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	Author	Marandola, D.; Raschi, A.; Tognetti, R.,
	Title	Are Natura2000 SPAs and SACs perceived by local communities like important elements for local development? The case study of Fortore-Alto Tammaro, a rural area on the mid-southern Apennines			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	492-493
	Keywords	MMV4, Natural resources, eco-agri-tourism, rural development
	Abstract	Apenninic areas cover a wide part of the italian surface and represent an important element of conservation for cultural, biological, economical and social diversity. Many difficulties, however, expose these internal areas to high risks of abandonment and loss of diversity. A long-run research project aims to calibrate action models for sustainable rural development based on eco-agri-tourism, also to promote conservation and knowledge of local natural resources.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1102			Serial	2672
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	Author	Newman, P.; Manning, R.E.; Fristrup, K.,
	Title	Managing Soundscapes in National Parks: an adaptive management approach in Muir Woods National monument, California			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	353-353
	Keywords	MMV4, Soundscapes, visitor-caused noise, adaptive management Muir Woods National Monument, national parks
	Abstract	Research in national parks has begun to address the issue of human-caused noise and its resource and social impacts. This paper reports the results of a study conducted in the summer of 2007 that tested the efficacy and acceptability of management actions designed to reduce visitor-caused noise The study used an experimental or “adaptive” management” approach designed to test the effectiveness of temporal and spatial zoning to protect natural quiet in Muir Woods National Monument, California, an old growth redwood forest. The adaptive management experiment consisted of two treatments and an associated control. During all three periods, visitorcaused noise was recorded at a fixed location in the park and a visitor survey was conducted. The first treatment tested the effectiveness of a spatial zoning approach by establishing a “quiet zone” in Cathedral Grove through a series of park signs. The second treatment tested the effectiveness of a temporal zoning approach by establishing “quiet days” throughout the park through a series of park signs. The control period included neither of these treatments. Study findings indicate that both the “quiet zone” and “quiet day” treatments were effective in lowering the level of visitor-caused noise in the park as measured during the control period, and that visitors were highly supportive of these management actions.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1044			Serial	2643
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	Author	Ollenburg, C.; Buckley, R.,
	Title	Farm tourism experiences in rural Australia: a continent-wide study of geographical distribution and socioeconomic characteristics of farm tourism operators			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	262-262
	Keywords	MMV4, Nature tourism, rural tourism and experiences in recreational and protected areas
	Abstract	Worldwide changes in agricultural commodity prices and production systems, coupled with increasing demand for rural tourism in urbanized developed nations, have lead many farm landholders to turn to tourism operations as an alternative or additional source of income. The proportions of farmers and rural landholders who have made this move, however, differ considerably from one country to another, and between different areas in the same country. There is a great demand side interest to visit farms, but only some farm landholders provide a tourism experience. For the purpose of this paper tourism experiences on farms include accommodation and activities. A revealed preference approach was applied, at a continent-wide scale examining the geographical distribution and socio-economic characteristic of Australian farm tourism operators. Using multiple data sources, we inventoried, mapped and characterized all known Australian farm tourism enterprises, and examined patterns using both size-based and multi-criterion classifications. Results from revealed-preference analyses are congruent with stated-preference studies but yield considerable additional information and insights. There are clusters of farm tourism enterprises close to cities and gateways, and isolated operations in more remote areas. We identified four groups of farm tourism providers: full-time, part-time, retirement and lifestyle operators. Characteristics of the farm property and business, the farming family, and the farm tourism business differ significantly between groups. Most (88%) of these farm tourism operators offer nature-based as well as farm-based activities; and in aggregate, they use only four fifths of their land for farming, with the remaining fifth, presumably, potentially available for other recreational activities or conservation.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1006			Serial	2624
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	Author	Parry, R.; Williams, S.; Watkins, J.A.,
	Title	Understanding the recreation preferences and constraints of low participation social groups			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	188-192
	Keywords	MMV4, constraints and preferences, participation, under-representation and exclusion
	Abstract	Current research has indicated that participation in informal outdoor recreation is relatively low among certain groups, such as young people, older people, women, ethnic minority groups and people with disabilities. There is pressure on policy makers and practitioners to address this apparent imbalance. This paper reviews the findings of an international literature review which highlighted that there has been a focus on ëconstraintsí rather than on ëpreferencesí, particularly in relation to participation in outdoor recreation in the UK. It would appear from the literature that there is a presumption that the main reasons for low participation are related to structural barriers (such as lack of transport) rather than a lack of understanding of the recreation preferences of non-traditional participants. This has raised the question of whether it is achievable to change the prevalent attitude amongst the countryside sector from one of ëwe expect people to want what we provideí, to one of ëwe will provide for what people wantí. Would such a paradigm shift be successful in achieving more equitable outdoor recreation participation?
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 970			Serial	2606
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	Author	Pouwels, R.; Jochem, R.; Henkens, R.J.H.G.,
	Title	Criteria for scientific tools for recreation planning in nature areas			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	320-324
	Keywords	MMV4, Adaptive management, integrating scientific tools, recreation planning, biodiversity
	Abstract	Recreation is increasing the last decades in Northwest-Europe. Although these visitors might have a negative impact on biodiversity values, they are important for the support of biodiversity actions. Therefore a major objective for planning and managing of visitor landscapes is to avoid the negative effects of recreational use and to ensure that expectations of visitors can be afforded. Scientific knowledge and scientific tools always have and always will be important in managing recreation in visitor landscapes. However it is an illusion scientists will deliver ready-to-go answers. In this paper we will define criteria that scientific tools should meet. We will follow the arguments of Haider [1] and McCool et al. [2] that the use of knowledge and tools should be implemented in decision strategies like adaptive management and use experiences from a case study of recreation planning in the New Forest (UK). We will show that scientific tools should be flexible to adapt to local data to gain credibility and legitimacy and should be able to show which management alternative is most likely to meet recreation objectives and conservation objectives. Therefore the recreation tool has to be linked to the biodiversity tool. The scientific tools also should be useful in communication between stakeholders so they learn each other’s key processes and values and better understand the “other side of the table”. Especially because stakeholders have different views about what should or should not be considered a problem.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1030			Serial	2636
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	Author	Puhakka, R.; Cottrell, S.P.; Siikamäki, P.,
	Title	Role of Oulanka PAN Park in Local Community Development in Northeastern Finland			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	78-82
	Keywords	MMV4, certification, national parks, PAN Parks, sustainable tourism
	Abstract	As a result of the growth of nature-based tourism, national parks have become important tourist attractions in Finland, and they have an increasing role as tools for regional development especially in the northern peripheries of the country. Meanwhile, new international initiatives to develop sustainable nature-based tourism have been introduced in Finland. PAN (Protected Area Network) Parks Foundation is a non-profit organization aimed to balance the needs of wilderness protection and community development by facilitating sustainable tourism development in European parks. This study examines the socio-cultural sustainability of tourism in Oulanka National Park perceived by local stakeholders. The central question concerns the role of PAN Parks certification in community and tourism development. Does it benefit socio-cultural development in the region, and does it have some disadvantages from the perspective of local people? The study is based on a mixed methods approach including a questionnaire (n=314) and semi-structured interviews (n=40) conducted in Oulanka region in 2007 for representatives of NGOs, tourism and other businesses, municipalities and public sector, and local residents. Findings show that most of the stakeholders have a positive attitude towards tourism development in Oulanka. The economic benefits of PAN Parks status have not yet been realized, but locals expect the benefits will grow while tourists’ familiarity with PAN Parks increases. Local residents’ knowledge of PAN Parks is still weak. Although nature-based tourism benefits community in various ways, locals also perceive disadvantages caused by the park. The biggest problems identified in the study are related to participation possibilities and contradictions with traditional subsistence economies (e.g., fishing, hunting and reindeer herding). Thus, it is essential to pay attention to the distribution of benefits and burdens of the park development – also to those which are not related to monetary interests. Increasing co-operation with local stakeholders could improve the mutual relations.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 918			Serial	2581
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	Author	Rupf, R.; Wernli, M.; Haller, R.,
	Title	How to elaborate precise visitor numbers?			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	161-164
	Keywords	MMV4, Acoustic slab sensor, calibration, visitor census, visitor monitoring, Swiss National Park
	Abstract	Visitor numbers and visitor distribution are required information for various management tasks of recreational areas. Automatic data collection is a low-price opportunity to obtain data. The main problem of automatic methods is data precision. In the Swiss National Park, automatic visitor counting with acoustic slab sensors started in 2005. As precision did not appear to be satisfactory, the counting problems were investigated. Sensor installation strictly followed the instruction manuals given and fine tuning during the calibration period led to a deviance of 5%. Precise counting data resulted in the sum of persons counted whereas direction separated data was not as precise. Recommendations for counting site selection, installation and calibration counting are given.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 960			Serial	2601
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	Author	Sanesi, G.; Fiore, M.; Colangelo, G.; Lafortezza, R.,
	Title	Monitoring visitor-flows in Tuscany’s forests: preliminary results and clues			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	40-44
	Keywords	MMV4, Protected area – Forest resources – Environmental indicators – Forest Information System – Tuscany Region
	Abstract	In 2006, the Tuscany Region through its Agency for Agriculture and Forestry (ARSIA) has lunched a tool supporting the process of planning and managing forest areas within the region: RAFT – “RApporto sullo stato delle Foreste in Toscana” – Report on the status of Tuscany forests. The RAFT aims to monitor the status of forests and their main functions and services in relation to ecological and social aspects. This monitoring process has now reached its third year. Within the theme of “Environment and society”, the RAFT has analysed a number of indicators (following the P-S-R framework) related to the flows of visitors in Tuscany’s forests. Analyses show the relevance of forest areas in the region especially within protected areas. In this paper, we report a brief description of the RAFT and the some preliminary results related to the analysis of past and current flows of visitors in protected areas and hunting sites. We discuss the main strengths and the weaknesses associated with the past and current policies for managing visitors’ flows and propose new strategies to disseminate information and attract visitors during different seasons.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 894			Serial	2569
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	Author	Vaccari, F.; Baronti, S.; Magno, R.; Trampetti, S.; Giannini, F.; Raschi, A.,
	Title	TuristiCO2: a carrying capacity assessment for sustainable tourism in a park island			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	522-525
	Keywords	MMV4, Carrying Capacity, Carbon Sequestration, Greenhouse effect, Park Islands
	Abstract	Carrying capacity has been a long-standing issue in management of parks, outdoor recreation and tourism. This paper describes the first analysis concerning a project on touristic carrying capacity assessment on Pianosa, an island of the Parco Nazionale of Arcipelago Toscano, using an Eddy-Covariance tower for CO2 fluxes measurement. The preliminary results show that Pianosa represents a sink of carbon, thus actively contribute to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1120			Serial	2681
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	Author	Van Marwijk, R.; Pitt, D.G.,
	Title	Where Dutch recreationists walk: path design, physical features and walker usage			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	428-432
	Keywords	MMV4, environmental values, outdoor recreation, spatial behaviour, physical environment
	Abstract	A comprehensive understanding of visitor use is fundamental for effective park management. This paper explores recreational spatial behaviour in a protected nature area with a focus on the physical environment. The current research is carried out in Dwingelderveld National Park in the north-eastern part of the Netherlands with approximately 2 million visitors a year. A total of 400 walkers carried a GPS to record their movements. We related spatial patterns to the (visible) physical environment. We characterized the physical environment in (1) the path network and (2) the surrounding environment. The environment is defined by use, experience, and narrative value variables. Hierarchical regression analyses show the importance of the use value variables signage and placement of parking areas as predictors for spatial behaviour. Experience and narrative value variables are less important. For recreational quality purposes, managers should clearly communicate recreational opportunities for each parking area to the public.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1070			Serial	2656
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	Author	Von Ruschkowski, E.; Valdeig, S.; Jakob, R.; Homann, S.,
	Title	Designing a visitor monitoring concept for Harz National Park in Germany			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	144-147
	Keywords	MMV4, Harz National Park, visitor monitoring concept, Germany
	Abstract	Germany’s protected areas encounter many specific challenges in regards to visitor management. Due to a high population density, they are frequented by high visitor numbers who also enter unaccounted for from diffuse ingress points as access is free of charge. Additionally, Germany’s parks are historically young. Thus, scientific monitoring is often limited to conservation issues whereas socioeconomic dimensions are not always considered a core management issue. Harz National Park with an area of 246 km2, situated in the German states of Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt, is a typical example. Although visitor counts have been conducted in several recreational “hot spots” within in the park, no quantitative and qualitative visitor use statistics for the park as a whole exist. As a consequence, the park administration lacks information that is necessary to analyse and evaluate potential conflicts between visitor use and conservation objectives. In 2007, the Institute of Environmental Planning and the Harz National Park administration joined efforts to develop a long-term strategy to implement visitor use monitoring with the national park. Based on extensive interviews, mainly with park staff, and an evaluation of current available technologies, a first framework was developed which will address the methodological challenges outlined above. Key pillars of the framework are a concept for quantitative visitor counts by means of pyroelectric counters and a modular-structured questionnaire to collect qualitative data such as visitor preferences, and value added to the region. The framework will now further undergo scientific evaluation to be implemented from 2009 onwards.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 952			Serial	2597
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	Author	Zanon, D.; Hall, J.; Shaw, R.,
	Title	Long term benefits of visitor monitoring – An Australian experience			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	148-152
	Keywords	MMV4, Visitor Satisfaction, Visitor Segments, Park Visitors, Structural Equation Model, Park Management Planning
	Abstract	Parks Victoria manages Victoria’s (Australia) national, state and urban parks. These parks make up approximately 17% of the state’s area and annually receive 45.3 million visits. Parks Victoria has been dedicated to the development of scientifically sound methods for monitoring visitors and the community since 1994. The three main ongoing monitoring streams are: visit quantities, community perceptions of management and visitor experience (Visitor Satisfaction Monitor). Accumulated research data from the Visitor Satisfaction Monitor (VSM) has been used to profile and refine the organisation’s understanding of its various park visitors. After 10 years that data has matured to produce a comprehensive visitor-product market segmentation. Over 11,000 interviews at 34 major parks (including 68 visitor sites) between 2000 and 2004 were used to group park visitors into seven segments. The segments are Nature Admirers, Urban Socials Trail Users, Passives and Other Users, Activity Centrics, Access Made Easy and Country Vacationers. Each park visitor segment, or group, had substantial differences from the other groups, while the individuals within each segment had much more in common; Nature Admirers visit in small groups for a short spectacular scenic experience whereas Urban Socials visit in large groups for half-day social interactions such as birthday parties and picnics. Further analyses have been conducted to identify individual sub-segments within each of the major segments. These sub-segments provide detailed information that can be used for the future development of parks and associated services. Subsequent analysis using Structural Equation Modelling provides evidence that the relationships between services and satisfaction are better understood when considering segments. Parks Victoria has been using segments in park management applications such as wild fire recovery plans, tourism strategy formulation, park management planning and visitor risk management. It has proved to be an efficient and effective systematic way of meeting visitor needs.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 954			Serial	2598
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