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	Author	Rauhala, J.; Erkkonen, J.; Iisalo, H.,
	Title	Standardisation of Visitor Counting– Experiences from Finland			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	258-263
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	In 2000 we started to test visitor counters for the Natural Heritage Services of Southern Finland, in the Teijo Hiking Area. At the same time we tested both an appropriate method for visitor counting and counting equipment. Encouraged by this experience, we started systematic visitor counting in nine southern national parks in 2001. Traditional everyman's rights (right of public access) guarantee all people – Finnish or otherwise – free access to Finland's forests, whether the forests be privately or publicly owned. This makes reliable visitor counting difficult, but at the same time extremely challenging. The main reason for visitor counting is the fact that the total number of visitors is not known well enough in protected and recreational areas. We also need to have comparable and reliable visitor information from different types of area and in the long run we need to know the trends as regards the number of visitors. Besides being very important for Metsahallitus itself, the reliable estimates we are able to produce are also of great regional significance. Visitors can be counted by electronic and mechanical counters of different kinds. We have four types of counter in use. Three electronic types can be used in trail and traffic counting and also indoors. In addition there is one mechanical type which can be used indoors, for example. At the moment the Natural Heritage Services of Southern Finland have about 40 counters in use. Each counter calculates visitors somewhat differently, depending on the installation of the counter, its placement and the quality of the counter. Also, different weather conditions may affect the counters. For these reasons, each counter must be calibrated independently, after which each counter has its own coefficient. After calibration one can calculate the counter’s final result. Thereafter it is possible to calculate the estimated total number of visitors in a specific area. Metsahallitus also carries out visitor counting in other parts of Finland, but not yet as systematically as in southern Finland. Naturally there is a connection between visitor surveys and visitor counting, as both qualitative and quantitative information is important in planning and management processes. This paper presents practical experiences of visitor counting from the Finnish perspective. The presentation deals with the process of planning visitor counting, the special equipment needed in counting and ways of transforming the figures from the calculators into estimates of the number of visits in a specific area. In addition, the results of a pilot study from the Teijo Hiking Area are presented as a case.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 490			Serial	2308
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	Author	Erkkonen, J.; Sievänen, T.,
	Title	Standardisation of Visitor Surveys – Experiences from Finland			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	252-257
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	A visitor survey standardisation project was conducted in 1998-2000 in Finland. The visitor survey standardisation project was part of a large national outdoor recreation demand and supply inventory (LVVI). There are two reasons for the standardisation of visitor surveys. First, it is possible to collect comparable information from different kind of areas. Moreover, the information gathered can be combined on a national level. Secondly, standardised measurements assure long-term monitoring of behavioural changes in each studied area. The visitor survey standardisation project developed a standardised questionnaire for the most important information gathered with the help of visitor surveys, that is visitor profiles, activities, distribution of use by area, distribution of use by time, duration of the visit, expenditure of visitors and information on visitor satisfaction and motivation. It is recommended that the data collection be carried out by means of self-conducted questionnaires. The project produced a visitor survey manual and a Microsoft Excel application for computing descriptive results in order to encourage the personnel of recreation areas to conduct visitor surveys independently. The implementation of standardised visitor surveys is mainly carried out by Metsähallitus (Forest and Park Service) which manages the majority of the state-owned protected areas and national hiking areas in Finland. At the beginning of 2002, there were 33 national parks, 7 state-owned hiking areas and some 400 other protected areas. About two million recreational visits take place annually in state-owned protected areas and national hiking areas. The number of recreational visits seems to be on the increase. All together 22 different visitor surveys have been conducted in state-owned areas in the last few years. The results of some of the surveys have almost immediately been used in management and planning of the area in question. In general, there is increasing understanding and interest in the use of visitor information as a tool in decision making: services can be improved to meet visitor expectations better and scarce resources can be allocated more effectively. Along with visitor surveys, systematical visitor counts have recently been started using electronic trail and traffic counters, guest books or manual counters in several protected and recreational areas. At the moment, the next step will be to develop a national database of the collected information, and also to develop good practice in order to benefit from the information on a national level. This paper discusses, firstly, the structure and type of information that is needed from a visitor survey, secondly, how to conduct a visitor survey as a routine method in planning processes, and the framework within which visitor information can be utilised in planning and management. Thirdly, the Finnish experience of the benefits to be gained by using a standardised model for conducting visitor surveys is discussed.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 488			Serial	2307
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	Author	English, D.B.K.; Kocis, S.M.; Arnold, J.R.; Zarnoch, S.J.; Warren, L.,
	Title	Visitor Use of USDA Forest Service Recreation Areas: Methods and Results from the National Visitor Use Monitoring Effort			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	246-251
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	One stratum of survey sites in the USDA Forest Service’s National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) effort contains agency-managed elements of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Two related methods are used to estimate the amount of visitation that occurs in these areas. One utilizes annual information on the number of use permits at the sites where these are mandatory; the other employs a double-sampling approach to estimate visitation. In both cases, on-site visitor sampling is required to obtain the information necessary to estimate actual visitation. A few additional questions on the survey enable us to describe visitor demographics, evaluate customer satisfaction, and estimate economic values and impacts of these visits. The presentation discusses development of the sampling design as well as calibration issues for both use estimation methods. A comparison of the statistical accuracy and cost of each is made. Because the sample design is based on the spatial-temporal combination of Wilderness exit points and the days they are open, some analytic adjustment to the sample survey data is required (beyond simple sample means) to get results that describe the visiting population. The analytic framework is presented, along with some empirical results from the first year of sampling at six selected National Forests to give the flavor of the managerially-relevant information we have so far obtained. The presentation concludes with a discussion of how we plan to extend the analysis that can include issues such as developing models of visitor flows and relating visitation levels to perceptions of crowding.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 486			Serial	2306
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	Author	Cihar, M.; Stursa, J.; Trebicky, V.,
	Title	Monitoring of Tourism in the Czech National Parks			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	240-245
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Recreational and tourist exploitation of selected parts of four Czech National Parks has been investigated since the year 1997. The article presents cross-section data from 2000. During a nine-day period in the high summer season the basic quantitative census of tourists, cyclists and cars on selected crossroads of tourist paths in the core area of national parks had been carried out and qualitative characteristics, opinions and attitudes of visitors were evaluated. Relation between socio-demographic structure of visitors and their behaviour and attitudes to conservation management activities of the national park’s Authorities was analysed using a special type of a questionnaire based on interviews with a random and representative sample of visitors. There are evident differences between various National Parks (Krkonose, Sumava, Podyji, Ceske Svycarsko) and between the attitudes of foreign visitors and Czech visitors. Investigation has been focused also on local inhabitants and elected representatives of local communities. Results are used by NP Authorities within the process of estimation of ecological and psychological carrying capacity as well as the one of appropriate indicators of sustainable development of the Czech National Parks. Monitoring will continue in the next years.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 484			Serial	2305
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	Author	Skov-Petersen, H.,
	Title	GIS-based modeling of car-borne visits to Danish Forests			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	233-239
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Vector-based GIS is used as a basic for building a predictive model of car-borne recreational activities in Danish nature areas. Special attention is paid to the forests. The model takes its point of departure from frequencies of forest visits considering type of starting point (dwelling, summer house etc.), travel cost (into four time-bands) and three different nature types (forest, beach, and the remainder landscape). By means of linear regression statistics the model results are correlated with registered activities (number of cars in an extensive selection of parking lots in the nature). Further the effect of various local amenities – distance to the coasts, terrain form etc. – are evaluated. The work is part of the authors Ph.D.-thesis (Skov- Petersen, 2002).
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 482			Serial	2304
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	Author	Ploner, A.; Brandenburg, C.,
	Title	Modelling the Dependency between Visitor Numbers and Meteorological Variables via Regression Trees			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	225-232
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	We propose using regression trees as a flexible and intuitive tool for modelling the relationship between weather conditions and day to day changes of the visitor load in outdoor recreation areas. Regression trees offer a number of advantages when compared e.g. to linear models, specifically by outlining different seasonal and meteorological scenarios. When applied to video monitoring data from the Lobau, an Austrian nature conservation area, good regression tree models for the total number of visitors and the counts for some visitor categories (bikers, hikers, swimmers) were found, while other categories could not be adequately represented (dog walkers, joggers). The regression trees indicate a strong relationship between weather and total visitor numbers, as well as weather and the number of bikes and swimmers, respectively. The relationship to weather was found to be only slight for hikers and dog walkers, and completely absent for joggers. In general, the use of derived meteorological quantities in form of thermic comfort indices for characterizing weather conditions results in better models than the use of directly observable meteorological quantities.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 480			Serial	2303
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	Author	Mutz, R.; Von Janowsky, D.; Becker, G.,
	Title	Cyclical Visitor-Behavior Patterns of Urban Forest Recreation Environments and their Determinants – A Statistical View			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	218-224
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Urban forest recreation environments have their particular rhythms, not only natural periodicities, but also periodicites of their human members (vistors, rangers,...). A human forest ecosystem as a basic unit of analysis can be defined as an interaction between the population, the organization of forest and the technology in response to the environment. In order to manage such forest ecosystems information about the recreation demand of visitors is needed, particularly about the rhythms of the visitor flow. A scientific project in Stuttgart, a town in South-Germay, provides for an example. The central objective of this paper is to detect periodicities in a time series of frequencies of certain groups of visitors, observed by a fix video camera over one year (March 1999-March 2000) (n=1421 measurements). A not widespreaded statistical method, the spectral analysis, will be applied on the data. Certain periodicities can be found, especially a day-cycle, week-cycles and year-cycles for the various groups of visitors. Impacts of weather (sunny, cloudy, rainy) and weekday (weekend or not) have significant influence on the visitor flow. A simulation illustrates the shape of the cycles, which are detected.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 478			Serial	2302
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	Author	Lynch, J.,
	Title	A Spatial Model of Overnight Visitor Behavior in a Wilderness Area in Eastern Sierra Nevada			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	211-217
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	This paper documents an attempt to simulate spatially the behavior of a group of sampled overnight visitors in a dispersed recreation setting – the Humphrey’s Basin region of the John Muir Wilderness in the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains. This study utilizes spatial data depicting the behavior of backcountry visitors in Humphrey’s Basin to formulate a model based on cost surface techniques in a geographic information system (GIS) to develop a measure of visitor effort expenditure as a way of describing factors influencing spatial distribution of camping behavior. This hiking effort index model (HEI) measures the accumulative cost hikers expended to traverse varying distances between campsite locations in the study area. The cost grid input for the HEI model consisted of a) a slope factor derived from digital elevation models (DEM), b) the measured hiking times of backpackers at various slopes, and c) the relative cost of traveling either on or off trail. The model measures relative travel cost in units of hiking minutes. The model was tested using a subsample of the actual spatial data of visitor behavior not used in the running of the HEI model. Results indicate that the HEI model does accurately simulate the spatial distribution of visitors. This study thus suggests that human behavior in a dispersed recreation setting can be successfully modeled as well as pointing to ways of further improving simulation techniques
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 476			Serial	2301
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	Author	Lawson, S.; Manning, R.; Valliere, W.; Wang, B.; Budruk, M.,
	Title	Using Simulation Modeling to Facilitate Proactive Monitoring and Adaptive Management of Social Carrying Capacity in Arches National Park, Utah, USA			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	205-210
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Recent research and management experience has led to several frameworks for defining and managing carrying capacity of national parks and protected areas. The process outlined in contemporary carrying capacity frameworks embodies the principles of adaptive management. That is, management decisions are guided and adapted within these frameworks by monitoring indicator variables to ensure that standards of quality are maintained. The objective of this study was to develop a computer simulation model to estimate the relationships between total park use and the condition of indicator variables. In this way, simulation modeling might facilitate proactive monitoring and adaptive management of social carrying capacity of parks and protected areas.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 474			Serial	2300
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	Author	Keßel, A.; Klüpfel, H.; Meyer-König, T.; Schreckenberg, M.,
	Title	A Concept for Coupling Empirical Data and Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Flows			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	199-204
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	In this paper we present a concept for coupling empirical data and a microscopic simulation of pedestrian motion. Since there is no automatic detection method available for this task up to now the main focus is on developing such a system. A review of the different detection methods is presented and the requirements are given an automatic system has to fulfil. Additionally, a possible realisation of such a detector is described. Experiences with such a system for vehicular traffic are reviewed.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 472			Serial	2299
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	Author	Itami, R.; Raulings, R.; MacLaren, G.; Hirst, K.; Gimblett, R.; Zanon, D.; Chladek, P.,
	Title	RBSim 2: Simulating the Complex Interactions between Human Movement and the Outdoor Recreation Environment			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	191-198
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	This paper describes advancements in recreation management using new technology that couples Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with Intelligent Agents to simulate recreation behaviour in real world settings. RBSim 2 (Recreation Behaviour Simulator) is a computer simulation program that enables recreation managers to explore the consequences of change to any one or more variables so that the goal of accommodating increasing visitor use is achieved while maintaining the quality of visitor experience. RBSim provides both a qualitative understanding of management scenarios by the use of map graphics from a GIS as well as a quantitative understanding of management consequences by generating statistics during the simulation. Managers are able to identify points of over crowding, bottlenecks in circulation systems, and conflicts between different user groups. RBSim 2 is a tool designed specifically for the purposes of simulating human recreation behaviour in outdoor environments. The software is designed to allow recreation researchers and managers to simulate any recreation environment where visitors are restricted to movement on a network (roads, trails, rivers, etc.). The software architecture is comprised of the following components: • GIS module to enter travel network, facilities, and elevation data • Agent module to specify tourist personality types, travel modes, and agent rules • Typical Trip planner to specify trips as an aggregation of entry/exit nodes, arrival curves, destinations and agents • Scenario designer to specify combinations of travel networks, and typical trip plans • Statistical module to specify outputs and summarize simulation results. This paper describes the RBSim software architecture with specific reference to the trip planning algorithms used by the recreation agents.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 470			Serial	2298
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	Author	Gulinck, H.; Dumont, B.,
	Title	Simulating Visitors’ Dispersion in a Nature Reserve based on a Friction Model			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	187-190
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	A friction model is used for predicting the risk of human penetration of fragile vegetation and bird breeding sites in a nature reserve in central Belgium. The basic components of the study are the terrain classification and the determination of friction values. Different sets of friction values are proposed: based on expert estimation, on walking speed, on energy consumption estimation and on willingness to trespass. The results are compared with spatial data derived from visitor’s observations and interviews. The model is to be improved in a later stage by incorporating the effects of visitor's goals, and of attractors and detractors such as vistas, free roaming cattle or physical challenges. The outcome of this study will be used as basis for the evaluation, and eventually of the redesign, of the current management decisions provided in and around the reserve. Also it should help in following-up the effects of the rapidly changing vegetation and terrain conditions on the behaviour of visitors.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 468			Serial	2297
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	Author	Gimblett, R.; Lynch, J.; Daniel, T.; Ribes, L.; Oye, G.,
	Title	Deriving Artificial Models of Visitors From Dispersed Patterns of Use in Sierra Nevada Wilderness			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	180-186
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Natural resource managers are faced with a complex problem of understanding human use patterns and associated impacts in dispersed recreation wilderness settings. This is further complicated by the subsequent synthesis and modeling of those behaviors that affect such patterns of use. While conventional approaches to modeling have limited use in acquiring and understanding such complex associations, spatial simulation models have been proposed as an alternative. The purpose of this paper is to describe a project whose focus is on a dispersed recreation context of backpacking trips and commercial packstock operations in the John Muir Wilderness in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. This paper will discuss the data collection and synthesis to derive agent profiles and rules as a precursor to the development of a dynamic, agent based model that represent the spatial distribution of visitation patterns.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 466			Serial	2296
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	Author	Forer, P.,
	Title	Serial Experiences : Monitoring, Modelling and Visualising the Free Independent Traveller in New Zealand at Multiple Scales with GIS			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	173-179
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	This paper outlines a number of approaches and methodologies, based on utilising itinerary analysis and Geographic Information Systems, which have sought to explore tourism flows and their impacts at a range of temporal and spatial resolutions. As such its basic records are the sequential movement patterns of individual tourists, either from night to night or from stop to stop. It draws from a data base of some 50,000 journeys nationally, and three major regional surveys in Northland, the West Coast and Rotorua conducted between 1997 and 2001. The paper initially deals with analysis and integration issues relating to existing national data sets on international and domestic visitors and their overnight stays. It then describes and critiques the development of map-based sample surveys applied to detailed information on intra-regional flows, with reference to work in both Tai Tokerau (Northland) and the South Island's West Coast. These surveys record the 'informal' stopping behaviour of visitors in greater detail, and allow initial analysis of movement and positioning of tourists at various times of the day. Insights gained from these data are explored, and their relationship to other data sets such as attraction visitation and accommodation usage surveys are reviewed. Finally, the significance of the data for tourism (in areas such as development strategies and impact assessment) and for wider geo-demographic applications are discussed, as are new data collection opportunities for recording itineraries and flows.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 464			Serial	2295
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	Author	Brandenburg, C.; Ploner, A.,
	Title	Models to Predict Visitor Attendance Levels and the Presence of Specific User Groups			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	166-172
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	This paper proposes approaches to modeling visitor flows in the context of weather and outdoor recreation. The nature conservation area and area under investigation the Lobau, which is a part of the Danube Floodplains National Park, lies in close proximity to the large conurbation of Vienna, the capital city of Austria. This circumstance presents the managers and researchers of the Lobau with a variety of challenging problems, due to the high number of visitors and the multifaceted visitor structure. An ecologically and economically sustainable management of the recreation and conservation area Lobau requires a profound knowledge of the uses visitors make of this area and a reliable prediction of the potential numbers of visitors. The investigation of the prognostic model is based on the results of a visitor monitoring project. Within this project, video-cameras were installed at several entrance points to the Lobau to monitor recreational activities throughout one year. The prognostic models were based on the dependence of the daily number of visitors on external factors such as weather and day of the week. Using a linear regression, these relationships were investigated and used to predict visitor loads. For the model, a distinction was made between workdays and weekends and/or holidays. The weather was considered in a very differentiated way: Meteorological elements, i.e. air temperature, cloud cover, precipitation, appear directly as parameters in the models as well as indirectly in thermal comfort indices, e.g. the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET). Reliable models can be obtained for the daily totals of visitors as well as for specific user groups with high visitor loads, i.e. hikers and bikers. The day of the week has the greatest influence on the daily totals of visitors as well as on individual user groups. The numbers of bikers and hikers depend heavily on the Physiological Equivalent Temperature. The effects of precipitation and cloud cover during the preceding seven days are small. The usage patterns of joggers and dog walkers are more difficult to model as they are less influenced by the day of the week and weather related factors.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 462			Serial	2294
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	Author	Daniel, T.C.,
	Title	Modelling Visitor Flow from the Visitor Perspective: The Psychology of Landscape Navigation			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	159-165
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	This paper reviews basic issues underlying the monitoring and modeling of the movements of visitors in large-scale natural parks and recreation areas. Modeling of “visitor flow” is related to research and methods in associated fields, including environmental preference, environmental values/attitudes and wayfinding. Relevant psychophysiological and neurological research and theory is also reviewed to reveal the fundamental basis of dissociations between verbal reports and actions. It is argued that traditional verbal survey methods cannot in principle provide an adequate basis for models of human landscape navigation.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 460			Serial	2293
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	Author	Simma, A.; Schlich, R.; Axhausen, K.W.,
	Title	Destination Choice Modelling of Leisure Trips: The Case of Switzerland			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	150-158
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	In this paper the destination choice of Swiss within Switzerland is analysed. Information about variables influencing destination choice for different activity should be the result of the modelling process. The analyses are based on three pillars. A detailed database for all Swiss municipalities is the first pillar, nation wide demand data the second pillar. Additionally a suitable method is necessary. Because destination choice is a choice between discrete alternatives, Multi-nominal Logit models are used. Models for three different activity types – skiing, climbing and hiking respectively walking and swimming are estimated. In all models the importance of the distance between origin and destination becomes visible.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 458			Serial	2292
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	Author	Rudolphi, W.; Haider, W.,
	Title	Visitor Management and Ecological Integrity: One Example of an Integrated Management Approach Using Decision Analysis			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	143-149
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	In this paper we argue in favor of using a decision analysis framework for more integrated decision-making when managing protected areas. Such an approach will enable agencies to balance between the frequently conflicting goals of visitor management and ecological integrity. We present a case study from the West Coast Trail in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, BC, Canada, in which we use ELECTRE and AHP to establish a ranking of several management options. We conclude by suggesting that such a more formal framework constitutes a more objective decision support tool, assists in framing relevant management questions and tradeoffs, and at the same time provides guidance for data collection.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 456			Serial	2291
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	Author	Lawson, S.; Manning, R.,
	Title	Integrating Multiple Wilderness Values into a Decision-Making Model for Denali National Park and Preserve			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	136-142
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Decisions about how to manage wilderness recreation in Denali National Park and Preserve require managers to integrate a diverse set of public values, a process that typically involves balancing tradeoffs among multiple and often competing values. While decisions about how to manage wilderness are often contentious, previous research suggests that if managers are able to predict public support for various management alternatives the decisions become more tractable. This study develops a decision-making model that integrates social, resource, and managerial values associated with the Denali wilderness experience. Specifically, stated choice analysis is used to evaluate the choices overnight wilderness visitors make when faced with hypothetical tradeoffs among the conditions of social, resource, and management attributes of the Denali wilderness. Study findings offer an empirical approach for predicting and evaluating the likelihood of public support for Denali wilderness management alternatives.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 454			Serial	2290
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	Author	Cottrell, S.,
	Title	Predictive Model of Responsible Environmental Behaviour: Application as a Visitor-Monitoring Tool			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	129-135
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	This working paper presents a framework for understanding responsible environmental behaviour as a visitor-monitoring tool. Visitor use data forms the basis of any successful visitor management plan to understand user knowledge, awareness and attitudes about pollution issues in order to develop management policies and actions that enhance appropriate visitor behaviour. A case study of the application of a predictive behavioural model on the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA involving boater environmental behaviour as a social indicator is discussed. Results indicate that knowledge of water pollution issues, awareness of the consequences, equipment issues such as boat length and boat type, and situational factors that constrain or hinder appropriate behaviour were indicators of appropriate behaviour. A structural equation path diagram model was tested using AMOS student version 4.01 using up to seven of the eight predictors from boating behaviour case study to demonstrate the strength of a path analysis procedure. Results model those of the stepwise regression procedures used in the original study, yet the path diagrams demonstrate ease of interpreting the structural relationships among variables in a regression equation. Implications for management actions in the case study situation are given followed by a proposed researchmonitoring program coupling social science techniques with the natural sciences.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 452			Serial	2289
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	Author	Burns, R.C.; Graefe, A.R.,
	Title	Segmentation of Outdoor Recreationists: A Comparison of Recreationists’ Perceptions of Importance and Satisfaction Across Activities			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	122-128
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The purpose of this study was to explore levels of importance and satisfaction with various attributes of customer service among selected segments of outdoor recreationists. The study also examined the nature of the relationships between satisfaction attributes and overall satisfaction. These relationships were tested for four dimensions of satisfaction (facilities, services, information, and recreation experience), across three water-based user groups (ramp users, campers, and day users). This study builds on previous customer satisfaction research conducted by both consumer behavior specialists and recreation researchers. In congruence with previous research on customer satisfaction, many of the constructs associated with quality in a recreation environment are intangible, elusive, and extremely difficult to measure. Study results showed that there are significant differences between different segments of users in reported levels of importance and satisfaction with various aspects of a recreational visit, but the nature of the relationships between the various domains and overall satisfaction varies little across the user segments.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 450			Serial	2288
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	Author	Haider, W.,
	Title	Stated Preference & Choice Models – A Versatile Alternative to Traditional Recreation Research			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	115-121
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	In outdoor recreation research and visitor management applications, stated preference and choice methods have not enjoyed the same amount of popularity when compared to other directions of applied research. This is somewhat surprising considering the fact that decisions that managers of protected areas and outdoor recreation in general face are typically multiattribute in nature and require an understanding of the trade-offs that decision-makers of clients are willing to make. This paper provides an overview to stated choice research by explaining the essential considerations during the design and analysis of this approach. The various stages will be explained on hand of a simple example. Then the versatility of the approach will be demonstrated by discussing research design options in more detail.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 448			Serial	2287
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	Author	Jackson, S.; Haider, W.; Elliot, T.,
	Title	Resolving Inter-Group Conflict in Winter Recreation: Chilkoot Trail National Historic Site, British Columbia			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	109-114
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The Chilkoot Trail National Historic Site, in British Columbia, Canada, is wellknown for its summer historic gold rush hiking route, and is popular in the winter with local residents for skiing, snowmobiling and other winter sports. Park managers implemented a strategy of temporal segregation to mitigate known conflicts between motorised and nonmotorised winter users. This study evaluated the effectiveness of separating users, by monitoring visitor satisfaction and support for the management strategy, and assessing the key differences between user groups within the theory of asymmetrical conflict. The results show that separating users does increase satisfaction for non-motorised users; however, support for controlled access is moderate to low among all users. This study alerts park managers using direct tools such as controlled access, in that dissatisfaction may shift from those who were most affected by the inter-group conflict (non-motorised users) to the motorised group, who are dissatisfied with increased access limitations and loss of freedom.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 446			Serial	2286
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	Author	Cessford, G.,
	Title	Perception and Reality of Conflict: Walkers and Mountain Bikes on the Queen Charlotte Track in New Zealand			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	102-108
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	A variety of social and physical impacts are attributed to mountain biking. In many cases, the perception of these impacts differs from the reality of on-site experiences. This distinction is explored in two ways. First, a brief review of impact issues associated with mountain bikes is carried out. Second, results are presented from a survey of 370 walkers on a multi-day natural track where biking has been allowed on a trial basis. Walker opinions are surprisingly positive toward bikes. These opinions are found to be more positive among those walkers who had actual encounters with bikes. By contrast, more negative opinions were found among those who had no such encounters. Such distinctions between perception of a conflict and the actual outcome from an experience have important implications for park managers responsible for providing a range of different recreation opportunities.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 444			Serial	2285
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	Author	Suchant, R.; Schäfer, A.,
	Title	Integrating Tourism and Grouse Habitat Protection in the Black Forest			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	95-101
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	This project illustrates methods for combining tourism and conservation. The project area of 8.000 hectares is a popular central European tourist attraction. It is also NATURA 2000 area and habitat of the hazel grouse (Bonasa bonasia L.) and capercaille (Tetrao urogallus L.). Grouse species are used as indicators for environmental features such as diversity, natural character and beauty of the landscape. A catalogue of integrated actions was coordinated in a two-phase method based on detailed inventories of the landscape ecology, tourist use, the habitat and distribution of grouse species: The first step was to tune the measures for habitat improvement within a spatial concept with rest zones for wildlife in which silvicultural measures should improve habitat structures. The second step was coordination with local authorities and NGO’s to concentrate and improve the tourist infrastructure outside these rest zones. The result of the project (begun in 1998) has been a win-win-situation: improvement of habitat structures as well as improved offer for tourism. Conservation and the utilization of nature are no longer regarded as contradictory. The dynamic of a spatial concept based on scientific results allows all the various interest parties to work together. The project is supported by EU’s “LIFE-Nature” programme.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 442			Serial	2284
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	Author	Steiner, W.; Parz-Gollner, R.,
	Title	Actual Numbers and Effects of Recreational Disturbance on the Distribution and Behaviour of Greylag Geese (Anser Anser) in the “Neusiedler See – Seewinkel” Nationalpark Area			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	89-94
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The Neusiedler See – Seewinkel National Park area is confronted with a remarkable increase in tourism and recreational activities during the last years. The „Koppel“ area, situated on the eastern shore of the lake, is one of the most important breeding sites for Greylag Geese. Behaviour and distribution of the geese on the breeding site as well as touristic activities on the adjacent road leading along the „Koppel“ were examined to investigate relations and interactions between the Greylag Goose population and tourism. Taking into account the excellent weather and breeding conditions in the year 2000 the results of the survey indicate a stable or even rising Greylag population, increasing numbers of visitors and high disturbance frequencies in the vicinity of the study area. The number of disturbances on the adjacent road seems to affect the suitability of the site in general, leading to a specific temporal and spatial distribution of the birds, whereas different disturbance qualities result in changes of the birds behaviour.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 440			Serial	2283
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	Author	Pekny, R.; Leditznig, C.,
	Title	Visitor Management in the Wilderness Area Dürrenstein, Lower Austrian Kalkalpen			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	84-88
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	With its approx. 2.400 ha, the wilderness area Dürrenstein lies in the south-western part of Lower Austria in the northern Kalkalpen. The primary objective of this protected area, which is aiming at being recognised as Category I of the IUCN guidelines (Eastern part: Ia – strict nature reserve and Western part: Ib – wilderness area), is the sustainable protection of this region. However, as according to the said guidelines, human disturbance in the wilderness area must be minimised, yet educational opportunities (for Ia) and the well-being of visitors (for Ib) are part of the criteria for the mentioned categories, there could be potential conflicts between nature protection objectives and the activities resulting from an educational and recreational obligation (visitor management and guidance). As part of the LIFE project carried out for the establishment of the wilderness area, visitor surveys were made. They showed that the area around the Dürrenstein was mostly a regional recreation area. The number of visitors has remained widely the same in the last 50 years despite slight fluctuations. An increase in the level of popularity of the protected area, following the Category I recognition, could alter the situation. A possible consequence of a larger number of visitors would be the effect on habitats i.e. a disturbance of the wild animals living in the wilderness area. In particular hoofed game, red deer, deer and chamois but also rare birds such as capercaillie or black grouse could be affected. The result of increased disturbance is species extinction or in the case of hoofed game (forest)ecological damage, which cannot be tolerated in such a small wilderness area. In order to counteract the negative effects of a positive visitor development in the wilderness area, appropriate standards must be set for visitor management. For this, measures for visitor guidance should not only be applied inside the wilderness area, but also partly in its forefield. Only thus may the demands of nature protection on an effective visitor management be met. Therefore, basic – from the point of view of the protected area management, very moderate – principles were fixed for the wilderness area itself: • Visitor information on the protection objective • Monitoring of the development of the recreational use • Gentle guidance instead of orders (marked trails) • Discussion of arising utilisation conflicts with all parties concerned.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 438			Serial	2282
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	Author	Lukac, G.,
	Title	The Visitor Flows and the Bird Communities in the Paklenica National Park, Croatia (between 1997-2001)			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	78-83
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The paper shows the visitor flow in the Great Paklenica canyon, the most visited part of Paklenica National Park. This area is the greatest climbing center in Croatia. About 500-800 visitors reside on average in this area daily from mid-April to the end of October. The maximum number of visitors, 90.000, was reached in 2001. Up until now we have noted more than 200 bird species the National Park area, and between 1997 and 2001 we have recorded 56 species breed in the Velika Paklenica canyon. This most visited canyon, is known as the breedding area of 18 rocky bird species, such as as Peregrine Falcon, Short–toed Eagle, Kestrel, Rock Partridge, Eagle owl, Rock Dove, Alpine swift, Raven, Rock Nuthach, Blue Rock Thrush, Rock Thrush, Crag Martin, House Martin, Red-rumped Swallow, Black Redstart, Black-eared Wheatear. One pair of Golden Eagles moved to an inaccessible area of the Mala Paklenica canyon. The small colonies of Griffon Vultures have ceased to exist in the National Park. The Egyptian Vulture have disappeared from Croatia at the end of the 1980-ties. This paper discusses the influences of visitor flows, climbing and other recreational activites on the breeding bird communities.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 436			Serial	2281
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	Author	Gokhelashvili, R.; Gavashelishvili, A.; Javakhishvili, Z.; Azniashvili, L.,
	Title	Tourism Infrastructure Planning in Tusheti National Park of Georgia			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	74-77
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	This paper provides an example of using biodiversity information for tourism infrastructure and management planning in national parks to avoid conflicts between nature conservation, recreational goals, and other users. Within the area of the proposed Tusheti National Park in Georgia, we used field survey data of seventeen focal species within a GIS analytical environment to assess the consistency of planned management categories zoning and administrative and visitor infrastructure (including tourist trails) with biodiversity conservation requirements. A map, comprised of layers for each focal species, was overlaid onto maps of proposed zoning, infrastructure and tourist trails. Numerous conflicts in planning were detected and recommendations were made to improve zoning and infrastructure planning in the national park, and to minimize negative effects of tourism on biodiversity conservation.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 434			Serial	2280
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	Author	Gätje, C.; Möller, A.; Feige, M.,
	Title	Visitor Management by Visitor Monitoring? Methodological Approach and Empirical Results from the Wadden Sea National Park in Schleswig-Holstein			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	68-73
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Even today monitoring in most large nature reserves is mainly concerned with ecological environmental observations. Socio-economical parameters and special parameters concerned with tourism are rarely part of such programmes. This is not the case in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park (SH-WSNP). During an extensive ecosystem research project the necessary basis for a better understanding of the structure and dynamics of the Wadden Sea was made. The local population and economy of the Wadden Sea region, especially tourism, played an important role in the project right from the start. The knowledge gained by the project was used as a basis for the revision of the national park law and in the concept for an interstate monitoring programme for the Wadden Sea. The three modules of the socio-economic monitoring (SEM): SEM-Regional, SEM-Trend and SEM-Poll document the, for Germany, unique and thus innovative character of this monitoring programme which is orientated towards comprehensive data collection and assessment. Extensive experience with different methods and results of the quantitative and qualitative monitoring of visitors were gathered during a three year test phase. The possible use of the results for an optimisation of the management of visitor flow in and adjacent to the National park and for more targeted information and public relations work are discussed.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 432			Serial	2279
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	Author	Visschedijk, P.A.M.; Henkens, R.J.H.G.,
	Title	Recreation Monitoring at the Dutch Forest Service			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	65-67
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	In 1996 the former Institute for Forestry and Nature Research (now Alterra) started to develop a system to monitor the recreational use of forests and other grounds owned by the Dutch forest service. The aim was to determine the number of visitors, their activities and the percepted quality. This information provides a valuable management tool for targeting of resources. The system uses three methods to gather the information: 1. Monitoring vehicle and bicycle use at the sites by using traffic counters with induction loops installed in the road (all year round). 2. Visual counting of visitors at all entrances (on 12 days during the year). 3. Survey of visitors (on 12 days during the year). When the system is fully implemented their will be a network of 48 sites. All of these will be monitored by using this method once in every 10 years, on average 5 sites a year.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 430			Serial	2278
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	Author	Shapochkin, M.; Kiseleva, V.,
	Title	Monitoring of Recreation-Affected Forest Stands in the National Park Losiny Ostrov			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	59-64
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The effect of recreation on the forests of National Park Losiny Ostrov located within the boundaries of Moscow is examined. The methods of monitoring of recreation-affected forest stands are represented, and the preliminary results of their application for the revealing of the most damaged forest areas are discussed. Some practical measures are suggested in order to redistribute visitor flows across the territory of the most visited part of the national park.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 428			Serial	2277
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	Author	Rundle, S.,
	Title	Monitoring Low Volume Walker Use of a Remote Mountain Range: a Case Study of the Arthur Range, Tasmania, Australia			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	53-58
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Registration data are the major source of information about bushwalker (hiker, tramper, rambler) volumes and basic characteristics in the Arthur Range within the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. This paper describes the problems encountered with the existing registration system and the simple and practical solutions adopted to address them.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 426			Serial	2276
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	Author	McVetty, D.,
	Title	Understanding Visitor Flows in Canada's National Parks: the Patterns of Visitor Use Study in Banff, Kootenay, and Yoho National Parks			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	46-52
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Parks Canada and its stakeholders are seeking to better understand visitors’ movements, behaviour, and motives to support ecological integrity and sustainable tourism. Traditional market research describes these dimensions one at a time, but few studies have focused on the segmentation needed to addresses all three dimensions together. This study develops a complex visit typology and compares its practical value to a more common segmentation approach: visitor origin. Results suggest that both approaches have practical value, but that the post hoc visit type approach is more useful as a management tool for describing visitor movements.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 424			Serial	2275
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	Author	Keirle, I.,
	Title	Observation as a Technique for Establishing the Use made of the Wider Countryside: a Welsh Case Study			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	40-45
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Surveying the use made of the wider countryside for recreation is problematic due to the scale of the area to be covered. In particular the distribution, numbers and activities of countryside visitors are difficult to ascertain using conventional methodologies such as questionnaires and counters. This paper describes an observational methodology that has been used investigate recreational activity in a 466 square kilometre area of Mid Wales. The results illustrate the countryside resources that are being utilised, the activities undertaken and the number of people involved. It is concluded that observation is a valuable tool in understanding the nature of recreation in the wider countryside.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 422			Serial	2274
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	Author	Krämer, A.; Roth, R.,
	Title	Spatial Requirements of Outdoor Sports in the Nature Park Southern Blackforest – GIS-based Conflict Analysis and Solutions for Visitor Flow Management			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	33-39
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 420			Serial	2273
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	Author	Hinterberger, B.; Arnberger, A.; Muhar, A.,
	Title	GIS-Supported Network Analysis of Visitor Flows in Recreational Areas			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	28-32
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The application of GIS tools for visitor monitoring facilitates a profound analysis of visitor flow patterns. Giving a visual impression of the distribution of visitors within an area via maps, interpretation of visitor use data is much easier and better. Furthermore, a GIS also allows to determine and analyse quantitative parameters of visitor use such as trail and visitor density. These parameters can also be used to characterise and compare different areas within a park. With a standardised approach, also comparisons between parks can be realised. Therefore, GIS is increasingly used in the area of visitor monitoring to assist recreation planners and park managers in their everyday work. This paper demonstrates how a GIS-based trail network analysis was used in the framework of a visitor monitoring project in the Danube Flood Plains National Park, Austria.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 418			Serial	2272
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	Author	De Vries, S.; Goossen, M.,
	Title	Predicting transgressions of the social capacity of natural areas			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	21-27
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Within the urbanized Dutch society, the social function of forests and nature areas is becoming more and more important. The same holds for agricultural areas. However, planning and management tools for this social function are almost absent. This paper presents a tool to be used by policy makers at regional and higher levels. By means of a normative analysis the local supply of and demand for nature-based recreation are confronted with each other. Because of its normative nature, the analysis does not offer a good description or prediction of actual recreational behavior. However, it does offer insight into where, according to the policy norms, the local supply of nature-based recreation opportunities cannot accommodate local demands. The method has been applied nation-wide and outcomes are momentarily used to substantiate spatial claims to develop new recreation areas.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 416			Serial	2271
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	Author	Cessford, G.; Cockburn, S.; Douglas, M.,
	Title	Developing New Visitor Counters and their Applications for Management			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	14-20
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Developing visitor flow models for managing visitors to conservation areas is not possible without accurate visitor count data from the field. However, obtaining such counts in a reliable and cost-effective manner has proven to be more difficult than may be expected. Reasons for this are reviewed, and the features that park managers want in their visitor counting tools are discussed. Based on these demands, development of new visitor counters is underway, along with integrated systems for systematic collection and management of the data they provide. However, more effective direction is required from visitor flow models to guide the deployment of these new counter systems. This is an ongoing programme, and the presentation provided here summarises background information and progress to date.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 414			Serial	2270
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	Author	Arnberger, A.; Brandenburg, C.,
	Title	Visitor Structure of a Heavily Used Conservation Area: The Danube Floodplains National Park, Lower Austria			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	7-13
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	National parks in close proximity to large conurbations are not subject to the normal conflicts between conservation and ecological tourism but to those between conservation and urban recreational requirements. The Danube Floodplains National Park, Lower Austria is situated to the east of Vienna, the capital city of Austria, with a population of 1.6 million. Between June 2000 and May 2001, visitors were monitored in the Lower Austrian part of the National Park. An analysis of the results of the interviews, as well as their integration with the results obtained using long-term video monitoring, counts by human observers and route analysis, led to the identification of specific visitor categories with individual behavioral patterns and spatio-temporal distribution. In particular, regular recreational visitors from adjacent residential areas were very concerned about overcrowding and would react to the high visitor frequency through a change in their habits. This alteration of visiting habits would lead to grave problems for the environmental management of the National Park.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 412			Serial	2269
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