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Author Lupp, G., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Prognosis on the Expected Landscape Changes in Mueritz National Park (Germany) and Landscape Perception of both Residents and Tourists Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 463-464  
  Keywords MMV3, National Park, landscape perception, predicting landscape changes  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 847 Serial (up) 2546  
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Author Moldovanyi, A.; Kiser, B.C.; Lawson, S.R., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Does Survey Mode Affect Study Results? A Comparison of Internet-Based and Onsite Surveys of Visitors to Prince William Forest Park, USA Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 465-466  
  Keywords MMV3, Internet-based surveys, survey methodology, visitor use management, national parks, Prince William Forest Park  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 849 Serial (up) 2547  
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Author Moore, J.; McIntyre, N.; Robson, M.; Lemelin, R.H.; Hunt, L.M., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title 3D Computer Visualizations to Incorporate Recreational Use and Values into Forest Management Planning for Ontario Crown Lands Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 467-468  
  Keywords MMV3, 3D visualization, public participation, recreation management, forest management planning, computer simulation, Geographic Information Systems, landscape images  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 851 Serial (up) 2548  
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Author Naef, F., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Biathalon Centre and Larchwood in Lenz, Graubünden, Switzerland Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 469-471  
  Keywords MMV3, Larchwood, pastured woodland, leisure centre, biathalon, golf course, biodiversity  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 853 Serial (up) 2549  
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Author Robinson, J.A.; Leung, Y.-F., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Visitor Use and Impact Monitoring: An Adaptive Design Model Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 472-473  
  Keywords MMV3, Adaptive management, adaptive monitoring, monitoring design, decision making process, protected areas, visitor impacts, visitor monitoring, impact monitoring, recreation ecology  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 855 Serial (up) 2550  
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Author Ruoss, E.; Strehler Perrin, C., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title How to Achieve Nature Protection Involving Local People Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 474-475  
  Keywords MMV3, UNESCO, MAB, participation, conservation, development, added value, INNOREF, visitors management, Biosphere Reserves, Entlebuch  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 857 Serial (up) 2551  
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Author Saranet, S.; Tanakanjana, N., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Conflict between Local Villagers and Elephants (Elephas maximus) at Kuiburi National Park, Thailand Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 476-477  
  Keywords MMV3, Human-wildlife conflict, local residents, Kuiburi National Park, Thailand  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 859 Serial (up) 2552  
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Author Stastna, P., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title The Current Problems with the Historical Existence of Chalets in the Core Zone of the Krkonose Mts. National Park, Czech Republic Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 478-480  
  Keywords MMV3, Core zone, conflict, mountain chalets, nature protection, farming period  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 861 Serial (up) 2553  
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Author Steiner Ly, Y.; Plattner, M., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title “Naturschutzdienst BL”: Experiences from a New Project in the Canton of Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 481-482  
  Keywords MMV3, Rangers, management project, visitor information, protected areas, nature reserves, Switzerland  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 863 Serial (up) 2554  
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Author Strehler Perrin, C.; Gmür, P.; Achermann, M.; Alfter, P., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Quantitative and Qualitative Monitoring of Public Attendance in Natural Preserves on the Southern Shore of Lake Neuchâtel (CH): A Necessary Tool to Manage Public Information and Prevent Infractions Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 483-484  
  Keywords MMV3, Eco-meter, tourism, attendance, natural preserve, bicycle paths, infractions, information, public  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 865 Serial (up) 2555  
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Author Svajda, J., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Visitor Monitoring in Tatra National Park Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 485-486  
  Keywords MMV3, Tatra National Park, High Tatras, monitoring of visitors, research inquiry, motoring charge  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 867 Serial (up) 2556  
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Author Tanakanjana, N.; Arunpraparut, W.; Pongpattananurak, N.; Nuampukdee, R.; Chumsangsri, T., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Decision Support System for Sustainable Management Planning of Nature-Based Recreation Areas in Thailand Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 487-491  
  Keywords MMV3, Decision Support System (DSS), Recreation Resource Potential, Recreation Opportunity Spectrum, nature-based recreation area, Thailand  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 869 Serial (up) 2557  
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Author Tejedo, P.; Benayas, J., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Is Maritime Antarctic Ready for the Impacts of Commercial Tourism? Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 492-498  
  Keywords MMV3, Antarctica, tourism impact, environmental change indicators, monitoring program, indicator species  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 871 Serial (up) 2558  
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Author Van Marwijk, R.; Taczanowska, K., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Types of Typologies – From Recreationists & Tourists to Artificial Agents Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 499-501  
  Keywords MMV3, Tourist typology, artificial agents, recreation, spatial behaviour, recreational behaviour, wilderness experience, landscape preference  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 873 Serial (up) 2559  
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Author Warnken, J.; Leon, M., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Estimating Anchor Site Usage and Potential Pollution Loads for Recreational Vessels in Moreton Bay Marine Park Using Aerial Surveys Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 502-503  
  Keywords MMV3, Recreational vessels, marine protected area, use, model  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 875 Serial (up) 2560  
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Author Zimmermann, U., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Nature Park Project “Toggenburg-Werdenberg” in Eastern Switzerland – Common Chance for a Regional Sustainable Development Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 504-509  
  Keywords MMV3, Protected areas, regional nature park, sustainable regional development, feasibility study  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 877 Serial (up) 2561  
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Author Cocchi, P., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Preface Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 9-9  
  Keywords MMV4  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 879 Serial (up) 2562  
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Author Maracchi, G., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Presentation Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 11-11  
  Keywords MMV4  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 881 Serial (up) 2563  
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Author Maracchi, G., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Presentazione Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 13-14  
  Keywords MMV4  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 884 Serial (up) 2564  
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Author Raschi, A.; Trampetti, S., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Introduction Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 15-15  
  Keywords MMV4  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 886 Serial (up) 2565  
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Author Buckley, R., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Tourism as a Conservation Tool Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 19-25  
  Keywords MMV4, Connectivity, funding, ecotourism, wildlife  
  Abstract Tourism and conservation interact principally through public visitation to public protected areas. In addition, however, tourism can generate funding and political support for conservation in multiple-use areas, community conservancies or private reserves. These tenures are likely to prove increasingly important for conservation under growing pressure from human population growth and anthropogenic climate change. The most successful model seems to be through up-market wildlife-watching lodges in private reserves adjacent to larger public protected areas in developing countries. Private companies such as Conservation Corporation Africa and Wilderness Safaris, operating principally in sub-Saharan Africa, have developed successful business models which do also make significant net contributions to conservation of biological diversity.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 888 Serial (up) 2566  
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Author Figueiredo, E., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Quiet struggles – conflicts between residents, visitors and protected and recreational areas’ administrations Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 26-32  
  Keywords MMV4, remote rural areas, rural protected and recreational areas, social conflicts, social perceptions  
  Abstract The paper aims to discuss the conflicting situations which can occur between residents, visitors and political and administrative entities in protected and recreational areas, particularly in the ones located in remote rural spaces. Rural areas (both legally protected and without protection status) are increasingly valued in contemporary societies as environmental reserves. Consequently rural areas are progressively perceived as amenities and as objects of consumption mainly by urban or non local populations. The visitors’ demands and consumptions of rural protected and recreational areas tend to prevail over the local populations’ needs and aspirations in terms of socioeconomic development. The non coincidence between the desired and the lived rural environment tends to create a number of conflicts among the various stakeholders. These areas tend to become the scenario for both latent and manifest struggles, considering the contradictory perceptions, needs, interests and desires held by the different social actors. Based on empirical evidence from some Portuguese rural protected and recreational areas we will debate not only the existence of two clearly contrasting visions, but also the consequences these can have in terms of future social and economic development and environmental protection strategies.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 890 Serial (up) 2567  
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Author Skov-Petersen, H., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title The role of agent-based simulation in recreational management and planning Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 33-39  
  Keywords MMV4, Agent based models, ABM, simulation, recreational management and planning  
  Abstract It is expected that agent-based simulation models will be increasingly implemented during planning and management of visitor landscapes. This expectation is based on a) changes of recreation towards greater visitation levels and more complex settings in terms of stake-holder interests, recreational behavior types and a higher focus on protection of biodiversity, b) technological development of digital equipment, and c) a changing approach to nature planning and management to be more open, inviting and aimed at stake-holder and public participation. Based on these three lines of sight, the paper will discuss future trends in application of ABM’s in recreational management and planning.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 892 Serial (up) 2568  
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Author Sanesi, G.; Fiore, M.; Colangelo, G.; Lafortezza, R., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Monitoring visitor-flows in Tuscany’s forests: preliminary results and clues Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 40-44  
  Keywords MMV4, Protected area – Forest resources – Environmental indicators – Forest Information System – Tuscany Region  
  Abstract In 2006, the Tuscany Region through its Agency for Agriculture and Forestry (ARSIA) has lunched a tool supporting the process of planning and managing forest areas within the region: RAFT – “RApporto sullo stato delle Foreste in Toscana” – Report on the status of Tuscany forests. The RAFT aims to monitor the status of forests and their main functions and services in relation to ecological and social aspects. This monitoring process has now reached its third year. Within the theme of “Environment and society”, the RAFT has analysed a number of indicators (following the P-S-R framework) related to the flows of visitors in Tuscany’s forests. Analyses show the relevance of forest areas in the region especially within protected areas. In this paper, we report a brief description of the RAFT and the some preliminary results related to the analysis of past and current flows of visitors in protected areas and hunting sites. We discuss the main strengths and the weaknesses associated with the past and current policies for managing visitors’ flows and propose new strategies to disseminate information and attract visitors during different seasons.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 894 Serial (up) 2569  
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Author Campbell, M.J.; Walker, D., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title The future of recreation ecology in Canada: go big or go home? Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 47-52  
  Keywords MMV4, Big science and multi disciplinary teams, necessity and inevitability of impacts, recreation ecology, recreation habitats  
  Abstract In Canada, tension between the reaction to the declining number of visitors to protected areas and the potential for unmitigated impacts of the attendant attempts to increase visitation, highlights the need for an expansion of the role of recreation ecology from merely chronicling impacts to, what might hopefully be termed, “optimizing” them. Despite over four decades of significant growth and development internationally, recreation ecology remains a somewhat obscure discipline in Canada. At MMV-3 Marion (1) identified a small group of “active” recreation ecology researchers in Canada many of whose work was an extension of their primary research purpose. Indeed most researchers working in recreation ecology in Canada are unlikely to view themselves as recreational ecologists, but in terms of their source disciplines (Botany, Zoology, Ecology, Geography). As such, recreation ecology in Canada is often an avocation reflecting the intersection of the researchers’ primary interest with an opportunity presented or identified by park managers. One result of this has been an almost exclusive focus on impacts with all its attendant negative associations. Impacts associated with outdoor recreation have been recognized as inevitable (2). I would argue that they are also necessary and that much outdoor recreation cannot take place without impacts. Recent research on recreational habitats in remote areas of northern Canada highlighted the importance of impacted nodes and corridors to recreational activity (3). The rearguard action we have been engaged in with the focus on previously impacted sites has prevented the effective application of recreation ecology to as yet “undiscovered” recreation areas and the optimization of impacts for recreation. Doing so will require an investment in “big science” incorporating multi-disciplinary teams. This will be challenging given that recreation ecology has struggled to be funded even at “small science” levels, particularly so in Canada, where it falls between the cracks of the national granting councils.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 896 Serial (up) 2570  
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Author Cole, D.N., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title The significance of recreation impacts: The importance of scale Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 53-53  
  Keywords MMV4, Recreation ecology, special scale, ecological impact  
  Abstract Recreation managers often consider the ecological impacts of recreation to be serious problems that need to be mitigated. Conversely, protected area ecologists often consider such impacts to be trivial. Such differences of opinion result from applying divergent evaluative criteria to assessing the significance of recreation impacts. It reflects lack of attention to questions of significance and, in particular, inadequate exploration of scale issues in recreation ecology. Impacts might be considered significant if they represent a substantial loss of ecological integrity or if they are perceived by recreation users to be highly disagreeable. Although not mutually exclusive, impacts on ecological integrity and human perception provide different criteria for evaluating significance. Cole and Landres [1] propose that the ecological significance of an impact is a function of both impact and attribute characteristics. Significance increases with the areal extent, intensity and longevity of the impact and with the rarity and irreplaceability of the impacted attribute. To be significant, from the perspective of human perception, the impacts have to be noticeable. In addition, the most disagreeable impacts are one’s that result from what is considered inappropriate behavior. Given these relevant criteria, this paper explores research that can help in assessing the significance of ecological impacts and suggests which impacts are likely to be most critically important. In particular, the paper reviews what is known about the spatial scale of impacts, since this is relevant to assessing both the areal extent of impacts and how noticeable impacts are. The impacts that are most significant perceptually are often quite different from the impacts that are ecologically most significant.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 898 Serial (up) 2571  
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Author Leung, Y.-F.; Hsu, Y.-C.; Lue, C.-C.; Lu, D.-J., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Does recreation ecology have a place in East Asia? Some insights from Taiwan Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 54-54  
  Keywords MMV4, Recreation ecology, nature-based tourism, East Asia, visitor impact  
  Abstract The significance of East Asian protected areas to support biodiversity conservation and nature-based tourism is increasingly recognized, so is the tension between these two objectives. Recreation ecology, the scientific study of visitor impacts in protected areas and their effective management, seems to have a role to play in resolving this conflict. At the last MMV conference, the general status of recreation ecology research in East Asia was summarized (Leung 2006). Three major developmental stages of this area of research development and some key challenges were identified. This presentation at MMV4 is intended to follow up with this line of dialogue by examining recreation ecology research on Taiwan Island as a case example. In Taiwan, the common occurrence of visitor impacts in forest recreation areas has long been acknowledged by managers and researchers. There were significant concerns about extensive soil and water conservation problems associated with recreation facility development in sensitive mountain areas in the 1980s. Such concerns led to focused research efforts carried out by several researchers since the 1990s. However, the diversity of topics and research methodology remained low and many of these earlier studies had a weak connection to management practice. Many studies were short-term investigations with limited management utility, mirroring the nature of research funding mechanism. Despite the constraints, several recent projects are showing signs that some protected area administrators may be more receptive of the role of recreation ecology research and long-term impact monitoring in supporting a more proactive approach to visitor management in protected areas. These projects, the trends they may represent, and the implications to the East Asian region in regard to challenges and opportunities will be highlighted  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 900 Serial (up) 2572  
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Author Magro, T.C.; Santiago, C.D.M.; Robim, M.D.J., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Finding a balance: applied ecology is not a second-class research Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 55-56  
  Keywords MMV4, Applied research, recreation ecology, research financial support  
  Abstract Nevertheless the recreation ecology research provides answers to current environmental and social problems; we need a challenge to gains social recognition. The consequences of not been positively evaluated in academic circles and in governmental financing agencies is that the research institutions staff who also have charge of protected areas are not being able to request financial support for research.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 902 Serial (up) 2573  
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Author Moore, S.A., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title What is the place of democracy in recreation ecology? Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 57-61  
  Keywords MMV4, democracy, practical wisdom, public, recreation ecology, visitors  
  Abstract What should be monitored and who decides has been debated for as long as recreation ecology has been with us. The early work on planning frameworks advocates consulting with visitors to determine what conditions are important to them and then derive resource and social indicators from this information. Any associated standards are then similarly set with visitors’ input. At the same time, recreation ecologists have selected indicators that allow measurement and predictions regarding the relationships between resource and social conditions and levels of visitor use. Where are we now regarding these choices? A democratic perspective would argue that visitors should have significant influence on indicator selection and the standards that might accompany them. But what role does this leave for scientists and institutionally derived scientific knowledge in recreation ecology? In this paper I argue that we are morally and societally bound to embrace a democratic approach to recreation ecology with scientists and managers working with visitors, and others with a vested interest in protected areas, to develop ‘practical wisdom’ that can be evoked as a central tenet of recreation ecology.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 904 Serial (up) 2574  
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Author Aikoh, T.; Arnberger, A.; Shoji, Y.; Mieno, T., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Comparison of motivations and crowding preferences between Austrian and Japanese urban forest visitors Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 65-65  
  Keywords MMV4, crowding, motivation, urban forest visitor, choice mode  
  Abstract Do Japanese urban forest visitors have the same crowding perceptions than European visitors? Traditionally, it has been considered that an Asian is more tolerant of congestion compared to Western people, because of their different cultural backgrounds and living conditions. However, in many Asian countries, life style has been rapidly westernized, and many Asian people travel or immigrate to Western countries. Our purpose is to investigate the differences of recreation motives and crowding preferences of urban forest visitors between Austria and Japan. We compared motivations and crowding perceptions of on-site forest visitors using the same questionnaires, asked in 2006. Visitors to the Viennese part of the Danube Floodplains National Park, Austria (N = 312) and visitors to the Nopporo Forest Park in Sapporo, Japan (N = 302) were asked to rate 15 motivation items and to choose preferred scenarios of computer-generated choice set images of a discrete choice experiment. Among 15 motivation items, a statistic significant difference was found in 14 items. Both Austrian and Japanese respondents assigned high importance scores to health and nature observation. The Austrians rated highly the motives exercise/sport, quietness and recreation, whereas Japanese visitors placed more importance on experiencing nature and family. We found four motivation factors: Landscape, Solitude, Nature and Health. Results of the choice model showed that Austrian respondents preferred less walkers and dog walkers, whereas Japanese preferred less bikers, joggers and plant pickers. Japanese visitors scored higher on nature observation, and fewer bikers are in this urban forest. Conflicts with dog walkers have been one of the main management issues in the Austrian forest. We found that visitors’ crowding preferences are related to current trail use conditions, and to their motivations. Tourism and recreation become more and more globalized, and this information about differences and similarities of visitor attitudes based on different backgrounds will be helpful for urban forest management.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 906 Serial (up) 2575  
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Author Arnberger, A.; Eder, R., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Over- and undercrowding in the urban context: A comparison among Viennese green spaces Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 66-66  
  Keywords MMV4, Crowding, perception, urban recreation, urban park users  
  Abstract Urban green spaces are essential natural environments for densely populated areas and offer refuges from the hectic city life and work environments. They constitute spaces that provide relatively low levels of social contacts, at the same time they are settings for social gathering. High-use levels as well as too low use levels in urban recreational areas may also be associated with negative effects due to overcrowding, safety concerns or too low social stimulation levels. Given the prominence of urban recreation areas in our daily life, it is surprising that so far rather little research has focused on the crowding perceptions and the social carrying capacities of urban park users, particularly in Europe. In eight different green spaces in Vienna, about 1700 on-site visitors were interviewed on randomly selected eight sampling days in 2006. Green spaces were heavily used small inner urban parks, various historical gardens and forests, and peri-urban recreation areas with a large area size and with low visitation. Interviews lasted between 15 and 20 minutes in most cases. One or two interviewers were used per study site. Crowding issues were asked in three separate questions using bi-polar measures: Visitors were asked about their crowding perceptions of the respective recreation area for both Sundays and workdays, using a 7-point scale ranging from a too lonely situation to an overcrowded situation (global measures of crowding). Actual crowding at the time of the interview was investigated using the same 7-point scale (actual measure of crowding). Crowding expectations and perceived development of use levels since the first visit were also asked. Overcrowding and undercrowding perceptions were expressed. About 47% of respondents expressed overcrowding perceptions for Sundays, while for workdays mostly pleasant crowding perceptions were reported. All crowding measures differed significantly, and significant differences were found across the green spaces. Research was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF).  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 908 Serial (up) 2576  
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Author Mann, C.; Arnberger, A., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Crowding in European forests: Status quo and implications for forest management and research Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 67-67  
  Keywords MMV4, Crowding, Europe, forest recreation, methods, scales, social impacts  
  Abstract Providing forests on a sustainable basis include knowledge about recreation quality of forest visitors and perceived impacts. While ecological impacts have been a central topic for forest recreation research, social impacts such as use-conflict and crowding were rarely investigated. This paper analyses research attempts in European forests dealing with visitors’ crowding perceptions at a first time. For data collection, the Cost Action E33 “Forest for recreation and nature tourism” network, as well as a focused literature research was used. Compared to recreation research in the United States, where crowding is a prominent topic, only 16 European crowding studies were identified since the 1980s, predominantly carried out in Central and Northern Europe. Reported crowding- perceptions ranged from 1064%. Among these, correlations between use-levels and crowding perceptions were yielded, as well as manifold significant influences of setting attributes and visitor characteristics. Most studies used a theoretical foundation oriented towards the US recreation crowding literature, but differ in their methods of measuring crowding. As a result, the use of different scales and data collection methods, restrict a nation-and European-wide comparisons. In most Southern, Eastern and several Central European countries, crowding is not recognized as an issue for forest recreation research and management. Besides less political willingness and financial constraints, general access rights to forests, and the lack of legal requirements are considered among the main obstacles of putting more emphasis on recreation crowding research. Due to the ongoing societal demands for outdoor recreation together with trends to concentrate uses on fewer paths and areas for ecological reasons crowding may be of higher importance in the future. A need for standardized crowding research is stated to gain more insights of cultural differences and commonalities. Changes of the recreation systems, its uses and users can be better recognized for a sustainable, future-oriented forest recreation management.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 910 Serial (up) 2577  
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Author Beunders, N., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title The role of destination management in facing the challenges for protected area tourism development Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 71-71  
  Keywords MMV4, Innovative approach, visitor management, Pan Parks, sustainable tourism management  
  Abstract These are PAN Parks introduced a holistic approach to protected area management, integrating standards for conservation and management practices, visitor management, sustainable tourism strategies and partnerships. It has been field tested successfully in 10 protected areas. Simultaneously tourism in protected areas became the focus of a growing number of publications. Common ground can be identified in a predominance of strategic, process oriented approaches to tourism. Key issues: planning, visitor management, linkages with the tourism industry, community involvement. Results of the first decade: 1. A more structured and focused co-operation between PA and local stakeholders. Research shows positive results in awareness and co-operation 2. Multistakeholder approaches have proven to be effective in formulating tourism strategies 3. Tourism became an integrated part of protected area management, including a more pro-active, strategic approach. 4. The model works in diverse cultural, institutional and political contexts 4. PAN Parks has been a laboratory for sustainable tourism development for protected areas. Five main challenges can be identified: 1. Loading the brand: make value added of PAN Parks tangible for tourist. How can conservation benefits, distinctiveness and quality of the experience be guaranteed? 2. Identify success factors for development, marketing and management of competitive destinations 3. Consequently the brand lacks a decisive impact on the holiday decision making process. Economic stakeholder value is still limited 4. Leverage of local economic activities (synergy with other sectors) 5. Mind shift from process orientation (development) to focus on output (marketing, management). Suggestions for a research agenda for the next decade are listed here: Economic sustainability remains a concern for conservation based tourism development. Local stakeholders, regional economy and tour operators need healthy business perspectives. Eco-tourism markets are highly competitive. Distinctiveness and competitiveness of destinations require market oriented approaches. The positioning of protected areas as (part of) destinations requires research. Expertise must be developed for destination -development and -management. Innovative approaches for local supply chain development should strengthen the role of protected area tourism in regional development. Quality standards for destinations and local providers should be elaborated. Destination management could be the umbrella to integrating these fields of expertise. Probably a “paradigm shift” from sustainable tourism development approaches to a destination perspective is needed.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 912 Serial (up) 2578  
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Author Cottrell, S.P., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Perceptions, attitudes and perceived benefits of local residents about tourism development in and around European Protected Area Network Parks Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 72-76  
  Keywords MMV4, Sustainability, tourism, indicators, monitoring  
  Abstract This paper presents the European Protected Area Network (PAN Parks) approach (mixed methods) for monitoring resident beliefs about the benefits of PAN Parks status and satisfaction with tourism development. Comparison of results and lessons learned from studies done in Poland, Bulgaria, and Finland are given. Hypothesizes imply that economic, socio-cultural, ecological, and institutional dimensions of sustainable tourism influence perceived benefits of PAN Park status and satisfaction with tourism development. As residents’ satisfaction with the economic, socio-cultural, institutional and ecological aspects of sustainable tourism increase, so do beliefs about the benefits of PAN Park status and satisfaction with tourism development in the PAN Park regions.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 914 Serial (up) 2579  
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Author Van Der Donk, M., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Ten years of experience in providing wilderness experience opportunities in Europe’s certified PAN Parks Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 77-77  
  Keywords MMV4, Wilderness, network, experiences, Europe, tourism  
  Abstract Today ten years ago, the first steps were taken to realise a marriage between conservation and the tourism industry in the most important wilderness areas of Europe. This initiative awards wilderness areas that meet the highest standards of management for conservation and sustainable tourism development strategies with the PAN Parks quality seal. It can be considered as a gold standard for well- managed protected areas. Based on the PAN Parks principles and criteria and the verification reports, park managers are encouraged to increase the management effectiveness of their protected areas and to plan, provide and maintain high quality recreation opportunities inside the park. Five principles make up the PAN Parks verification scheme, three of which deal with visitor experiences: Visitor management (principle 3), Sustainable Tourism Development Strategy (Principle 4), and Partnerships (Principle 5). Tourism development is used as a means to give economic value to wilderness areas and to create support for conservation. By creating unique and high quality opportunities for wildernessbased recreation, the marriage has proven to be successful as it results in benefits for nature, for communities in and around the protected area and in unique experience opportunities for visitors. This is measured by using mixed methodologies in the Analysis of Perceptions and Attitudes (APA) studies done in 3 of the certified areas. After ten years of working on the development and implementation of the concept in different European countries that cope with different and similar opportunities and obstacles, we can draw interesting lessons learned. Among them: The value of the network and the certificate to the park, local businesses and local people, the principles and criteria as management tools for planning and managing of tourism, providing the (certified) European wilderness experience for different types of tourists, generating revenues through tourism, communication and cooperation with stakeholders  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 916 Serial (up) 2580  
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Author Puhakka, R.; Cottrell, S.P.; Siikamäki, P., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Role of Oulanka PAN Park in Local Community Development in Northeastern Finland Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 78-82  
  Keywords MMV4, certification, national parks, PAN Parks, sustainable tourism  
  Abstract As a result of the growth of nature-based tourism, national parks have become important tourist attractions in Finland, and they have an increasing role as tools for regional development especially in the northern peripheries of the country. Meanwhile, new international initiatives to develop sustainable nature-based tourism have been introduced in Finland. PAN (Protected Area Network) Parks Foundation is a non-profit organization aimed to balance the needs of wilderness protection and community development by facilitating sustainable tourism development in European parks. This study examines the socio-cultural sustainability of tourism in Oulanka National Park perceived by local stakeholders. The central question concerns the role of PAN Parks certification in community and tourism development. Does it benefit socio-cultural development in the region, and does it have some disadvantages from the perspective of local people? The study is based on a mixed methods approach including a questionnaire (n=314) and semi-structured interviews (n=40) conducted in Oulanka region in 2007 for representatives of NGOs, tourism and other businesses, municipalities and public sector, and local residents. Findings show that most of the stakeholders have a positive attitude towards tourism development in Oulanka. The economic benefits of PAN Parks status have not yet been realized, but locals expect the benefits will grow while tourists’ familiarity with PAN Parks increases. Local residents’ knowledge of PAN Parks is still weak. Although nature-based tourism benefits community in various ways, locals also perceive disadvantages caused by the park. The biggest problems identified in the study are related to participation possibilities and contradictions with traditional subsistence economies (e.g., fishing, hunting and reindeer herding). Thus, it is essential to pay attention to the distribution of benefits and burdens of the park development – also to those which are not related to monetary interests. Increasing co-operation with local stakeholders could improve the mutual relations.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 918 Serial (up) 2581  
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Author Jodlowski, M.; Depta, L.; Wójcik, P., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Climbing impact on the relief and vegetation of the Tatra National Park Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 85-85  
  Keywords MMV4, Tatra National Park, climbing impact, relief, vegetation  
  Abstract The Tatra Mts. are the only high-mountain range in Poland, protected as a national park since 1954. The environment of rock cliffs, and especially the vegetation is unique within the mountain ecosystem. However, harsh environmental conditions result in high level of ecosystem vulnerability. In the Tatra National Park climbing activity encompasses all of its disciplines: sport climbing on equipped routes, both short and multi-pitched, traditional climbing as well as the alpine climbing. Recently, new climbing disciplines, such as dry-tooling and bouldering, have also became popular. The climbing impact has been a subject to competitive debate between national park managers, naturalists and climbers, although it has been relatively weakly studied. This study focuses on the landscape changes resulting from climbing activities on the cliff ecosystems located in forest, subalpine and alpine geoecological belts, both on carbonate and crystalline substrate. Within some crags climbing activity is permitted by law, however the others are a subject to illegal exploration. The basis for this study was surveying the existing climbing routes (and state of protection. e.g. bolts and pitons) as well as monitoring of the climbing intensity on specific crags. The landscape changes were identified by geomorphic mapping of cliffs and adjacent slopes as well as botanical studies. Observed landscape changes caused by climbers result mainly in mechanical damage of vegetation, growing instability of slope covers, and micro-relief alteration. The impact significantly differs with reference to climbing disciplines and geological substrate. The largest changes encompassing complete removal of vegetation layer and soil cover result from dry-tooling on limestone cliffs, whereas sport climbing on granite cliffs causes only limited removal of weathered rocks and restraining of lichens succession.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 920 Serial (up) 2582  
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Author Lee, J.-H.; Bürger-Arndt, R., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title A comparative study of offers for recreation in nature parks in Germany and in recreation forests in Korea Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 86-88  
  Keywords MMV4, comparative study, German Nature Park, internet search, Korean Recreation Forest, recreation, recreational offer, recreational use  
  Abstract This comparative study was designed to search for the difference in recreational use and recreational offers between German Nature Parks and Korean Recreational Forests. To review current recreational offers, a complete search of the websites of all German Nature Parks and 50% of Korean Recreation Forests was undertaken. The result is compared per category of offers. Hiking is offered as a recreational forest activity in nearly all Nature Parks in Germany (95%) and Recreation Forests in Korea (98%). Apart from hiking, biking (92%) and horse riding (71%) were offered by most of the German Nature Parks whereas Walking (96%) and Fitness trail (76%) activities were mostly offered in Korea. Swimming (66%), canoeing (62%), fishing (43%) and sailing (38%) were very famous water activities in German Nature Parks. However, there are very few water activities except swimming (74%) in Korean Recreation Forests. Environmental education plays an important role in nature friendly recreation. In terms of quantity and quality, there were better offers in environmental education in Germany than in Korea. Nature educational trails were offered by 68% of German Nature Parks compared to 26% of Recreation Forests in Korea. Various environmental education programs for children were 63% in German and only 40% in Korea. Furthermore, there were more offers in German Nature Park, for example environmental guide (56%), environmental education program (47%) and environmental touring (26%). There were nine tour themes in German Nature Parks with the largest proportion (66%) dedicated to experience with nature and 8% for the disabled people. On the other hand, the Korean Recreation Forest has not so many tour themes as in German Nature Parks. Nevertheless, the activities comprise of nature experience (80%), cultural history (72%) and wellness (32%). The demand of recreation users on Infrastructures is very high, therefore almost all of Korean Recreation Forests have Toilet (94%), Kitchen & Water (80%) and shower rooms (68%). They exhibit passive recreation and the environmental education program is less compared to that of German Nature Park, but the infrastructure plays a very important role in nature recreation of Koreans. It sums that, German Nature Parks have more of almost all kinds of recreational offers than Korean Recreation Forests.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 922 Serial (up) 2583  
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Author Luthe, T.; Roth, R., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Extended vulnerability of ski tourism to global change Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 89-92  
  Keywords MMV4, Extended Vulnerability Factors, Global Change, Ski tourism, Sustainable Adaptation  
  Abstract The current and forecasted outcomes of global change put ski destinations under different stresses. Climate change is the most discussed and the most obvious factor that directly affects the economic success of ski areas. Latest since the last OECD report a broad discussion about such ski areas that will lose from climate change, namely the lower and smaller ones, and those potentially winning being the higher and bigger ski areas, got started. This discussion has been focusing on the main vulnerability factors elevation, size and snow making capacity. Technical snow making is the main kind of adaptation to climate change being discussed and applied. But in addition to climate change there are socioeconomic and demographic developments that lead to other grades of vulnerability for ski tourism. In the research project SkiSustain we aim to develop a sustainability management framework for ski destinations responding to global change. In the supply side part we did personal qualitative interviews in thirty six ski areas of four Alpine countries after the extremely warm winter of 2006/07. Ski areas were picked for interviews as the main drivers of investments and employment in ski destinations. Research questions were about the perception of vulnerability to global change and strategies and possibilities of adaptive capacity. In the interviews ski area managements were confronted with recent results from the customer demand survey Save-Snow to find out about the possibilities to drive changes to chances, for example by softer means of adaptation and more mitigation and partnering more with the customer. Results show that the view on vulnerability of ski destinations needs to be extended from a current climate change and elevation focused view to a much more diverse one. Current means of adaptation will not be suitable to tackle the sum of challenges from global change.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 924 Serial (up) 2584  
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Author Raschi, A.; Crisci, A.; Mikicic, S., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Climate change and ski areas in Trentino region, Italy Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 93-93  
  Keywords MMV4, Climate change, meteo, ski, winter tourism  
  Abstract The existence of an ongoing climate change cannot be denied, or hidden, and tourism is going to be affected by it to a large extent. The analysis of current trends in the response of tourism to climate change, in conjunction with the forecast of future climate scenaries, can help us in focusing the possible solutions to future possible problems. This work focused on the existing trends in winter tourism in the Trentino region (Italian Alps), by analysing, for the years 1981/1982 to 2007/2008, the climate data from six meteo stations located in ski resorts characterized by different height and geographical position. Data analysis showed that the number of the days with more than 20 cm of snow, minimum level for permitting skiing, is reducing, and interannual variability is increasing. The trend is particularly evident for lower altitude areas. The average, minimum and maximum temperatures of above mentioned winter periods was compared with tourist arrivals suggesting an inverse correlation, with a marked decrease in tourists arrivals in higher temperature periods. The results support the conclusion that the tourists will be obliged to reach higher ski areas with lower temperature and adequate snow level, while a further increase in temperatures will lead the lower ski areas to disappear, and the high seasonal variability will put at risk winter tourism itself in many areas. The further perspective of research, on tourism trends in summer season, will also be outlined.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 926 Serial (up) 2585  
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