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	Author	Grossmann, M.; Klaphake, A.; Meyerhoff, J.,
	Title	Canoes versus birds or canoeists versus canoeists? Combining interview survey and visitor monitoring to inform visitor management in the Mueritz National Park			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	277-284
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Intensive use of canoeing trails in national parks can impact both wildlife and the satisfaction of paddlers. This paper focuses on paddlers’ perception of congestion in the National Park Mueritz (Germany) and the effectiveness of different management options. Our theoretical discussion is based on the economics of congestion and the social science literature on carrying capacity of recreational resources. For the empirical application, we use interview survey and monitoring data. While our results suggest a high relevance of congestion on canoeists’ satisfaction, the acceptance of a quota system does not exceed 30 percent. We employ a statistical analysis to describe the effect of different use levels on the quality of the paddling experience. We further use the travel cost method for a rough prediction of the effect of pricing strategies (entrance fee) on use levels.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 302			Serial	2359
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	Author	McIntyre, N.; Yuan, M.; Payne, R.J.; Moore, J.,
	Title	Development of a Values-based Approach to Managing Recreation on Canadian Crown Lands			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	285-293
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	A key issue in sustainability is understanding the values of a particular place that are to be conserved. While many of the natural resource values of protected areas are mandated, values associated with public use and recreation are frequently less clearly defined and often hotly contested. Public involvement processes are often used to elicit these values and a number of mostly survey-based approaches have been developed to achieve this. However, theoretical considerations concerning the nature of values and the processes of value formation have brought into question whether survey approaches on their own are the most appropriate way of understanding values. Consideration of public use and recreation values brings into play many of the issues surrounding place attachment and place identification. People value places because they symbolize something, because they have histories and memories associated with them, because they are interwoven in the stories we tell our self and others about who we are, and because they are rhetorical methods of making arguments for managing a place in one way or another. These ideas center on ‘meaning-based” rather than “information processing” models of value formation. In this context, values are seen as discursive constructions, which are continuously being contested and reconstructed through political dialogue. It is argued that a ‘meaning-based’ approach to value formation is better suited to the developing models of collaborative planning than are the expert-driven, rational decision-making models that have dominated natural area planning. This paper describes a planning approach, which seeks to combine both interpretive approaches to data collection (narratives and value mapping) and survey methods in the elicitation of values attached to a working forest. A process will be detailed that links the characteristics of an area with the spatial distribution of values ascribed to the same area utilizing GIS and photo-mosaic representations. The case study area discussed in this paper is the Dog River/Matawin area of North Western Ontario. Application of this approach to forest planning will be discussed.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 304			Serial	2360
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	Author	More, T.A.; Manning, R.E.,
	Title	The Public Functions of Parks and Protected Areas			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	294-298
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Establishing and managing protected areas throughout the world usually have been considered a governmental function. However, recent conservative political thinking in many developed countries has challenged the role of the public sector on all fronts. In Australia, Britain, Canada, and the United States, government has been seen as a problem, while private enterprise is presented as the solution. Advocates of privatization argue that park services can be provided more efficiently under private management, and that the areas themselves will be better protected for future generations. Unfortunately, such a policy can foster elitism by preserving the benefits of parks and protected areas for the wealthy while ignoring the growing social inequality in many of these countries. In this paper, I examine the concepts that underlie privatization efforts, particularly economic efficiency. I suggest that there is a need to examine the different functions that parks and protected areas serve, and to ask if each function helps to differentiate between public and private. I argue that, in the final analysis, equality of access is the primary function of public-sector management of parks and that we need to examine our policies and practices to ensure that park benefits are distributed fairly throughout society.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 306			Serial	2361
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	Author	Pflüger, Y.,
	Title	Value based decision making process for strategic visitor management in the Natura 2000 area Lech River Valley, Tyrol			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	299-304
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	The Lech valley with the river Lech and its tributaries is an alpine river valley in Austria with a considerable amount of naturally free flowing stretches. The ecological and scientific significance of the Natura 2000 area lies in its high biodiversity and the occurrence of numerous internationally endangered species within the dynamic braided river stretches. Apart from that the area contains a high number of recreational and educational values as well. The area, which is situated within day travel distance of the cities Innsbruck and Munich, is renowned for its biking and hiking trails and its unique water sport opportunities. Nevertheless, most intense impact occurs from the daily use of the local population in the densely populated Lech valley area nearby. Due to its long and narrow shape the protected area is very vulnerable to impacts and therefore, to avoid negative impacts on natural values from recreational use, not only a management plan, but also a visitor strategy has been developed as part of an extensive European Union LIFE funded project. The decision making process for the establishment of the visitor management concept was based on a GIS supported risk analysis: First current ecological and recreational values have been located and assessed. Subsequently hotspots have been defined in areas, where those contrasting values overlay. These hotspots were defined in areas of high ecological vulnerability and high visitor impact from intense recreational use. This hotspot analysis served as a basis for discussion and co-operation with the local population and stakeholders to agree on management solutions. As a result specific management actions were defined and the allocation of visitor infrastructure was planned accordingly. As a response to the need for more detailed information about recreational uses and users a visitor monitoring concept was included in the visitor strategy as well. This paper describes practical planning policies to highlight the need for strategic planning of recreational use in protected area management based on the comprehensible evaluation of the hazard potential from uses and the vulnerability of ecological values.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 308			Serial	2362
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	Author	Shoji, Y.; Yamaki, K.,
	Title	Visitor Perceptions of the Inscription on the World Heritage List: The Use of Stated Choice Methods			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	305-310
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	This study examines how visitors to Daisetsuzan National Park in Japan perceive its inscription on the World Heritage List by applying stated choice methods. Most visitors regarded the inscription as favourable although their willingness to pay indicated that better visitor control and further conservation of natural resources would be necessary by taking opportunity of the inscription. However, the current situation of World Heritage sites in Japan indicates that the domestic management system of natural resources is inadequate to realize these visitor visions. We conclude that the nomination of Daisetsuzan National Park for the World Heritage List should be reconsidered, but only after the Japanese management system for natural resources has been improved.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 310			Serial	2363
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	Author	Siegrist, D.,
	Title	Sustainable tourism and large protected areas – analysis models and success criteria of a sustainable tourism management using the example of the Alps			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	311-317
	Keywords	MMV2, Recreational management of large protected areas, management of ecotourism, analysis of best practice, sustainable regional development, Alpine convention
	Abstract	Within the framework of a sustainable regional development, protected area tourism acquires increasing significance. This applies particularly to peripheral regions, that posess no outlook for economic development. With this background, the question of success criteria for a sustainable tourist management in protected regions was investigated. The example of Austrian nature parks demonstrates, that inadequate cooperation at local level can be an important source of failure. At the same time, a suitable financial framework for successful protected area tourism is especially important.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 312			Serial	2364
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	Author	Yamaki, K.; Shoji, Y.,
	Title	Classification of trail settings in an alpine national park using the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum approach			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	318-323
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Considering trail settings in alpine national parks is important for both conserving nature and maximizing the quality of the experience for visitors. This study examines classifying trails in Daisetsuzan National Park, Japan, using the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum approach. A questionnaire was used to obtain data from park visitors concerning their preferences for the facility developments, accessibility, and visitor encounters. The responses were classified into four groups according to the preferences expressed for the types of trail settings. The trails were classified according to their characteristics as described by park visitors. The northern part of the park, with easier access and moderate development, was preferred by all groups, and the southern part of the park was preferred only by the those who favored more primitive surroundings.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 314			Serial	2365
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	Author	Bambi, G.; Panero, V.,
	Title	A modern net of paths for every type of hiking: new possibilities in order to discover and to promote a protected area			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	325-329
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	The recreational and protected areas are increasingly undertaking a social function toward becoming a real destination for holidays and travel equal to famous tourist locations. In Italy this type of “green ecotourism” is spreading as an alternative type of tourism enabling it to repopulate the countryside and to exploit the history and culture of rural territories. To demonstrate how hiking in general can be a way to discover and to promote a protected rural area from the perspective of a tourist point of view, one of the most beautiful Italian areas has been examined, the Casentino Valley in Tuscany.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 316			Serial	2366
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	Author	Gätje, C.,
	Title	Double strategy towards sustainable tourism: Offers for visitors and opportunities for people employed in tourism in the Wadden Sea National Park in Schleswig-Holstein			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	330-335
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Schleswig-Holstein’s part of the Wadden Sea is a traditional holiday destination. Tourism and leisure activities are the most important regional economic activity. Two million overnight guests and four million day trippers travel to this part of the North Sea coast each year. An area of 4,400 km² has been protected as a National Park “Schleswig- Holstein Wadden Sea” since 1985 and the area was established as a UNESCO biosphere reserve in 1990. A proper strategy for communication, information and visitor guidance is essential to achieve nature conservation goals, and to make them understandable and acceptable to the general public. LIFE Nature has helped to finance information panels, maps, information kiosks, nature trails and observation platforms all of which aim to inform and guide visitors. A number of attractive indoor and outdoor nature experience and nature-compatible offers exist. However external and internal marketing has to be intensified to make these offers better known to both, visitors and locals. A LEADER+ project has been set up to take better advantage of the National Park status as a unique selling proposition and for tourism advertising. A monitoring system evaluates the success of measures and offers.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 318			Serial	2367
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	Author	Högmander, J.; Leivo, A.,
	Title	General Principles for Sustainable Nature Tourism in Protected Areas Administrated by Metsähallitus, Finland			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	336-338
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Metsähallitus is a state owned enterprise which has the responsibility for about 27 % of the Finnish land areas. The Natural Heritage Services of Metsähallitus is the administrator of 34 national parks, 17 strict nature reserves, 12 wilderness areas and over 400 nature reserves. Totally, the area of the protected areas, wilderness areas and other areas with high values for nature conservation and recreation, administrated by the Metsähallitus, covers almost four million hectares. As a part of the work to contribute to sustainable tourism in protected areas, wilderness areas and the areas yet to be protected, administrated by Metsähallitus in Finland, nine principles have been developed. Nine principles of sustainable nature tourism are to be implemented in 2004 and they have been prepared paying attention to the character of these areas and the roles of the various actors, i.e. Metsähallitus, private entrepreneurs having their business there and all the stakeholders which are active within or close to these areas. The nine principles for sustainable nature tourism are as follows: 1) Nature values are preserved and the activities promote nature protection, 2) Minimum loading of the environment is assured, 3) Local culture and heritage are respected, 4) Customers’ appreciation and knowledge of nature are promoted, 5) Customers’ opportunities to find recreation in nature are enhanced, 6) Customers’ mental and physical wellbeing are reinforced, 7) Positive impacts are made on local economy and employment, 8) Communication and marketing are of high standard and carried out with a sense of responsibility and 9) Activities are planned and implemented in co-operation.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 320			Serial	2368
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	Author	Nolte, B.,
	Title	Sustainable Tourism in Biosphere Reserves of East Central European Countries – Case Studies from Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	339-346
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	This paper reviews the perspective of the local actors within the context of a sustainable future. Biosphere reserves as designated model areas for sustainability strive to reconcile existing conflicts between the goals of economic growth, environmental protection and social justice. Tourism development in biosphere reserves provides opportunities as well as challenges for the exploitation of biodiversity. In order to minimise the danger it is important how tourism is managed. Without the involvement of local people, sustainable tourism development is doomed to failure. The case studies presented from Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic provide a view inside the situation of protected areas in East Central Europe and cover areas where tourism has reached differing stages of development. Empirical results in four biosphere reserves will show the view of the actors in the region.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 322			Serial	2369
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	Author	Pouta, E.; Sievänen, T.; Neuvonen, M.,
	Title	Profiling recreational users of national parks, national hiking areas and wilderness areas in Finland			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	347-354
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Finland’s national parks, wilderness areas and national hiking areas play an important role in tourism and recreation, in addition to their primary purpose of nature conservation. Very little attention has been paid by research to the factors that influence the use of these state-owned areas by different segments of the population. The results of logistic and negative binomial regression models based on population-survey data indicate that the users of these state-owned recreation areas have a higher than average level of education and are more likely to be white-collar employees. The users were typically enthusiasts of particular forms of outdoor recreation, above all skiing and camping. The availability of state-owned recreation areas in the home municipality increased the likelihood of using them. The number of user days spent in these areas tended to be larger among those whose permanent residence was in eastern Finland or in a city of more than 100,000 inhabitants. Small-sized household and abundance of leisure time also increased the amount of use.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 324			Serial	2370
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	Author	Ryglova, K.; Turcinkova, J.,
	Title	Image as an Important Factor of Destination Management			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	355-359
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	For successful development of tourism in a region is a necessary condition to learn planning and using management principals. General characteristics of successful planning can be derived from experiences of their application in advanced countries but must be adapted to specific local regional conditions. Since 1989 (after the “Velvet Revolution”), the Czech Republic has become an attractive destination for many tourists from all over the world – it was a new, unknown and not financially demanding area. In the meantime, this trend has changed and Czech Republic has become a common tourist destination, which cannot exploit this competitive advantage any longer. Nowadays, when the differences between individual countries and regions are diminishing, and the main competitive forces are factors, such as image, which create the power of the “brand” of a particular destination. We can find that “the present tourism industry is formed by battle for destination, where the good brand sells”.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 326			Serial	2371
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	Author	Arnberger, A.; Haider, W.; Muhar, A.,
	Title	Social Carrying Capacity of an Urban Park in Vienna			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	361-368
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	The goal of this research was to investigate the social carrying capacity of an urban park in Vienna, Austria. We used a stated choice approach, combined with a referendum style conjoint model. Based on the hypothesis that the perception of crowding is influenced by several factors, digitally calibrated images were generated to depict in a systematic and rigorous manner different visitor numbers, user types, group sizes, the placement of visitors within the scene, numbers of dogs on or off leash, and the direction of visitor movement. The social carrying capacity was measured by asking each respondent whether the presented scenario was acceptable or not. Overall, visitor numbers, the placement of visitors within the image, and dogs being on or off a leash influenced the visitors’ decisions the most. The results of the binomial logit model can be used to simulate and calculate the visitor norms for many different situations; in other words, the referendum style conjoint approach delivers recreation norms within a truly multivariate investigative framework.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 286			Serial	2351
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	Author	Fredman, P.,
	Title	National Park Designation – Visitor Flows and Tourism Impact			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	369-375
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	National parks around the world are increasingly attracting visitors to experience pristine and unique natural environments. While increases in national park tourism provides business opportunities both in the parks and in adjacent communities, there are several economic, social and ecological aspects that need to be monitored in order to sustain high quality visitor experiences. Increases in visitation may cause negative impacts on the environment, conflicts between different user groups or within groups. At the same time, data on visitor numbers, distribution and attitudes is needed in order to design efficient management strategies and provide appropriate recreation opportunities. This paper reports preliminary findings from two different surveys of visitors to Fulufjället National Park in Sweden – one year before and one year after national park designation respectively. Both surveys used on site counters and self registration boxes to collect visitor data. Follow-up mail questionnaires were sent to a sample of Swedish and German visitors. The survey of 2001 (one year before national park designation) collected data on visitor numbers, nationalities, demographics, trip characteristics, crowding, willingness to pay, attitudes towards management actions and tourism development etc. The purpose of the 2003 survey (one year after national park designation) was to monitor possible short term changes in some of these parameters as a consequence of the national park designation in 2002. In addition, the 2003 survey was designed to estimate the regional economic impact of the park. Data from the two surveys are compared and the results are discussed from both a methodological and an impact perspective.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 288			Serial	2352
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	Author	Benkhard, B.,
	Title	Relations Between IUCN-Zoning And Tourism In The Hungarian National Parks			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	377-381
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Within the 100.000 km² area of Hungary, which is located in Central Europe, 10% is protected. The National Park Directorates make an effort to suit the requirements of the IUCN and strive to develop a zoning system. However, the settling of the zones meet had to face many difficulties in this relatively small country, which also has dense regional structure. The extent and the fragmentation of the national parks, the position and threatening of their natural values and the previous utilization and naturalness of their area all influence the classification of the given area. Besides, attractions, tourist destinations and the areas which are used by tourists also have to be taken into consideration during the development of the zones. The aim of this poster is to analyse the role of the position, shape and rates of the zones and their connection with tourism.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 328			Serial	2372
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	Author	Bodnár, R.,
	Title	The effect of the tourism of the Hortobágy National Park on the surrounding settlements – lesson of a questionnaire survey			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	382-385
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	The Puszta in the Hortobágy represents an important, individual natural and historical-cultural value, which has been deservedly possessed the rank of UNESCO World Heritage since 1999. Due to its speciality, in 1973 the first national park in Hungary, the Hortobágy National Park was founded here. In the course of the survey we examined how the Hortobágy National Park can utilize the World Heritage status in its tourism, how it utilizes the possibilities in its ecotourism. What effects does the tourism in the national park have on the economy, basic and tourist infrastructure, and society of the affected settlements? What characterizes the tourist supply and cooperation of the HNP and the settlements? What conflicts can be derived from the two sides, and what possibilities do they have to develop?
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 330			Serial	2373
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	Author	Dumont, B.; Gulinck, H.,
	Title	Push and pull assemblages for modelling visitor’s flows in complex landscapes			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	386-392
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Visitor flows can be represented as a landscape-recreation-model with eight components: entrances, goals, exits, field units, attractors or detractors, road segments, road junctions and barriers. The model can develop towards a real-time application by increasing its complexity. Starting from a basic situation (a landscape with one road and one entrance), the influence of landscape attractiveness is included; secondly diversity of the terrain and visitor is taken into account, thirdly time variation is added and finally, the interaction between the eight above-mentioned components is incorporated. The basic framework is a cost-distance function, to estimate the probability of on- and off-track visit of any location in a nature reserve on deliberate times and in specific terrain conditions. This can be represented by mean of a push-pull concept: some of the components (like entrances) have a push effect, while others, like goals, exits (when determined in advance) and attractors, have a pull-effect. To support the conversion towards a real-time application, GPS surveys, interviews, camera observation, photographic monitoring of seasonal changes, photo comparisons, step-bridges, walking experiments, experiments about field unit division and landscape preference studies were executed. This model is being developed in marshland nature reserves in central Belgium. Ultimately this system should lead to an impact assessment and decision support tool.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 332			Serial	2374
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	Author	Kopperoinen, L.; Shemeikka, P.J.; Lindblom, V.,
	Title	Environmental GIS in the management of visitor flows			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	393-396
	Keywords	MMV2, GIS, outdoor recreation, environmental data, land use
	Abstract	Besides monitoring visitor numbers and activities, spatial data on borders, restrictions, and environmental and natural characteristics is needed to manage visitor flows in recreation and protected areas. The Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) compiles and provides data on the state of the environment and environmental trends, and acts as a national environmental information center; collecting, formulating and disseminating data to various interest groups. This data, including GIS databases and registers, consists of natural environment data (monitoring, modeling and inventories etc.) and also land use and planning data. Wide variety of data can be used through GIS methods to reduce negative ecological impacts and conflicts between different user groups in recreation and protected areas. Our poster will present a cross-section of the characteristics of some of the most useful GIS data supporting management of visitor flows. Closer look will be given on the GIS databases on land and water traffic restrictions and the GIS database on outdoor recreation opportunities (VIRGIS).
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 334			Serial	2375
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	Author	Rammo, M.; Karoles, K.; Maran, K.; Jansen, J.; Almik, A.; Rammo, R.,
	Title	Visitor Surveys and Visitor Impact Monitoring in Recreational Areas in State Forests of Estonia			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	397-399
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 336			Serial	2376
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	Author	Roovers, P.; Dumont, B.; Gulinck, H.; Hermy, M.,
	Title	Visual obstruction of herb vegetation, defining standards for natural barriers			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	400-403
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	As a result of increasing impact of recreation on natural resources and visitor experiences, wilderness managers often want to control recreational use. However, most of the attempts to alter wilderness recreational use patterns, suffer from a lack of knowledge of visitors’ behaviour they seek to influence. This study concentrated on the effects of ground vegetation on perceived obstruction to recreationists. The aim was to define marginal values for the structure of natural barriers. Ratings by participants (n= 131) on a five-point scale, measured perceived obstruction. These ratings were linked to vertical cover of the vegetation. Analyses indicated a significant exponential relationship between vertical cover and perceived obstruction. A marginal vegetation height of about 54 cm could be identified as having obstructive features. Also the condition of the soil and the presence of irritating species seemed to influence visitors’ judgement. It was concluded that a more intensive use of natural barriers to control recreational use, is a functional alternative with economical and aesthetical advantages.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 338			Serial	2377
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	Author	Taczanowska, K.,
	Title	The Potentials for Developing Cross-border Tourism between Poland and Slovakia in the Tatra Mountains			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	404-407
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	This paper presents the potentials for developing cross-border tourism in the Tatra Mountains. The area is situated in Central Eastern Europe, on the border between Poland and Slovakia. The new political situation (EU enlargement in May 2004) encourages closer cooperation between neighbouring regions and offers promising perspectives for tourism development. The entire mountain range is protected by two national parks – the Tatra National Parks (TANAP in Slovakia and TPN in Poland). The differences in management politics as well as varying infrastructure and the intensity of use have been analysed in order to identify potentials of developing cross-border tourism within the protected area. Additionally, visitors’ expectations and opinions of park managers have been considered. As a result, tourist border-crossings and transnational trails have been pointed. The paper discusses the perspectives of the concept implementation as well as its potential influence on visitor flows in the Tatra Mountains.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 340			Serial	2378
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