MMV Proceedings Database -- Query Results

	MMV Proceedings Database Home \| Show All \| Simple Search \| Advanced Search	Login Quick Search: Field: contains:
	121–160 of 1378 records found matching your query (RSS):

Search & Display Options

Select All Deselect All

<< 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >> [11–20]

List View

Citations

Details

	Records
	Author	Cavens, D.; Gloor, C.; Nagel, K.; Lange, E.; Schmid, W.A.,
	Title	A Framework for Integrating Visual Quality Modelling within an Agent-Based Hiking Simulation for the Swiss Alps			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	70-77
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	While the visual qualities of a landscape are often key factors in attracting and retaining tourist visitors, they have been overlooked in recent simulation approaches to recreation modelling. While there has been a long history of modelling the visual quality of a landscape, particularly in forestry, due to computational restrictions these models have tended to be rather coarse and primarily suited for avoiding catastrophic impacts due to large-scale interventions in a landscape. However, the experience of the visual quality of a landscape for recreationists is much more subtle. Relatively small changes to spatial patterns and land use, when viewed cumulatively, can have a large impact on the attractiveness of a landscape for tourists. Methods for evaluating the changing visual quality of a landscape are invaluable for comprehensive long-term landscape planning. This paper describes a computational approach for integrating visual quality information into an agent-based simulation of summer hikers in the Swiss Alps. The benefits of microscopic modelling (where the activities of individual hikers are simulated) are combined with detailed 3D models to provide the possibility of a highly nuanced visual quality analysis of a recreational area. Using real-time computer graphics techniques, simulated agents interpret computer generated 3D images of what they 'see' as they move through the landscape. Various landscape metrics are calculated based on these representations, including visual quality indicators such as view composition, enclosure, and depth of view. These metrics are evaluated over the course of an agent's hike, and integrated with more traditional parameters (such as hike distance, steepness, congestion and availability of amenities) in an agent-based simulation. Unlike other raster based visual quality models, analyzing 3D representations allows the model to easily incorporate subtle screening effects, and allows the model to determine visibility from any location in the model. The technique allows for very detailed visual representations, and scales easily to include more detail as required by the analysis. Currently, the model represents terrain, vegetation communities, structures, path and road networks and information aids such as signage. The paper describes a working implementation of the technique, and discusses its advantages and limitations, including its substantial data requirements. The paper uses a specific case study in the Gstaad- Saanenland region of Switzerland to articulate how this integration of visual information within an agentbased simulation has advantages over more traditional methods of visual quality modelling.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 356			Serial	2386
Permanent link to this record



	Author	De Vries, S.; Jellema, A.; Goossen, M.,
	Title	FORVISITS: modelling visitor flows at a regional level			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	78-84
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP) is trying to develop a coherent set of indicators to monitor nature areas in the Netherlands. One of the proposed indicators is the recreational use of nature areas. Besides indicating the social value of a specific area, recreational use may be also be used as input for modelling habitat quality, another MNP-indicator. Recreational use itself is likely to depend on the attractiveness of the area, such as its scenic beauty. This attractiveness is yet another MNPindicator. Because the MNP wants a national overview of the recreation use of all nature areas, on-site monitoring is not a feasible option. Therefore we have started to develop a model to predict the number of recreational visits to forests and nature areas: FORVISITS. Although the model is still in its early stages, a first nation-wide application has taken place and will be presented.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 358			Serial	2387
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Haider, W.; Anderson, C.; Beardmore, B.; Anderson, D.A.,
	Title	Recreational Trail Use of Residents in Jasper National Park, Canada			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	85-92
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	This paper reports the results of a survey of recreation activities by the residents of the town of Jasper in Jasper National Park on the eastern slope of the Rockies in Canada. During the summer, residents enjoy hiking, jogging, mountain biking and horseback riding. In order to better understand the importance of trail attributes, the attitude towards encounter levels, and the possible acceptance of trail management options, a discrete choice experiment was administered in a mail survey. We identified three distinct user groups based on activity patterns, and these three groups differed significantly in their responses to most attributes in the discrete choice model. In the discussion we elaborate how the results of a discrete choice experiment can be used to simulate the affects of various management options on the three user groups. Simulating the likely recreation behaviour by the residents of Jasper produces insights for both visitor management and wildlife management.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 360			Serial	2388
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Yuan, M.; McIntyre, N.; Payne, R.J.; Moore, J.,
	Title	Development of a Spatial Values-Based Recreation Planning Framework for Canadian Crown Lands			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	93-99
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Managers of Canadian Crown lands are beginning to recognize that all values the public associates with forests should be given due consideration in management actions. Arguably, recreation and tourism are the least understood values of the resource and typically receive only secondary consideration in management decisions on an ad-hoc basis. This situation partly results from the lack of a systematic framework for recreation management in Crown lands outside of protected areas at either the provincial or the national level. This presentation discusses the development of a spatial recreation planning framework that uses recreation values to assess the effects of various forestry activities. The framework expands upon traditional planning approaches that are primarily supply driven to directly address core user values rather than traditional user preferences. A spatial GIS model was developed that incorporates interactive data layers of the study area including high resolution orthophoto mosaic, forest resource inventory, recreation facilities locations, ROS type classification, activity participation, spatial trip patterns, and recreation values. These data layers are overlaid on the forest management plan that details the harvesting and silvicultural treatments that are planned for the next 20 years. Operation of the interactive model is based on maintaining recreation portfolios, recreation class consistency, and sets of contextualized recreation values. A process is discussed as to how this new framework will provide managers with a tool to evaluate recreation related impacts a priori to resource management actions, and allow the public to ask “what if” scenarios in an interactive mode.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 362			Serial	2389
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Zarnoch, S.J.; English, D.B.K.; Kocis, S.M.,
	Title	A Model for Evaluating Dispersed Outdoor Recreation Use Estimation			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	100-105
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	An outdoor recreation use simulator (ORUS) has been developed to simulate dispersed recreation survey data similar to that collected by the National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) Project’s survey of the national forests of the U.S.A. Statistical distributions are used to represent the various behaviors of recreationists during their visit to a dispersed area. The beta distribution is used to model arriving times and last exiting times. The number of intermediate exits from a site is determined by the Poisson distribution while their times are selected randomly according to the uniform distribution. Finally, three trap shy behaviors are assigned to the recreationists to quantify their probability of capture by the interviewer. The arriving and last exiting beta distributions are fitted to the NVUM data. The functioning of the simulator is demonstrated with a simple example with explanations of each recreationist’s actions with respect to the sampling methodology. The utility of ORUS in evaluating the bias and coefficient of variability of various estimating scenarios is also presented.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 364			Serial	2390
Permanent link to this record



	Author	English, D.B.K.; Kocis, S.M.; Zarnoch, S.J.,
	Title	Characteristics and Use Patterns of Visitors to Dispersed Areas of Urban National Forests			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	179-184
	Keywords	MMV2, Urban forests, use patterns, visitor perceptions, crowding, visitor characteristics, demographics, wilderness
	Abstract	Public recreation areas near large urban centers are experiencing increasing pressure from visitation, especially in undeveloped and wildland areas that are close to expanding population centers. Understanding the use patterns, characteristics, and perceptions of recreation visitors is critical to managing these areas for maximum sustainable benefits. Of the over 120 National Forests in the United States, eighteen have been officially designated as ‘Urban’, because of their proximity to large metropolitan areas. Sixteen of these forests have designated Wilderness areas within them. This paper examines the recreation visitors to the undeveloped portions of those National Forests. Key market segments of visitors are identified with respect to demographics, residence, annual use frequency, and visit duration. In addition, visitor perceptions of crowding and safety and their relationship with visitation levels are examined.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 366			Serial	2391
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kobayashi, A.,
	Title	User attitude towards traffic control in Shiretoko and Daisetsuzan National Parks in Japan			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	185-193
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Vehicle traffic control has been introduced as a countermeasure to over-use in various natural parks of Japan. Users' understanding is indispensable for enforcing vehicle traffic control. Thus, the present traffic control system must be examined based on an evaluation from the viewpoint of visitors. Kohgen area of Daisetsuzan National Park and Kamuiwakka area of Shiretoko National Park in Hokkaido (northern island of Japan) were chosen for case studies. Data were collected by a mail-back questionnaire survey for visitors of these areas in 1999–2001. The results showed that most visitors approved or supported the traffic control systems. Approval ratings of vehicular traffic control were closely related to the visitors' acceptability of inconvenience by the control. The visitors' acceptability of the inconvenience was closely related to the length of period under the vehicular traffic control, and interval between shuttle buses. The parameters of the investigation included the timing of the survey. Approval ratings were higher within the restriction period than outside. The study confirmed that there were some elements to which the relationship to the traffic control approval were steady or unstable according to the investigation year. This finding strikes a note of warning about discussing significance levels from data acquired over a single year.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 368			Serial	2392
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Krämer, A.; Roth, R.; Schmidt, A.; Türk, S.,
	Title	Evaluation of the success of visitor flow management projects in the Southern Black Forest Nature Park			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	194-201
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Nature sports place a number of demands upon the landscape structures being utilised. In order to assess the effects of sporting activities on nature and the landscape, it is insufficient to simply analyse the impacts of certain sports. Therefore, new assessment and planning methods for sporting areas are necessary in order to identify potential ecological conflicts and draw conclusions with respect to the desired aims and the measures to be implemented. The extent of the reference level plays a key role in the planning procedure. Tools, which include spatial as much as factual information, are necessary for implementation at all levels. The application of modern information technology, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), is required. The term ‘Sport Area Management System’ (SAMS) is used to describe management possibilities in the context of the development of a sustainable sporting area. The SAMS includes various components of sport orientated land use planning and the management of sporting activities. It is subdivided into regional and local sport area management. The approaches to visitor flow management and communications are of particular significance at both levels. The SAMS concept is illustrated on the basis of the example of the sports tourism concepts developed for the Southern Black Forest Nature Park. The park offers many different opportunities for sporting activities and tourism. At the same time, a substantial part of the area is of a high ecological value. Therefore, the nature park association is seeking a sport tourism concept, which identifies and analyses potential conflicts and possibilities for further development. Following a detailed assessment of the current situation an analysis of the possibilities and potential conflicts was carried out. Further emphasis was placed on the development of an overall concept and possibilities for further development. The implementation of the project findings in parts of the nature park, and subsequent monitoring, are also important parts of the concept. Visitor flow management model projects are shown with the examples of hiking, mountainbiking and Nordic Walking. The methodology behind the SAMS proved to be useful when the projects were put into practice. The initial model projects had the desired positive effect and the concept is to be applied to the whole nature park. Visitor flow management revealed that the large majority of sport tourists made use of the facilities. The co-existence and the cooperation between nature protection and all stakeholders in the region are an important basis for successful future development.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 370			Serial	2393
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Szilágyi, Z.,
	Title	Regulation of Visitor Activities in the DINP			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	202-207
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Thanks to its varied natural and artificial values the Duna-Ipoly National Park (DINP), established as the ninth national park in Hungary is suitable for numerous tourist activities (touring, cycling, horse riding, winter sports, water sports, caving tours, cliff-climbing, flying, fishing, hunting, etc.). Resulting from this, the employees of the national park must reckon with numerous unfavourable environmental effects produced by the tourism and increased by the closeness to Budapest. All of this is intensified on one hand by part of the territory being identical with the outstanding recreation district of the Danube Bend, on the other hand by its coming within the capital city’s recreation zone, due to which establishing the section of visitors is also problematic. Although attempts are made to demonstrate the values in the national park in the interest of avoiding the hazards and developing environmental awareness and ethics, regulation of the visitors’ activities, for the main part, does not take place in a planned manner. In our article, besides disclosing the causes of the disorganisation, we also stipulated the most important principles for solving these problems.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 372			Serial	2394
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Thapa, B.; Confer, J.J.; Mendelsohn, J.,
	Title	Trip motivations among water-based recreationists			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	208-212
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Empirical research has consistently demonstrated that motivations differ based on participation in various activities, as well as due to the significant effect of other variables. Perpetuating this line of research, the purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of select non-motivational variables on motivations among recreationists on the Gallatin River, Montana, USA. A 15-mile stretch of the river was earmarked for data collection (n=321) in June and July 2000 via river exit interviews. Based on the literature, motivation was operationalized into 9-items using a 5-point Likert scale. Some of the findings highlight that rafters emphasized the status motive, while anglers noted relaxation and solitude. Residents were motivated to participate for social and physical aspects, while tourists noted setting and prestige motives. Repeat visitors were more likely to mention solitude, while first time visitors indicated to watch wildlife, and to tell others about it as key motives. Males were more likely to participate for solitude while females noted that they could tell others about it at home. Recreationists have wide sets of motives, and understanding what individuals seek through recreation can provide useful guidance to a variety of planning and management decisions.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 374			Serial	2395
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Vilas Bôas, R.; Davide, A.C.; Andrade, C.M.R.,
	Title	Visitors of Parque Florestal Quedas do Rio Bonito, Lavras (Mg), Brazil: A Management Planning Based on Profile, Perceptions, Needs and Motivations			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	213-220
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	The research was carried out in the Parque Florestal Quedas do Rio Bonito, located in Lavras city (Minas Gerais – Brazil) and participatory research methods were used in an integrated and iterative way. Results of the specific visitors study has shown that most of people visit the area with a special interest on leisure opportunities. Enjoyment of natural environment, peace and quiet are also important motivations. In a variety of activities, the visitors appreciate relaxing and enjoying the nature, swimming in the waterfall and walking on the trails. Most of visitors exhibited a high level of interest in conservation. In conclusion, this study represents one of the first efforts for providing the local foundation for a comprehensive framework for outdoor recreation management from the perspective of visitors. More generally, the visitor approach taken in this study contributes to a greater understanding of the visitor experience for tourism management in the natural environments.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 376			Serial	2396
Permanent link to this record



	Author	English, D.B.K.; Zarnoch, S.J.; Kocis, S.M.,
	Title	Designing a Sampling System for Concurrently Measuring Outdoor Recreation Visitation and Describing Visitor Characteristics			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	28-33
	Keywords	MMV2, National Visitor Use Monitoring, onsite sampling, sampling plan, use estimation, visitor characteristics, sample allocation
	Abstract	Two primary information needs for managing recreation areas and the visitors to those areas are: (1) good estimates of visitation volume, and (2) accurate descriptions of visitor characteristics, such as length of stay, frequency of visit, and primary activity. For National Forests in the United States of America with large undeveloped areas, efficient sampling for the two types of information may be to a large extent incompatible. Sampling plans that address visitation volume issues allocate most of the sample days to the largest and most internally variable strata. Sampling plans for studies of visitor characteristics allocate sampling effort to locations that most efficiently provide visitor information, such as at developed sites. Additionally, sampling plans for studies of visitor characteristics may need to ensure spatial or temporal dispersion of the sample, in order to ensure adequate representation of different visitor sub-groups. A method is demonstrated for allocating days into sampling strata which balances the contribution of sample days in improving the accuracy of the total visitation estimate with the contribution of the sample day to maximizing the quantity and dispersion of visitor information. The resulting sampling allocation provides an optimal solution to address both of the information needs through a single data collection effort. A second phase of the method addresses how to ensure spatial and temporal dispersion of sampling effort. Examples of applications on National Forests in the United States are provided.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 378			Serial	2397
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kocis, S.M.; Zarnoch, S.J.; English, D.B.K.,
	Title	Affects of Road Sign Wording on Visitor Survey – Non-Response Bias			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	34-37
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	On-site visitor interviewer data collection is a key component of the USDA Forest Service National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) program. In many areas, especially higher speed roads and roads with non-recreation traffic, many vehicles may not stop for an interview. Wording on the sign may condition non-recreation visitors to self-select as to whether or not they decide to stop for an interview. Since the primary purpose of the interview is to calibrate a mechanical traffic counter, such behavior can lead to bias in the resulting visitation estimate. Non-response bias of national forest traffic was examined by using four different wordings for road signs during NVUM interview days. The experiment was performed using a randomized block design with each treatment (sign) being applied to five different road locations (blocks). Statistical analysis was performed to determine if any particular sign wording significantly affected (1) the rate of visitor response and (2) the mix of visitors who stopped for interviews. Data analysis show that the total number of all interviews obtained, the proportion of interviews obtained to overall traffic, and the proportion of non-recreation interviews obtained were different using different sign wording. The total number of recreation interviews obtained and the proportion of recreation interviews obtained were not different statistically.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 380			Serial	2398
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Melville, S.; Ruohonen, J.,
	Title	The development of a remote-download system for visitor counting			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	38-44
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Following the first International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, English Nature identified a need to implement a system of visitor counting on a selection of the 170 National Nature Reserves which it manages across England. A prime requirement of the system was that it should involve a minimal amount of field staff time to harvest the data. Following a competitive tendering exercise, Teknovisiot were appointed as contractors to develop their GSM-based system for use by English Nature. This paper will discuss the requirements identifed by English Nature and how the system was developed in conjunction with Teknovisiot to meet those requirements. It will include a summary of problems encountered and how these were overcome. The presentation will include examples of data provided by the system. It is believed that the system now developed by Teknovisiot on behalf of English Nature would have considerable potential for any site manager who has access to a mobile telephone network on their land and an internet modem in their office.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 382			Serial	2399
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Shapochkin, M.S.; Kiseleva, V.V.; Syriamkina, O.V.; Nikitin, V.F.,
	Title	Mapping the Intensity of Recreation Impact in the NP Losiny Ostrov, Moscow			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	45-50
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	General recreational situation in the NP Losiny Ostrov (Moscow) is analysed. The technique of field observations and computer mapping of recreation intensity and status of forest landscapes is described. Corresponding maps are represented and correlated with the location of residential regions, entrances, and basic visitor flows. Five areas of intensive effect of stationary recreation were revealed at the studied territory of ca. 600 ha. In most cases, extreme recreation is thought to be the main reason of forest decline and decrease in recreational carrying capacity. Top-priority areas of landscape improvement were revealed. Maps reflecting the spatial distribution of recreation intensity and status of forest landscapes are regarded as an appropriate instrument of territorial planning.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 385			Serial	2400
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bernet, P.,
	Title	Interaction between nature protection and leisure groups, an example of the largest protected area surrounding Lake Greifensee, canton Zurich, Switzerland			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	136-142
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Lake Greifensee is surrounded by the most continuous environmental protection area (sanctuary) within the canton Zurich (Switzerland). The lake shelters many national swamps and other biotopes in distress. On beautiful summer days, however, you will find thousands of people spending their leisure time e.g., on mountain bikes, roller skates or swimming. In 1994 a new protection regulation became effective, which allows for intensive utilization and protection of the nature and separates diverse demands. With various measures sanctuaries and recreation areas are spatially separated, and the visitors are guided to keep them off the sanctuaries. During the entire year rangers inform visitors on the possibilities of nature observation, explain them where the recreation areas are located and remind them to keep off the sanctuaries. The number of violations such as trespassing of protected shores and sanctuaries continuously dropped thanks to the effective publicity and the presence of rangers. As a consequence, the vegetation is visibly recovering from the burden of trespassing. To further increase the awareness of the sanctuaries, it is, therefore, important that the rangers continue to regularly supervise the protected and recreational area and to inform and guide the visitors.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 387			Serial	2401
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Keirle, I.; Stephens, M.,
	Title	Do walkers stay on footpaths? An observational study of Cwm Idwal in the Snowdonia National Park			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	143-148
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Access to the countryside of England and Wales is at present being extended through new powers created by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act (2000). This has for the first time introduced a statutory right of open access to areas designated on maps as mountain (land situated above 600m), moor, heath, down or registered common land. This paper considers the behaviour of visitors in relation to whether they choose to exert their ‘right to roam’ at Cwm Idwal, a popular mountain area located within the Snowdonia National Park in north Wales where access to open countryside is de facto (through custom). The study used an observational technique to establish the distribution and group size of visitors over a pre-defined observation area. The results showed that visitors predominantly stayed on paths with only 9.5% of groups of size twelve deviating from linear access routes.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 389			Serial	2402
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Li, C.-L.; Zinn, H.C.; Chick, G.E.; Graefe, A.R.; Absher, J.D.,
	Title	Hofstede’s Measure of Cultural Values in a National Forest Recreation Context			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	149-154
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Hofstede’s measure of cultural values is one of the most widely used among international management and marketing scholars. However, there is no research that employed Hofstede’s measure in a National Forest recreation context. This study examined the validity and reliability of Hofstede’s cultural measure from an ethnically diverse sample in a National Forest recreation context. We used confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, correlations, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple regression to test Hofstede’s measure of cultural values. The results suggested that seven items, two items from Hofstede’s original Power Distance dimension, one item from the Individualism dimension, two items from the Masculinity dimension, and two items from the Uncertainty Avoidance dimension, best represent the measure of cultural values in a National Forest recreation context. Discussion of the results and future research were suggested.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 391			Serial	2403
Permanent link to this record



	Author	McIntyre, N.; Svanqvist, B.,
	Title	Living in the Forest: Meanings and Use of Recreational Residences			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	155-163
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	The Forest Service Recreation Residence Program has been operational since the passage of the Occupancy permits Act in 1915. In the initial years the Forest Service actively encouraged summer home occupancy with the view that such occupancy encouraged recreational use and assisted in proper forest management and fire control as well as providing a source of income. Approval of further recreation residence development on public land was discontinued in 1968 as program costs exceeded revenues and the perception that such occupation of public land was elitist and potentially restricted public access to desirable recreation sites. More recently, both the appraisal process and the pursuance of permit violations have become a focus of some political controversy. Recreational residences have often been built by and remain in the same family across generations leading to a strong attachment and identification with a particular forest tract. The study discussed in this paper examines the use of these residences and the meanings of such use to a sample of cottage owners in the Arapahoe-Roosevelt and Pike National Forests in Colorado, USA. A multi-methods approach was used to collect data on cottage use including project analysis, surveys, experiential sampling and in-depth interviews. The rationale underlying the multi-method approach and some preliminary results of this study will be presented in this paper.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 393			Serial	2404
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Payne, R.J.; McIntyre, N.; Yuan, M.; Moore, J.; Bradford, L.; Elliott, S.,
	Title	Recreation Experience Preferences and Activity Profiles in a Crown Forest Landscape in Ontario, Canada			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	164-170
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	The use of public forested areas in Ontario, Canada is governed by the Crown Forest Sustainability Act that directs the management authority, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR), to ensure that forest operations co-exist with other uses of the forest, especially recreation and tourism. Implementing these legislative requirements has been difficult for the OMNR: it lacks data on recreation and tourism; it lacks readily available social scientific expertise; and it lacks the necessary integrative model. The larger project of which this work is a part, focussing on the Dog River-Matawin Forest, west of Thunder Bay, Ontario and immediately east of Quetico Provincial Park, is designed to address several of these gaps. This paper seeks to answer two of the many questions concerning how people use the forest for recreation and tourism purposes: what motivates different users and how do those motivations relate to activity profiles. Our findings indicate that four distinct experience preference groups exist among the 1,556 people who used the forest for recreation and tourism purposes. When these groups are compared with four distinct activity profiles, we make connections that, when mapped (a future phase of the work), begin to indicate areas where potential conflicts might occur with forest operations or with other recreation activities. We conclude by noting that, while knowledge about how people use the forest is interesting in itself, both an integrative framework and a scientifically-capable Ministry of Natural Resources are needed if that knowledge is to find its way into management actions to implement the requirements of Ontario’s Crown Forest Sustainability Act.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 395			Serial	2405
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Türk, S.; Jakob, E.; Krämer, A.; Roth, R.,
	Title	Outdoor recreation activities in nature protection areas – situation in Germany			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	171-177
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Within a research project of the Federal Nature Conservation Agency, the Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environment points out new developments in outdoor activities in several German landscapes significantly used for sports activities. Therefore two different types of landscape analysis were chosen: First the monitoring of selected sports activities in landscapes with special equipment respectively high frequented by sportsmen (top-spot method) and second the recording of the real utilisation of near-natural landscapes (area method). The results of the scientific analytics were combined with sociological knowledge to describe the development of outdoor recreation in different sport activities (e.g.: canoeing, climbing, paragliding or canyoning). Considering these results the possibilities and the limits of modern concepts of guidance are discussed. Convenience offers, the use of police law or the establishment of a new outdoor culture (depending on Scandinavian standards) will attach great importance to minimize stress and interference in natural landscapes. It is shown that the changes in outdoor activities offer the possibility for a sustainable use of the German countryside for recreation as well as for environment.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 397			Serial	2406
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Lawson, S.; Itami, B.; Gimblett, R.; Manning, R.,
	Title	Monitoring and Managing Recreational Use in Backcountry Landscapes Using Computer-Based Simulation Modeling			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	107-113
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	In the United States, legislation dictates that wilderness areas should be managed to, among other things, provide recreational visitors with opportunities for solitude. The growing popularity of outdoor recreation in backcountry settings presents managers with challenges in their efforts to achieve this objective. Recent research suggests that computer-based simulation modeling is an effective tool for helping to address the challenges associated with managing visitor use in backcountry and wilderness settings. This paper describes the development and application of a computer-based simulation model of recreational use in the John Muir Wilderness Area in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. The results of the study demonstrate how simulation modeling can be used as a tool for understanding existing visitor use patterns within the John Muir Wilderness Areas and estimating the effects of alternative management practices on visitor flows and visitor use conditions.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 399			Serial	2407
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Lawson, S.; Kiely, A.M.; Manning, R.E.,
	Title	Computer Simulation as a Tool for Developing Alternatives for Managing Crowding at Wilderness Campsites on Isle Royale			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	114-119
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Isle Royale National Park is experiencing increased backcountry visitation, resulting in crowded camping conditions during peak periods. For example, during July and August, backcountry campground capacities are commonly exceeded and visitors are required to share sites with other groups. During the summers of 2001 and 2002, two phases of research were conducted to assist Park managers in addressing this issue. In the first phase of research, computer simulation modeling was used to test the effectiveness of alternative management practices designed to reduce or eliminate campground crowding. The simulation results provide numerical estimates of campground crowding (i.e., campsite sharing) under alternative management approaches, including permit quotas, trailhead quotas, campsite development, and fixed itineraries. The second phase of research used stated choice analysis to evaluate visitors’ attitudes toward alternative management scenarios developed with the simulation model. Results of the stated choice analysis suggest that visitors are willing to tolerate some campground crowding in order to avoid “heavy-handed” management practices. Together, findings from the two phases of research assist Park managers in estimating the outcomes of alternative management practices and anticipating the likelihood that visitors will support those outcomes.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 401			Serial	2408
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Murdock, E.,
	Title	Understanding Recreation Flow to Protect Wilderness Resources at Joshua Tree National Park, California			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	120-126
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Joshua Tree National Park (JTNP) has the highest concentration of rock climbing routes in the world and an estimated 250,000 people visit JTNP each year to rock climb. Although less than 5% of rock climbers visit the designated wilderness areas, a steady increase in the number of climbers has focused attention on managing wilderness climbing resources to retain wilderness character. The main controversy centers on rock climber’s placing fixed anchors, or bolts, while establishing new climbing routes. Park staff believes that continued unregulated placement of bolts in JTNP’s wilderness leads to greater impacts and is unsustainable. This paper describes a method for understanding wilderness climbing in order to develop fair and effective wilderness recreation policy. Behavior and spatial modeling is based on two years of data that include a comprehensive climbing resource inventory, wilderness visitor flow data, and psychological test results. Static and dynamic models consider factors such as travel networks, climbing route difficulty and quality, sensitive resources, landscape complexity, and climber preferences. A comprehensive understanding of recreation flow allows fixed anchor regulations and wilderness management to address site-specific issues.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 403			Serial	2409
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Van Wagtendonk, J.W.,
	Title	Simulation modeling of visitor flows: where have we been and where are we going?			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	127-134
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	The Wilderness area Simulation Model was developed in 1972 by Resources for the Future with programming assistance from IBM. It simulates parties moving through a wilderness and records the number of encounters each party experiences. The model has been applied to the Spanish Peaks Primitive Area in Montana, the Adirondack Forest Reserve in New York, the Desolation Wilderness in California, the complex of the wilderness areas surrounding and including Yosemite National Park, the Green and Yampa Rivers in Dinosaur Monument, the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail in Vermont. In its time, the model was a useful tool for establishing the relationship between use levels and encounters and testing management alternatives. As innovative as the model was, recent advances in behavioral science and computer technology have rendered it out of date.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 405			Serial	2410
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Siegrist, D.; Clivaz, C.; Hunziker, M.; Iten, S.,
	Title	Introduction			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	13-14
	Keywords	MMV3
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 574			Serial	2411
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Haider, W.,
	Title	North American Idols: Personal Observations on Visitor Management Frameworks and Recreation Research			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	16-22
	Keywords	MMV3
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 576			Serial	2412
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Muhar, A.; Schauppenlehner, T.; Brandenburg, C.,
	Title	Trends in Alpine Tourism: The Mountaineers’ Perspective and Consequences for Tourism Strategies			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	23-27
	Keywords	MMV3, Alpinism, summer tourism, mountaineering, hiking, climbing, user survey, use trends, demands
	Abstract	Mountaineers are a core group in Alpine tourism, their demands and expectations are an es-sential foundation for every tourism development strategy. This paper is based the authors’ surveys and other studies from the Alpine region. The image of mountain sports in the media (extreme climbing, paragliding, canyoning etc.) does not reflect the actual use patterns, as hiking is still by far the most important activity. Mountaineers are a very conservative group, usually well educated and of higher income. They perform this activity frequently and are generally satisfied with the current situation, thus sceptical towards any changes and man-agement measures. Mountaineers accept lower comfort levels, e.g. in huts, as compared to their everyday life as part of a back-to-the-roots experience. If tourism development strategies want to attract new user groups, they need to comply with the demands of this core group.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 578			Serial	2413
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Nagendra, H.,
	Title	People, Pixels and Parks: Forest Conservation in the Tropics			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	28-32
	Keywords	MMV3, Parks, protected areas, community forestry, forest conservation, land cover change, satellite remote sensing, South Asia
	Abstract	While protected areas have become a cornerstone of conservation efforts, there is significant debate about whether parks have been effective in enabling conservation. A meta-analysis of information on rates of land cover clearing in protected areas finds that government protected areas are significantly likely to lower rates of habitat clearing over time. At the same time, it is essential to ask whether government protection is the only successful approach to conservation. A focused set of studies in Nepal and India indicates that it is not the official designation of a forest as government or community that impacts forest conservation as much as the actual degree of monitoring that takes place on the ground. Communities can be effective forces for conservation, if properly involved. By locating individual protected areas within the context of the biophysical, social and institutional landscape in which they are embedded, we will be able to better devise more effective approaches to conservation.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 580			Serial	2414
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sheppard, D.,
	Title	The New Paradigm for Protected Areas: Implications for Managing Visitors in Protected Areas			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	33-45
	Keywords	MMV3
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 582			Serial	2415
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Walder, B.S.,
	Title	New Parks of National Importance in Switzerland			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	46-47
	Keywords	MMV3
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 584			Serial	2416
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Absher, J.D.; Graefe, A.R.; Burns, R.C.,
	Title	Monitoring Public Reactions to the U.S. Forest Service Recreation Fee Program			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	50-51
	Keywords	MMV3, Forest recreation, fees, public perceptions, monitoring, evaluation
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 586			Serial	2417
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Burns, R.C.; Graefe, A.R.,
	Title	Outdoor Recreationists in Oregon and Washington: A Comparison of Recreationists’ Perceptions of Experience Satisfaction Across Two US Pacific Northwest States			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	52-53
	Keywords	MMV3, Recreation satisfaction, visitor monitoring, visitor segmentation
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 588			Serial	2418
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Carlsen, J.; Wood, D.,
	Title	Monitoring the Value of Visitors to Protected Areas: The Australian Approach			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	54-55
	Keywords	MMV3, Visitor expenditure, protected areas, survey toolkit
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 590			Serial	2419
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Erkkonen, J.; Itkonen, P.J.,
	Title	Monitoring Sustainable Nature Tourism in Practice – Experiences From Pyhä-Luosto National Park, Finland			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	56-57
	Keywords	MMV3, Sustainability, nature tourism, limits of acceptable change (LAC), national park
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 592			Serial	2420
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Hegetschweiler, T.K.; Rusterholz, H.-P.; Baur, B.,
	Title	Using Visitor Monitoring to Reduce Ecological Impacts Due to Picnicking and Grilling in Urban Forests in the Vicinity of Basle, Switzerland			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	58-59
	Keywords	MMV3, Picnicking / grilling in forests, ecological impacts, visitor preferences, recreational planning
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 594			Serial	2421
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Ito, T.; Ryugo, M.,
	Title	The Influence of Motorized Access on Hiker’s Route Selection at Mt. Tsukuba			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	60-61
	Keywords	MMV3, Car-dependency, circulation, Mt. Tsukuba, route selection, trailhead, walking experience
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 596			Serial	2422
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Rammo, M.; Maran, K.; Almik, A.; Karoles, K.,
	Title	Visitor and Environmental Impact Monitoring as Basis for Sustainable Nature Tourism in Estonian Recreational Areas			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	62-63
	Keywords	MMV3, Forest recreation, environmental impact monitoring, recreational load, visitor counting, visitor survey
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 598			Serial	2423
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Melville, S.J.,
	Title	Visitor Satisfaction Surveys and the Development of Access Standards for National Nature Reserves in England			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	64-71
	Keywords	MMV3, Qualitative monitoring, work planning, access standards, visitor satisfaction
	Abstract	It is estimated that National Nature Reserves in England receive around 15 million visitors each year, and this number is increasing. Since the mid 1990s English Nature has undertaken a series of visitor satisfaction surveys on a number of the National Nature Reserves in England. The purpose of the initial studies was to establish the visitors’ understanding of National Nature Reserves and what it was that those visitors wanted by way of facilities to improve the experience of their visit. The results of the surveys influenced the development of ‘access standards’ for use in work planning and financial resource allocation across the suite of 160 National Nature Reserves managed by English Nature. Following major investment between 2002-2004, a further round of visitor satisfaction surveys has been completed and this paper discusses the results of these and the implications for future access improvement funding and works.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 600			Serial	2424
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Rupf-Haller, R.; Wernli, M.; Filli, F.,
	Title	Visitor Counting with Acoustic Slab Sensors in the Swiss National Park			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	72-77
	Keywords	MMV3, Visitor counting, acoustic slab sensor, Swiss National Park, walking experiments
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 602			Serial	2425
Permanent link to this record