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	Author	Bay-Larsen, I.; Bjøru, R.; Eilertsen, S.M.; Fedreheim, G.E.,
	Title	Integrated Conservation Processes – A Tool for Reducing Conflicts in Area Conservation Processes			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	124-128
	Keywords	MMV3, Integrated conservation process, use – protection conflicts, use – use conflicts, stakeholders, business development local participation
	Abstract	Experimental trampling was conducted in a coastal sand dune community located in a State Park in Southeastern, Brazil. To evaluate the effects it was used 5 permanent plots. The trampling intensities were 25, 75, 200, 500 and 1,000 passes and each plot had a control area. Response to trampling was assessed by determining species composition, vegetation cover and height evaluation, right after trampling, 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 1 year after trampling. The same parameters were evaluated just before trampling. Although there was a substantial loss of vegetation cover on 500 and 1,000 treatment plots, the study area was recovered in a few months. Reductions in height occurred with less impact: 200 passes. The 500 and 1,000 pass interference didn’t show statistical difference for cover and 200, 500 or 1,000 passes were statistically similar for the community, suggesting weak linearity between impact and amount of use. The results show that this community has a good resilience; probably in response to the natural stress the vegetation suffers continuously. The vegetation’s changes in species composition seem to be more accurate; especially the extinction of rare species and the introduction of alien ones.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 630			Serial	2439
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	Author	Cottrell, S.P.; Raadik, J.,
	Title	Socio-Cultural Benefits of Pan Parks: Case Study at Bieszscady National Park, Poland			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	135-136
	Keywords	MMV3, Sustainable development, dimensions, prism of sustainability, protected areas, PAN Parks
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 634			Serial	2441
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	Author	De Vries, S.; Roos-Klein Lankhorst, J.; Buijs, A.E.,
	Title	Mapping the Attractiveness of the Dutch Landscape: A GIS-Based Landscape Appreciation Model (Glam-2)			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	284-285
	Keywords	MMV3, Landscape appreciation, GIS, regression, naturalness, urbanisation, historical distinctiveness, skyline disturbance, validation
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 720			Serial	2483
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	Author	Emphandhu, D.; Yemin, T.; Pattanakiat, S.; Tantasirin, C.; Ruschano, R.; Chettamart, S.; Nasa, M.,
	Title	Recreation Carrying Capacity Analysis at Khao Leam Ya – Mu Ko Samed National Park, Thailand			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	183-190
	Keywords	MMV3, Recreation carrying capacity (RCC), impact, national park, Thailand
	Abstract	The objective of this research was to determine recreation capacity at Khao Leam Ya – Mu Ko Samed National Park (LY-KS NP). The study investigated the existing capacity of recreation resources by analyzing four capacity types: ecological (ECC), physical (PCC), facility (FCC), and social (SCC). This paper presented the findings on 3 main islands: Ko Samed, Ko Kudee, Ko Talu, and some snorkeling sites. The results found the ECC, PCC, and FCC exceeded at Ko Samed. At Ko Kudee, found the exceeded PCC while at Ko Talu found the exceeded PCC and FCC. One snorkeling site found FCC exceeded. The maximum carrying capacity at Ko Samed and Ko Kodee was 4,100 and 168 people per night respectively. Most ecological carrying capacities, however, have not yet determined since long term monitoring is needed.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 661			Serial	2454
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	Author	English, D.B.K.; Kocis, S.M.; Cordell, H.K.; Green, G.,
	Title	Estimating Recreation Market Share for National Forests			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	389-390
	Keywords	MMV3, Land management, land use, recreation activity, recreation resources, market share
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 790			Serial	2518
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	Author	Finger-Stich, A.S.; Tanner, A.C.,
	Title	Tourism Development and Local Actors’ Engagement for Sustaining Alpine Forests			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	264-265
	Keywords	MMV3, Participatory natural resources management, community forestry, sustainable tourism and rural development
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 704			Serial	2475
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	Author	Gimblett, R.H.; Poe, A.; Lace, S.G.,
	Title	Applying an Agent-Based Modelling Approach to Simulating Spring Black Bear Hunting Activities in Prince William Sound, Alaska			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	305-306
	Keywords	MMV3, Agent-based modeling, recreation, wilderness, monitoring, simulation, management, human-landscape interactions
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 732			Serial	2489
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	Author	Growcock, A.J.; Pickering, C.M.; Johnston, S.W.,
	Title	Trampling after Landscape Level Disturbance: Impacts on Subalpine Vegetation and Soils in the Australian Alps			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	107-108
	Keywords	MMV3, Trampling, subalpine, bushfires, recovery, visitation, protected areas, sustainability, Australia
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 620			Serial	2434
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	Author	Hennig, S.,
	Title	Going Ahead: From Visitor Monitoring to Recreational Use Monitoring – The Example of the EU Regional Recreation Area Berchtesgaden National Park / Salzburger Kalkhochalpen			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	322-328
	Keywords	MMV3, Visitor monitoring, visitor management, recreational use, stakeholder, nature and landscape compatible recreation activities, visitor counting, recreation infrastructure, large protected areas, national park regions, workflow
	Abstract	Recreation is an important issue for protected areas and especially for national parks where visitor numbers are growing. This can be seen as a result of the increasing interest in nature- and landscape based recreation. Consequently, there is a rising demand to manage this kind of human use accordingly. Therefore, measures must be based on well-founded data as well as widespread knowledge and understanding of recreation. Associated investigations must not only focus on visitors. Interest must also inhere to infrastructure, nature- and landscape compatible activity forms, and stakeholders. Another aspect is the need to incorporate protected areas in a larger planning framework. All too often national parks are regarded as something apart from the adjacent lands. But particularly recreation in park areas cannot be seen separately from the surroundings. By integrating all data regarding to recreation in databases and GIS, persons responsible for management-decisions can gain a comprehensive impression of this object. An according monitoring- system considering feasibility and continuation as well as the (future) workflow is worked out in an exemplary manner within the scope of the InterReg-IIIa project “EuRegional Recreational Area Berchtesgaden National Park/ Salzburger Kalkhochalpen”.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 744			Serial	2495
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	Author	Iten, S.; Siegrist, D.,
	Title	Monitoring of Mountain Bikers in a Sensitive Bird Area around the Tanzboden, Switzerland			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	367-369
	Keywords	MMV3, Visitor monitoring, mountain biking, user conflicts, protected areas, sensitive wildlife habitats
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 770			Serial	2508
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	Author	Jensen, F.S.,
	Title	Crowding in Danish Forests – a Nonexistent Problem?			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	378-379
	Keywords	MMV3, Recreation, carrying capacity, social dimension, crowding, preference, forest, Denmark
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 780			Serial	2513
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	Author	Kanoje, R.S.,
	Title	Managing Sustainable Eco-Tourism in Van Vihar National Park			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	205-210
	Keywords	MMV3, Sustainable eco-tourism, tourism carrying capacity, physical carrying capacity, real carrying capacity, effective carrying capacity, management capacity
	Abstract	Tourism Carrying Capacity determines as to what extent the influx of tourists may be allowed to manage the sustainable eco-tourism in a protected area. The concept of tourism carrying capacity is easy to perceive in theory, but in actual practice it is very difficult to quantify. Tourism carrying capacity is rarely estimated. Van Vihar is a unique combination of safari and zoological park. Its legal status is national park. White tiger and albino Sloth Bear are the main attraction to the tourists. In the winter season migratory water birds take refuge. It is situated at the bank of Upper Lake of Bhoj Wetland, The Ramsar Site; Wetlands of International Importance, in the Central Indian. More than 35 thousand tourists visit Van Vihar annually. The three levels of tourism carrying capacities i.e. physical carrying capacity, real carrying capacity, and effective carrying capacity were estimated and compared. Implications on management of eco-tourism were discussed.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 675			Serial	2461
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	Author	Kiser, B.C.; Lawson, S.R.; Itami, R.M.,
	Title	Using Computer Simulation Modeling to Monitor the Multiple Dimensions of Wilderness Solitude in Great Smoky Mountains National Park			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	309-310
	Keywords	MMV3, Computer simulation, monitoring, wilderness, wilderness solitude, Great Smoky Mountains National Park
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 736			Serial	2491
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	Author	Lawson, S.R.; Plotkin, K.,
	Title	Understanding and Managing Soundscapes in National Parks: Part 3 – Computer Simulation			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	203-204
	Keywords	MMV3, Soundscapes, computer simulation, monitoring, park management, national parks
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 673			Serial	2460
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	Author	Liechti, T.J.; Burger, T.R.; Zantop, S.A.,
	Title	Visitor Management in a Floodplain Area near Zurich			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	461-462
	Keywords	MMV3, Visitor information, visitor management, floodplain
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 845			Serial	2545
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	Author	Lintzmeyer, F.; Siegrist, D.; Hass, S.,
	Title	Key Success Factors for Nature-Based Tourism in Protected Areas of the Alps			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	145-146
	Keywords	MMV3, Protected areas, park management, nature-based tourism, Delphi survey, Alpine Convention
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 641			Serial	2444
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	Author	Melville, S.J.,
	Title	Visitor Satisfaction Surveys and the Development of Access Standards for National Nature Reserves in England			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	64-71
	Keywords	MMV3, Qualitative monitoring, work planning, access standards, visitor satisfaction
	Abstract	It is estimated that National Nature Reserves in England receive around 15 million visitors each year, and this number is increasing. Since the mid 1990s English Nature has undertaken a series of visitor satisfaction surveys on a number of the National Nature Reserves in England. The purpose of the initial studies was to establish the visitors’ understanding of National Nature Reserves and what it was that those visitors wanted by way of facilities to improve the experience of their visit. The results of the surveys influenced the development of ‘access standards’ for use in work planning and financial resource allocation across the suite of 160 National Nature Reserves managed by English Nature. Following major investment between 2002-2004, a further round of visitor satisfaction surveys has been completed and this paper discusses the results of these and the implications for future access improvement funding and works.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 600			Serial	2424
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	Author	Moldovanyi, A.; Kiser, B.C.; Lawson, S.R.,
	Title	Does Survey Mode Affect Study Results? A Comparison of Internet-Based and Onsite Surveys of Visitors to Prince William Forest Park, USA			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	465-466
	Keywords	MMV3, Internet-based surveys, survey methodology, visitor use management, national parks, Prince William Forest Park
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 849			Serial	2547
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	Author	O’Connor Gotra, S.H.; Boyle, K.E.,
	Title	Sustainable Trail Management, Definitions and a Management Model			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	173-178
	Keywords	MMV3, Sustainable Trail Management, Indicators, Integrated Planning Frameworks, Local Community Participation
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 657			Serial	2452
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	Author	Saranet, S.; Tanakanjana, N.,
	Title	Conflict between Local Villagers and Elephants (Elephas maximus) at Kuiburi National Park, Thailand			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	476-477
	Keywords	MMV3, Human-wildlife conflict, local residents, Kuiburi National Park, Thailand
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 859			Serial	2552
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	Author	Sayan, S.; Ortaçesme, V.,
	Title	Recreational Carrying Capacity Assessment in a Turkish National Park			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	211-216
	Keywords	MMV3, Recreational carrying capacity, social carrying capacity, Termessos National Park, Antalya, Turkey, protected areas
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 677			Serial	2462
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	Author	Schroeder, S.; Fulton, D.,
	Title	Coping With Recreation Conflict: How User Group and Value Conflicts Predict Recreation Coping and Satisfaction			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	376-377
	Keywords	MMV3, Angling, conflict, coping, recreation, satisfaction, structural equation modeling
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 778			Serial	2512
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	Author	Siegrist, D.; Clivaz, C.; Hunziker, M.; Iten, S.,
	Title	Introduction			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	13-14
	Keywords	MMV3
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 574			Serial	2411
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	Author	Tuulentie, S.; Mettiäinen, I.,
	Title	Local Participation in the Development of Tourist Centres in the Peripheral Regions of Finnish Lapland			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	271-272
	Keywords	MMV3, Local participation, planning, sustainable tourism, periphery, regional development
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 710			Serial	2478
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	Author	Walder, B.S.,
	Title	New Parks of National Importance in Switzerland			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	46-47
	Keywords	MMV3
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 584			Serial	2416
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	Author	Whittingham, S.,
	Title	Integration – Resource Protection and Memorable Visitor Experiences in the Lake Louise Community of Banff National Park			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	170-171
	Keywords	MMV3, Integration, protection, visitor experience, management plan, community plan
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 655			Serial	2451
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	Author	Yamanaka, R.; Murai, M.; Inoue, Y.; Fujiwara, S.,
	Title	Spatio-Temporal Variations of Visitors of Recreational Shellfish-Gathering at an Artificial Beach in Tokyo Bay			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	356-359
	Keywords	MMV3, Shellfish-gathering, Uminokouen, Ruditapes philippinarum, image analysis, video camera, visitor impact
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 762			Serial	2504
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	Author	Zinn, H.C.; Shen, S.X.,
	Title	Human Responses to Wildlife: Stakeholder Acceptance Capacity and Human Learning			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	411-412
	Keywords	MMV3, Human learning, human-wildlife interaction, park and protected area management, stakeholder acceptance capacity
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 811			Serial	2528
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	Author	Barbirato, A.; Favaretto, F.; Bottazzo, S.,
	Title	Peregrine Falcon at Rocca Pendice: a difficult but possible relationship			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	472-474
	Keywords	MMV4, Protection, Peregrine falcon, alpine climbers
	Abstract	Among the family of Falconidae, Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) is considered to be the most beautiful and fascinating member of its family. The history and fame of this family dates back to ancient times and the frequent crisis that this species underwent in the years triggered preservation actions that often dealt with climbing and nesting of this bird. The discover in 2001 of a couple of Peregrine falcon that nested on the Eastern cliff of Rocca Pendice brought up the problem of overlapping between the two species (falcon and man) forcing the management of the Colli Euganei Park to assess the situation with LIPU and CAI in order to find a common strategy to solve the problem. From 2001 to nowadays several limitation strategies have been applied with different results depending upon the protected area along with the protection period. The action plans that are hereafter described have proved a positive effect on nesting of the bird. Although climbers have undergone disadvantages because of these decisions we have recorded an increased sensibility in the problem by them that led to a respectful use of the cliff. The encouraging results show how a good collaboration is possible to establish a peaceful cohabitation between sport tourism and endangered species in protected areas.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1086			Serial	2664
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	Author	Chiari, S.; Schmid, F.; Muhar, A.; Muhar, S.,
	Title	Recreational functions of rivers in Austria: an approach to the visitors’ perspective			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	247-251
	Keywords	MMV4, Behaviour, preferences, requirements, river recreation, user survey
	Abstract	In the past Austrian rivers faced a series of human impacts leading to a loss of both ecological and social functionality. River restoration measures aim to improve this functionality, however, they are currently mostly targeted at ecological functions rather than at recreation. To prevent conflicts between ecological integrity and recreational needs integrated river management is demanded. So far river recreation in Austria is an unknown quantity, as profound data are lacking. The range of present river-based recreational activities can only roughly be estimated. The ongoing project “Future options for the development of riverine landscapes – space requirements for multifunctionality” aims to fill this gap. Concerning recreationists’ dispersion, behaviour and preferences data is collected along three rivers (Enns, Drau, Lech). The first step of the methodological approach was an explorative preparatory study conducted in 2007. Qualitative face-to-face interviews should clarify which factors influence river recreationists in terms of how they perceive the river, what they appreciate about the setting and what compromises their quality of experience. Based on these results a semi-standardised questionnaire was developed for a quantitative survey conducted in 2008, covering topics such as visitation motives, use patterns, habits, and perceptive aspects using image-based choice statements. Additionally the extent of river recreation is assessed via peak-day observations documenting recreational characteristics like number of visits, length of stay and activities. Preliminary results indicate that most people associate calmness and relaxation with river recreation rather than adventure and action. In particular, the acoustic scenery and certain natural attributes play a major role. Most people state, that they prefer natural river sections for recreational purposes. However, some ecologically valuable features such as woody debris seem to bother them. Further steps aim to identify key factors for the usability of rivers, integrating both objective factors such as the biophysical setting and subjective issues such as aesthetics and personal preferences.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 998			Serial	2620
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	Author	Colas, S.; Fitton, M.; Thaxter, P.,
	Title	The progress project: the dynamics of involving the public in managing Peri-Urban Forests			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	165-168
	Keywords	MMV4
	Abstract	The EU Forest Action Plan gives special emphasis to the benefits of Urban and Peri-urban forests for public recreation and as an aid to public understanding of conservation issues. At the same time forest and green recreation is being promoted in national agendas because of perceived therapeutic benefits. This strong promotion of forest recreation has re-kindled the concerns that recreation use would damage the resource and have major detrimental impact on biodiversity. The PROGRESS project, which focussed on two peri-urban forests in England and France, offered the opportunity to review these issues.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 962			Serial	2602
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	Author	Cottrell, S.P.,
	Title	Perceptions, attitudes and perceived benefits of local residents about tourism development in and around European Protected Area Network Parks			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	72-76
	Keywords	MMV4, Sustainability, tourism, indicators, monitoring
	Abstract	This paper presents the European Protected Area Network (PAN Parks) approach (mixed methods) for monitoring resident beliefs about the benefits of PAN Parks status and satisfaction with tourism development. Comparison of results and lessons learned from studies done in Poland, Bulgaria, and Finland are given. Hypothesizes imply that economic, socio-cultural, ecological, and institutional dimensions of sustainable tourism influence perceived benefits of PAN Park status and satisfaction with tourism development. As residents’ satisfaction with the economic, socio-cultural, institutional and ecological aspects of sustainable tourism increase, so do beliefs about the benefits of PAN Park status and satisfaction with tourism development in the PAN Park regions.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 914			Serial	2579
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	Author	English, D.B.K.; Zarnoch, S.J.; Bowker, J.M.,
	Title	Trap shyness in onsite visitor surveys; evidence from the U.S			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	135-138
	Keywords	MMV4, Estimation bias, onsite surveys, recreation visitation, trap shyness
	Abstract	In onsite surveys of visitors, whether the purpose is estimating visitation volume or characteristics of the visit population, those who visit the area multiple times per year are candidates to be surveyed more than one time. In such surveys, each visit represents a unique sampling unit. However, individuals may be unwilling to be surveyed after the first contact. The phenomenon is similar to ‘trap shyness’ in wildlife studies wherein an animal learns to avoid traps after the initial experience. If trap shyness exists, it has the potential to bias the results for either or both visitation estimation or describing the average visit characteristics. There is some anecdotal evidence that trap shyness does exist, and could be problematic for long-term surveys such as the National Visitor Use Monitoring program used by the US Forest Service. This paper describes the conceptual framework for how trap shyness can affect both visitation estimates and visit characteristics, identify empirical hypotheses to be tested that provide evidence of trap shyness, present results for the hypotheses, and describe possible improvements to sampling processes that could determine it existence and extent. Data for the paper come from onsite surveying collected during the period October 2004 – September 2007 for about three dozen National Forests.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 948			Serial	2595
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	Author	Griffin, T.; Moore, S.A.; Darcy, S.; Crilley, G.,
	Title	Developing a national approach to visitor data collection, management and use for protected areas: thoughts from Australian research and practice			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	305-309
	Keywords	MMV4, Benchmarking, national approach, performance indicators, protected area management, visitor data
	Abstract	Information on visitor numbers, activities, expectations and satisfaction is vital for protected areas managers on two counts: to assist in the provision of the services and facilities that visitors need and want; and to determine if managers have been efficient and effective in meeting these demands. This paper builds on a recently completed national study in Australia of visitor data collection and usage, and the future visitor data needs, of protected area management agencies. Australia is a federation of states and provides a challenging backdrop for developing a national approach as most responsibilities for protected areas rest with the states rather than the national government. Thus, the success of such an approach rests on cooperation rather than an overarching national regulatory responsibility. The study found that all protected area agencies collected visitor data, however, their approaches were highly variable in what was measured, how the measurements were applied and how data were managed and used. This variability was problematic because it becomes very difficult to determine issues of general importance for protected area management or to benchmark performance across areas. Based on these findings and knowledge of the institutional settings for protected area management in Australia, this paper poses some ideas for progressing a national approach for standardising the measures and measurement of key variables so that comparisons and benchmarking become possible and reliable. Core and supplementary visitor data variables can be identified, with the former being of national interest and hence requiring collection and storage under national coordination and guidance. Implementing such an approach will require working creatively and collaboratively within the current institutional settings.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1024			Serial	2633
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	Author	Hennig, S.,
	Title	The recreation perspective. A recreationalists typology on visitors and their behaviour by the example of Berchtesgaden National Park			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	183-187
	Keywords	MMV4, visitor characteristics, recreational behaviour, typologies, management, statistical analysis
	Abstract	To perform its tasks management needs information on visitors. They provide insight into the recreational situation of protected areas and support management decisions. Therefor, data on visitor use and visitation behaviour have to be analyzed and mapped. However, information on visitors should not be reduced on singular variables. It is important to combine these different characteristics and build up types of visitors respectively visitor behaviour. In favour of this the approach of recreation perspective is elaborated. The concept takes account of existing typologies on (nature-based) tourism and their attributes (e.g. size, age). Furthermore, visitor behaviour is integrated. Distinguished in macro and micro behaviour it is expressed by choice of activity, destination, type, location and duration of extended stops etc.. Considering these aspects visitors can be categorized into several types. The recreation perspective is worked out and applied to the German Berchtesgaden National Park.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 968			Serial	2605
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	Author	Moore, S.A.,
	Title	What is the place of democracy in recreation ecology?			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	57-61
	Keywords	MMV4, democracy, practical wisdom, public, recreation ecology, visitors
	Abstract	What should be monitored and who decides has been debated for as long as recreation ecology has been with us. The early work on planning frameworks advocates consulting with visitors to determine what conditions are important to them and then derive resource and social indicators from this information. Any associated standards are then similarly set with visitors’ input. At the same time, recreation ecologists have selected indicators that allow measurement and predictions regarding the relationships between resource and social conditions and levels of visitor use. Where are we now regarding these choices? A democratic perspective would argue that visitors should have significant influence on indicator selection and the standards that might accompany them. But what role does this leave for scientists and institutionally derived scientific knowledge in recreation ecology? In this paper I argue that we are morally and societally bound to embrace a democratic approach to recreation ecology with scientists and managers working with visitors, and others with a vested interest in protected areas, to develop ‘practical wisdom’ that can be evoked as a central tenet of recreation ecology.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 904			Serial	2574
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	Author	Nasa, M.; Emphandhu, D.; Pattanakiat, S.; Kitisin, S.,
	Title	Database system development of nature-based tourism in protected areas, Chiang Mai province			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	315-319
	Keywords	MMV4, Database System Development, Nature-based Tourism, Protected Areas, Chiang Mai Province
	Abstract	The objectives of this study were to assess the status of nature-based tourism resources, design and develop the database system and web application for tourism resources management in protected areas, Chiang Mai province. The data contained in the database system included tourism resource potential, recreation opportunity spectrum, and physical carrying capacity of the tourism sites in Chiang Mai’s protected areas. The tourism resource potential at 124 sites were assessed and classified into 72 conventional nature tourism (NT), 37 adventure tourism (AT), 5 ecotourism (ET), and 10 being qualified as both adventure and conventional nature tourism sites (NT/AT). The highest potential of the NT sites was identified as Keaw Mae Pan scoring 2.84 out of 3. While Mae Tang and Mae Cham – Tha Phra Sadej water rafting routes were the highest potentials for the AT (score 2.69), Doi Luang Chiang Dao for ET (2.46), and bicycling route Yod Doi Pui – Botanical Garden for the NT/AT (2.13). The recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) offered nature closely related experiences in primitive (P), semi-primitive non motorized (SPNM), and semi-primitive motorized (SPM) totalling of 77 sites while 47 sited in semi-developed and developed areas offered less nature experience. The system was designed as relational database by System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) for the target group identified as tourism resources planners and managers. The database and web application was developed by MySQL and the available program in php script language, in that order. For the User Interface design, the web browser through internet connection was employed for database management. The database system testing regarding techniques and design earned the score 64%. While the evaluation score of user interface capability and the usefulness of the information contained in the database given by the expert in database development and the PA managers was 81% and 84%, respectively.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1028			Serial	2635
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	Author	Parry, R.; Williams, S.; Watkins, J.A.,
	Title	Understanding the recreation preferences and constraints of low participation social groups			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	188-192
	Keywords	MMV4, constraints and preferences, participation, under-representation and exclusion
	Abstract	Current research has indicated that participation in informal outdoor recreation is relatively low among certain groups, such as young people, older people, women, ethnic minority groups and people with disabilities. There is pressure on policy makers and practitioners to address this apparent imbalance. This paper reviews the findings of an international literature review which highlighted that there has been a focus on ëconstraintsí rather than on ëpreferencesí, particularly in relation to participation in outdoor recreation in the UK. It would appear from the literature that there is a presumption that the main reasons for low participation are related to structural barriers (such as lack of transport) rather than a lack of understanding of the recreation preferences of non-traditional participants. This has raised the question of whether it is achievable to change the prevalent attitude amongst the countryside sector from one of ëwe expect people to want what we provideí, to one of ëwe will provide for what people wantí. Would such a paradigm shift be successful in achieving more equitable outdoor recreation participation?
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 970			Serial	2606
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	Author	Pfeifer, J.; Hennig, S.; Opp, C.,
	Title	Analysis of visitor nodes as a tool for visitor management by the example of Berchtesgaden National Park			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	121-126
	Keywords	MMV4, visitor nodes, recreational use, visitor management, infrastructure and statistical analysis
	Abstract	Infrastructural elements in protected areas play an important role for visitors. They provide equipment to visitor activities and their demands. However data on infrastructure is frequently disregarded. Concepts and models to collect and deal with infrastructure data have to be developed. In Berchtesgaden National Park the concept of visitor nodes is used in order to support visitor management. Identification of 81 visitor nodes in this protected area took place. They have been classified into five categories: “place for excursions”, “destination for hiking”, “information”, “resting” and “orientation”. Each category is characterized through a defined standard supply. By using categories, evaluation of each visitor node was done. Deficits as well as satisfying situations became observably.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 942			Serial	2592
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	Author	Puhakka, R.; Cottrell, S.P.; Siikamäki, P.,
	Title	Role of Oulanka PAN Park in Local Community Development in Northeastern Finland			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	78-82
	Keywords	MMV4, certification, national parks, PAN Parks, sustainable tourism
	Abstract	As a result of the growth of nature-based tourism, national parks have become important tourist attractions in Finland, and they have an increasing role as tools for regional development especially in the northern peripheries of the country. Meanwhile, new international initiatives to develop sustainable nature-based tourism have been introduced in Finland. PAN (Protected Area Network) Parks Foundation is a non-profit organization aimed to balance the needs of wilderness protection and community development by facilitating sustainable tourism development in European parks. This study examines the socio-cultural sustainability of tourism in Oulanka National Park perceived by local stakeholders. The central question concerns the role of PAN Parks certification in community and tourism development. Does it benefit socio-cultural development in the region, and does it have some disadvantages from the perspective of local people? The study is based on a mixed methods approach including a questionnaire (n=314) and semi-structured interviews (n=40) conducted in Oulanka region in 2007 for representatives of NGOs, tourism and other businesses, municipalities and public sector, and local residents. Findings show that most of the stakeholders have a positive attitude towards tourism development in Oulanka. The economic benefits of PAN Parks status have not yet been realized, but locals expect the benefits will grow while tourists’ familiarity with PAN Parks increases. Local residents’ knowledge of PAN Parks is still weak. Although nature-based tourism benefits community in various ways, locals also perceive disadvantages caused by the park. The biggest problems identified in the study are related to participation possibilities and contradictions with traditional subsistence economies (e.g., fishing, hunting and reindeer herding). Thus, it is essential to pay attention to the distribution of benefits and burdens of the park development – also to those which are not related to monetary interests. Increasing co-operation with local stakeholders could improve the mutual relations.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 918			Serial	2581
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