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	Author	Tyrvainen, L.; Sepponen, A.; Lankia, T.; Neuvonen, M.,
	Title	The role of outdoor recreation during the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on recreational behavior and attitudes towards nature in Finland			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	98-99
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	The overall participation in outdoor recreation has been high and remained rather stable in 20 years time of outdoor recreation monitoring in Finland. A long-term trend also indicates slight increase in outdoor recreation visits among the Finnish adult population. Moreover, the importance of health and well-being benefits from nature have steadily increased and boosted at least partly by continued urbanization and adoption of modern lifestyles. These health supporting benefits are also more intentionally sought for among recreationists (Neuvonen et al. 2019, Tyrväinen et al. 2019). The outbreak of covid-19 pandemic changed globally dramatically everyday life routines and increased in many countries demand for recreation opportunities particularly in urban areas (e.g. Derks et al 2020). In Finland, there has not been any use restrictions of natural areas during the pandemic. The ongoing national inventory of outdoor recreation (2019-2021) gave a unique opportunity to study effects of pandemic of peoples outdoor recreation behavior on a national level. In order to understand the importance of green spaces in supporting peoples well-being during pandemic, we studied i) how pandemic affects peoples recreation behavior and experiences ii) which population groups rely on nature areas the most and iii) what kind of impacts pandemic may have on attitudes and values of people towards nature and outdoor recreation.
	Call Number				Serial	4243
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	Author	Vaisanen, T.; Heikinheimo, V.; Hiippala, T.; Toivonen, T.,
	Title	Exploring human-nature interactions in national parks with social media photo-graphs and computer vision			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	248-249
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Understanding the activities and preferences of visitors is crucial for managing protected areas and planning conservation strategies. User-generated geographic information such as photographs shared on social media have emerged as new data sources to complement more traditional visitor information such as on-site surveys. However, analyzing large volumes of photographs manually is a laborious task. Automated analysis of the rich textual and visual content on social media data offers new opportunities for understanding human presence and activities in nature (Toivonen et al. 2019). Approaches for textual and content analysis have been widely developed under the umbrella of conservation culturomics (Ladle et al. 2016). They have been recognized as a useful data source for nature conservation. At the same time, automated analysis visual content has remained rather underexplored when mapping human activities in nature. In this presentation we present our findings of using computer vision methods to explore human-nature interactions from social media photographs and their applicability to visitor monitoring of protected areas. Our main questions are: What types of information can off-the-shelf computer vision methods extract from social media photographs, in terms of activities and preferences of people? Do different visitor groups share different types of photographs from national parks? How does photographic content vary between different types of national parks?
	Call Number				Serial	4311
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	Author	Valan, S.; Aas, O.; Vistad, O.I.; Evju, M.,
	Title	Development of vegetation and soil impacts on trails and campsites in a Norwegian National Park during 30 years: Worse or better?			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	376-377
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	A report from 2006 states that disturbances and impacts on vegetation and soil are the biggest threats to the conservation values in the national parks. In the spring of 2014, the Norwegian Envi-ronment Agencys work began on developing a brand strategy for Norways national parks. By 2020, all of Norways national parks should have prepared a visitor strategy. In the visit strategy for Femundsmarka National Park, it is a measure to carry out comparative surveys of wear on campsites and trails, which was done in the 1980s. At the end of the 1980s, a major research project was carried out in the protected areas Femundsmarka (N), Rogen (S) and Långfjellet (S) in the so-called FRL-project. A part of the study was to register impacts on vegeation and soil at campsites.The purpose of this Master thesis is to map impacts on vegetation and soil and assess changes over time, caused by visitors in Fe-mundsmarka National Park. Both in areas previ-ously investigated and in other areas with man-agement challenges. A method test of aerial pho-tos was also carried out to register campsites. Based on secondary data an assessment of traffic development was done.
	Call Number				Serial	4366
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	Author	Van den Heuvel, L.; Blicharska, M.; Blyth, S.; Ronnback, P.,
	Title	Monitoring recreational fishing activities: anglers attitudes towards a national catch reporting program			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	270-271
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Recreational fishing activities have been facing a decline in participation rates throughout industrialized countries in recent years (Arlinghaus et al., 2015). However, many countries are now seeing a considerable increase in recreational fishing license sales as a response to the restrictions on many indoor sports and leisure activities caused by the Covid-19 pandemic (Cooke et al., 2021). Recreational fishing activities have the potential to affect fish populations worldwide, but data about actual fishing pressure is lacking in many countries. Despite the European Commissions recent call for monitoring all fishing activities (including recreational efforts), the development of monitoring programs is still moving slowly. Increased understanding of potential ecological impacts of recreational fishing, combined with the current positive participation rates, emphasize a demand for monitoring recreational fishing catches and effort.
	Call Number				Serial	4320
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	Author	Vrsaljko, A.,
	Title	Krka National Parks biodiversity as basis for wildlife tourism development			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	68-69
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Krka National Park, a karst hydrological pearl of the Croatian coast with its distinctive geological, geo- morphological, hydrological and biological richness, was declared a National Park in 1985. The geomorphological playfulness of the river Krka with the karst canyon along with 7 magnificent waterfalls with numerous lakes, rapids and cascades create an unreal and unique landscape pearl which generates a rich biological diversity. However, the tourist offer of the park does not differentiate or implement specific forms of tourism such as wildlife tourism, which is why the paper investigates the perception of visitors about the valorization of the parks biodiversity as a paradigm for the development of wildlife tourism; especially since the park is filled with a number of valuable, rare and endemic species. The research maps out the species habitats and proposes a unique programme for the visitors which prefer the wildlife tourism.
	Call Number				Serial	4229
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	Author	Wang, T.; Watanabe, T.,
	Title	Monitoring soil erosion on campsites by structure-from-motion photogrammetry: A case study of the current and former Kuro-Dake Campsite in Daisetsuzan National Park, Japan			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	378-379
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Camping is one of the popular recreational activities in mountain national parks. However, human activities inevitably cause impacts on natural resources, which includes vegetation loss, soil compaction and soil erosion (Hammitt and Cole 1998). The degraded environment also does harm to users experiences in return (Daniels and Marion 2006). In order to provide users with high quality camping experiences meanwhile avoid unacceptable impacts on the natural environment, monitoring and maintenance of campsites are necessary. Researchers in the field of recreation ecology have provided a sort of methods to monitor short-term and long-term changes in the condition of campsites. Methods to detect areal changes in bare ground and vegetation loss on campsites have been widely practiced in previous studies (Marion 1991, Wang and Watanabe 2019). Eagleston and Marion (2017) examined soil loss on campsites by comparing the current soil level around embedded rocks on site with the one recorded in past photographs through visual observation. Wang and Watanabe (2019) adopted Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry mapping to obtain detailed profiles of the ground surface on the campsite where gully erosion was observed. However, no studies have been conducted to monitor the volumetric changes in ground surface on campsites that are suffering from soil erosion.This study aims to detect topographic changes of the ground surface and to quantify the volume of soil erosion on the current and former Kuro-dake campsites in the Daisetsuzan National Park (DNP) by SfM photogrammetry surveys.
	Call Number				Serial	4367
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	Author	Warmouth, J.; Skibins, J.; Schuler, G.,
	Title	Cold as Ice? Arctic tourists epiphanies and connection to wildlife			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	128-129
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Wildlife tourism is expected to produce conservation benefits for species observed during a trip. This is due, in part, to the unique wildlife encounters that occur during such trips. It is hypothesized that the more unique and rare animal encounters in the wild are, the more likely tourists will be to realize heightened emotional states. Previous studies have explored tourists emotional connection to wildlife (i.e., conservation caring) and environmental epiphanies as two constructs to evaluate the effect of wildlife tourism experiences. Furthermore, these constructs are shown to have a direct positive influence on conservation behaviors. This study investigated tourists conservation caring and environmental epiphany levels during a 10-day wildlife viewing cruise through the Svalbard Islands (Norway).The purpose of this study is to explore 1) if arctic tourism is capable of stimulating an environmental epiphany; 2) the emotional connections (i.e., conservation caring) arctic tourists form with wildlife, and 3) the relationship between environmental epiphanies and conservation caring.
	Call Number				Serial	4257
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	Author	Wennstrom, C.,
	Title	Old fortification islands opened for visitors in Finland			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	182-183
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	In 1999 the Finnish government decided to concentrate the management of all state-owned land and water areas to Metsähallitus, which is an unincorporated state enterprise responsible of the management and protection of the state-owned land and water areas in Finland. For example, areas from the Finnish Defence Forces were moved to Metsähallitus. Many of these sites were islands that had been closed to the public for several decades. These sites contain a very rich biodiversity and a strong cultural heritage. This presentation on how Metsähallitus opened two old military islands to the visitors is a practical example on what kind of management issues can rise when opening new marine protected areas to coastal-marine recreation.
	Call Number				Serial	4282
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	Author	White, E.; Winder, S.; Wood, S.,
	Title	The influence of wildfire and smoke on recreation visitation and behavior			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	360-360
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	In the U.S. West, the area burned in wildfires has been increasing in recent years leading to a greater number of burned recreation destinations. In addition, prolonged periods of dense smoke have inundated both recreation destinations and urban settings. As climate change progresses and the frequency and severity of natural disturbances, such as wildfire, floods, and windstorms, increases we need to improve our understanding of how wildfire, smoke, and burned landscapes influence recreation behavior. In this presentation, we briefly synthesize the current literature on how recreation behavior is influenced by burned landscapes and discuss findings from our recent efforts, using traditional and crowd-sourced approaches, to understand the response of recreationists to wildfire and smoke. The research literature exploring how burned landscapes influences recreation use levels in the U.S. West is limited (McCaffrey et al 2013). Stated-preference studies exploring the welfare implications for recreationists from hypothetical burned landscapes account for much of the literature (Bawa 2017). Fewer studies have been completed on actual burned landscapes. In general, research conducted in-situ has found that any reductions in recreation visitation in recently burned landscapes is short-lived and modest and visitor satisfaction is largely unchanged (e.g., Brown et al. 2008, Love and Watson 1992).
	Call Number				Serial	4359
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	Author	Wilkins, E. J.; Chikamoto, Y.; Miller, A. B.; Smith, J. W.,
	Title	Climate change and the demand for recreational ecosystem services on public lands in the United States			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	366-367
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Cultural ecosystem services represent nonmaterial benefits people derive from the environment; these benefits include outdoor recreation opportunities (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). Changes in climatic conditions are likely to shift the spatial and temporal demand for recreational ecosystem services. Climate change has already expanded the length of the peak visitation season for some public lands (Buckley & Foushee, 2012; Monahan et al., 2016), and is expected to change total visitation at nearly all U.S. National Parks (Fisichelli et al., 2015). However, the effects of climate change on visitation to public lands may vary by season, the location of the public land unit (Hewer & Gough, 2018), and its unique microclimatic conditions (Smith et al., 2018; Wilkins et al., 2021). To date, little is known about the magnitude and spatial variability in these shifts across large geographic extents. Here, our goal is to explore how the seasonal demand for recreational ecosystem services may change across U.S. public lands in the future under different climate change scenarios. Understanding potential future shifts in demand can help land managers plan and prepare for possible regional or seasonal shifts in visitation trends.
	Call Number				Serial	4362
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	Author	Williams, S.,
	Title	The impact of Covid 19 on outdoor recreation in the UK: benefits and challenges			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	86-87
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Covid 19 has had a significant impact in the UK and has resulted in substantial changes to participation in outdoor recreation. A sequence of lockdowns where people were limited to stay at home regulations within their local area, followed by the re-opening of travel and activities in the late summer of 2020, have affected the places that people visit and the activities that they can do. In terms of outdoor recreation, Covid 19 restrictions have ranged from being limited to one short walk per day directly from home for the express purpose of exercise, to tourism visits to anywhere in the UK to undertake the full range of possible outdoor activities within larger groups. In between these two opposites has been a variable number of greater or lesser restrictions on outdoor recreation and travel. In order to understand the effect of Covid 19 on participation in outdoor recreation and associated land management issues, a number of robust social surveys and case studies have been undertaken by government agencies and academics across the UK. Many of these have been collecting evidence on a regular basis since the start of the pandemic and they provide a valuable resource to understand the impact of this societal wide change.
	Call Number				Serial	4237
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	Author	Wolf, I. D.; Waitt, G.,
	Title	Wellbeing geovisualization: geographies of difference, accessibility and everyday natures.			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	322-323
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Some of the benefits for people whose everyday routines are organized to incorporate interactions with places for nature are well established in the liveable cities literature. Officially designated greenspaces, including parks and reserves, for instance not only play an important role in maintaining biodiversity and socio-ecological functions; they offer urban recreationists the opportunity to exercise, socialize and relax (Torland, Weiler, Moyle & Wolf, 2015; Wolf, Stricker, & Hagenloh, 2015). And yet the multitude of benefits of urban places of nature remains largely understudied (Wolf, Ainsworth & Crowley, 2017). Also places that may be socially constituted as natural beyond official categories of greenspace are often not included when researching the benefits of engagement with places for nature. This project enrolls a participatory geographic information system (PGIS) and specifically visualization to better understand the relationships between everyday natures and wellbeing.
	Call Number				Serial	4343
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	Author	Wood, S.; Lee, H.; Lia, E.; Miller, L.; Seo, B.; White, E.; Winder, S.,
	Title	Landscape-scale insights into recreational activities derived from social media content			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	246-246
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Volunteered geographic information, such as social media and online trip reports, are a promising source of data on the amount and character of recreational use in parks and protected areas. The volume of data is often correlated with on-site measures of park visitation, and the content contains rich descriptions of visitors experiences. This study presents a novel and generalizable model of public land visitation based on posts to three online social media platforms and two trip reporting platforms from National Forests in Washington, USA. Then, we introduce and apply a convolutional neural network model for accurately classifying these visitors activities, based on the content of the social media. We find that social media can substantially improve estimates of visitation to public lands. Furthermore, there is also a strong correlation between the number of survey respondents reporting their participation in 14 common recreational activities and the number of social media posts classified as pertaining to the same activity. The models perform nearly as well in novel locations as in the primary location, suggesting that the approaches are broadly applicable, though performance varies by activity. By comparing our maps of recreational participation to the underlying landscape, we find that natural features (such as rivers, lakes, and higher elevations) and some built infrastructure (campgrounds, trails, roads) support a greater diversity of activities, while visitors are less sensitive to features such as picnic areas and wilderness designation. Even while respecting the limitations of the volunteered data and models, these results provide actionable information to land managers by illuminating how recreation varies spatially and according to the recreational activities that are provided.
	Call Number				Serial	4310
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	Author	Wunderlich, A. C.; Salak, B.; Hunziker, M.; Hegetschweiler, T.; Bauer, N.,
	Title	Impact of COVID-19 on forest visits in the early 2020 COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Switzerland			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	82-83
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Many surveys were conducted in the beginning of the lockdown to analyze changed behavior of respondents. So far, no study was able to analyze the behavior of the same cohort of respondents before the lockdown and during the lockdown. We profit from a unique data set: In March – right before the COVID-19 induced lockdown – a Swiss wide online survey on forest visits and attitudes towards forests was conducted (n = 8064 respondents). This survey ended on March 9th 2020. On the 17th of March, the Swiss government implemented the lockdown due to increasing COVID-19 cases. To study the impacts of the lockdown, a second wave of the survey with 1085 respondents was held from March 2nd 2020 to April 9th 2020. Therefore, we are able to study the impacts of the policy induced lockdown and its implication on the working environment (such as home office and short-time work) and rising COVID-19 incidences on forest visits within the same cohort.
	Call Number				Serial	4235
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	Author	Wyttenbach, M.; Volpert, F.; Hochreutener, A.; Rupf, R.,
	Title	Disturbance caused by recreational activities -Case study Regional Nature Parc Beverin (RNPB), Switzerland			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	120-121
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Due to their structural diversity and altitude gradients, mountain regions provide suitable habitats for a diverse range of wildlife and plant species (Ingold, 2005). At the same time, they are important recreational areas for humans. Due to the increase in outdoor activities, negative impacts on nature and wildlife should be counteracted by means of focussed visitor management (Clivaz et al., 2013). The RNPB is visited by tourists all year round, with a greater proportion in the summer season. The landscape consists mainly of forests, alpine areas, extensive meadows, pastures, habitats for pioneer species, and covers an area of 412 km2. The RNPB aims to enable recreationists to experience nature without disturbing it at the same time. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to determine which types of recreational activities may be practised in the area and how they can be characterised (spatially, temporally, frequency). The aim of this study is to identify areas in summer and winter in which a potential conflict between recreationalists and nature could occur based on a spatial mapping approach.
	Call Number				Serial	4253
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	Author	Xie, Y.; Wu, B.; Zhong, L.,
	Title	Enjoyed cultural services and perceived benefits through visitation to Chinese National Parks: A case study of Wuyishan Pilot			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	220-221
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	A growing body of research reveals the important contribution that nature exposure and national parks and protected areas (NPPAs) make(s) to hu-man health and well-being (Lemieux et al., 2012; Romagosa et al., 2015). According to the studies, NPPAs can contribute to people mental health, psychological and physiological health, scien-tific/local knowledge accumulation and educa-tion, emotional improvement, transcendental experience, happiness, enjoyment, social net-work, reflection, self-actualization, personal growth, inspiration, quality of life, etc. Meanwhile, cultural ecosystem service (CES) studies also draw wide attention. The ES framework was promoted by the United Nations to better understand relationships between eco-system changes and human well-being develop-ment. And now, the framework is advocated by many researchers to be used as a decision-making tool to better govern and manage ecosystems and natural resources, and as well as to achieve human/citizen well-being. Scholars pointed out that CES and its contribution to psychological well-being is very important for visitor manage-ment (Willis, 2015); ES researchers also explored CES as beneficial outcomes of PA visitor activities (Roux et al., 2020). However, still few attentions were paid to the spatial distribution of visitor CES enjoyment and the corresponding benefit per-ception in a national park.In China, many NPPAs have long histories and are homes of local residents. National parks are usually combinations of many different types of protected areas from the former PA system. For example, Wuyishan Pilot (designated in 2016), our study area, is integrated from five former different types of protected areas (At-tachment figure 1), which are Wuyishan National Nature Reserve (1979), Wuyishan National Scenic and Historic Area (NSHA) (1982), Jiuqu River Na-tional Aquatic Germplasm Resource Reserve of Spinibarbus hollandi (2011), Wuyishan National Forest Park (2004) and Wuyi Tianchi National For-est Park (2013), and five other non-protected tourist resorts. Also, the national park area is largely overlapped with Mount Wuyi World Mixed Nature and Culture Heritage Site Area.Meanwhile, traditional Chinese and mod-ern global values make dual impacts on Chinese visitors. As traditional Chinese view of environ-ment follows a tian ren he yi (the unity of man and heaven) philosophy, which guide most Chi-nese PA visitors behaviors (Xu et al., 2014), out-door recreation fashion also influences many other visitors. Their motivational differences and cultural divergences (Cui et al., 2015) can result in totally different national park visitation para-digms, and thus different CES enjoyment and benefits perceptions.
	Call Number				Serial	4299
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