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	Author	Deng, J.,
	Title	Estimating visit volume at the county level: An application of a variant form of the Lincoln Index method			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	66-67
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	It is important to have an accurate estimate of visit volume to a destination. While this may be easily done for a place with controlled gates and/or with ticket sales, it is a major challenge for a destination (e.g., a county) without gate counts. This study uses a variant form of the Lincoln Index method to estimate visit volume for Garrett County, Maryland based on data collected from two survey periods: 2008-2009 and 2019-2020.
	Call Number				Serial	4228
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	Author	Delphine, L.; Morales, E.; Theriault, W.; Tang, B.; Routhier, F.; Mortenson, W. B.; Prescott, M.,
	Title	“Inclusive Parks”: A scoping review of accessibility standards for people with disabili-ties			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	314-315
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	It is well recognized that access to green and blue spaces have physical, social, psychological and health benefits for people with and without disabilities (Gascon et al., 2017; Labbé et al., 2019; Markevych et al., 2017; Merrick et al., 2020; Rugel et al., 2019, Zhang et al, 2019.). However, many people with disabilities are still excluded from these spaces because of accessibility issues (Burns et al., 2009). The federal government has determined that accessibility for people with disabilities in Canadas world-renowned national parks should be addressed (Marcastel, 2019). Historically, standards have focused on promoting access for people with physical disabilities; however, existing accessibility standards are relatively dated and have had less emphasis on people who experience cognitive or sensory challenges (i.e., visual or auditory) (Parks Canada, 1994). For example, wayfinding is emerging as a critical topic for different disabilities to identify accessible routes for planning purposes and enable real-time navigation. Moreover, environmental features intended for one group (e.g., tactile sidewalk sections for people with vision problems) may make it challenging for people from another group (e.g., those who use mobility devices like wheelchairs) (Ormerod et al., 2015). It is thus important to avoid developing standards in a siloed manner (i.e., with only one disability group in mind). This scoping review is part of the project Providing Accessible ReCreation Outdoors: User-driven Research on Standards (PARCOURS) which overarching goal is to improve the Canadian accessibility standards for national parks funded by the Canadian Accessibility Standards Development Organization. The first phase of this project was to conduct a scoping review to compare and contrast existing international and national standards and novel research evidence to inform the development of revised standards. The question guiding the search for relevant studies was “What are the current accessibility standards in terms of outdoor spaces, including parks to allow people with disabilities to enjoy the natural environments in their community?”
	Call Number				Serial	4339
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	Author	Aslan, E.; Hem, L. E.; Iversen, N.,
	Title	Customer-focused drivers in the sharing economy: A meta-analysis			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	406-407
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Kotler (1972) defines marketing as “the set of human activities directed at facilitating and consummating exchanges” (p.12). Ordinarily, these exchanges are associated with permanent ownership between buyers and sellers. However, the advances of the internet and mobile technology have enabled buyers and sellers to exchange offerings that exponentially contribute to temporary access rather than ownership — as such, sharing as a form of consumption begin to emerge and numerous practices coined under this umbrella term. At the core, the phenomenon includes a variety of different products and services such as lodging (e.g., Airbnb), tools (e.g., ShareGrid), transportation (e.g., Uber), workspace (e.g., WeWork), or food services (e.g., Deliveroo). The term of the “Sharing Economy” was first mentioned in 2008 and defined as the “collaborative consumption made by the activities of sharing, exchanging, and rental of resources without owning the goods” (Lessig 2008, p.143). After that, this phenomenon, or aspects of it, has been given many different names, including “collaborative consumption”, “commercial sharing systems” (and “access-based consumption”, “shared consumption”, “on-demand economy”, “collaborative economy”, “platform economy” and “gig economy”. Many of these terms share similar set of characteristics, yet, the definition articulates the entire set of characteristics formed by Eckhardt et al. (2019), who define the sharing economy as “a scalable socio-economic system that employs technology-enabled platforms to provide users with temporary access to tangible and intangible resources that may be crowdsourced” (Eckhardt et al., 2019 p.7).The interest in participating in sharing systems is generally characterized as prosocial or sustainable behavior such as sharing, helping others, taking care of the environment. However, participating in sharing systems can also bring economic benefits like saving money or facilitating access to resources, which can form more individualistic reasons for participating in sharing economy practices. Previous research has shown that monetary motivations, environmental and societal concerns, flexibility, variety seeking, sustainability, community belonging, enjoyment and trust are among several factors that enhance participation in the sharing economy. Although there is growing attention for research on consumer behaviour in the sharing economy, the findings regarding antecedents and outcomes of participating in these services are scattered and contradicting with previous findings. The existing literature offers broad range of antecedents for sharing economy; however, researchers disagree on which one best captures the value. Albeit little amount of literature reviews has been added to the field, and a quantifiable estimation of the relationship between the antecedents and outcomes has not been investigated yet. The inconsistency of previous research supports the need for meta-analysis to integrate the accumulated empirical research, to see the landscape of the research area, and provide comprehensive understanding on which antecedents are the most effective for sharing services. Based on these grounds, the paper aims to answer the research question: What are the main customer-focused antecedents of the sharing economy and to what extend do these antecedents influence the behavioural intention towards the sharing economy services?
	Call Number				Serial	4379
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	Author	Vrsaljko, A.,
	Title	Krka National Parks biodiversity as basis for wildlife tourism development			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	68-69
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Krka National Park, a karst hydrological pearl of the Croatian coast with its distinctive geological, geo- morphological, hydrological and biological richness, was declared a National Park in 1985. The geomorphological playfulness of the river Krka with the karst canyon along with 7 magnificent waterfalls with numerous lakes, rapids and cascades create an unreal and unique landscape pearl which generates a rich biological diversity. However, the tourist offer of the park does not differentiate or implement specific forms of tourism such as wildlife tourism, which is why the paper investigates the perception of visitors about the valorization of the parks biodiversity as a paradigm for the development of wildlife tourism; especially since the park is filled with a number of valuable, rare and endemic species. The research maps out the species habitats and proposes a unique programme for the visitors which prefer the wildlife tourism.
	Call Number				Serial	4229
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	Author	Stursa, J.,
	Title	Impacts of Tourism Load on the Mountain Environment (A Case Study of the Krkonoše Mountains National Park – the Czech Republic)			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	364-370
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Krkonose Mountains (the Giant Mountains in Czech) as the highest mountains of the Czech Republic belong to the most visited middle-european mountains as they are well facilitated for both summer and winter outdoor recreation. More than 8 million visitors within a year means very serious tourism load on the mountain landscape and ecosystems. Primary impacts (e.g. disturbing plants and animals by trampling and noise, soil erosion or cummulation of rubish) together with secondary impacts of tourism development (a.g. arrising of accomodation capacity, impact on traditional landscape infrastructure by reebuilding of original small mountain chalets, nonsufficient disposal of waste, transport of allochtone organisms) create very cotraversional background for sustainable use of the mountains which are the oldest national park of the Czech Republic. Paper describes these impacts and suggests some forms of conflict solution between tourism development and statutes of the national park.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 524			Serial	2325
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	Author	Saeporsdottir, A. D.,
	Title	Overtourism in Iceland: Myth or reality?			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	20-20
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Large influxes of tourist arrivals have become a major challenge in recent years for many nature-based destinations. Seasonality, uneven spatial distribution and imbalance between supply and demand are commonly pointed out as part of the problem. In recent years the concept of over-tourism has emerged in that context in the media and increasingly in academia as a way of describing this situation, although the issues behind the term have been a component of visitor and tourism research for many years. Iceland is one of the destinations which has been most associated with the concept of overtourism – at least in the international media discourse. This is a reflection of the enormous increase in international tourist arrivals the country has received in the last decade. In 2010 the number of international visitors to Iceland was about 460,000, by 2018 it had reached approximately 2.3 million, representing an annual average increase of about 22%. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe, with about 370,000 inhabitants on an island little over one hundred thousand square kilometers. Icelands main tourist attraction is nature, with its perceived wilderness landscape. There are a few tourist hotspots on the island, which up to half of all international tourists visit. This has resulted in crowding at the most popular destinations which in turn has led to a decrease in the quality of the tourist experience, overloaded infrastructure, damage at nature destinations and shifts in the perceived nature of the Icelandic landscape. This presentation provides an overview of the different ways in which overtourism has revealed itself at a national level in Iceland. It is both based on a primary and secondary data analysis strategy. Furthermore, it is based on longitudinal research conducted on tourists experience of overcrowding at various nature destinations in Iceland over 20 years. During this time span, over 43,000 questionnaires were completed and in-depth interviews were conducted with several hundred tourists. This allows for a detailed empirical assessment to be made of changes in visitor attitudes, experiences, perceptions and satisfaction with specific locations in Iceland and the development of a broader understanding of Iceland as a nature-based tourism destination over time. The latter includes changes in the make-up of tourist attributes and shifts in the management challenges nature-based destinations are facing from tourism. Finally, Icelands various responses to its success as a major nature tourist destination will be discussed.
	Call Number				Serial	4382
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	Author	Kojima, S.; Kurita, K.,
	Title	Management and restoration with visitors on Japans Shikoku Pilgrimage paths			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	42-42
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Management and conservation of Japans Shikoku Pilgrimage paths is getting more important in order to restore its historical way of pilgrim on foot as well as the new way of pilgrimage by car or bicycle. Au- thors investigated the present situation of 1,200km- long pilgrimage with 88 temples in Shikoku Island passing through several national parks and protected areas, which is proposed to be listed as an UNESCO World Heritage (cultural heritage) site.
	Call Number				Serial	4216
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	Author	Livina, A.; Druva-Druvaskalne, I.,
	Title	Experiences of Co-Designing Tourism Product Strategy for Tourism Destination: Bottom-up approach			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	148-149
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Management issues of tourism destination highlight collaboration among involved stakeholders, their engagement in planning processes, functions and responsibilities, particularly hot item is sales of tourism destination and tourism products (Mariani et al. 2013; Mackay et al. 2020). The purpose of the paper is to show development process of tourism product strategy development initiated by bottom -up approach.
	Call Number				Serial	4266
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	Author	Keller, R.,
	Title	Sounds like Norway: a review of research needs and future paths			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	272-272
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Many of us experience some surprise when we step off a beaten trail and into a wooded dell. Suddenly, we feel a bit closer to nature: not be-cause we have finally arrived, but because we finally hear. There has been an emphasis in re-search and conservation policy about the visual features of landscape. Yet, we hear place as much as we see it. The weaving of sounds and percep-tion within place is called the soundscape. Natu-ral soundscapes (areas mostly free of undesirable anthropogenic sounds, i.e. noise) provision hu-man wellbeing and influence positive behavior, whereas noise in nature severely degrades expe-riences connected to outdoor life (i.e.friluftsliv) and impacts wildlife. In Norway 2.1 million (40%) are exposed to outdoor noise exceeding 55dBA – a level known to drive adverse health effects- and has serious implications for effective conservation of biodiversity and diverse restorative experienc-es in national parks. Thus, parks have an increas-ing importance to harbor natural sounds and are-as free of noise. This paper presents a possible series of steps to assess and monitor natural soundscapes, following guidance provided by the US National Park Service Division of Natural Sounds, and the work of Ferraro et al. 2020, Le-venhagen et al. 2020, among others: 1. establish-ing what sounds people expect or need to hear when recreating in particular national parks and what constitutes noise (national survey); 2. inven-torying sounds using passive audio recorders (PARs) linked as a sensory array from remote to high access settings (ecological and human dis-turbance gradient); 3. linking reported friluftsliv experience with perception of place and sounds to collected acoustic data(attended listening sur-vey); 4. mapping noise proliferation in parks (PARs); 5. experimentally modify noise levels via messaging or restricting recreation equipment use to examine effects on bird distributions (point counts) human perceived (bird)biodiversity, quality, wellbeing and support for natural sounds conservation efforts (survey); 6. bring in identified important natural sounds and noise sources as indicators of soundscape quality in a management by objective framework for natural resource managers. The paper highlights how these steps may be deployed in two case studies, Femundsmarka and Rondane national parks.
	Call Number				Serial	4321
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	Author	Wunderlich, A. C.; Salak, B.; Hunziker, M.; Hegetschweiler, T.; Bauer, N.,
	Title	Impact of COVID-19 on forest visits in the early 2020 COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Switzerland			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	82-83
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Many surveys were conducted in the beginning of the lockdown to analyze changed behavior of respondents. So far, no study was able to analyze the behavior of the same cohort of respondents before the lockdown and during the lockdown. We profit from a unique data set: In March – right before the COVID-19 induced lockdown – a Swiss wide online survey on forest visits and attitudes towards forests was conducted (n = 8064 respondents). This survey ended on March 9th 2020. On the 17th of March, the Swiss government implemented the lockdown due to increasing COVID-19 cases. To study the impacts of the lockdown, a second wave of the survey with 1085 respondents was held from March 2nd 2020 to April 9th 2020. Therefore, we are able to study the impacts of the policy induced lockdown and its implication on the working environment (such as home office and short-time work) and rising COVID-19 incidences on forest visits within the same cohort.
	Call Number				Serial	4235
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	Author	Matsuba, M.,
	Title	Differences in the desired environments for marine and coastal recreational spots: an analysis of user valuation at travel- review websites			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	188-189
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Marine and coastal ecosystems have provided us with various recreational services such as beach recreation, recreational fishing, and aesthetic or spiritual spots. These recreational services have attracted attention in recent years from the viewpoint of improving psychological human well-beings as well as providing economic values through sightseeing and recreation. However, quantitative evaluation of recreational services provided by seascape is not enough. In this research, I constructed the statistical model to reveal the relationship between environments and marine and coastal recreational values evaluated by a user valuation at travel-review websites. Then, I applied this model to future climate and demographic changes to assess future threat to recreation services in Japan.
	Call Number				Serial	4285
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	Author	Fulton, S.; Donohue, B.; Pearse, J.,
	Title	Understanding the impacts of road and aircraft noise on avian species richness in Milford Sound, Fiordland National Park, New Zealand: A proposed methodology			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	370-371
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Milford Sound is a tourism hotspot located in the protected natural area of Fiordland National Park, New Zealand. Due to its wild landscape, unique views and natural quietness, it is considered one of New Zealands must visit locations for tourists, both national and international. Consequently it received nearly 1 million visitors annually pre-Covid, which is of concern because a number of international studies have shown a link between high visitor numbers and degradation of natural soundscapes. Due to the extreme topography of the park, Milford is quite isolated and only accessible by aircraft and a single road; the Milford Highway. These modes of transport generate a disturbance, not only along the highway corridor, but spatially more expansive due to the nature of aircraft and traffic noise propagation – exacerbated by the topography. Whilst effects of these noise sources on human perceived tranquillity in New Zealand have been and are currently being investigated, no such research has focussed on the impacts to wildlife in this context. Similar studies have been conducted internationally, such as in the United States, that conclude anthropogenic noise has detrimental effects on avian wildlife, such as communication, use of space, reduced reproductive success, and altered species richness. Further to this body of work, our research will focus on the impacts of such noise sources on avian species richness in the New Zealand context, which has been identified as a research gap. This research is imperative due to the unique ecology of New Zealand for which more than 70% of bird and animal species are endemic.
	Call Number				Serial	4363
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	Author	Gruas, L.; Cerrin-Malterre, C.; Loison, A.,
	Title	Wildlife disturbance caused by nature sports: an overview from general to specific			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	118-119
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Mitigating the impact of recreationists has become a major challenge for natural area managers who often express the need to be provided with information about the visitors. Indeed, as managers start to organize and take this emerging issue into consideration, land use restrictions and other awareness raising campaigns flourish in mountain territories. Knowledge of nature sports participants is thus required, not only to make them aware of the issue but also to know which factors influence awareness the most and to get feedback on the way measures are perceived and accepted by visitors. Yet, if much research in the field of ecology has been done to show the existing impacts of recreation on wildlife, little research was led on the perception and acknowledgment of the impacts by recreationists.
	Call Number				Serial	4252
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	Author	Conti, E.; Farsari, I.,
	Title	Nature-based tourism experiences between mobile connectivity and the freedom of disconnecting			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	300-301
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Mobile Internet connectivity is traditionally seen as an experience enhancer in tourism, and extant research in the context of natural and protected areas show a positive attitude towards such technology. On the visitor experiences side, it enhances safety, information retrieval, connectivity to peers and accessibility (Elmahdy, Haukeland and Fredman, 2017). On the destination managements side, it constitutes a resource for visitor planning, monitoring and engagement (Pickering, Chelsey, Barros and Rossi, 2020; Hausmann et al., 2017).Recent studies are discussing more critically whether ubiquitous connectivity always represents a resource for tourism or conversely a factor that jeopardizes the tourism experience by triggering pressures, discomfort as well as estrangement from local communities and places (Egger, Lei and Wassler, 2020). The issue is particularly important within nature-based tourism, due to its relation to experiential themes of genuineness, detoxification and escapism and its localization in areas where transformational and educational experiences are prioritized (Li, Pearce & Low, 2018).
	Call Number				Serial	4334
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	Author	Curtis, N.,
	Title	Managing Commercial Recreation on Crown Land: The Commercial Recreation Transition Plan for the Sea to Sky Corridor, BC			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	314-319
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Monitoring and management of visitor flows in parks and recreational areas has traditionally focused on public recreation. However, there is a growing need to find management tools to address commercial operations as well as public recreation, and to manage activities outside of protected areas as well as within them. The implementation of a program to manage previously unregulated commercial recreation operations in the Sea to Sky Corridor, north of Whistler, British Columbia is described. It is argued that commercial recreation (CR) is not only different in kind from public recreation, but also offers significantly different challenges and opportunities with respect to visitor management.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 508			Serial	2317
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	Author	Andrew, R.; Burns, R.; Hentz, A.; Schwarzmann, D.,
	Title	Monitoring remote aquatic protected area use with remote methods during a pandemic: Innovation as necessity			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	238-239
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Monitoring outdoor recreation and use in remote aquatic areas presents challenges beyond traditional sampling and methodologies. A diversity of entry points and mechanisms, coupled with diffuse pathways to enter such areas makes assessment of use especially sensitive to bias and limitations of methods.Also, the unique attributes of protected areas make use assessment and monitoring an inherently customizable problem.To address these challenges, an iterative process that incorporates local expert knowledge to prioritize methods that balance accuracy and efficiency is preferred.One such process, called NMS-COUNT (Burns et al. 2020) has been developed to address use monitoring at National Marine Sanctuaries within the United States.This process seeks to apply a standardized assessment of potential methods through extensive literature review (Andrew et al. 2021) and expert panel feedback to arrive at a customized formula of methods suitable for context-specific protected areas.This method was applied to two pilot study sites using data from 2019-2020 in Grays Reef National Marine Sanctuary and Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in the southeastern U.S. During the development phase of the process, mixed methods were prioritized, including the use of in-person surveys and counting. As the design phase progressed and was ready for implementation, the COVID-19 pandemic emerged as an even greater challenge to human use sampling and monitoring.
	Call Number				Serial	4307
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	Author	Bleines, D.B.; Williams, S.; Rhydderch, M.,
	Title	Counting on success: Implementing a new approach to visitor data collection and usage in a national environmental public sector body			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	260-261
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Monitoring visitor use is critical for Natural Resources Wales (NRW) to protect ecosystems and to manage green space adequately, whilst maximising visitors wellbeing and enjoyment benefits. This research aims to explore the effectiveness of different types of people counters used concurrently on NRW managed land in the Summer of 2021. It presents an opportunity to review the type of data collected and its application to support decision-making. This is timely given the changing societal backdrop pre-empted by Covid-19 and its associated impacts on nature and wellbeing.Currently NRW uses sensor and data counting technologies to measure visitor numbers. These monitor trail and car park usage in more than 120 sites managed by NRW across Wales.These technologies do not need main power, mobile phone signal or WIFI and have been in place since 2004.This emerging research is necessary to address four questions: Is the data produced by these counters still fit for purpose? Has the purpose itself changed? How is disruption minimised in longitudinal data collection when switching from one technology to another? How can technology be futureproofed in the face of rapid advances over the next 15 years?The anticipated outcomes from this work will be the selection of the most appropriate visitor counter technology capable of informing NRW recreational and wellbeing policy and practice across Wales. Having this in place will better enable NRW to discharge its regulatory, advisory, land manager and wellbeing provider roles for current and future generations.
	Call Number				Serial	4315
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	Author	Kobayashi, Y.; Watanabe, T.,
	Title	Monitoring and predicting trail erosion in Daisestuzan National Park in Japan			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	380-381
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Mountain trail erosion is one of the geomorphological phenomena, which is generally caused by surface water and human trampling. Mountain trail erosion is one of the most serious problems in many national parks of Japan. Such examples are observed on trails in Mt. Rausu-take (Shiretoko National Park), Mt. Rishiri-san (Rishiri Rebun Sarobetsu National Park), Mt. Daisetsuzan (Daisetsuzan National Park), and Mt. Miyanoura-take (Yakushima National Park). Volcanic ashes cover trails in most of these mountains, and snow remains until the time when many trekkers come. For these reasons, trails in these mountains are eroded rapidly and deeply. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies to predict further erosion. Mountain trail erosion has been traditionally studied by surveying cross-sectional changes at certain sites. The method of surveying cross section can be conducted quickly and simply for park managers to understand changing magnitudes of mountain trail erosion for a long period. In Japan, this method has been used mainly in Daisetsuzan National Park, and numerous data have been already accumulated in some trails. However, magnitudes of mountain trail erosion are understood in just two dimensions by this method. Furthermore, the largest limitation of this method is that the eroded/deposited area is understood only at the measured sites and does not produce the eroded/deposited volume of the entire trail segment with a certain length, which is more important for trail management. This study, conducted in Daisetsuzan National Park (DNP), Japans largest national park, has three objectives: (1) to show digital elevation models (DEMs) of the mountain trails including the surrounding ground surface, and to estimate the change of the eroded volume from 2014 to 2021; (2) to predict further erosion in the near future; and (3) to understand a relationship between the trail erosion and the number of trekkers.
	Call Number				Serial	4368
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	Author	Nodilo, M.,
	Title	Nature Protection in the Service of the Visitors who visit National Park Mljet			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	444-451
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	National park «Mljet» is proclaimed in 1960., for sake of wooded areas and two picturesque sea lakes. Located on the one third of the western part of the island Mljet, it takes up the region of 3000 hectares. The region is wooded and systematic protection of nature has been realised there. Every jear visitors arrive at this area and we make efforts to give them pleas-ant and substantial stay. So boards with educational matter have been placed in the Nacional park. The notices educate visitors about characteristics of lakes, the protected sea parts, archeological locality, possibility of sightseeing … Signs, texts and maps with description of ecological paths are installed to give better information about the Park. Ther are the ecological round path Fontana – Vrbovica, cca 4000 m long, the ecological path to belvedere V. Sladin Gradac and the ecological path Pomena – Soline. Apart from improvement of educational subjects, we work permanently on preventive protection against forest fire, cleaning rubbish and protecting entire region from dirt.National park «Mljet» is proclaimed in 1960., for sake of wooded areas and two picturesque sea lakes. Located on the one third of the western part of the island Mljet, it takes up the region of 3000 hectares. The region is wooded and systematic protection of nature has been realised there. Every jear visitors arrive at this area and we make efforts to give them pleas-ant and substantial stay. So boards with educational matter have been placed in the Nacional park. The notices educate visitors about characteristics of lakes, the protected sea parts, archeological locality, possibility of sightseeing … Signs, texts and maps with description of ecological paths are installed to give better information about the Park. Ther are the ecological round path Fontana – Vrbovica, cca 4000 m long, the ecological path to belvedere V. Sladin Gradac and the ecological path Pomena – Soline. Apart from improvement of educational subjects, we work permanently on preventive protection against forest fire, cleaning rubbish and protecting entire region from dirt.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 558			Serial	2342
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	Author	De Bie, K.; Rose, M.,
	Title	Community usage, awareness and perceptions of marine parks and sanctuaries in Victoria, Australia.			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	178-179
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	National parks and protected areas in Victoria, Australia, are managed by a state government agency, Parks Victoria.Parks Victoria was established in 1998 and are responsible for managing an expanding and diverse estate covering more than 4 million hectares, or about 17 per cent, of the state.In 2002, the Victorian Government established the Marine National Park system, including 13 Marine National Parks (MPAs) and 11 Marine Sanctuaries.MPAs span Victorias five marine bioregions and aim to conserve and protect ecological processes, habitats and associated flora and fauna. With 2022 signalling the 20-year anniversary of the Victorian Marine National Park system, there was a desire to better understand Victorians current awareness, usage and perceptions of marine parks and sanctuaries.Specific aims of this research include to: Measure recent community visitation to the MNPS Understand community awareness of, and key perceived benefits of the MNPS Identify differences in perceptions, if any, between users, non-users and their respective segments Identify indicators and metrics that could measure the social, ecological and/or economic value provided by the MNPS Understand awareness and reception of current communication tools, and identify avenues to develop and refine communications in general
	Call Number				Serial	4280
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	Author	Rogowski, M.,
	Title	Changes of tourism under impact of COVID-19 pandemic in Stołowe Mountains and Karkonosze Mountains National Parks, south-western Poland			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	104-105
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	National parks are important tourist destinations because of their high bio- and geodiversity values that enable outdoor activities and leisure in natural environment. This is vibrant issues because the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have limited leisure in natural environment. This presentation highlights the outcomes of the survey conducted on visitors behaviour and motivations during national park visits at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The research was conducted in two mountain national parks located in south-western Poland, i.e., Stolowe Mts. National Park (SMNP) and Karkonosze National Park (KNP), both located in the Sudety Mountains along the Polish-Czech national border. The study identifies intentions of visitors behaviour change in comparison with the pre-COVID-19 period, i.e., 2017-2019. The study aimed to determine the factors that influence the mountain national park visits. Specifically, the surveys were used i) to assess spatiotemporal changes of visitors, distribution in two national parks, including changes in seasonality of tourism and frequencies of main tourism attractions sight-seeings; i) to characterized changes in motivations and behaviours of park visitors during the pandemic period in comparison to the pre-COVID-19 period.
	Call Number				Serial	4246
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	Author	Arnberger, A.; Brandenburg, C.,
	Title	Visitor Structure of a Heavily Used Conservation Area: The Danube Floodplains National Park, Lower Austria			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	7-13
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	National parks in close proximity to large conurbations are not subject to the normal conflicts between conservation and ecological tourism but to those between conservation and urban recreational requirements. The Danube Floodplains National Park, Lower Austria is situated to the east of Vienna, the capital city of Austria, with a population of 1.6 million. Between June 2000 and May 2001, visitors were monitored in the Lower Austrian part of the National Park. An analysis of the results of the interviews, as well as their integration with the results obtained using long-term video monitoring, counts by human observers and route analysis, led to the identification of specific visitor categories with individual behavioral patterns and spatio-temporal distribution. In particular, regular recreational visitors from adjacent residential areas were very concerned about overcrowding and would react to the high visitor frequency through a change in their habits. This alteration of visiting habits would lead to grave problems for the environmental management of the National Park.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 412			Serial	2269
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	Author	Muharremaj, V.,
	Title	Conflicts of Interest on National Parks and Protected Areas during the Transition Period in Albania			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	439-443
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	National Parks of Albania are the most frequented by visitors, because patches of virgin forests, high biodiversity, landscape beauties and nature monuments are present within their areas. During the hard transition period some conflicts of interest have risen on parks and protected areas, which delay their proper management and in a certain degree they affect the flow flux of visitors. The rural appraisal method was mainly used for identification of conflicts. The analyses of factors and causes of these conflicts allow to give some recommendations for their solution, which will influence, in parallel with other measures, on the sustainable management of parks and protected areas, evaluation of their multiple values by the society, and increasing the income of the local communities.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 556			Serial	2341
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	Author	Mendes, R. M. N.; Farias-Torbidoni, E.; Pereira da Silva, C.; Juliao, R. P.,
	Title	Nature-based sports events and natural and protected areas in Portugal. A geographic mapping approach			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	372-373
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Natural & Protected Areas (N&PA) have always promoted visitation and leisure uses of its terri-tories, but these have changed dramatically over the last few decades. Soft and contemplative activities like walking, hiking, or camping have moved to hard skill/adventure practices such as trail running (TR), mountain biking (MTB), among others carrying new challenges to these territo-ries. The urbanization/globalization of the world population have for sure played some role in these new practices, where N&PA are used at the same time as an escape from modern ways of life reconnecting people to the environment/wild, but also attracting urban lifestyles, usually fore-seen as new opportunities for local and regional development making balance between positive and negative impacts difficult to measure and monitor. Large nature-based sports events of MTB and more recently of TR are two of these new uses that can gather up to thousands of practi-tioners and visitors over several days depending on different factors. Although “natural/rural” landscapes and positive climbs are not exclusive of N&PA its not uncommon that these concen-trate the most appellative territories for these nature-based activities. Previous studies on MTB have found that these events tend to happen in Portugal more close to N&PA (Nogueira Mendes, Farías-Torbidoni & Pereira da Silva, 2021) and that within Lisbon Metropolitan Area, 60% of MTB rides target at least one of its peri-urban N&PA – that altogether occupy only 10% of the territory (Nogueira Mendes, Farías-Torbidoni & Pereira da Silva [submitted]). Julião, Valente & Nogueira Mendes (2018) found that 30% of the actual trail runners are old mountain bikers, sug-gesting that MTB is being gradually replaced by TR in terms of popularity. What could be a pressure relief in terms of environmental and social im-pacts from MTB, could be a new wave of concerns to N&PA managers, since TR is bringing not just older but also new users and different demands.To better understand the role of N&PA on MTB and TR events organized in Portugal, the location of all these nature-based sports events promoted in 2018 was plotted against the Na-tional Network of Classified Areas (SNAC), to eval-uate its attractiveness and possible susceptibility. SNAC includes the National Network of Protected Areas (RNAP), Natura 2000 Network sites, Ramsar sites, and UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, covering a total of 29,58% of the country area that follows under the jurisdiction of the National Institute of Nature Conservation and Forestry in terms of recreational and sports use. Although both MTB and TR are sports activities, many events fall off the jurisdiction of its sports federations and their official calendars, requiring secondary data to monitor it at the national level. Data was gath-ered from Timing companies – often hired to manage registrations and insurances, along with national & regional federations/associations, so-cial media, municipalities, and local cultural and sports clubs webpages. Extra searches were con-ducted within the WWW during February 2019 using the terms: “MTB”, “TR” and “2018”. Results have found 608 MTB and 461 TR events scattered all over Portugal mainland, that were georefer-enced and uploaded to a GIS project (Figure 1). Proximity to all protected and classified areas was measure using a 10 km search radius since most MTB and TR events have several race lengths.
	Call Number				Serial	4364
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	Author	Gomes, P.; Moura, M.; Mendes, R. N., Ventura, M. A.,
	Title	Did low-cost companies in the Azores provided an increase in the practice of recreational activities in nature? – Trail Running and Geocaching in São Miguel Island as a case-study			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	54-55
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Natural landscapes are among the greatest tourist attractions all over the world. Nature is a way to re-gain energies from the stress experienced in urban areas. In the Azores archipelago, the nature-based tourism is one of the main touristic products of the islands, according to the Strategic and Marketing Plan for Tourism in the Azores. The liberalization of the Azorean airspace in 2015 to low-cost airlines, helped to boost the tourism industry in the archipelago, with a focus on nature-based activities such as nature sports and adventure events (e.g. MTB and Trail Running epic races). Other landscape outdoor activities such as Geocaching have also developed, the latter reaching about 2000 geocaches placed in many touristic locations of the islands. Here we analyzed two nature sports, Trail Running, a pedestrian run performed on trails in natural areas, with one of the essential elements of this race being the practitioners approach to nature; and Geocaching, which is a treasure hunt of modern times, practiced all over the world, where all it takes is a spirit of adventure and equipment with a GPS receiver, using the coordinates to provide hidden containers (geocaches) and share the experience of your online adventure.
	Call Number				Serial	4222
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	Author	Gimblett, R.; Lynch, J.; Daniel, T.; Ribes, L.; Oye, G.,
	Title	Deriving Artificial Models of Visitors From Dispersed Patterns of Use in Sierra Nevada Wilderness			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	180-186
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Natural resource managers are faced with a complex problem of understanding human use patterns and associated impacts in dispersed recreation wilderness settings. This is further complicated by the subsequent synthesis and modeling of those behaviors that affect such patterns of use. While conventional approaches to modeling have limited use in acquiring and understanding such complex associations, spatial simulation models have been proposed as an alternative. The purpose of this paper is to describe a project whose focus is on a dispersed recreation context of backpacking trips and commercial packstock operations in the John Muir Wilderness in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. This paper will discuss the data collection and synthesis to derive agent profiles and rules as a precursor to the development of a dynamic, agent based model that represent the spatial distribution of visitation patterns.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 466			Serial	2296
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	Author	Aoki, Y.; FujitaHitoshi; Aoki, K.,
	Title	Measurement and analysis of congestion at the traditional Japanese garden “Korakuen”			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	264-270
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Nature and greenery spaces are especially required in the high-density residential areas of Megalopolis in Japan. People are looking for rich greenery spaces and they are requiring for the preservation of the greenery space in redeveloping areas. But people have recently found that parks often were too crowded, when they visited them for enjoying a quiet greenery environment. Almost all old Japanese cities have parks in traditional garden style, which have been opened to the public since Meiji revolution, i.e. a hundred years ago. Originally, the gardens were possession of the Daimyo, i.e. the feudal lord, and they were enjoyed privately. Recent increase in visitors destroyed the original use pattern and the unique atmosphere, and this, of course, confused the management of the park administration. The administration and the users therefore encouraged investigations concerning the appropriate management of park as a pleasant environment. To find a preferable carrying capacity of green spaces, the impression of congestion and quietness was analyzed in a traditional Japanese garden, using the number of visitors as an indicator. The following results were obtained. The impression of congestion is significantly correlated with the number of visitors in the park, and 700 persons on 7 hectares generates the impression of congestion for a half of visitors. To satisfy the impression of quietness for more than a half of visitors, their numbers must be reduced to less than 400 persons for 7 hectares. The decreasing in number of visitors provides a more efficient impression of congestion than that of increasing.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 494			Serial	2310
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	Author	Fredman, P.; Haukeland, J. V.; Dybedal, P.; Stokke, K. B.; Forbord, M.,
	Title	From place-based resources to value-added experiences: Future perspectives on Nature-based tourism			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	348-349
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Nature based tourism is framed and flavored not only by the socio economic conditions of the region where it occurs, but just as much by natural resources and opportunities to make use of them in a tourism context. This session summarizes five years of research on nature based tourism in the BIOTOUR project and discuss future prospect of this sector in the light of a greener economy, more robust communities and sustainable practices. It will also present key content from the recently published book “Nordic Perspectives on Nature-based Tourism. From place-based resources to value-added experiences”, edited by professors Peter Fredman and Jan Vidar Haukeland.
	Call Number				Serial	4354
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	Author	Ankre, R.; Wall-Reinius, S.,
	Title	Accessible recreational areas? A pilot study on disabilities, experiences and the outdoors			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	312-313
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Nature experiences and outdoor recreation have numerous positive outcomes with important physical and mental health benefits for the individual. In various international and Swedish legislative proposals and governmental letters this is evident; public health and well-being must be supported, as well as outdoor recreation, and nature experiences for everyone. Some groups in society are nevertheless excluded. Different physical disabilities can be particularly challenging due to physical barriers in nature. It can also be a challenge to get to nature areas because of, for example, incomplete information, long distances, transportation, or individual ability. Lack of accessibility is still a crucial obstacle for people with disabilities to participate in outdoor recreation (Burns et al., 2009). A better understanding of the participation patterns and perceived constraints by people with disabilities is necessary if nature and outdoor recreation are going to become accessible and inclusive (Corazon et al., 2019). The project aims to understand factors that enable and hinder participation in outdoor activities for people with physical disabilities. In the context of Östersund municipality, Sweden, we discuss how people with physical disabilities perceive accessibility to nature, and analyse available information on websites. What prevents people from getting out into nature? What kind of barriers can be identified? What kind of information is needed and is it available?
	Call Number				Serial	4338
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	Author	Sun, Y.; Watanabe, T.,
	Title	Efforts to improve sustainable tourism and environment sustainability: understanding from local peoples perspective in Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal Himalaya			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	384-385
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Nature- and culture-based tourism have been prevalent pathways for most of the worlds indigenous people (McLaren, 2003). Tourism has been a significant component of Nepals economy.Mountain tourism plays a leading role in Nepals tourism industry. Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone (SNPBZ) is the third-largest visited protected area in Nepal (Ministry of Culture, Tourism, and Civiation, 2020). Rapid development of tourism has brought remarkable changes in SNPBZ. Spoon (2012) and Stevens (1991, 1993) discussed tourism impacts on cultural values and lifestyle of mountain residents. Nepal (2005)argued the unequal power structures and income differences induced by tourism in the park. Tourism is one of the essential elements to realize sustainable mountain development. To realize sustainable tourism, it is vital to enhance the well-being of residents and visitor experience in mountain regions. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the efforts made by local residents to improve sustainable tourism and environment sustainability in SNPBZ.
	Call Number				Serial	4369
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	Author	Clemetsen, M.; Stokke, K. B.,
	Title	Creating synergies between nature-based tourism and local community development through enhanced dialogue processes.			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	398-399
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Nature-based tourism (NBT) has for decades been a major resource for value creation and local development in rural districts in Norway. However, in recent years some areas have experienced an increasing pressure from the tourism industry, both in fjord- and coastal and mountain regions (Stokke et al. 2017). A more fine-tuned and sensitive attitude to attractions related to wildlife, quietness, and local stories and storytelling is emerging, and has a substantial potential for integrating NBT and local community development.In a long-term perspective, it is essential for municipalities and local communities to balance the influx of tourists and the capacity to welcome them. To inform planning and development processes, it is therefore important to understand the tangible and intangible place-based values and resources attached to minor rural communities.In the present global situation represented by the pandemic lock down, climate and bio-diversity crises, there is a growing awareness in local and regional governments, that tourism in general, and nature-based tourism specifically, also should be a partner in developing place-based and sustainable transition-processes (Clemetsen et al 2021).This might involve a broad variety of actors, from local residents – young and older, small scale entrepreneurs, farmers, schools, municipal administrators, etc. Thus, in the process of developing strategies for an unknown and uncertain future, there is a need to apply appropriate process tools that may foster development of shared visions, strategies and measures that support sustainable development. The complexity in the process of understanding place, place-based values, and their potential for future value creation, demand methods that commits the participants beyond what is required in ordinary local planning processes. To pursue this ambition, it is necessary to create arenas for negotiation of interests, and for developing strategies for social and economic initiatives involving the local community, the municipality, and other stakeholders.On the background of a participatory workshop conducted in the BIOTOUR[1] case area in Trysil municipality in 2019, we will discuss possible methods and tools that can provide arenas for dialogue processes, supporting nature-based tourism development and social viability within the local community.
	Call Number				Serial	4376
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	Author	Breyne, J.; Marechal, K.; Dufrene, M.,
	Title	Monitoring visitors in diffuse nature areas, a case study in the Belgian Ardenne			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	288-289
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Nature-based tourism and recreation are ecosystem services that have the potential to benefit human wellbeing, as well as local economies (Haines-Young and Potschin, 2010). They can therefore represent an important political argument to conserve and restore nature areas (Schirpke et al., 2018). However, for these contributions to be acknowledged, they should first be monitored. The number of visits to nature areas has been recognised as one of the major indicators to assess nature-based tourism and recreation (Schägner et al., 2018). Visiting frequencies are, for example, crucial for the estimation of economic contributions. However, for diffuse nature areas with multiple entry and exit points, this data is often scarce, scattered and imprecise. Recently, innovative technologies have allowed to obtain more continuous and/or detailed data for both small and larger areas (Kellner and Egger, 2016). Our research used two of those methodologies to estimate visitor frequencies in nature areas: 1) an analysis based on passive mobile phone positioning data and 2) automatized image analysis based on photos issued from camera traps. Our case study area concerns the Ardenne forests, located in southern Belgium (Walloon region) for the period spring 2018 – summer 2019. The aim of this research is to improve ecosystem services assessments concerning nature-based tourism and recreation and, by doing so, facilitate ES being taken into account by site managers and policy makers in the sustainable management of nature areas.
	Call Number				Serial	4328
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	Author	Kajikawa, M.; Miyasaka, T.; Kubota, Y.; Oba, A.; Miyasaja, K.,
	Title	Quantifying nationality bias in data from different social media platforms for visitor monitoring in Nikko National Park, Japan			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	52-53
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Nature-based tourism in protected areas has grown worldwide in recent years, but excessive use of natural areas can result in their degradation or loss. Visitor management should be based on proper monitoring data to achieve quality experiences for visitors without damaging nature resources. Visitor data are typically collected through field surveys, but budget and human resource constraints can limit the spatiotemporal resolution of survey data. Geotagged photos and messages posted on social media by visitors have attracted attention as useful sources of information with high spatiotemporal resolution. Previous studies, however, have raised concerns that biases in social media data arising from the sociodemographic attributes of posters can create challenges in determining who and what the social media data represent, and in interpreting this data in a reliable way. The present study focused on nationality bias, i.e., differences between the nationality of actual visitors versus the nationality of those visitors who post on social media. Nationality bias can arise due to significant differences in the use of social media from country to country (including the proportion of the population using social media). Cultural and values differences between countries can also greatly influence visitor behavior, and these gaps may lead to over- or under-estimation of visitors from specific countries or regions. However, nationality bias is not fully understood because few studies have explicitly considered it until now (e.g., Heikinheimo et al., 2017; Sinclair et al., 2020). In addition, the previous studies were confined to protected areas where the majority of visitors were from Europe.
	Call Number				Serial	4221
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	Author	Bhatt, P.; Pickering, C.,
	Title	Spatial and temporal patterns of visitation: Insights from Flickr images of Chitwan National Park, Nepal			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	262-263
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Nature-based tourism is popular including to many national parks globally (Balmford et al. 2015). To conserve these natural areas and their biodiversity, while facilitating appropriate tourism, it is important to monitor visitors including when they visit, where they go and what they value. Well established monitoring methods including surveys, direct observations, interviews, track counters, ticket sales, permits, indirect observations (e.g., cameras, satellite images) as well as newer methods such as GIS tracking and Public Participatory GIS. In the last few years, social media has started to be used to monitor visitation including in protected areas. One of the most common data sources examined so far is geolocated images posted to the photo sharing platform Flickr (Teles da Mota and Pickering 2020). However, there is very limited research assessing if there is Flickr data available and if it would be useful for parks in developing countries where nature-based tourism is important, economically, socially, and environmentally but resources for monitoring are limited, such as in Nepal. Here we test how social media could be used to monitor visitation in parks in countries such as Nepal. We analyzed images about Chitwan National Park posted to Flickr, including assessing: 1) when do people visit the Park and how similar are the patterns to ground visitor data, 2) where do people go and how does this vary seasonally and 3) what do people value in the Park.
	Call Number				Serial	4316
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	Author	Stokke, K. B.; Clemetsen, M.,
	Title	Local spatial planning as tool for integrated visitor strategies and community development			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	396-397
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Nature-based tourism is to a large extent based on different types of protected areas, adjacent landscapes and communities. In this paper we explore how municipal spatial planning may serve as a tool for integrated visitor strategies and community development. In Norway, visitor strategies are introduced for national parks and other large protected areas. These strategies are based on the planning system inside protected areas, regulated by the Nature Diversity Act. The research question is: How can local spatial planning support integrated visitor strategies and community development? Norway has two different institutional systems for spatial planning within and outside protected areas.
	Call Number				Serial	4375
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	Author	Taczanowska, K.; Mazur, A.; Brandenburg, C.; Czachs, C.; Latosinska, B.; Hibner, J.; Garcia-Masso, X.; Pardo, A.; Gonzalez, L.,
	Title	Human mobility patterns in outdoor recreational areas based on GPS-tracking data			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	342-343
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	New trends in leisure and outdoor recreation show an increased penetration of remote areas and the development of spatially unconstrained outdoor recreational activities (Bielanski et al, 20218; DAntonio & Monz, 2016; Meijles et al, 2014; Taczanowska et al, 2014; Taczanowska et al, 2008). Here we present the application of GPS tracking to monitor visitor behaviour in a popular nearby recreation destination located in the Kozienicka Primeval Forest, Poland. Particular focus of the study was investigation of the spatial and temporal behaviour of hikers in the forest, detection of resting locations as well as use of recreational infrastructure grouped by visitor profile.
	Call Number				Serial	4352
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	Author	Schwarzmann, D.; Burns, R.; Andrew, R.,
	Title	Understanding recreation use at Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: A pilot study			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	236-237
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	NOAAs Office of National Marine Sanctuaries has a long history of understanding economic expenditures in and near sanctuary settings. Users use can be profoundly productive in terms of economic activity.Many studies have documented the linkage between users use and economic gain for particular areas.A 2016 study conducted by the Department of Commerce determined the gross value of recreational fishing and boating at approximately $38 billion.Concurrently, the National Marine Sanctuary System (NMS) is estimated to support several billion dollars of economic activity each year. Nationwide, the National Marine Sanctuary system attract millions of users every year and serve as primary economic drivers in many communities. A better understanding of users use patterns and motivations would certainly increase the capacity for sustainable use and preservation of ecosystem services in these areas. The National Marine Sanctuaries Users Counting Process (NMS-COUNT) is a methodology being used to understand user expenditures at Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) during the 2020/21 timeframe.Field sampling was originally scheduled for spring and summer 2020, relying on a variety of data collection techniques including in-person surveys and point counts of users.However, the recent development and spread of novel coronavirus COVID-19 within the U.S. and around the world has caused disruptions in travel and everyday life, including research activities.
	Call Number				Serial	4306
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	Author	Oian, H.; Ericsson, B.; Selvaag, S.; Breiby, M.; Lerfald, M.,
	Title	The second home industry in Norway – management and sustainability			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	162-163
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Norway, like the other Nordic countries, has long holiday-cabin traditions (see e.g. Müller, 2007). Until a few decades ago cabins were built scattered throughout large mountainous areas and were mostly without electricity, water supply, and car road connection. Since the 80s, urbanization, growing average income, increased mobility, flexible working hours, and digitalization have caused an increasing demand for second homes with a standard that roughly equals first homes. This has changed both the landscapes and the ways in which people are using their second homes. The increase in the number of second homes should also be seen in the context of the continuous depopulation of Norways mountain municipalities. The growing tourism industry is often viewed as the lifeline in these communities. This has contributed significantly to the boom in second home industry, especially in areas easily accessible from the metropolitan areas. While offering economic advantages for landowners and developers, local businesses, and municipalities, the second home industry encounters several sustainability challenges, which has resulted in resentments and conflicts among several kinds of stakeholders (Overvåg & Berg, 2011).
	Call Number				Serial	4273
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	Author	English, D.B.K.; Kocis, S.M.; Arnold, J.R.; Zarnoch, S.J.; Warren, L.,
	Title	Visitor Use of USDA Forest Service Recreation Areas: Methods and Results from the National Visitor Use Monitoring Effort			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	246-251
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	One stratum of survey sites in the USDA Forest Service’s National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) effort contains agency-managed elements of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Two related methods are used to estimate the amount of visitation that occurs in these areas. One utilizes annual information on the number of use permits at the sites where these are mandatory; the other employs a double-sampling approach to estimate visitation. In both cases, on-site visitor sampling is required to obtain the information necessary to estimate actual visitation. A few additional questions on the survey enable us to describe visitor demographics, evaluate customer satisfaction, and estimate economic values and impacts of these visits. The presentation discusses development of the sampling design as well as calibration issues for both use estimation methods. A comparison of the statistical accuracy and cost of each is made. Because the sample design is based on the spatial-temporal combination of Wilderness exit points and the days they are open, some analytic adjustment to the sample survey data is required (beyond simple sample means) to get results that describe the visiting population. The analytic framework is presented, along with some empirical results from the first year of sampling at six selected National Forests to give the flavor of the managerially-relevant information we have so far obtained. The presentation concludes with a discussion of how we plan to extend the analysis that can include issues such as developing models of visitor flows and relating visitation levels to perceptions of crowding.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 486			Serial	2306
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	Author	Daasnes, M.,
	Title	Collaboration to promote outdoor life (friluftsliv) in the Nordic countries – Is an action plan the way forward?			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	254-255
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Outdoor life (friluftsliv) has a strong position in all the Nordic countries, and is mainly built on the same traditions. In the Nordic collaboration, both between authorities and organisations, outdoor life have been a central theme. Nature-based tourism and outdoor life also have many commonalities in the Nordic countries. In this round-table session, invited researchers and representatives from Nordic outdoor life organizations, will present and discuss opportunities and challenges in promoting outdoor life in the Nordic countries. The session also welcome participants to discuss ideas and reflections from other parts of the world. There will be several short presentations to set the stage, followed by plenty of time to discuss. At the end of the session we will ask if there is a need for a common Nordic action plan to promote outddor life, or are there other and better instruments?
	Call Number				Serial	4313
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