving objectives for outdoor recreation as well as nature conservation in protected areas is a challenge as outdoor recreation can have nega-tive impacts on nature (Larson et al. 2016). To manage ...
Achieving objectives for outdoor recreation as well as nature conservation in protected areas is a challenge as outdoor recreation can have nega-tive impacts on nature (Larson et al. 2016). To manage the potential conflict between outdoor recreation and nature conservation, managers often need to intervene. One of the most com-mon interventions is restricting visitors access (Hammitt et al. 2015). Although the necessity for such restrictions is easy to explain, managers need information on the effectiveness of these interventions. As visitor densities vary across pro-tected areas and the combined impact of all visi-tors is difficult to assess, managers often lack this information. Here we present an approach based on GPS-tracking and bird monitoring, managers can use to assess the impact of different access scenarios for the New Forest, UK. For most part the approach and results have been describe in Pouwels et al. (2020).
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Sisneros-Kidd, A.; D'Antonio, A.; Monz, C.; Mitrovich, M.,
Motivations and spatial behaviors of urban-proximate park visitors: Complexities and interactions
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Increases in visitor use of parks and protected areas (PPAs) worldwide are challenging managers ability to provide for a quality visitor experience while also maintaining the integrity of natural reso...
Increases in visitor use of parks and protected areas (PPAs) worldwide are challenging managers ability to provide for a quality visitor experience while also maintaining the integrity of natural resources (Geng et al., 2021). In urban PPAs, high levels of use by a diverse population of recrea-tionists are often observed year-round. Further, these areas often serve larger conservation pur-poses, such as protecting wildlife habitat, and tend to be understudied compared to larger PPAs situated in more rural areas (Hockett, Marion, & Leung, 2017; Wolch, Bryne, & Newell, 2014). Understanding visitor motivations and spatial behaviors are important for effective manage-ment of PPA resources and providing quality visi-tor experiences. However, visitor motivations and spatial behaviors are often studied separate-ly, with visitor motivations studied via visitor surveys and GPS-based tracking methods utilized to examine visitor spatial behavior patterns. Pre-vious efforts to link this data to examine differ-ences in spatial patterns as a result of visitor mo-tivations have proven inconclusive (e.g., Newton 2016 and Beeco et al., 2013) or focused on a single user type (Frey et al., 2018). Further, pre-vious research examining visitor motivations and spatial behaviors has focused on a single activity type in a small sections or areas of larger, often rural, PPAs.This study examined differences in visitor spatial behavior patterns for bikers and pedestri-ans as a function of differences in visitor motiva-tion type across several interconnected, urban-proximate PPAs in Orange County, California, USA. The study area provided visitors a wide array of highly accessible destinations to engage in multi-ple recreation activities, including mountain bik-ing, hiking/walking, running, and equestrian use. A paired visitor survey and GPS-based tracking effort was employed to collect data on visitor characteristics and spatial behaviors. Spatial data was collected using GPS-based tracking methods, and motivation type was derived from multivari-ate statistical analysis of a 36-item visitor motiva-tion scale that appeared on a paired survey in-strument. The motivation scale consisted of 36 Likert-style questions derived from the Recrea-tion Experience Preference (REP) scale widely used to understand visitor motivations on public lands in the United States. Visitors to six different recreation areas in Orange County, CA, USA were randomly selected to participate in the research during the months of May and October, 2021. Each recreation area was sampled for three non-consecutive days between the hours of 7am and 7pm, stratified to include both weekend and weekday days. Visitors were asked to carry a GPS unit with them while recreating, and complete a survey upon the completion of their visit.
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Barros, C.,
Modelling visitors movements of nature-based tourism from social media data
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Trails are an important resource for recreation and tourism in protected areas. They enable visitors access to the main points of interest within a protected site and help preserve the protected ecosy...
Trails are an important resource for recreation and tourism in protected areas. They enable visitors access to the main points of interest within a protected site and help preserve the protected ecosystems by restricting the visitors dispersion. However, the increase in the use of trails can lead to negative impacts on natural resources. For example, soil erosion and vegetation loss are amongst the typical impacts of intensive use of trails.Thus it becomes necessary to identify and measure visitors behaviour on trails. The conventional way of measuring use intensity is through surveys and counters. The dissemination of GPS devices has open opportunities to collect precise and complete data on how visitors move and their itineraries. More recently, the rise of smartphones together with web 3.0 has allowed the abundant production of GPS tracks that users from all over the world regularly share on specialized social networks such as those dedicated to outdoor activities.Among these networks, the Spanish platform Wikiloc stands out, bringing together about 20 million routes in 2020.These new data sources have advantages for studying visitor movement within trails because of their granularity in terms of spatial and temporal scale. In addition, the large amount of data that users upload provides opportunities to analyze visitor behaviour in places where data is scarce or non-existent.
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Taczanowska, K.; Mazur, A.; Brandenburg, C.; Czachs, C.; Latosinska, B.; Hibner, J.; Garcia-Masso, X.; Pardo, A.; Gonzalez, L.,
Human mobility patterns in outdoor recreational areas based on GPS-tracking data
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
New trends in leisure and outdoor recreation show an increased penetration of remote areas and the development of spatially unconstrained outdoor recreational activities (Bielanski et al, 20218; DAnto...
New trends in leisure and outdoor recreation show an increased penetration of remote areas and the development of spatially unconstrained outdoor recreational activities (Bielanski et al, 20218; DAntonio & Monz, 2016; Meijles et al, 2014; Taczanowska et al, 2014; Taczanowska et al, 2008). Here we present the application of GPS tracking to monitor visitor behaviour in a popular nearby recreation destination located in the Kozienicka Primeval Forest, Poland. Particular focus of the study was investigation of the spatial and temporal behaviour of hikers in the forest, detection of resting locations as well as use of recreational infrastructure grouped by visitor profile.
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Meijles, E.; Daams, M.; Ens, B.; Heslinga, J.; Sijtsma, F.,
Using AIS tracking to assess recreational pressures in relation to ecologically sensitive areas in coastal marine environments
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
In nature rich coastal areas, increasing numbers of recreationists may exceed ecological capacities. At the same time, recreation in such areas may increase nature awareness and appreciation by the ge...
In nature rich coastal areas, increasing numbers of recreationists may exceed ecological capacities. At the same time, recreation in such areas may increase nature awareness and appreciation by the general public, ultimately leading to a more sustainable landscape management (Libosada, 2009). In order to balance nature-based tourism and natural values, careful monitoring of visitor flows is a prerequisite for nature and recreational management (Meijles et al, 2014). The monitoring traditionally takes place based on visual observation and patrolling, but this is time consuming and does not provide full temporal coverage or overview of the entire coastal area. With this paper, we show how recreational boating can be monitored throughout the recreational season using the globally available data from the automatic identification system (AIS) for vessels. We have developed a method to convert AIS data to easily interpretable information on visitor flows and investigated whether AIS can provide insightful visitor monitoring information by overlaying ship movement data with nature conservation policy targets and ecological value maps.
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Dalley, J.; Wang, D.,
Weather sensitivity of visitation to Protected Natural Areas: Establishing trends and trajectories in a time of changing climate.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
A major determinant of visitor use of outdoor recreation opportunities in PNAs is ambient weather at place - specifically, the four key variables of temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiati...
A major determinant of visitor use of outdoor recreation opportunities in PNAs is ambient weather at place - specifically, the four key variables of temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation. Visitors routinely assess ambient weather before undertaking a range of recreational activities in the outdoors, evaluating the key variables - individually and in combination - relative to both personal preferences and the planned actvity at place. Weather at place may vary widely from year to year, masking underlying changes in visitation demand. Furthermore, the influence of ambient weather conditions on visitation varies widely from place to place, such that the same conditions may deter a significant number of visitors to one place, while generating little to no deterence at others - and may even encourage visitation. Consequently, understanding the influence of weather on visitation is a core consideration for visitor management at the operations level, but increasingly also at the strategic investment level as historic weather patterns are modified by climate change. However, at the place/destination scale of analysis, separating the influence of weather on visitation from other influences, such as visitor preference, is complex; when the scale of analysis expands to the national level, the challenge becomes daunting. Nevertheless, PNA managers need to make informed decisions on long-term investment in visitor services and infrastructure based on underlying demand trends and trajectories, and the extent to which these are influenced by weather is therefore a critical consideration. To address this current uncertainty, the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC) has developed a statistical tool to quantify the weather sensitivity of several hundred visitor destinations across its portfolio of PNAs.
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Probstl-Haider, U.; Hodl, C.; Ginner, K.; Florian, B.,
Climate change: impacts on outdoor activities in the summer and shoulder seasonsin Austria - lessons learned.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The summer tourism market in Austria builds significantly on the countrys opportunities for outdoor recreation such as mountaineering, mountain biking or water sports. This presentation looks at the m...
The summer tourism market in Austria builds significantly on the countrys opportunities for outdoor recreation such as mountaineering, mountain biking or water sports. This presentation looks at the most important activities from a tourism perspective and considers the likelihood of impacts by climate change based on an extended literature review.It also examines current trends in tourism demand and concludes with both general and activity-specific adaptation and mitigation measures. The data collection and review process covered the relevant peer reviewed and grey literature. This comprehensive process was based on, and was open to, contributions by the full scientific community of relevant Austrian researchers and experts. The compilation process of the report followed quality standards such as the involvement of international partners as review editors within the review process.
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Falk, M.; Hagsten, E.,
Threats to natural world heritage sites from visitors, climate change and transportation: A management perspective
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The UNESCO list of World heritages includes both cultural and natural sites. Nature parks and cultural landscapes can assigned to the latter group. These sites are often located in sensitive areas and...
The UNESCO list of World heritages includes both cultural and natural sites. Nature parks and cultural landscapes can assigned to the latter group. These sites are often located in sensitive areas and could be threatened by environmental pressures, climate change and crowds of visitors. Despite this, natural (as well as cultural) heritage sites are increasingly used as tools for national tourism marketing campaigns. This in in combination with signs of strong visitor growth raises the discussion of over-visitation (Adie, 2017; Job, Becken and Lane, 2017; Scuttari, and Orsi, Bassani, 2019). Subsequently, there are suggestions that the social and environmental carrying capacity of WHSs should be carefully monitored including an emphasis on information on visitor density (Shelby, Vaske and Heberlein; 1989; Kaltenborn et al., 2013). Previous research show that inclusion of natural areas in the UNESCO WHS list has a significant impact on tourism (Buckley, 2004). However, the management perspective of these aspects is still unknown.The aim of this study is to examine the management perspective on presumptive environmental issues relating to Natural World Heritage sites. The analysis focuses on four perceptions: (i) visitor accommodation (buildings) and associated infrastructure, (ii) ground transportation infrastructure, (iii) visitor impact (iv) climate change and severe weather events. An ordered Probit model is used to estimate the perceptions of the management.Data is based on the UNESCO World Heritage Management Report 2014 and encompass 90 World Heritage sites that are either purely natural or mixed. Cultural landscapes are also included. The explanatory factors include year of inscription, size (measured as land area in hectares), type (full natural site, mixed natural site or archaeological or cultural landscape), covered by the danger list (with risk of losing the inscription) and country of location. Indicators at the country level capture the general environmental performance and attitudes.
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Siegrist, D.; Bonnelame, L. K.,
Zero impact nature-based tourism
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The climate crisis is one of the greatest challenges of our time. Tourism can also make an important contribution to solving these problems (Lenzen et al. 2018). Nature-based tourism is thereby of par...
The climate crisis is one of the greatest challenges of our time. Tourism can also make an important contribution to solving these problems (Lenzen et al. 2018). Nature-based tourism is thereby of particular importance. This is especially because it is generally viewed as a more ecological version compared to other forms of tourism. Nature-based tourism offers a lot of experience in the field of sustainable development. In addition, it represents a growth in tourism worldwide (Haukeland et al. 2021). It is now a matter of further developing this form of tourism into a zero impact nature-based tourism.In 2015, as part of the Paris Climate Agreement, the international community decided to limit the average global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial times, with a target of 1.5 degrees Celsius increase in temperature in order to prevent the most catastrophic damage to the climate (IPCC 2018). In the wake of the Paris Climate Agreement, numerous countries have announced that they want to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050 at the latest. These climate goals result in a special challenge for tourism, which contributes significantly to global warming with its greenhouse gas emissions on a global level as well as in individual countries (Loeh, Becken 2021).For tourism as a whole, the question arises as to which function it should play within the framework of the internationally established net zero goal. On a global scale, climate-damaging air traffic represents the greatest challenge for the tourism industry: Will tourism have to cope with significantly fewer flight kilometres in the future? How can the long-distance tourists that are no longer available in the destinations of the global south be replaced? Or will drive technologies for aircrafts be developed in the future that are climate-neutral? At a regional level of tourist destinations, too, a number of extremely relevant fields of action are affected with regard to climate protection. Mobility also plays a central role here, but there are also major challenges for the hotel industry and other areas with high greenhouse gas emissions (Gössling 2021).
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White, E.; Winder, S.; Wood, S.,
The influence of wildfire and smoke on recreation visitation and behavior
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
In the U.S. West, the area burned in wildfires has been increasing in recent years leading to a greater number of burned recreation destinations. In addition, prolonged periods of dense smoke have inu...
In the U.S. West, the area burned in wildfires has been increasing in recent years leading to a greater number of burned recreation destinations. In addition, prolonged periods of dense smoke have inundated both recreation destinations and urban settings. As climate change progresses and the frequency and severity of natural disturbances, such as wildfire, floods, and windstorms, increases we need to improve our understanding of how wildfire, smoke, and burned landscapes influence recreation behavior. In this presentation, we briefly synthesize the current literature on how recreation behavior is influenced by burned landscapes and discuss findings from our recent efforts, using traditional and crowd-sourced approaches, to understand the response of recreationists to wildfire and smoke. The research literature exploring how burned landscapes influences recreation use levels in the U.S. West is limited (McCaffrey et al 2013). Stated-preference studies exploring the welfare implications for recreationists from hypothetical burned landscapes account for much of the literature (Bawa 2017). Fewer studies have been completed on actual burned landscapes. In general, research conducted in-situ has found that any reductions in recreation visitation in recently burned landscapes is short-lived and modest and visitor satisfaction is largely unchanged (e.g., Brown et al. 2008, Love and Watson 1992).
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Tverijonaite, E.; Saeporsdottir, A. D.; Olafsdottir, R.; C. Michael Hall, C. M.,
Nature-based tourism and renewable energy infrastructure: tourism industrys perceptions of the impact area of power plants on tourism
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Due to its reliance on natural landscapes nature-based tourism is sensitive to other land uses which lead to landscape changes, such as renewable energy harnessing. For identification of locations mos...
Due to its reliance on natural landscapes nature-based tourism is sensitive to other land uses which lead to landscape changes, such as renewable energy harnessing. For identification of locations most suitable for renewable energy infrastructure knowledge regarding the spatial extent of the impacts of such infrastructure on nature-based tourism is highly needed. Estimating the impact area of renewable energy infrastructure on nature-based tourism is, however, challenging. Besides taking into consideration the characteristics of the energy infrastructure and of the surrounding landscapes it is important to investigate how power plants change the meanings assigned to the areas by various tourism stakeholders. Moreover, natural areas used for tourism can be defined as places which are constructed via numerous relations and processes going on within these areas and in larger networks (Massey, 2005; Urry & Larsen, 2011). Therefore, it should be taken into consideration how renewable energy infrastructure affects surrounding areas as elements of tourism systems (Leiper, 1979, 1990). This study focuses on the views of the tourism industry in Iceland and aims to i) map the impact area of renewable energy infrastructure on tourism as perceived by the tourism industry; and ii) investigate the factors affecting the size and shape of the perceived impact area. To achieve these aims 49 semi-structured interviews were conducted with the managers of the tourism companies operating near six existing and proposed hydro-, geothermal and wind power projects situated within or at the border of the Icelandic Central Highlands. This area is an important venue for nature-based tourism as well as of high interest for further energy infrastructure development due to abundance of renewable resources. During the interviews, participants were asked to map their perceived impact areas of renewable energy infrastructure on tourism using participatory mapping software and, among other topics, to discuss the reasoning behind their estimated impact areas.
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Salak, B.; Kienast, F.; Lindberg, K.; Hunziker, M.,
Exposure, meanings and landscape-technology fit. A hierarchical analysis of peoples preferences towards landscape related energy scenarios and what they are based on
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
In response to the effects of climate change, many countries are realigning their energy systems to the principle of sustainability. An energy system change will lead to the development of substantial...
In response to the effects of climate change, many countries are realigning their energy systems to the principle of sustainability. An energy system change will lead to the development of substantial renewable energy infrastructure (mostly wind and photovoltaic) in landscapes with effects on perceived landscape quality and socio- political acceptance.Both direct perceptive effects of physical landscape structures and latent meanings associated with those structures potentially affect their acceptance.Until now it is mostly unclear how these effects affect peoples decision making. Recently discussions arose regarding the importance of individual concepts supporting interpretation and weighting of already existing knowledge and experience before decision making. This work evaluates the role of landscape-technology fit (Salak et al. 2021) (derived from place- technology fit(Devine-Wright 2009; McLachlan 2009)) representing the extent to which alternatives within each of these two components “fit” together (e.g., does a given type of renewable energy infrastructure fit well within some landscapes but not others?). It also evaluates the role latent meanings ascribed to landscapes and renewable energy infrastructure within that mentioned “fit” decision as well as the role of prior experience (exposure) to both.
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Wilkins, E. J.; Chikamoto, Y.; Miller, A. B.; Smith, J. W.,
Climate change and the demand for recreational ecosystem services on public lands in the United States
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Cultural ecosystem services represent nonmaterial benefits people derive from the environment; these benefits include outdoor recreation opportunities (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). Changes ...
Cultural ecosystem services represent nonmaterial benefits people derive from the environment; these benefits include outdoor recreation opportunities (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). Changes in climatic conditions are likely to shift the spatial and temporal demand for recreational ecosystem services. Climate change has already expanded the length of the peak visitation season for some public lands (Buckley & Foushee, 2012; Monahan et al., 2016), and is expected to change total visitation at nearly all U.S. National Parks (Fisichelli et al., 2015). However, the effects of climate change on visitation to public lands may vary by season, the location of the public land unit (Hewer & Gough, 2018), and its unique microclimatic conditions (Smith et al., 2018; Wilkins et al., 2021). To date, little is known about the magnitude and spatial variability in these shifts across large geographic extents. Here, our goal is to explore how the seasonal demand for recreational ecosystem services may change across U.S. public lands in the future under different climate change scenarios. Understanding potential future shifts in demand can help land managers plan and prepare for possible regional or seasonal shifts in visitation trends.
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Fulton, S.; Donohue, B.; Pearse, J.,
Understanding the impacts of road and aircraft noise on avian species richness in Milford Sound, Fiordland National Park, New Zealand: A proposed methodology
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Milford Sound is a tourism hotspot located in the protected natural area of Fiordland National Park, New Zealand. Due to its wild landscape, unique views and natural quietness, it is considered one of...
Milford Sound is a tourism hotspot located in the protected natural area of Fiordland National Park, New Zealand. Due to its wild landscape, unique views and natural quietness, it is considered one of New Zealands must visit locations for tourists, both national and international. Consequently it received nearly 1 million visitors annually pre-Covid, which is of concern because a number of international studies have shown a link between high visitor numbers and degradation of natural soundscapes. Due to the extreme topography of the park, Milford is quite isolated and only accessible by aircraft and a single road; the Milford Highway. These modes of transport generate a disturbance, not only along the highway corridor, but spatially more expansive due to the nature of aircraft and traffic noise propagation - exacerbated by the topography. Whilst effects of these noise sources on human perceived tranquillity in New Zealand have been and are currently being investigated, no such research has focussed on the impacts to wildlife in this context. Similar studies have been conducted internationally, such as in the United States, that conclude anthropogenic noise has detrimental effects on avian wildlife, such as communication, use of space, reduced reproductive success, and altered species richness. Further to this body of work, our research will focus on the impacts of such noise sources on avian species richness in the New Zealand context, which has been identified as a research gap. This research is imperative due to the unique ecology of New Zealand for which more than 70% of bird and animal species are endemic.
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Mendes, R. M. N.; Farias-Torbidoni, E.; Pereira da Silva, C.; Juliao, R. P.,
Nature-based sports events and natural and protected areas in Portugal. A geographic mapping approach
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Natural & Protected Areas (N&PA) have always promoted visitation and leisure uses of its terri-tories, but these have changed dramatically over the last few decades. Soft and contemplative act...
Natural & Protected Areas (N&PA) have always promoted visitation and leisure uses of its terri-tories, but these have changed dramatically over the last few decades. Soft and contemplative activities like walking, hiking, or camping have moved to hard skill/adventure practices such as trail running (TR), mountain biking (MTB), among others carrying new challenges to these territo-ries. The urbanization/globalization of the world population have for sure played some role in these new practices, where N&PA are used at the same time as an escape from modern ways of life reconnecting people to the environment/wild, but also attracting urban lifestyles, usually fore-seen as new opportunities for local and regional development making balance between positive and negative impacts difficult to measure and monitor. Large nature-based sports events of MTB and more recently of TR are two of these new uses that can gather up to thousands of practi-tioners and visitors over several days depending on different factors. Although “natural/rural” landscapes and positive climbs are not exclusive of N&PA its not uncommon that these concen-trate the most appellative territories for these nature-based activities. Previous studies on MTB have found that these events tend to happen in Portugal more close to N&PA (Nogueira Mendes, Farías-Torbidoni & Pereira da Silva, 2021) and that within Lisbon Metropolitan Area, 60% of MTB rides target at least one of its peri-urban N&PA - that altogether occupy only 10% of the territory (Nogueira Mendes, Farías-Torbidoni & Pereira da Silva [submitted]). Julião, Valente & Nogueira Mendes (2018) found that 30% of the actual trail runners are old mountain bikers, sug-gesting that MTB is being gradually replaced by TR in terms of popularity. What could be a pressure relief in terms of environmental and social im-pacts from MTB, could be a new wave of concerns to N&PA managers, since TR is bringing not just older but also new users and different demands.To better understand the role of N&PA on MTB and TR events organized in Portugal, the location of all these nature-based sports events promoted in 2018 was plotted against the Na-tional Network of Classified Areas (SNAC), to eval-uate its attractiveness and possible susceptibility. SNAC includes the National Network of Protected Areas (RNAP), Natura 2000 Network sites, Ramsar sites, and UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, covering a total of 29,58% of the country area that follows under the jurisdiction of the National Institute of Nature Conservation and Forestry in terms of recreational and sports use. Although both MTB and TR are sports activities, many events fall off the jurisdiction of its sports federations and their official calendars, requiring secondary data to monitor it at the national level. Data was gath-ered from Timing companies - often hired to manage registrations and insurances, along with national & regional federations/associations, so-cial media, municipalities, and local cultural and sports clubs webpages. Extra searches were con-ducted within the WWW during February 2019 using the terms: “MTB”, “TR” and “2018”. Results have found 608 MTB and 461 TR events scattered all over Portugal mainland, that were georefer-enced and uploaded to a GIS project (Figure 1). Proximity to all protected and classified areas was measure using a 10 km search radius since most MTB and TR events have several race lengths.
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Evju, M.; Hagen, D.; Jokerud, M.; Olsen, S. L.; Selvaag, S. K.; Vistad, O.I.,
Effects of mountain biking versus hiking on trails under different environmental conditions
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Recreational use of nature areas is increasing worldwide. All trail-based activities have a certain degradation effect on vegetation and soil, and conflicts between conservation values and recreation ...
Recreational use of nature areas is increasing worldwide. All trail-based activities have a certain degradation effect on vegetation and soil, and conflicts between conservation values and recreation may occur. Controversy still exists regarding the relative impact of mountain bikers compared to hikers on trails. In Norway, mountain biking is allowed on existing, multiuse trails outside of protected areas, but within protected areas restrictions vary, whereas hiking is allowed. A governmental proposal suggests to allow for mountain biking on trails in national parks in line with hiking, but restrictions could be introduced if effects from biking are more severe than from hiking and in conflict with conservation values. For managers, knowledge about the effects of opening trails for new user groups in national parks is highly needed: will mountain biking cause other and more severe effects on trails, and thus provoke higher and other trail maintenance needs, or are effects similar to that if hikers? In this study, we investigated trail degradation from increased use of trails from hikers and ountain bikers under different climatic conditions. Two study sites were selected, one located in an oceanic climate zone and the other in a continental zone. In each site, two trails were selected, one to be predominantly used by hikers and one by mountain bikers. The trails were natural-surfaced, occurring in natural vegetation, and with a variation in topography and plant communities. We contacted local groups through different channels (personal contact, e-mails, announcements on Facebook groups) and encouraged the use of the study trails throughout the summer of 2019. Mountain bikers were informed of the designated biking trails only, and we created Strava segments that were distributed to bikers. The oceanic biking trail was used for a local Endoru race from May-August, whereas the continental trail was part of a mountain bike race in end-August. Hikers were informed of the designated hiking trails only, and we mounted information signs in each end of the trails encouraging people to take a detour.Passes were counted with TRAFx counters.
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Valan, S.; Aas, O.; Vistad, O.I.; Evju, M.,
Development of vegetation and soil impacts on trails and campsites in a Norwegian National Park during 30 years: Worse or better?
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
A report from 2006 states that disturbances and impacts on vegetation and soil are the biggest threats to the conservation values in the national parks. In the spring of 2014, the Norwegian Envi-ronme...
A report from 2006 states that disturbances and impacts on vegetation and soil are the biggest threats to the conservation values in the national parks. In the spring of 2014, the Norwegian Envi-ronment Agencys work began on developing a brand strategy for Norways national parks. By 2020, all of Norways national parks should have prepared a visitor strategy. In the visit strategy for Femundsmarka National Park, it is a measure to carry out comparative surveys of wear on campsites and trails, which was done in the 1980s. At the end of the 1980s, a major research project was carried out in the protected areas Femundsmarka (N), Rogen (S) and Långfjellet (S) in the so-called FRL-project. A part of the study was to register impacts on vegeation and soil at campsites.The purpose of this Master thesis is to map impacts on vegetation and soil and assess changes over time, caused by visitors in Fe-mundsmarka National Park. Both in areas previ-ously investigated and in other areas with man-agement challenges. A method test of aerial pho-tos was also carried out to register campsites. Based on secondary data an assessment of traffic development was done.
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Wang, T.; Watanabe, T.,
Monitoring soil erosion on campsites by structure-from-motion photogrammetry: A case study of the current and former Kuro-Dake Campsite in Daisetsuzan National Park, Japan
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Camping is one of the popular recreational activities in mountain national parks. However, human activities inevitably cause impacts on natural resources, which includes vegetation loss, soil compacti...
Camping is one of the popular recreational activities in mountain national parks. However, human activities inevitably cause impacts on natural resources, which includes vegetation loss, soil compaction and soil erosion (Hammitt and Cole 1998). The degraded environment also does harm to users experiences in return (Daniels and Marion 2006). In order to provide users with high quality camping experiences meanwhile avoid unacceptable impacts on the natural environment, monitoring and maintenance of campsites are necessary. Researchers in the field of recreation ecology have provided a sort of methods to monitor short-term and long-term changes in the condition of campsites. Methods to detect areal changes in bare ground and vegetation loss on campsites have been widely practiced in previous studies (Marion 1991, Wang and Watanabe 2019). Eagleston and Marion (2017) examined soil loss on campsites by comparing the current soil level around embedded rocks on site with the one recorded in past photographs through visual observation. Wang and Watanabe (2019) adopted Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry mapping to obtain detailed profiles of the ground surface on the campsite where gully erosion was observed. However, no studies have been conducted to monitor the volumetric changes in ground surface on campsites that are suffering from soil erosion.This study aims to detect topographic changes of the ground surface and to quantify the volume of soil erosion on the current and former Kuro-dake campsites in the Daisetsuzan National Park (DNP) by SfM photogrammetry surveys.
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Kobayashi, Y.; Watanabe, T.,
Monitoring and predicting trail erosion in Daisestuzan National Park in Japan
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Mountain trail erosion is one of the geomorphological phenomena, which is generally caused by surface water and human trampling. Mountain trail erosion is one of the most serious problems in many nati...
Mountain trail erosion is one of the geomorphological phenomena, which is generally caused by surface water and human trampling. Mountain trail erosion is one of the most serious problems in many national parks of Japan. Such examples are observed on trails in Mt. Rausu-take (Shiretoko National Park), Mt. Rishiri-san (Rishiri Rebun Sarobetsu National Park), Mt. Daisetsuzan (Daisetsuzan National Park), and Mt. Miyanoura-take (Yakushima National Park). Volcanic ashes cover trails in most of these mountains, and snow remains until the time when many trekkers come. For these reasons, trails in these mountains are eroded rapidly and deeply. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies to predict further erosion. Mountain trail erosion has been traditionally studied by surveying cross-sectional changes at certain sites. The method of surveying cross section can be conducted quickly and simply for park managers to understand changing magnitudes of mountain trail erosion for a long period. In Japan, this method has been used mainly in Daisetsuzan National Park, and numerous data have been already accumulated in some trails. However, magnitudes of mountain trail erosion are understood in just two dimensions by this method. Furthermore, the largest limitation of this method is that the eroded/deposited area is understood only at the measured sites and does not produce the eroded/deposited volume of the entire trail segment with a certain length, which is more important for trail management. This study, conducted in Daisetsuzan National Park (DNP), Japans largest national park, has three objectives: (1) to show digital elevation models (DEMs) of the mountain trails including the surrounding ground surface, and to estimate the change of the eroded volume from 2014 to 2021; (2) to predict further erosion in the near future; and (3) to understand a relationship between the trail erosion and the number of trekkers.
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Sun, Y.; Watanabe, T.,
Efforts to improve sustainable tourism and environment sustainability: understanding from local peoples perspective in Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal Himalaya
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Nature- and culture-based tourism have been prevalent pathways for most of the worlds indigenous people (McLaren, 2003). Tourism has been a significant component of Nepals economy.Mountain tourism pla...
Nature- and culture-based tourism have been prevalent pathways for most of the worlds indigenous people (McLaren, 2003). Tourism has been a significant component of Nepals economy.Mountain tourism plays a leading role in Nepals tourism industry. Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone (SNPBZ) is the third-largest visited protected area in Nepal (Ministry of Culture, Tourism, and Civiation, 2020). Rapid development of tourism has brought remarkable changes in SNPBZ. Spoon (2012) and Stevens (1991, 1993) discussed tourism impacts on cultural values and lifestyle of mountain residents. Nepal (2005)argued the unequal power structures and income differences induced by tourism in the park. Tourism is one of the essential elements to realize sustainable mountain development. To realize sustainable tourism, it is vital to enhance the well-being of residents and visitor experience in mountain regions. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the efforts made by local residents to improve sustainable tourism and environment sustainability in SNPBZ.
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Derek, M.; Kulczyk, S.; Wozniak, E.; Grzyb, T.,
Where green is greener? Multi-data approach for typology of urban green spaces
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
As the global level of urbanization is rising, with 74% of Europeans living in urban areas (United Nations, 2018), public green spaces located with-in urban and peri-urban zone remain the most accessi...
As the global level of urbanization is rising, with 74% of Europeans living in urban areas (United Nations, 2018), public green spaces located with-in urban and peri-urban zone remain the most accessible (and sometimes unique) option of di-rect contact with nature. Such a contact can pro-vide a variety of immaterial benefits for humans, identified as Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES). Like other Ecosystem Services (ES), CES are vul-nerable to external impacts, such as urbanization processes. However, unlike other types of ES, cultural values of ecosystems or landscapes are irreplaceable: once destroyed, cannot be resti-tuted (Plieninger et al., 2013). Therefore, their proper management is the issue of a great im-portance. CES are co-production of environmen-tal features and cultural practices, what results in a constant need for new methodological solu-tions based on interdisciplinary approaches. Un-derstanding patterns of CES flow is recognized as crucial for effective landscape management and policy development (van Zanten et al., 2016).Hegetschweiler et al. (2017) found out that studies which had examined CES in urban areas tend to focus on supply or demand factors, but rarely establish links between one another. The need of further research on linkages be-tween different types of green infrastructure, a variety of forms of their use as well as on gained benefits is also underlined by OBrien et al. (2017). Such an approach requires combining natural and social data together. In this study we address this challenge. The aim of the research is to develop a typology of public green spaces (hereinafter PGS) in an urban zone, basing on the character of CES flow. As this flow can be influenced by manage-ment, it is important to propose an approach which will include a variety of data reflecting natural features of PGS as well as preferences and behaviours of its visitors. A typology of urban green areas can help in successful management especially on the urban zone level, where a more holistic and integrated approach is needed.
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Liu, Y.; Olafsson, A. S.,
Intentional and incidental nature experiences in urban nature
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The importance of urban nature has been empha-sized alongside the concept of sustainable city and urban livability. Urban nature can refer to all kinds of green spaces, such as lawns, community garden...
The importance of urban nature has been empha-sized alongside the concept of sustainable city and urban livability. Urban nature can refer to all kinds of green spaces, such as lawns, community gardens, urban parks, urban forests and urban cemeteries. It is known that urban nature deliv-ers the cultural ecosystem services that largely link to human well-being. Hence, many scholars focus on multi-functionality of urban nature (Fagerholm et al., 2019; Hansen et al., 2019), and try to find the link between motives and experi-ences (Vierikko et al., 2020) in order to have a broad understanding of the day to day practice of urban nature. However, due to the extinction of the experiences and loss of human-nature inter-actions, more research should pay attention to nature experiences in order to develop sustaina-ble urban recreational destinations with high citizens experiential values.The built environment with access to in-frastructure and green spaces are preferred dur-ing the lockdown (Amerio et al., 2020). The hu-man-nature interaction is greatly motivated by intentional uses of urban nature provided by in-frastructures, and the fact urban nature can pro-vide spaces for social activities and so on. Yet, little is focus on how restorative experiences, emotions, surprises and sensory experiences can encourage urban dwellers a close contact with nature. Does the increasing recreational use of urban nature at this special moment indicate an increasing need of restorative benefits and better well-being from the urban nature? And is the intentional recreational use of urban nature gen-erated by any incidental experiences gained from urban nature or indirect use of urban nature, due to the fact that well-practiced behaviors are gen-erated by incidental experience? This study cate-gorizes nature experiences into intentional na-ture experiences and incidental nature experi-ences, and aims to answer the following ques-tions (1) what is intentional and incidental nature experience and what are the most common mapped activities in terms of the intentional and incidental use of urban nature (2) which type of urban nature and which landscape feature(s) can provide more intentional or incidental nature experiences (3) what is the relationship between these two kinds of nature experiences?
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Singsaas, M.; Gundersen, V.,
Tradition and destination: Socio-ecological sustainability and the host-visitor inter-face in second-home development in Norway
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Second homes (SH) are a major form of domestic tourism in many countries, especially the Nordic countries. Nearly 50% of Norways population have access to at least one SH. Over the last 20-30 years, t...
Second homes (SH) are a major form of domestic tourism in many countries, especially the Nordic countries. Nearly 50% of Norways population have access to at least one SH. Over the last 20-30 years, the average SH size has increased significantly (62.2 m2 in 1983 to 96.2 m2 in 2019) and a typical SH now holds very high material standard. Moreover, four times as many SHs were built in 2019 compared to 1983 (6455 versus 1600). In this period, the majority of the second home growth in Norway has taken place in the rural mountain areas (Skjeggedal et al. 2016), placing these areas under a multitude of interrelated pressures; Buildings and activities place local nature and biodiversity under pressure, but in addition the modern SHD trend also places pressure on the host-visitor relationships and land management systems, as well as altering local economies.Compared to other forms of recreation and tourism, Second home developments (SHD) poses particular challenges. SH owners are tourists, and exert similar impact on hosting communities, however, the dwelling use (Paris, 2014) of SHs, characterized by extended and repeated visits, sometimes spanning generations, implies different social, economic and ecological impacts than from other forms of tourism. Covering 39% of the total Norwegian area and 70% of Norways protected land, mountain municipalities are facing negative population trends, decreasing economic opportunities in the traditional industries and low accessibility to important public services. Since the 1990s rural areas have increasingly been portrayed as arenas for post-productivist amenity and leisure production for a growing urban population (Perkins 2006; Overvåg 2010; Rønningen & Flemsæter 2016). With widespread second home developments, intensive tourism developments, and other recreational use, new actors are claiming a stake in the outfields and in local governance (Overvåg et al. 2016). Existing research tends not to have dealt holistically with SH pressures. Despite a growing literature on the challenges mountain communities face (e.g. Arnesen et al. 2010) and the commodifications of rural resources (Perkins 2006, Rønningen & Flemsæter 2016), descriptions and analyses of local inhabitants and SH owners land use practices, experiences and meanings are still scarce. Without a better understanding of the increasing and transforming SH developments and its competing interests, values and practices, the pressures related to SH is likely to intensify, leading to conflicts and hampering ecological as well as economic and social sustainability.As the SH transforms to year-round use and even as a primary residence, the changed and increased recreational practices have put pressure on ecosystems (e.g. wild reindeer habitats), sheep and reindeer herding practices and local nature practices such as hunting and berry picking (e.g. Arnesen et al. 2019). Thus, recent SHD has increased tensions between nature users and nature conservationists and between hosts carrying out traditional local practices and visitors challenging these. While an array of branding and visitation strategies, initiated by national government, are being developed in protected areas throughout Norway, there is a lack of national policies and institutional support for SH management in local communities surrounding protected areas. While protected areas area managed by the State, SH planning lies within the realm of local government. Local authorities are thus in a strong position to guide development, however, asHall and Müller (2004) points out, it can also result in a lack of regional and national consistency in planning guidelines. The double challenge local councils face; few formal tools for visitation regulations outside protected areas, and the distinctive impacts from dwelling SH users, highlights the need for transgressing the current focus on building regulation, to a wider comprehensive planning for social sustainability in addition to economical and ecological sustainability. We therefore look at how SH are incorporated into the strategic planning process at local and regional levels, in ensuring sustainable development of SH in a broad sense. To better understand the degree and implications of these tensions and pressures, there is need to take a bottom-up perspective, looking at the SHD phenomenon by investigating different groups of peoples nature-based practices, their values and expressed attitudes and meanings, to further develop insights of relevance to local as well as national decision-making processes enabling a more sustainable second home development.
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Lykkja, H.,
Visitor management as a tool to develop sustainable local communities Experiences from pilot project in Nordland, Norway 2018-2021
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Global travel has exploded in recent decades and challenges the current management system. How can attractive destinations like the popular Lofoten islands in Northern Norway face the “tsunami” of...
Global travel has exploded in recent decades and challenges the current management system. How can attractive destinations like the popular Lofoten islands in Northern Norway face the “tsunami” of new travelers? Who will pay the hidden costs? The effect of strong growth in the number of visitors and changes in travel patterns, type of experiences, as well as visitor behavior is now creating a challenge for many communities and destinations. How can the local communities be empowered to take more control over their own tourism development? Nordland extends about 250 km both north and south of the polar circle and offers exciting experiences connected to a broad range of landscapes, it borders the North Atlantic which creates a climate more moderate than any other place in the arctic. Nordland County Council (fylkeskommune) which runs this project, is the regional governing administration of Nordland county, running upper secondary schools, county roads, public transport, culture and cultural heritage, providing regional planning strategies and advising its 41 municipalities in local planning and management. Nordland County Council has worked systematically with experience-based tourism for the last 10 years and this project is anchored in the Strategy for Tourism and Innovation.What characterizes tourism is that, because production and consumption of the experience takes place in the same place, customers are brought to the place of production. This is the reason why tourism greatly affects the communities in which it is practiced. The aim of the pilot project is to develop tools and methods that ensure sustainable visitor management. The focus is to empower communities to participate in the development process as they bring local knowledge which can make the difference between a policy succeeding or failing. The object of this project is to involve communities and other actors in a holistic way, in order to develop tools which will help to take care of nature and the environment, ensure that the experience is good for both visitors and residents, while the local value creation is the greatest possible.
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Liberg, M. S.; Bjornstad, K.,
Integrated visitor management.The Norwegian regional parks as integration actors
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Visitor management in Norway has primarily been focused inside protected areas. However, there is an urgent challenge to work in more integrated ways to create more connections with surrounding commun...
Visitor management in Norway has primarily been focused inside protected areas. However, there is an urgent challenge to work in more integrated ways to create more connections with surrounding communities. After the Norwegian Environment Agency published its guide for visitor management in protected areas (2015), several of the Norwegian national parks have increased its focus on visitor management. Although many national parks have such plans, there is still a challenge in how the national parks respond to the needs and challenges of local communities outside its borders. In a recent study from 2021, Aasen Lundberg et al. pointed out that the national parks in Norway are weak at creating connections with communities outside the borders of the protected areas. Based on this, we would argue that there is a clear need in Norway for more integrated approaches for visitor management and park planning. New dynamic and more integrated park models have emerged in continental Europe during the last few decades (Mose et al. 2007). However, Norway has been slow in adopting these models. Europes Regional Nature Landscape Parks (NRL) (Europarc Federation 2020) exemplify the “integration approach” through more participatory park models present in 22 countries. The integrated park policies and the regional nature parks of Switzerland is a good example of a new park model promoting integrated and bottom-up approaches. They are legitimized through national laws and planning instruments, and perform well in facilitating sectoral interests by combining both vertical and horizontal integrations (Hammer and Siegrist 2016)Inspired by the French and Swiss regional nature parks, the Norwegian regional parks have developed from the bottom-up.In contrast to Switzerland, the Norwegian regional parksare not yet anchored in national legislation. However, they do act as effective platforms for different local and regional actors in integrated ways (Stokke et al. 2016). The regional parks work across sectors and at different levels. They work in the “in between areas” where sectoral authorities do not often reach. They establish broad partnerships with local authorities, community associations and commercial firms. In this study, we have focused on the experiences of two Norwegian regional parks that have worked with visitor management in recent year. They are one of the first non-protected areas working with visitor management in Norway. It is the Nærøyfjord World Heritage Park and the Okstindan nature and culture park. As regional parks they are not formally recognized as protected areas.
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Clemetsen, M.; Stokke, K. B.,
Creating synergies between nature-based tourism and local community development through enhanced dialogue processes.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Nature-based tourism (NBT) has for decades been a major resource for value creation and local development in rural districts in Norway. However, in recent years some areas have experienced an increasi...
Nature-based tourism (NBT) has for decades been a major resource for value creation and local development in rural districts in Norway. However, in recent years some areas have experienced an increasing pressure from the tourism industry, both in fjord- and coastal and mountain regions (Stokke et al. 2017). A more fine-tuned and sensitive attitude to attractions related to wildlife, quietness, and local stories and storytelling is emerging, and has a substantial potential for integrating NBT and local community development.In a long-term perspective, it is essential for municipalities and local communities to balance the influx of tourists and the capacity to welcome them. To inform planning and development processes, it is therefore important to understand the tangible and intangible place-based values and resources attached to minor rural communities.In the present global situation represented by the pandemic lock down, climate and bio-diversity crises, there is a growing awareness in local and regional governments, that tourism in general, and nature-based tourism specifically, also should be a partner in developing place-based and sustainable transition-processes (Clemetsen et al 2021).This might involve a broad variety of actors, from local residents - young and older, small scale entrepreneurs, farmers, schools, municipal administrators, etc. Thus, in the process of developing strategies for an unknown and uncertain future, there is a need to apply appropriate process tools that may foster development of shared visions, strategies and measures that support sustainable development. The complexity in the process of understanding place, place-based values, and their potential for future value creation, demand methods that commits the participants beyond what is required in ordinary local planning processes. To pursue this ambition, it is necessary to create arenas for negotiation of interests, and for developing strategies for social and economic initiatives involving the local community, the municipality, and other stakeholders.On the background of a participatory workshop conducted in the BIOTOUR[1] case area in Trysil municipality in 2019, we will discuss possible methods and tools that can provide arenas for dialogue processes, supporting nature-based tourism development and social viability within the local community.
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Sagheim, K. B.; Lerfald, M.; Kvamme, S.,
Sharing in the context of nature-based tourism
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The tourism sector is impacted by megatrends such as increased availability of high-tech equipment, information and communication technology (ICT) and the sharing economy (SE) (Elmahdy et al. 2017). H...
The tourism sector is impacted by megatrends such as increased availability of high-tech equipment, information and communication technology (ICT) and the sharing economy (SE) (Elmahdy et al. 2017). High-tech equipment and clothing provide tourists with increased comfort and safety. The ICT enables online booking and digital communication and in recent years, digital platforms have enabled sharing of underutilized assets with strangers. These global trends expect to affect the demand for nature-based tourism experiences, and the way people engage with nature (Fredman & Margaryan 2020, p. 6). A part of the nature-based tourism (NBT) sector is equipment-intensive, with activity-adapted development of specialized equipment and clothing (e.g., Randonnée, kiting, kayaking). The equipment is often expensive and underutilized. One of the key themes in the NBT literature is to understand the role of NBT in the context of global transformations as (among others) the SE (Elmahdy et al. 2017; Fredman & Margaryan 2020). The SE includes a broad set of activities and concepts, from Airbnb and Uber to companies enabling temporary transactions of assets, often labelled access-based consumption (Eckhardt & Bardhi 2015) or on-demand renters (Trabucchi et al. 2019). The focus in access-based consumption, is to gain access to goods or services for a limited period without acquiring ownership (Eckhardt & Bardhi 2015). Moreover, on-demand renters are characterized by companies which enable a temporary transaction of new assets (Trabucchi et al. 2019, p. 1007). These approaches present an innovative version of the traditional renting business model where the companies provide a platform that offers direct access to shared assets (B2C, C2C), without any human intermediaries (Trabucchi et al. 2019). The literature on SE is growing but has a strong bias towards cities and metropolitan regions. More knowledge is needed about the development of the SE in peripheral areas (Agarwal & Steinmetz 2019). With this backdrop there is a need for more knowledge about what people are willing to share and with whom, and how the use of technology can affect the NBT experiences. Findings from Iversen and Hem (2018) and Fredman & Margaryan (2020) underpin these knowledge gaps. To fill these gaps, the purpose of this article is to investigate attitudes towards sharing of gear (including clothes) among tourists doing NBT in Norway, aiming to increase our knowledge about NBT in the context of sharing economy and to contribute to the knowledge gap about sharing economy in general and in peripheral areas in particular.
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Farstad, E.; Haukeland, J. V.,
The sharing economy in the context of outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism in Innlandet County, Norway
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The sharing economy (SE) refers to an economic model defined as a peer-to-peer based activity of acquiring, providing, or sharing access to goods and services that is often facilitated by a commu-nity...
The sharing economy (SE) refers to an economic model defined as a peer-to-peer based activity of acquiring, providing, or sharing access to goods and services that is often facilitated by a commu-nity-based on-line platform (Ranjbari et al., 2018). SE is growing rapidly, and it is assumed that both new business models and new products based on digital sharing platforms can provide more efficient resource use through increased competition and innovation (NOU 2017:4). Thus, the paper addresses the future role and poten-tials of SE in the context of outdoor recreation and nature-based regional tourism in Innlandet County, Norway. SE research has so far been mainly concentrated within urban contexts, whereas there is a shortage of apposite studies connected to sparsely populated regions in gen-eral and to outdoor recreation/ nature-based tourism in particular. Opportunities of the SE in rural areas lie in e.g., provision of shared mobili-ty, accommodations, food, specialized tools and equipment, and personal services such as guiding, courses, and other skilled human resources; needed for recreational stays and activities in nature areas; and availing prosumtion of nature-based assets. SE can be particularly viable in na-ture areas where such resources may be scarce, or where traditional commercial establishment may not be sustainable.
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Aslan, E.; Hem, L. E.; Iversen, N.,
Customer-focused drivers in the sharing economy: A meta-analysis
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Kotler (1972) defines marketing as “the set of human activities directed at facilitating and consummating exchanges” (p.12). Ordinarily, these exchanges are associated with permanent ownership bet...
Kotler (1972) defines marketing as “the set of human activities directed at facilitating and consummating exchanges” (p.12). Ordinarily, these exchanges are associated with permanent ownership between buyers and sellers. However, the advances of the internet and mobile technology have enabled buyers and sellers to exchange offerings that exponentially contribute to temporary access rather than ownership — as such, sharing as a form of consumption begin to emerge and numerous practices coined under this umbrella term. At the core, the phenomenon includes a variety of different products and services such as lodging (e.g., Airbnb), tools (e.g., ShareGrid), transportation (e.g., Uber), workspace (e.g., WeWork), or food services (e.g., Deliveroo). The term of the “Sharing Economy” was first mentioned in 2008 and defined as the “collaborative consumption made by the activities of sharing, exchanging, and rental of resources without owning the goods” (Lessig 2008, p.143). After that, this phenomenon, or aspects of it, has been given many different names, including “collaborative consumption”, “commercial sharing systems” (and “access-based consumption”, “shared consumption”, “on-demand economy”, “collaborative economy”, “platform economy” and “gig economy”. Many of these terms share similar set of characteristics, yet, the definition articulates the entire set of characteristics formed by Eckhardt et al. (2019), who define the sharing economy as “a scalable socio-economic system that employs technology-enabled platforms to provide users with temporary access to tangible and intangible resources that may be crowdsourced” (Eckhardt et al., 2019 p.7).The interest in participating in sharing systems is generally characterized as prosocial or sustainable behavior such as sharing, helping others, taking care of the environment. However, participating in sharing systems can also bring economic benefits like saving money or facilitating access to resources, which can form more individualistic reasons for participating in sharing economy practices. Previous research has shown that monetary motivations, environmental and societal concerns, flexibility, variety seeking, sustainability, community belonging, enjoyment and trust are among several factors that enhance participation in the sharing economy. Although there is growing attention for research on consumer behaviour in the sharing economy, the findings regarding antecedents and outcomes of participating in these services are scattered and contradicting with previous findings. The existing literature offers broad range of antecedents for sharing economy; however, researchers disagree on which one best captures the value. Albeit little amount of literature reviews has been added to the field, and a quantifiable estimation of the relationship between the antecedents and outcomes has not been investigated yet. The inconsistency of previous research supports the need for meta-analysis to integrate the accumulated empirical research, to see the landscape of the research area, and provide comprehensive understanding on which antecedents are the most effective for sharing services. Based on these grounds, the paper aims to answer the research question: What are the main customer-focused antecedents of the sharing economy and to what extend do these antecedents influence the behavioural intention towards the sharing economy services?
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Gretzinger, S.; Leick, B.; Ulrich, A. M. D.,
Actor role-resource interactions in emerging sharing-economy businesses: A case study from Danish sharing-economy entrepreneurs
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
This paper explores the process of establishing and developing businesses within the sharing economy by assuming that actors, resources and activities jointly shape various roles associated with shari...
This paper explores the process of establishing and developing businesses within the sharing economy by assuming that actors, resources and activities jointly shape various roles associated with sharing-economy entrepreneurship within platform ecosystems over time. Starting from the dyadic level of analysis, a sample of 15 aspiring entrepreneurs as well as up-stream/down-stream actors related with the entrepreneurs (n= 45 interviews scheduled) in the country-case of Denmark will be sampled to investigate this research question. In the paper, we will describe actor-individual roles as well as business-oriented roles on the dyadic and the network level during the process of establishing, consolidating and stabilising shared-economy businesses. In addition, the drivers that enable these processes will be identified. This short paper provides an overview of the theoretical framework and the planned research design for the empirical study.
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Gundersen, V.,
Human-wildlife interactions: The challenge of monitoring socio-ecological dimensions in Norwegian National Parks
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation are the principal threats to biodiversity worldwide. In addition to the direct changes to the habitat caused by human activity, the mere presence of humans...
Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation are the principal threats to biodiversity worldwide. In addition to the direct changes to the habitat caused by human activity, the mere presence of humans can prevent wildlife from accessing otherwise intact patches of habitat. This is exemplified by a wideranging species, wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Norway. During winter, reindeer rely on lichens that are both vulnerable for wear and slow to regenerate. In summer months, the reindeer follow the retreat-ing snowpack as they seek greener vegetation and insectfree calving pastures. The wild reindeer is a challenging species to manage. It is adapted to survive in a mountain environment with extremely variable foraging conditions that require extensive seasonal movements. Human development of different kind of infrastructure, combined with increased human presence in their environment, mainly for for recreational purposes, have created an ever-changing disturbance regime. To monitor the human use component in this context, include the metrics of visitors spatial extent, temporal extent and variability, volume, type of activity and characteristics.Marked trails between tourist cabins are the most common infrastructure within wild reindeer ranges, and trail systems often transect large remote areas in such a way that that wild reindeer herds are forced to cross marked trails frequently. The key question is: what level of human disturbance can reindeer herds tolerate, in terms of user numbers per unit of time, before the reindeer movements are either severely hampered or cease altogether? The human use of trails within a wild reindeer range inevitably varies considerably during the summer peak tourist season. Some trail segments see as few as 1 person/day, while other segments have more than 500 person/day. The intensity of use can also vary considerably between different types of trails or paths and the terrain they cross. NINA uses several different methods to collect data on the spatiotemporal pattern of human presence in large mountain areas where use is widely dispersed: automatic counters (TrafX, EcoCounter), GPS surveys (Trackstics), asking visitors to draw their trips on a map, systematic moment observations, mobility bigdata (e.g. the Strava training smartphone app), and different kinds of secondary data. This talk will address these methods and give examples of potential methodological biases.
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Saeporsdottir, A. D.,
Overtourism in Iceland: Myth or reality?
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Large influxes of tourist arrivals have become a major challenge in recent years for many nature-based destinations. Seasonality, uneven spatial distribution and imbalance between supply and demand ar...
Large influxes of tourist arrivals have become a major challenge in recent years for many nature-based destinations. Seasonality, uneven spatial distribution and imbalance between supply and demand are commonly pointed out as part of the problem. In recent years the concept of over-tourism has emerged in that context in the media and increasingly in academia as a way of describing this situation, although the issues behind the term have been a component of visitor and tourism research for many years. Iceland is one of the destinations which has been most associated with the concept of overtourism - at least in the international media discourse. This is a reflection of the enormous increase in international tourist arrivals the country has received in the last decade. In 2010 the number of international visitors to Iceland was about 460,000, by 2018 it had reached approximately 2.3 million, representing an annual average increase of about 22%. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe, with about 370,000 inhabitants on an island little over one hundred thousand square kilometers. Icelands main tourist attraction is nature, with its perceived wilderness landscape. There are a few tourist hotspots on the island, which up to half of all international tourists visit. This has resulted in crowding at the most popular destinations which in turn has led to a decrease in the quality of the tourist experience, overloaded infrastructure, damage at nature destinations and shifts in the perceived nature of the Icelandic landscape. This presentation provides an overview of the different ways in which overtourism has revealed itself at a national level in Iceland. It is both based on a primary and secondary data analysis strategy. Furthermore, it is based on longitudinal research conducted on tourists experience of overcrowding at various nature destinations in Iceland over 20 years. During this time span, over 43,000 questionnaires were completed and in-depth interviews were conducted with several hundred tourists. This allows for a detailed empirical assessment to be made of changes in visitor attitudes, experiences, perceptions and satisfaction with specific locations in Iceland and the development of a broader understanding of Iceland as a nature-based tourism destination over time. The latter includes changes in the make-up of tourist attributes and shifts in the management challenges nature-based destinations are facing from tourism. Finally, Icelands various responses to its success as a major nature tourist destination will be discussed.
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Higham, J.,
The Anthropocene and what it means for managing outdoor recreation experiences
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The global COVID-19 pandemic has, first and foremost, been a widespread human tragedy. It has also been a global social and economic circuit-breaker. The disruption that it has caused has been all emb...
The global COVID-19 pandemic has, first and foremost, been a widespread human tragedy. It has also been a global social and economic circuit-breaker. The disruption that it has caused has been all embracing, and from this has emerged a fleeting opportunity to rethink all aspects of environment, society and economy. In the context of tourism and recreation, the current crisis has been widely recognised as a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to build back better and, in doing so, to try to address fundamental global environmental challenges. Twenty years ago, at the dawn of the new millennium Crutzen and Stoermers (2000) article The Anthropocene argued that the Holocene had ended and a new epoch, for which humankind is responsible, had begun. Anthropogenic climate change, pollution, species extinction, exhaustion of soils, over-exploitation of resources, and population growth were seen as evidence of the Anthropocene. The concept of the Anthropocene has become prominent in the tourism and recreation literature. Many of the central rationales for the Anthropocene - such as climate change, resources depletion, and pollution - are also central concerns associated with pre-COVID growth in tourism and recreation. If our species is a geological force and the impacts are of tourism and recreation are geophysical in scope, this significantly increases the ethical stakes associated with our fields of scholarship. To begin, I will frame my presentation with an initial discussion and critique of the Anthropocene and what it means. In this discussion the locus of responsibility is important. It is necessary to question how particular topics of debate come to the fore and who stands to benefit from how public issues are framed. Visions of tourism and recreation development are interwoven with assumptions regarding who stands to benefit and who will bear the costs associated with those benefits.I will use this critique to consider two of the most fundamental environmental challenges confronting tourism and recreation scholarship; carbon emissions and biodiversity loss. I will draw upon the emerging regenerative tourism paradigm to consider how tourism and recreation can contribute to restoring and regenerating rather than depleting natural capital, while simultaneously building social, cultural and economic capital. This discussion has important implications for tourism and recreation, in terms of pathways forward in the quest for practices that respond with urgency to the these global environmental imperatives. This presentation will be illustrated with emerging examples from Aotearoa (New Zealand).
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Spenceley, A.,
The impacts of the pandemic on tourism in protected and recreational areas
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The pause in tourism has given many tourism and conservation professionals an opportunity to reflect on whether they want to go back to the way things were (10), or alternatively to build back better ...
The pause in tourism has given many tourism and conservation professionals an opportunity to reflect on whether they want to go back to the way things were (10), or alternatively to build back better and greener and recover in a more responsible, sustainable and regenerative way (11). The United Nations and international development agencies have been increasingly vocal in their support for sustainable recovery. In August 2020, UN Secretary-General António Guterres released a policy brief on COVID-19 and transforming tourism, stating that the tourism sector should be rebuilt in a way that is “safe, equitable and climate friendly [and as a] provider of decent jobs, stable incomes and the protection of our cultural and natural heritage.” For travel and tourism to be truly sustainable, broad standards and protocols are needed to address climate change, conservation and social justice. It is also important to conserve nature in protected areas to avoid future zoonoses (12). This is the time for the tourism sector to seize the moment and enact meaningful changes that will transform the world and make a lasting difference for future generations (13). COVID-19 has accelerated the sustainability agenda, and amid the pause, companies are concentrating efforts on their commercial survival. Many tourism operators see becoming sustainable as too hard to do, but in reality it is not so difficult. Resources like the new “Handbook for Sustainable Tourism Practitioners: The essential toolkit” (14) can help the sector to build back in a regenerative way, with communities at the centre.
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Solvang, D. T.,
“Friluftsliv” (outdoor life): Sustainability, trust and social inclusion
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The Norwegian Trekking Association (DNT) aims to act as a responsible organization that carefully addresses key challenges for social and environmental sustainability in outdoor recreation though our ...
The Norwegian Trekking Association (DNT) aims to act as a responsible organization that carefully addresses key challenges for social and environmental sustainability in outdoor recreation though our strategic plan. This lecture will discuss and present approaches to key challenges for DNT and likely also for similar NGOs across the globe.
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Gona, J. K.,
The need for Local Community Resilience in Sustainable Tourism
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Tourism utilises substantial community assets and is to a large extent dependent on community willingness and acceptance of visitors. Community assets and community attitudes are therefore necessary f...
Tourism utilises substantial community assets and is to a large extent dependent on community willingness and acceptance of visitors. Community assets and community attitudes are therefore necessary for balanced growth, which is sustainable tourism. Whereas sustainable tourism is anchored on social, environmental and economic pillars, they are not stand-alone pillars. Environmental and economic pillars lean on the community pillar. In this context, community is broadened to include residents in destinations and all local providers of experiences in destinations. Sustainable tourism should focus on strategies to build resilience in order to strengthen environmental and economic pillars that support balanced growth.
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Fredman, P.; Haukeland, J. V.; Dybedal, P.; Stokke, K. B.; Forbord, M.,
From place-based resources to value-added experiences: Future perspectives on Nature-based tourism
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Nature based tourism is framed and flavored not only by the socio economic conditions of the region where it occurs, but just as much by natural resources and opportunities to make use of them in a to...
Nature based tourism is framed and flavored not only by the socio economic conditions of the region where it occurs, but just as much by natural resources and opportunities to make use of them in a tourism context. This session summarizes five years of research on nature based tourism in the BIOTOUR project and discuss future prospect of this sector in the light of a greener economy, more robust communities and sustainable practices. It will also present key content from the recently published book “Nordic Perspectives on Nature-based Tourism. From place-based resources to value-added experiences”, edited by professors Peter Fredman and Jan Vidar Haukeland.
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Dorado, V.; Farias-Torbidoni, E. O.; Mendes, R. N.; Morera, S.; Garriga, M.;Villanueva, M.,
Tourist carrying capacity. A turning point to a sustainable tourism model. The case of Alt Pirineu National Park - Spain.
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
In the last decades, the world population has increased its physical sports activities in the natural environment. According to the last Eurobarometer survey about outdoor sports, Spain figures in thi...
In the last decades, the world population has increased its physical sports activities in the natural environment. According to the last Eurobarometer survey about outdoor sports, Spain figures in third place with 53% of the population claiming that have been involved in physical outdoor activities, after Finland (67%) and Austria (54%) (European Commission, 2018). As a result, there has been an increase in overcrowding in Protected Areas, which has attracted the attention in the Spanish mass media revealing the consequences that have already demonstrated in various environmental (Cole, 2008; Newsome, 2014; Pickering, 2010; Salesa & Cerda, 2020), social (Weiler et al., 2019) and security studies (Moscoso, 2004). On that point, different public and private entities requested solutions to manage overcrowding in different natural parks through the determination of the Tourist Carrying Capacity (TCC), i.e. maximum number of people who can visit an area at the same time, without damaging the physical, economic or sociocultural environment, nor cause an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors satisfaction (OMT, s. f.). This article aims to show the application of the Cifuentes (1992) methodology about the TCC in 17 trails of Alt Pirineu Natural Park (PNAP), within Vall Ferrera to be included in the next trail guide of the park.
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Rogowski, M.,
Changes of tourism under impact of COVID-19 pandemic in Stołowe Mountains and Karkonosze Mountains National Parks, south-western Poland
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
National parks are important tourist destinations because of their high bio- and geodiversity values that enable outdoor activities and leisure in natural environment. This is vibrant issues because t...
National parks are important tourist destinations because of their high bio- and geodiversity values that enable outdoor activities and leisure in natural environment. This is vibrant issues because the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have limited leisure in natural environment. This presentation highlights the outcomes of the survey conducted on visitors behaviour and motivations during national park visits at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The research was conducted in two mountain national parks located in south-western Poland, i.e., Stolowe Mts. National Park (SMNP) and Karkonosze National Park (KNP), both located in the Sudety Mountains along the Polish-Czech national border. The study identifies intentions of visitors behaviour change in comparison with the pre-COVID-19 period, i.e., 2017-2019. The study aimed to determine the factors that influence the mountain national park visits. Specifically, the surveys were used i) to assess spatiotemporal changes of visitors, distribution in two national parks, including changes in seasonality of tourism and frequencies of main tourism attractions sight-seeings; i) to characterized changes in motivations and behaviours of park visitors during the pandemic period in comparison to the pre-COVID-19 period.
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Schulz, L.; Price, M.,
Mapping the distribution of outdoor activities to assess their impacts on capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) - Evidence from user-generated geographic information
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The most severe effects of outdoor tourism orrecreation (OTR) are habitat fragmentation, modification, and loss, which affect animal behaviour, survivorship, distribution, and reproduction (e.g.: Karl...
The most severe effects of outdoor tourism orrecreation (OTR) are habitat fragmentation, modification, and loss, which affect animal behaviour, survivorship, distribution, and reproduction (e.g.: Karlson & Mörtberg, 2015; Monz, Pickering, & Hadwen, 2017). A highly used path can create a barrier and lead animals to avoid a much wider area through trail-edge effects (Monz et al., 2017; Moss et al., 2014). Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) respond differently to different OTR activities, e.g., they avoid mountain-bike trails up to 1091.5m and winter infrastructure up to 327.1m (Coppes et al., 2017). Along multiuse tracks, capercaillie use trees closer to tracks in less visited woodland than in highly visited woodland, with tree use asymptotes of 197m and 291m, respectively (Summers et al., 2007). The present study assessed 1) patterns of recreational uses, 2) functional habitat loss of capercaillie due to trail-edge effects, 3) the impacts of OTR on lek site selection, and 4) the potential for capercaillie refuges.
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Wennstrom, C.,
Old fortification islands opened for visitors in Finland
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
In 1999 the Finnish government decided to concentrate the management of all state-owned land and water areas to Metsähallitus, which is an unincorporated state enterprise responsible of the managemen...
In 1999 the Finnish government decided to concentrate the management of all state-owned land and water areas to Metsähallitus, which is an unincorporated state enterprise responsible of the management and protection of the state-owned land and water areas in Finland. For example, areas from the Finnish Defence Forces were moved to Metsähallitus. Many of these sites were islands that had been closed to the public for several decades. These sites contain a very rich biodiversity and a strong cultural heritage. This presentation on how Metsähallitus opened two old military islands to the visitors is a practical example on what kind of management issues can rise when opening new marine protected areas to coastal-marine recreation.
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Piotrowski, K.; Rogowski, M.; Mickiewicz, A.,
Assessment and accuracy improvement of monitoring of tourism traffic in a mid-mountain national park (MSTT: Monitoring System of tourist traffic) in Stołowe Mountains National Park, SW Poland
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
The sustainable management of vulnerable natural areas requires accurate measurement of visitor flows, especially in protected natural areas (Andersen et al. 2013). According to Andersen et al. (2013)...
The sustainable management of vulnerable natural areas requires accurate measurement of visitor flows, especially in protected natural areas (Andersen et al. 2013). According to Andersen et al. (2013), the most often used counting system is a pyroelectric sensor that features a lens sensitive to heat radiation emitted by the human body (Eco-Counter model: PYRO sensor). An important challenge with automatic counting systems is their accuracy, since all types of counters are subject to counting errors (Pettebone et al. 2010).This study focuses on visitor counting accuracy in national parks situated in mountain areas that are also one of the most popular tourist areas. It illustrates the attention to detail required to carry out accurate visitor counting. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of pyroelectric sensor measurement errors in relation to different visitor flow levels and different time intervals between visitors. This verification was based on field experiments and on-site observations of the pyroelectric sensors working as part of the Monitoring System of tourist traffic (MSTT) in Stolowe Mountain National Park (SMNP) in Sudety Mountains, southwestern Poland. SMNP is visited by about 900,000 tourists per year. (Rogowski 2020). In mountain areas, it is difficult to collect data over a longer period of time. In addition, field and weather conditions may yield a higher error rate. This evaluation of accuracy was performed to yield calibration formulas.
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Kling, K. G.,
Balancing values of accessible nature-based tourism, nature conservation and the visitor experience
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Spending time in nature and participating in outdoor activities has positive effects on the health and well-being of individuals, and nature-based tourism and outdoor recreation have the potential to ...
Spending time in nature and participating in outdoor activities has positive effects on the health and well-being of individuals, and nature-based tourism and outdoor recreation have the potential to provide an appropriate setting to engage in such activities (Farkic et al., 2020; Lackey et al., 2019). Even though our understanding of the benefits of nature experiences is well established, there remains unequal access to nature and nature-based activities among different groups in society. People with disabilities are often excluded from being able to fully participate in nature-based tourism and recreation due to physical and social barriers. There is therefore a need for natural areas to become more inclusive and cater to the needs of diverse groups of visitors (Menzies et al., 2020). The accommodation and adjustment of natural areas so that they become more inclusive for people with disabilities nevertheless entails some contradiction of values, especially between accessible nature-based tourism, nature conservation and the visitor experience (Corazon et al., 2019; Donlon, 2000). Increased accessibility in, as well as to, natural areas often means expanding infrastructure and improving facilities; actions which can have an impact on visitors perceptions of untouched nature and raise questions as to whether they are compatible with the objectives of nature conservation (Tverijonaite et al., 2018). However, political objectives of accessible nature for all are highly important in the context of social sustainability and social inclusion, and managers and planners of natural areas therefore have to balance these differing values in order to ensure that different interests and expectations are met. This balancing creates a moral dilemma concerning access to nature: who has access and who is excluded, and how should values be prioritised?
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Stokke, K. B.; Clemetsen, M.,
Local spatial planning as tool for integrated visitor strategies and community development
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2021 |
MINA fagrapport |
Nature-based tourism is to a large extent based on different types of protected areas, adjacent landscapes and communities. In this paper we explore how municipal spatial planning may serve as a tool ...
Nature-based tourism is to a large extent based on different types of protected areas, adjacent landscapes and communities. In this paper we explore how municipal spatial planning may serve as a tool for integrated visitor strategies and community development. In Norway, visitor strategies are introduced for national parks and other large protected areas. These strategies are based on the planning system inside protected areas, regulated by the Nature Diversity Act. The research question is: How can local spatial planning support integrated visitor strategies and community development? Norway has two different institutional systems for spatial planning within and outside protected areas.
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