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Author Tolvanen, A.; Rämet, J.; Siikamäki, P.; Törn, A.; Orell, M.,
Title (up) Research on ecological and social sustainability of nature tourism in northern Finland Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 264-270
Keywords MMV2
Abstract We present preliminary results obtained from a project concentrating on sustainable nature tourism in Northern Finland. Our aims have been to provide information on the ecological and social sustainability of nature tourism by investigating the tolerance of vegetation to recreation and by surveying the attitudes of local people towards nature conservation and nature tourism. According to our results, even low levels of recreational activities have obvious effects on vegetation cover and species diversity. Attitudes towards nature conservation are positive as long as the opportunities of local people to continue the use of natural resources are not restricted, while opinions towards nature tourism are in general positive in the survey areas. To keep nature tourism at both ecologically and socially sustainable level, close cooperation between stakeholders, such as administrators, planners, researchers, and local people is required.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 352 Serial 2384
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Author Van Wagtendonk, J.W.,
Title (up) Simulation modeling of visitor flows: where have we been and where are we going? Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 127-134
Keywords MMV2
Abstract The Wilderness area Simulation Model was developed in 1972 by Resources for the Future with programming assistance from IBM. It simulates parties moving through a wilderness and records the number of encounters each party experiences. The model has been applied to the Spanish Peaks Primitive Area in Montana, the Adirondack Forest Reserve in New York, the Desolation Wilderness in California, the complex of the wilderness areas surrounding and including Yosemite National Park, the Green and Yampa Rivers in Dinosaur Monument, the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail in Vermont. In its time, the model was a useful tool for establishing the relationship between use levels and encounters and testing management alternatives. As innovative as the model was, recent advances in behavioral science and computer technology have rendered it out of date.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 405 Serial 2410
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Author Arnberger, A.; Haider, W.; Muhar, A.,
Title (up) Social Carrying Capacity of an Urban Park in Vienna Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 361-368
Keywords MMV2
Abstract The goal of this research was to investigate the social carrying capacity of an urban park in Vienna, Austria. We used a stated choice approach, combined with a referendum style conjoint model. Based on the hypothesis that the perception of crowding is influenced by several factors, digitally calibrated images were generated to depict in a systematic and rigorous manner different visitor numbers, user types, group sizes, the placement of visitors within the scene, numbers of dogs on or off leash, and the direction of visitor movement. The social carrying capacity was measured by asking each respondent whether the presented scenario was acceptable or not. Overall, visitor numbers, the placement of visitors within the image, and dogs being on or off a leash influenced the visitors’ decisions the most. The results of the binomial logit model can be used to simulate and calculate the visitor norms for many different situations; in other words, the referendum style conjoint approach delivers recreation norms within a truly multivariate investigative framework.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 286 Serial 2351
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Author Sterl, P.; Wagner, S.; Arnberger, A.,
Title (up) Social Carrying Capacity of Canoeists in Austria´s Danube Floodplains National Park Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 256-263
Keywords MMV2
Abstract Increasing recreational activities in National Parks affect natural resources as well as the recreational quality. In the Danube Floodplains National Park, stagnant waters, such as the Stopfenreuter and Spittelauer Arm, are a crucial component for ecological integrity, and at the same time constitute a main visitor attraction. In the summers of 2002 and 2003 a visitor survey investigated the perceived crowding of canoeists and whether the social carrying capacity is exceeded. Results of this study are that the social carrying capacity of this area has obviously been reached at certain times.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 350 Serial 2383
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Author Siegrist, D.,
Title (up) Sustainable tourism and large protected areas – analysis models and success criteria of a sustainable tourism management using the example of the Alps Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 311-317
Keywords MMV2, Recreational management of large protected areas, management of ecotourism, analysis of best practice, sustainable regional development, Alpine convention
Abstract Within the framework of a sustainable regional development, protected area tourism acquires increasing significance. This applies particularly to peripheral regions, that posess no outlook for economic development. With this background, the question of success criteria for a sustainable tourist management in protected regions was investigated. The example of Austrian nature parks demonstrates, that inadequate cooperation at local level can be an important source of failure. At the same time, a suitable financial framework for successful protected area tourism is especially important.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 312 Serial 2364
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Author Nolte, B.,
Title (up) Sustainable Tourism in Biosphere Reserves of East Central European Countries – Case Studies from Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 339-346
Keywords MMV2
Abstract This paper reviews the perspective of the local actors within the context of a sustainable future. Biosphere reserves as designated model areas for sustainability strive to reconcile existing conflicts between the goals of economic growth, environmental protection and social justice. Tourism development in biosphere reserves provides opportunities as well as challenges for the exploitation of biodiversity. In order to minimise the danger it is important how tourism is managed. Without the involvement of local people, sustainable tourism development is doomed to failure. The case studies presented from Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic provide a view inside the situation of protected areas in East Central Europe and cover areas where tourism has reached differing stages of development. Empirical results in four biosphere reserves will show the view of the actors in the region.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 322 Serial 2369
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Author Melville, S.; Ruohonen, J.,
Title (up) The development of a remote-download system for visitor counting Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 38-44
Keywords MMV2
Abstract Following the first International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, English Nature identified a need to implement a system of visitor counting on a selection of the 170 National Nature Reserves which it manages across England. A prime requirement of the system was that it should involve a minimal amount of field staff time to harvest the data. Following a competitive tendering exercise, Teknovisiot were appointed as contractors to develop their GSM-based system for use by English Nature. This paper will discuss the requirements identifed by English Nature and how the system was developed in conjunction with Teknovisiot to meet those requirements. It will include a summary of problems encountered and how these were overcome. The presentation will include examples of data provided by the system. It is believed that the system now developed by Teknovisiot on behalf of English Nature would have considerable potential for any site manager who has access to a mobile telephone network on their land and an internet modem in their office.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 382 Serial 2399
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Author Bodnár, R.,
Title (up) The effect of the tourism of the Hortobágy National Park on the surrounding settlements – lesson of a questionnaire survey Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 382-385
Keywords MMV2
Abstract The Puszta in the Hortobágy represents an important, individual natural and historical-cultural value, which has been deservedly possessed the rank of UNESCO World Heritage since 1999. Due to its speciality, in 1973 the first national park in Hungary, the Hortobágy National Park was founded here. In the course of the survey we examined how the Hortobágy National Park can utilize the World Heritage status in its tourism, how it utilizes the possibilities in its ecotourism. What effects does the tourism in the national park have on the economy, basic and tourist infrastructure, and society of the affected settlements? What characterizes the tourist supply and cooperation of the HNP and the settlements? What conflicts can be derived from the two sides, and what possibilities do they have to develop?
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 330 Serial 2373
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Author Taczanowska, K.,
Title (up) The Potentials for Developing Cross-border Tourism between Poland and Slovakia in the Tatra Mountains Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 404-407
Keywords MMV2
Abstract This paper presents the potentials for developing cross-border tourism in the Tatra Mountains. The area is situated in Central Eastern Europe, on the border between Poland and Slovakia. The new political situation (EU enlargement in May 2004) encourages closer cooperation between neighbouring regions and offers promising perspectives for tourism development. The entire mountain range is protected by two national parks – the Tatra National Parks (TANAP in Slovakia and TPN in Poland). The differences in management politics as well as varying infrastructure and the intensity of use have been analysed in order to identify potentials of developing cross-border tourism within the protected area. Additionally, visitors’ expectations and opinions of park managers have been considered. As a result, tourist border-crossings and transnational trails have been pointed. The paper discusses the perspectives of the concept implementation as well as its potential influence on visitor flows in the Tatra Mountains.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 340 Serial 2378
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Author More, T.A.; Manning, R.E.,
Title (up) The Public Functions of Parks and Protected Areas Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 294-298
Keywords MMV2
Abstract Establishing and managing protected areas throughout the world usually have been considered a governmental function. However, recent conservative political thinking in many developed countries has challenged the role of the public sector on all fronts. In Australia, Britain, Canada, and the United States, government has been seen as a problem, while private enterprise is presented as the solution. Advocates of privatization argue that park services can be provided more efficiently under private management, and that the areas themselves will be better protected for future generations. Unfortunately, such a policy can foster elitism by preserving the benefits of parks and protected areas for the wealthy while ignoring the growing social inequality in many of these countries. In this paper, I examine the concepts that underlie privatization efforts, particularly economic efficiency. I suggest that there is a need to examine the different functions that parks and protected areas serve, and to ask if each function helps to differentiate between public and private. I argue that, in the final analysis, equality of access is the primary function of public-sector management of parks and that we need to examine our policies and practices to ensure that park benefits are distributed fairly throughout society.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 306 Serial 2361
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Author Clivaz, C.; Hausser, Y.; Michelet, J.,
Title (up) Tourism monitoring system based on the concept of carrying capacity – The case of the regional natural park Pfyn-Finges (Switzerland) Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 230-235
Keywords MMV2
Abstract The creation of regional natural parks offers the possibility of improving the economic situation of peripheral regions. However, the use of ecologically sensitive zones for tourism purposes also presents economic, environmental and social problems. The concept of carrying capacity is often presented as a useful approach for determining the intensity of tourism development that can be supported by a region. Our objective thus consisted in the operationalisation of this concept by defining a certain number of indicators to measure the different types of carrying capacity. However, the confrontation with the practical realities of the regional natural park Pfyn-Finges in Switzerland made us realise that what we intended to do was more a stylistic exercise than a setup of a management tool adapted to the needs of the park managers. We thus conclude that even though the concept of carrying capacity may have a high heuristic value, its practical value is rather limited.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 342 Serial 2379
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Author Eagles, P.F.J.,
Title (up) Trends Affecting Tourism in Protected Areas Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 18-26
Keywords MMV2
Abstract This paper discusses 16 important trends that are predicted to affect the planning and management of parks and protected areas in the medium term. While there are many trends visible, the ones chosen are mostly likely to require a management response. There are both challenges and opportunities for tourism-related benefits in parks and protected areas.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 298 Serial 2357
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Author Thapa, B.; Confer, J.J.; Mendelsohn, J.,
Title (up) Trip motivations among water-based recreationists Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 208-212
Keywords MMV2
Abstract Empirical research has consistently demonstrated that motivations differ based on participation in various activities, as well as due to the significant effect of other variables. Perpetuating this line of research, the purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of select non-motivational variables on motivations among recreationists on the Gallatin River, Montana, USA. A 15-mile stretch of the river was earmarked for data collection (n=321) in June and July 2000 via river exit interviews. Based on the literature, motivation was operationalized into 9-items using a 5-point Likert scale. Some of the findings highlight that rafters emphasized the status motive, while anglers noted relaxation and solitude. Residents were motivated to participate for social and physical aspects, while tourists noted setting and prestige motives. Repeat visitors were more likely to mention solitude, while first time visitors indicated to watch wildlife, and to tell others about it as key motives. Males were more likely to participate for solitude while females noted that they could tell others about it at home. Recreationists have wide sets of motives, and understanding what individuals seek through recreation can provide useful guidance to a variety of planning and management decisions.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 374 Serial 2395
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Author Murdock, E.,
Title (up) Understanding Recreation Flow to Protect Wilderness Resources at Joshua Tree National Park, California Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 120-126
Keywords MMV2
Abstract Joshua Tree National Park (JTNP) has the highest concentration of rock climbing routes in the world and an estimated 250,000 people visit JTNP each year to rock climb. Although less than 5% of rock climbers visit the designated wilderness areas, a steady increase in the number of climbers has focused attention on managing wilderness climbing resources to retain wilderness character. The main controversy centers on rock climber’s placing fixed anchors, or bolts, while establishing new climbing routes. Park staff believes that continued unregulated placement of bolts in JTNP’s wilderness leads to greater impacts and is unsustainable. This paper describes a method for understanding wilderness climbing in order to develop fair and effective wilderness recreation policy. Behavior and spatial modeling is based on two years of data that include a comprehensive climbing resource inventory, wilderness visitor flow data, and psychological test results. Static and dynamic models consider factors such as travel networks, climbing route difficulty and quality, sensitive resources, landscape complexity, and climber preferences. A comprehensive understanding of recreation flow allows fixed anchor regulations and wilderness management to address site-specific issues.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 403 Serial 2409
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Author Kobayashi, A.,
Title (up) User attitude towards traffic control in Shiretoko and Daisetsuzan National Parks in Japan Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 185-193
Keywords MMV2
Abstract Vehicle traffic control has been introduced as a countermeasure to over-use in various natural parks of Japan. Users' understanding is indispensable for enforcing vehicle traffic control. Thus, the present traffic control system must be examined based on an evaluation from the viewpoint of visitors. Kohgen area of Daisetsuzan National Park and Kamuiwakka area of Shiretoko National Park in Hokkaido (northern island of Japan) were chosen for case studies. Data were collected by a mail-back questionnaire survey for visitors of these areas in 1999–2001. The results showed that most visitors approved or supported the traffic control systems. Approval ratings of vehicular traffic control were closely related to the visitors' acceptability of inconvenience by the control. The visitors' acceptability of the inconvenience was closely related to the length of period under the vehicular traffic control, and interval between shuttle buses. The parameters of the investigation included the timing of the survey. Approval ratings were higher within the restriction period than outside. The study confirmed that there were some elements to which the relationship to the traffic control approval were steady or unstable according to the investigation year. This finding strikes a note of warning about discussing significance levels from data acquired over a single year.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 368 Serial 2392
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Author Pflüger, Y.,
Title (up) Value based decision making process for strategic visitor management in the Natura 2000 area Lech River Valley, Tyrol Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 299-304
Keywords MMV2
Abstract The Lech valley with the river Lech and its tributaries is an alpine river valley in Austria with a considerable amount of naturally free flowing stretches. The ecological and scientific significance of the Natura 2000 area lies in its high biodiversity and the occurrence of numerous internationally endangered species within the dynamic braided river stretches. Apart from that the area contains a high number of recreational and educational values as well. The area, which is situated within day travel distance of the cities Innsbruck and Munich, is renowned for its biking and hiking trails and its unique water sport opportunities. Nevertheless, most intense impact occurs from the daily use of the local population in the densely populated Lech valley area nearby. Due to its long and narrow shape the protected area is very vulnerable to impacts and therefore, to avoid negative impacts on natural values from recreational use, not only a management plan, but also a visitor strategy has been developed as part of an extensive European Union LIFE funded project. The decision making process for the establishment of the visitor management concept was based on a GIS supported risk analysis: First current ecological and recreational values have been located and assessed. Subsequently hotspots have been defined in areas, where those contrasting values overlay. These hotspots were defined in areas of high ecological vulnerability and high visitor impact from intense recreational use. This hotspot analysis served as a basis for discussion and co-operation with the local population and stakeholders to agree on management solutions. As a result specific management actions were defined and the allocation of visitor infrastructure was planned accordingly. As a response to the need for more detailed information about recreational uses and users a visitor monitoring concept was included in the visitor strategy as well. This paper describes practical planning policies to highlight the need for strategic planning of recreational use in protected area management based on the comprehensible evaluation of the hazard potential from uses and the vulnerability of ecological values.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 308 Serial 2362
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Author Gilbertson, K.; Olfelt, D.; Leversedge, P.,
Title (up) Visitor management and revegetation efforts on a degraded Lake Superior cliff edge Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 272-276
Keywords MMV2
Abstract Rock climbing has grown to be a major recreational sport in the United States. Yet, resource degradation caused by recreational rock climbing has become a controversial issue throughout the United States (Access Fund 1999). Some resource agencies such as the U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, and Bureau of Land Management are struggling to establish functional management policies that allow appropriate rock climbing practices while protecting the natural resource (Devine 2001). Resource managers tend to favor restriction of climbing activities to protect the resource. Yet, without adequate understanding of rock climbing, this approach can become controversial. A less controversial approach toward rock climbing influences on natural resources can be to include the rock climbing community in management planning. The result can be increased protection of the resource while allowing recreational climbing to continue (Hynek 1999). In an effort to address both public recreational needs and to protect the natural resource of Shovel Point, a popular rock climbing site in Tettegouche State Park on the edge of Lake Superior in northeastern Minnesota, USA, a study was conducted during the summer of 1998 to identify types of recreational users, impacts from their use behaviors, and to survey climber attitudes toward a proposed management plan that would influence climbing on the site. The results of this study were implemented into a long range management plan that has resulted in modified climber impact on the environment and allows a rehabilitation of the site that is hoped to preserve the unique natural resource. Innovative vegetative rehabilitation of the climbing site has been successfully implemented. This is an excellent example of positive conflict resolution through research, management through public participation, and resource rehabilitation and protection.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 300 Serial 2358
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Author Pröbstl, U.,
Title (up) Visitor Monitoring as a prerequisite of assessments in Natura 2000 sites Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 248-255
Keywords MMV2
Abstract Biodiversity is increasingly recognized as an invaluable element of the European heritage. Across Europe, the NATURA 2000 ecological network has been established under the European Community’s `habitats` directive and the `bird` directive. The goal of this network is to provide a strong protection for Europe’s most valuable wildlife areas. If development plans or projects threaten to deteriorate this network or its favourable conservation status, a special assessment is required (see Art.6 of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat directive, called FFH-assessment). When planning a new foot-bridge in a NATURA 2000 site, it became obvious that an evaluation of the possible ecological deterioration is only possible when detailed information about the current and the potential future recreational use is included in the assessment. It will be suggested that visitor monitoring and visitor surveys collect essential background information for the FFH-assessment process evaluating the possible impacts on NATURA 2000 sites. Without such data it would be impossible to determine the potential effects of changes to the recreational infrastructure and its associated uses on protected areas. Therefore, a curriculum for protected area planning that strives to accommodate the legal requirements of the European Community should also include recreation research techniques.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 348 Serial 2382
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Author Shoji, Y.; Yamaki, K.,
Title (up) Visitor Perceptions of the Inscription on the World Heritage List: The Use of Stated Choice Methods Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 305-310
Keywords MMV2
Abstract This study examines how visitors to Daisetsuzan National Park in Japan perceive its inscription on the World Heritage List by applying stated choice methods. Most visitors regarded the inscription as favourable although their willingness to pay indicated that better visitor control and further conservation of natural resources would be necessary by taking opportunity of the inscription. However, the current situation of World Heritage sites in Japan indicates that the domestic management system of natural resources is inadequate to realize these visitor visions. We conclude that the nomination of Daisetsuzan National Park for the World Heritage List should be reconsidered, but only after the Japanese management system for natural resources has been improved.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 310 Serial 2363
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Author Rammo, M.; Karoles, K.; Maran, K.; Jansen, J.; Almik, A.; Rammo, R.,
Title (up) Visitor Surveys and Visitor Impact Monitoring in Recreational Areas in State Forests of Estonia Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 397-399
Keywords MMV2
Abstract
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 336 Serial 2376
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Author Vilas Bôas, R.; Davide, A.C.; Andrade, C.M.R.,
Title (up) Visitors of Parque Florestal Quedas do Rio Bonito, Lavras (Mg), Brazil: A Management Planning Based on Profile, Perceptions, Needs and Motivations Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 213-220
Keywords MMV2
Abstract The research was carried out in the Parque Florestal Quedas do Rio Bonito, located in Lavras city (Minas Gerais – Brazil) and participatory research methods were used in an integrated and iterative way. Results of the specific visitors study has shown that most of people visit the area with a special interest on leisure opportunities. Enjoyment of natural environment, peace and quiet are also important motivations. In a variety of activities, the visitors appreciate relaxing and enjoying the nature, swimming in the waterfall and walking on the trails. Most of visitors exhibited a high level of interest in conservation. In conclusion, this study represents one of the first efforts for providing the local foundation for a comprehensive framework for outdoor recreation management from the perspective of visitors. More generally, the visitor approach taken in this study contributes to a greater understanding of the visitor experience for tourism management in the natural environments.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 376 Serial 2396
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Author Roovers, P.; Dumont, B.; Gulinck, H.; Hermy, M.,
Title (up) Visual obstruction of herb vegetation, defining standards for natural barriers Type
Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal
Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 400-403
Keywords MMV2
Abstract As a result of increasing impact of recreation on natural resources and visitor experiences, wilderness managers often want to control recreational use. However, most of the attempts to alter wilderness recreational use patterns, suffer from a lack of knowledge of visitors’ behaviour they seek to influence. This study concentrated on the effects of ground vegetation on perceived obstruction to recreationists. The aim was to define marginal values for the structure of natural barriers. Ratings by participants (n= 131) on a five-point scale, measured perceived obstruction. These ratings were linked to vertical cover of the vegetation. Analyses indicated a significant exponential relationship between vertical cover and perceived obstruction. A marginal vegetation height of about 54 cm could be identified as having obstructive features. Also the condition of the soil and the presence of irritating species seemed to influence visitors’ judgement. It was concluded that a more intensive use of natural barriers to control recreational use, is a functional alternative with economical and aesthetical advantages.
Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 338 Serial 2377
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