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Author Schwarzmann, D.; Burns, R.; Andrew, R., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Understanding recreation use at Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: A pilot study Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 236-237  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract NOAAs Office of National Marine Sanctuaries has a long history of understanding economic expenditures in and near sanctuary settings. Users use can be profoundly productive in terms of economic activity.Many studies have documented the linkage between users use and economic gain for particular areas.A 2016 study conducted by the Department of Commerce determined the gross value of recreational fishing and boating at approximately $38 billion.Concurrently, the National Marine Sanctuary System (NMS) is estimated to support several billion dollars of economic activity each year. Nationwide, the National Marine Sanctuary system attract millions of users every year and serve as primary economic drivers in many communities. A better understanding of users use patterns and motivations would certainly increase the capacity for sustainable use and preservation of ecosystem services in these areas. The National Marine Sanctuaries Users Counting Process (NMS-COUNT) is a methodology being used to understand user expenditures at Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) during the 2020/21 timeframe.Field sampling was originally scheduled for spring and summer 2020, relying on a variety of data collection techniques including in-person surveys and point counts of users.However, the recent development and spread of novel coronavirus COVID-19 within the U.S. and around the world has caused disruptions in travel and everyday life, including research activities.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4306  
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Author Burns, R.; Andrew, R.; Schwarzmann, D.; Moreira, J., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Estimating marine sanctuary public use: Preliminary results from a US National Ma-rine Sanctuaries pilot project Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 234-235  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The U.S. contains over 172,481 square miles of underwater parks designated as National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS).They serve as a bridge to nat-ural resource exploration, education, recreation, tourism, and offer many other ecosystem services for both U.S. citizens and foreign visitors alike.Visitors to these areas number in the mil-lions each year and account for significant eco-nomic production within, and adjacent to, these areas as well. Despite the popularity and im-portance of these areas on the whole, a knowledge gap exists with respect to visitor use and monitoring in areas of specific aquatic orien-tation.Visitor use can be profoundly productive in terms of economic activity. Therefore, the National Marine Sanctuary System is critical in supporting vast production of economic activity each year.With their unique resources, National Marine Sanctuaries attract large numbers of visi-tors every year and may serve as primary eco-nomic drivers for surrounding communities. However, specific visitor use counting and moni-toring methods are not standardized or properly applicable to specific marine sanctuary sites.A better understanding of visitor use patterns and motivations at specific marine sanctuary sites would increase the capacity for economic growth and sustainability of valuable ecosystem services in these areas. Marine sanctuaries and parks inherently have porous borders, and multiple access points may make counting as a means to arrive at visitation estimates a challenging ap-proach.The National Marine Sanctuaries Visitor Counting Process (NMS-COUNT) offers an iterative framework to address this knowledge gap while involving key stakeholders throughout the pro-cess.In this way, communication among manag-ers and researchers is incorporated to help de-velop and implement the most efficient method-ology for a particular aquatic area.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4305  
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Author Moreira, J.; Burns, R.; Andrew, R.; Schwarzmann, D.; Hurtado, M.; Martins, L., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Social media posts: An experience from Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, US Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 232-233  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The US National Marine Sanctuaries newly developed visitor estimation effort (NMS-COUNT, Figure 1) engages academics, agency scientists and managers in an iterative process to research and identify visitor estimation methods applicable to a specific site (NMS-COUNT, Burns et al, 2020).The NMS-COUNT process uses multiple different data sources to estimate visitation on water and along shorelines.Data sources include visitor interviews, traffic counts, satellite data, smart buoy data, and other technological methods.As a part of this study, social media was used to better understand perceptions and use by recreationists.The objective was to identify and analyze pictures posted by visitors that were geotagged with a specific location in Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4304  
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Author Hurtado, M.; Burns, R.; Andrew, R.G.; Schwarzmann, D.; Moreira, J.C., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Visitor satisfaction and crowding at the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 230-230  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Understanding the human benefits and pressures on ocean and coastal environments is critical to keep managing these areas in a sustainable way. Outdoor recreation in marine protected areas has been increasing over the years. The increasing popularity of marine areas presents a paradox. On one hand, people seek to recreate in unique natural coastal environments with settings that match their needs and desires, and at the same time, millions of people depend on coral reefs and their income from tourism. On the other hand, the same increased recreational attention has resulted in negative impacts on the physical and social environment. Unfortunately, the literature indicates that sandy coastal areas are naturally more vulnerable to recreation impacts due to interactions between wind, waves and sediments. This is the main reason why an effective management and monitoring of visitor use is fundamental in marine protected areas. Carrying capacity is a term that emerged within the environmental and outdoor recreation fields of study and can be used as a potential management tool. A background on social carrying capacity leads to two important terms, which are satisfaction and crowding. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the satisfaction and crowding of visitors at the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. There are different variables that can influence overall satisfaction and crowding levels, this study will compare these variables across recreation users, such as snorkelers and divers, and other demographic variables in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4303  
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Author Kyle, G., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Shifting setting densities and normative evaluations of crowding over time Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 228-229  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract In the United States, population growth and domestic migration is placing increasing pressure on natural landscapes and the array of ecosystem services they afford. The growth has given rise to the paradox of resource depletion through fragmentation and development while at the same time increasing the demand and need for these resources. In the context of publicly available nature-based recreation opportunities (e.g., protected areas, preserves, parks, lakes, rivers) lying near growing urban centers, the pressure can be particularly acute. Increased demand for these resources has led to ecological and social impacts. The diminished service quality increases human exposure to pollutants (e.g., water, air, noise), and stressors (e.g., conflict, crowding) within these environs. Given the array of psycho-social and physical benefits afforded by nature-based recreation opportunities, the depletion in service quality has potentially troubling implications for human wellbeing. In the context of aquatic opportunities (e.g., rivers, lakes) concern is exacerbated by both the limited availability of accessible resource substitutes and limited capacity to acquire or develop additional resources. Vaske and Shelbys (2008) meta-analysis of social carrying capacity research conducted in the context of nature-based recreation resources illustrated that for boating as a general participation category, of the 66 investigations conducted in the 30 years leading up to their analyses, 20 percent of respondents considered the condition encountered “greatly over capacity” of the resources ability to accommodate demand. When broken down into more specific aquatic categories, such as canoeing, those considering the resource demand “greatly over capacity” jumps to 50 percent. In this investigation, we document residents perceptions of shifting use patterns of an aquatic nature-based resource situated within the Austin MSA – Lake Travis – over an eight-year period from 2008 to 2016. Specifically, we examine the drivers of residents perceptions of setting density on the lake along with the cognitive and behavioral coping strategies they employ to maintain psychological homeostasis in conditions of rapid social and ecological change.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4302  
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Author Li, C.; Chen, H., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Mental health: A cross-regional comparison between the East and West coast in Taiwan Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 224-225  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Previous research showed that different types of landscapes and environments resulted in different mental health perceptions. Studies suggested that natural environments such as natural resources and protected areas were associated with peoples health and wellness. Presence of nearby nature has effects on human both physically and psychologically, and improves peoples mental health. People who are frequently exposed to natural environments tend to have better perceptions of mental health.Taiwan has an area of 36,197 km2. The area is about one-tenth of that of Norway. The mountain ranges occupy central part of Taiwan. This results in distinctive differences in the urban and rural settings between the west and east coasts of Taiwan, as there are obviously more natural resources and protected areas such as national parks on the east coast. However, there is only a small number of studies focusing on the cross-regional comparison of health and well-being related variables such as mental health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mental health differences between residents on the east coast and residents on the west coast in Taiwan.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4301  
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Author Bussard, J., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Heritage value and stakeholders perception of four geomorphological landscapes in Southern Iceland Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 222-223  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Geomorphological heritage and landscapes have one common characteristic: their existence de-pends on a certain socio-cultural context and on the subjective view of different observers. In-deed, considering landforms or portions of land as heritage results from a process of “heritage making” (“patrimonialisation”, Di Méo 2008): an object is considered as heritage when the values assigned by society or by some actors are suffi-ciently important to justify its preservation and transmission to future generations. From the per-spective of geomorphologists, the central value of a landform is its geoscientific interest (Grandgirard 1997; Reynard 2004), i.e. its interest in understanding geomorphological processes, reconstructing the formation and the evolution of a landform, etc. The values that justify the her-itage recognition of a landform may also be relat-ed to its beauty (aesthetic value), its cultural in-terest or its ecological value. A geomorphological landscape refers to a landscape whose geomorphological component is of heritage interest. Some landscapes have gained international recognition for their geosci-entific value, particularly the 93 sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List that meet crite-rion viii – “to be outstanding examples repre-senting major stages of earths history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic fea-tures”. Obviously besides their scientific interest, most of these sites are also landscapes of particu-larly high aesthetic value. As part a PhD thesis in progress (Bussard, in prep.), we first assessed the heritage value of four geomorphological landscapes in southern Iceland from a geomorphological perspective and, then, we conducted a series of interviews to see to what extent the heritage values assigned by different local stakeholders overlap with this assessment. The four geomorphological land-scapes are Skaftafell Glacier, Laki craters, Torfa-jökull caldera in the vicinity of Landmannalaugar and Breiðamerkur Glacier and its proglacial mar-gin, including Jökulsárlón.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4300  
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Author Xie, Y.; Wu, B.; Zhong, L., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Enjoyed cultural services and perceived benefits through visitation to Chinese National Parks: A case study of Wuyishan Pilot Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 220-221  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract A growing body of research reveals the important contribution that nature exposure and national parks and protected areas (NPPAs) make(s) to hu-man health and well-being (Lemieux et al., 2012; Romagosa et al., 2015). According to the studies, NPPAs can contribute to people mental health, psychological and physiological health, scien-tific/local knowledge accumulation and educa-tion, emotional improvement, transcendental experience, happiness, enjoyment, social net-work, reflection, self-actualization, personal growth, inspiration, quality of life, etc. Meanwhile, cultural ecosystem service (CES) studies also draw wide attention. The ES framework was promoted by the United Nations to better understand relationships between eco-system changes and human well-being develop-ment. And now, the framework is advocated by many researchers to be used as a decision-making tool to better govern and manage ecosystems and natural resources, and as well as to achieve human/citizen well-being. Scholars pointed out that CES and its contribution to psychological well-being is very important for visitor manage-ment (Willis, 2015); ES researchers also explored CES as beneficial outcomes of PA visitor activities (Roux et al., 2020). However, still few attentions were paid to the spatial distribution of visitor CES enjoyment and the corresponding benefit per-ception in a national park.In China, many NPPAs have long histories and are homes of local residents. National parks are usually combinations of many different types of protected areas from the former PA system. For example, Wuyishan Pilot (designated in 2016), our study area, is integrated from five former different types of protected areas (At-tachment figure 1), which are Wuyishan National Nature Reserve (1979), Wuyishan National Scenic and Historic Area (NSHA) (1982), Jiuqu River Na-tional Aquatic Germplasm Resource Reserve of Spinibarbus hollandi (2011), Wuyishan National Forest Park (2004) and Wuyi Tianchi National For-est Park (2013), and five other non-protected tourist resorts. Also, the national park area is largely overlapped with Mount Wuyi World Mixed Nature and Culture Heritage Site Area.Meanwhile, traditional Chinese and mod-ern global values make dual impacts on Chinese visitors. As traditional Chinese view of environ-ment follows a tian ren he yi (the unity of man and heaven) philosophy, which guide most Chi-nese PA visitors behaviors (Xu et al., 2014), out-door recreation fashion also influences many other visitors. Their motivational differences and cultural divergences (Cui et al., 2015) can result in totally different national park visitation para-digms, and thus different CES enjoyment and benefits perceptions.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4299  
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Author Probstl-Haider, U.; Kogler, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Second homes in the European Alps – strategies to reduce the significant land take Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 218-219  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Since several decades spatial planning in the alpine area tries to handle the ongoing enlargement of second home areas and the loss of landscape and natural resources. The negative consequences for the local population are well-known and consist of high property prices, limited space availability, gentrification and districts that are only alive on a few days a year. However, the demand is increasing since real estate can be purchased now by all persons which are inhabitants in the European Union. In addition real estate is known to be a safe investment for the future or for retirement. This trend is currently reinforced by low bank interest rates and the effects of the pandemic Covid 19.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4298  
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Author Smith-Christensen, C., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title VMAST – the UNESCO World Heritage Visitor Management Assessment & Strategy Tool Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 214-215  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract UNESCO designated areas, natural and cultural heritage including World Heritage sites, Biosphere Reserves and Global Geoparks are among the most visited places and attractions in the world. After a period of growth and challenges relating to visitor management and overtourism, the pandemic has demonstrated the vulnerability of tourism dependent communities. To build back better, we need tools and methodologies that help enhance adaptive and transformative capacity through a systems approach.The UNESCO Visitor Management Assessment & Strategy Tool (VMAST), developed within the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention (1972) and set out through the UNESCO World Heritage Sustainable Tourism programme, is a new addition to the World Heritage Sustainable Tourism Toolkit. As a voluntary self-assessment tool, it helps site management authorities manage visitation and tourism for the protection of heritage values while localizing sustainable development goals.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4297  
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Author Arnegger, J.; Eisenstein, B.; Job, H.; Woltering, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Protected area labels as brands in tourism: insights from Germany Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 212-213  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Protected areas (PAs) are often major tourist attractions, notably in peripheral regions. Officially awarded designations, e.g. “national park”, have been described as being important brands that can create unique selling propositions (USP) for destinations, distinguishing them from similar, but unlabeled landscapes (Arnegger, 2014). The PA label is seen as a guarantee for quality and authentic nature experiences. Officially designated PAs represent a scarce resource since official (national or international) labels are not easily, if at all, transferable and imitable (Hannemann & Job, 2003). It is often argued that certain designations, especially national parks and world heritage sites, have a superior brand identity compared to other, less-known labels such as biosphere reserves or nature parks (Reinius & Fredman, 2007; Job et al., 2005; Nolte, 2004). However, this argument appears to be based to a large degree on specific case studies and on-site surveys rather than on systematic image assessments of PA categories. The present study addresses this research gap by evaluating the strengths of different PA categories as brands in tourism in a representative panel study for the German context. We focus on the three major large-scale PA categories as defined by the German Federal Law on Nature Conservation (BNatSchG): (a) national parks, (b) biosphere reserves and (c) nature parks (“Naturparke”), all of which can play, according to their legal mandate, important roles for tourism.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4296  
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Author Folmer, A.; Schuurmans, S.; Wielenga, B., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Critical indicators for measuring the support for bird protection among visitors in the Dutch Wadden Sea area Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 210-211  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract “Onbekend maakt onbemind” [Unfamiliar makes unloved], is a typical Dutch saying that refers to unfamiliarity with a place, with food or some-thing else, leading to a lack of emotional connec-tion, support and/or care. With this in mind, nine nature organisations in the Netherlands want to increase awareness on the special nature values of World Heritage Site the Wadden Sea area among a broad public, with the overall aim to enlarge support for nature and bird protection. Their campaign is part of a larger multi-faceted project called “Wij & Wadvogels” [“We and Wadden birds”], which is running from 2019 to 2026. The project is unique as it does not only focus on physical measurements to improve the natural habitat of birds (restoration and expan-sion of resting, foraging and breeding places for birds); it also includes the social valuation of na-ture, with the focus on birds. The project aims to offer new sustainable forms of bird recreation which should result in increasing support for na-ture and birds (Vogelbescherming, 2018). This aim underlines the importance of gaining more insight into which aspects contribute to a higher support for nature and bird protection most. In this paper, we investigate indicators which predict support for bird protection among visitors to the Wadden Sea area. These indicators will be part of a monitoring system which moni-tors the effectiveness of activities of the project from 2021 to 2026. Due to the corona crisis, the actual monitoring could not start yet, as the type of visitors was expected to differ significantly from a normal year. Especially the relatively high number of first time visitors was notable. On the other hand, this gave us more opportunities to investigate differences between visitors.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4295  
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Author Goossen, M.; Dekker, L., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Recreational use in a natura2000 area and stakeholders ideas about management and maintenance: Citizens involvement, understanding the underlying views and the importance of communication. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 208-209  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract We conducted a recreation study in the Jufferswaard, a 31 ha floodplain in the municipality of Renkum with 30.000 inhabitants in the Netherlands. In this Natura 2000 area with recreation we counted the use, conducted a stakeholder analysis, qualitative interviews and an users survey. In contrast to the amount of nature data, there was no recreation data for this area. The Pilogroep, a group of active citizens in the municipality, asked us for this data.In the period 2018-2019 we counted the amount of recreational visits for one year with passive infra-red (PIR) sensors at the four entrances. We used LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) technique: a telecommunications network that allows data to be sent to and from wireless sensors over a long distance gateway. On eight days, we counted the amount of visitors manually to check the PIR-data. The accuracy of the PIR-sensors was 75%. There are 55,000 visits a year, mainly from residents of the neighbouring villages of Renkum and Heelsum. On average there are 150 visits per day, mainly between 12.00 and 14.00. Sundays are by far the busiest days. The stakeholder analysis looked at what wishes were involved about management and maintenance and how much influence the various stakeholders have. According to the Pilogroep, the accessibility of the walking paths could be improved in the area. They also have wishes for the preservation of cultural history in the area. These wishes are not directly shared by the owner of the Jufferswaard: Federal Forest Service Staatsbosbeheer. They maintain the area soberly. The wishes for the area were explained on the basis of nature images consisting of different management. The Pilogroep has a more functional nature image and Staatsbosbeheer a more wilderness nature image, although the Natura 2000 status does not necessarily require a wilderness nature image. The influence of the Pilogroep is limited in contrast to Staatsbosbeheer as an owner. But citizens involvement is important to Staatsbosbeheer.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4294  
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Author Arnberger, A.; Eder, R., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Monitoring of recreation use in Austrian UNESCO Biosphere Reserves – the case of the Wienerwald Biosphere Reserve Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 206-207  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract UNESCOs MAB Programme and its World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) play a key role in the integration of biodiversity conservation in sustainable development. Since 1976, when the MAB Programme designated the first 57 BRs, the Programme has undergone many significant developments. Meanwhile, the WNBR includes more than 700 BRs in 129 countries (Köck & Arnberger 2017). BRs include not only attractive landscapes and specific landscape features but also settlement areas, and can even include parts of larger cities. Such areas are exposed not only to high overnight and day tourism pressure but also to the everyday recreation of even millions of urban residents. Austria established its first four BRs in 1977. These first generation BRs were removed from the WNBR between 2014 and 2016 because of not fulfilling the renewed criteria for BRs (Köck & Arnberger 2017). Two of these BRs were located in East-Austria and part of national parks. While for the former Untere Lobau BR, which is part of the city of Vienna, a rich and long-term data base on recreation uses exists (Arnberger 2006), there is little knowledge on recreation uses of the former Neusiedler-See BR. Between 2000 and 2019, four second generation BRs were established, among these the Wienerwald BR (WBR) located in East-Austria.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4293  
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Author Arklina, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Synergies between youth and biosphere reserve. Case of North Vidzeme Biosphere reserve, Latvia Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 204-205  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic proved that natural areas play an important role in human daily life and even more in their leisure time activities. Managing institutions of specially protected areas are paying more attention to planning tourism infrastructure without harm to the environment and show members of society, especially youth, that these areas are open for people.More and more questions have been raised about young people and their motivation to visit protected natural areas in order to raise awareness and ensure nature protection in the future (Egan, 2016). It is important to understand why travelers go to visit nature tourism attractions and what influences their decision or motivation to go there in order to be able to prepare and offer an appropriate service.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4292  
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Author Pereira da Silva, C.; Mendes, R.N.; Fonseca, C., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title 10 years of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve of Berlengas: Challenges and pitfalls Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 202-203  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The protected areas, including UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, have been witnessing an increase in the number of visitors, resulting in periods of human overload, which can compromise the development strategy, conservation objectives, and the quality of the recreational experience. Information about visitors is therefore vital to create new management strategies, which also include education and environmental awareness.Now, that in 2021 we are celebrating the 10th anniversary of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve of Berlengas (Portugal), it is appropriate to assess the evolution in the last decade, mainly about visitation, and consider the challenges ahead.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4291  
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Author Rupf, R.; Pachlatko, J.B.; Wyttenbach, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Backcountry winter recreation in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Engiadina Val Müstair, Switzerland – Developments in the last 10 years Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 200-201  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Engiadina Val Müstair is situated in the easternmost part of Switzerland at the border to Italy. Since 2010, together with the Swiss National Park, it forms Switzerlands first UNESCO biosphere reserve in the alpine region. The biosphere reserve is well known for its wildlife such as the ibex, chamois and red deer as well as grouse such as the black grouse and capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus). The latter is a large woodland species with very specialized habitat preferences. Its population has declined in recent decades in Central Europe and therefore the species is classified as endangered EN on the Swiss red list of breeding birds. Due to cold conditions with high snow cover and a lack of feed, capercaillies are very sensitive to disturbance in winter.At the same time, Val Müstair biosphere reserve is a renowned backcountry winter recreation area which attracts many visitors who are passionate about winter sports activities like snowshoeing or ski mountaineering. As a consequence, the issue of conflicts between backcountry activities and conservation has emerged. The situation from 2008 to 2010 was analysed by Rupf et al. (2011). It could be demonstrated that winter recreationists travel quite often through capercaillie core habitats.According to Swiss nationwide representative surveysfrom 2008 to 2020, the number of declared active winter backcountry sports recreationists has increased by 275 % from about 165,000 to 455,000 (Lamprecht et al., 2009, 2015, 2020). Additionally, Haegeli et al. (2019) and Rupf et al. (2019) state that some backcountry visitor groups look to avoid crowds and therefore enter new terrain, even though it would increase their risk of being caught by an avalanche. Based on those findings, there is an implication that the wildlife habitats will continue to subjected to the pressure of recreational backcountry winter sports activities. In this article we will address following research questions:1) Could increased numbers of winter backcountry recreationists also be observed in the countryside, specifically in UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Val Engiadina Val Müstair? – How have the numbers of usage changed in the last ten years?2) What effects did a forest clearance on a ski mountaineering route have for its neighbouring wildlife habitats?  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4290  
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Author Jungmeier, M.; Kovarovics, A.; Leitner, H.; Rossmann, D., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Managing emerging patterns of outdoor recreation – The example of Nockberge Bio-sphere Reserve, Austria Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 198-199  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed multiple aspects of human-nature interactions and relationships. In protected areas, for example, the significantly reduced or altered visitor frequencies of the anthropopause (Rutz et al., 2020, p. 1156) have opened up the possibility of observing the influence of tourism and visitor behaviour on wildlife. Yet, the pandemic has increased the pressure on many natural sites and protected areas. An inquiry on European protected areas identifies overcrowding, a new profile of visitors, problematic behavior, and conflicts between different user groups(McGinlay et al., 2020, p. 1) as corresponding problems. This gives measures for the precautionary proactive management of visitor flows and tourism activities a new relevance.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4289  
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Author Farias-Torbidoni, E.I.; Morera-Carbonell, S.; Dorado-Martinez, V.; Nogueira- Mendes, R.M.; Iturria, D.; Sola, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title How many is too much? A methodological approach to determining climbing carrying capacity. The case of Margalef Site – Serra de Montsant Natural Park – Spain Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 196-197  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Protected areas (PA) are key territories for protecting biodiversity while also providing opportunities for human-environment interactions through recreation and tourism, activities that have generally grown all over the world. Over the last three decades, due to the improvement of materials, techniques, and methods of physical preparation, one of the recreational/sports use that has increased considerably in PA has been Climbing that has reached unpredictable popularity and technical levels, increasing pressure and impacts over natural and fragile environments. The Montsant Natural Park, located in the westernmost of the Catalan Pre-littoral range, within the Priorat region, is a special rocky territory with five differentiated climbing areas among which Margalef stands out by being a well known internationally climbing spot with over 1500 routes. This PA that occupies 9.242 hectares, received nearly 166.000 visits in 2020, of which almost 55% concentrated in Margalef area (Farias, Morera & Dorado, 2019). To manage visitation and nature conservation, several carrying capacity frameworks have been developed over the last decades considering all its environmental, social, and economic factors but only a few attempts have been made to operationalize this concept and to transform it into a management tool (Manning 2002). This paper aims to present an adaptation of Cifuentess Touristic Carrying Capacity (Cifuentes,1992), widely applied in the context of trails, to the climbing routes.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4288  
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Author Kim, H.; Ito, R.; Shoji, Y.; Aikoh, T., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Evaluation of crowding acceptability in national recreation area using field and web-based surveys: A case study in Shiretoko World Heritage site Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 194-195  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Crowding management is an important issue in the field of natural recreation. Our study site at Shiretoko National Park is one of Japans most popular natural recreation areas, visited by over 1 million visitors every year. Particularly in the summer season, many visitors want to observe bears, causing crowding problems. To solve these crowding issues, it is essential to determine the appropriate carrying capacity in natural recreation areas. To this end, investigating visitors crowding perceptions (crowding norms) is necessary. There are various approaches to measuring visitors crowding norms. More recently, visual approaches have been widely applied. This approach enables the identification of respondents crowding norms by asking them to identify the most acceptable level of crowding using photographs or illustrations (Manning & Freimund, 2004). As this approach uses photographs or illustrations, respondents can visibly recognize and recall the places in question (Manning & Freimund, 2004). Many studies investigating visitors crowding norms have been conducted using field and web- based surveys. However, researchers have given limited attention to explaining how crowding norms differ between fields and potential visitors. When determining the appropriate carrying capacity in natural recreation areas, it is necessary to consider both visitor types crowding norms; this paper investigates these, providing suggestions for determining the appropriate carrying capacity.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4287  
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Author Hochreutener, A.; Pachlatko, J.; Wyttenbach, M.; Boldt, A.; Rupf, R., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Aletsch Forest in the UNESCO natural World Heritage site Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch: changes of visitor flows and vegetation in the last ten years Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 192-193  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The Aletsch Forest in Switzerland lies within the UNESCO natural World Heritage site Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch and is one of the oldest of its kind. The 410 ha large forest is protected as a cantonal forest and nature reserve as well as a federal wildlife reserve. The private nature conservation organization Pro Natura manages the area on behalf of the canton of Valais. Recreationists greatly value this pristine nature and each summer many people visit the forest. Management of the Aletsch Forest therefore faces the challenge of finding a balance between use and protection. Utmost priority has the undisturbed natural development of the forest. It is prohibited to leave official trails or resting areas. Still, a sustainable recreational use should be possible. To navigate between these demands and to make effective visitor management decisions, the area management needs empirical data to characterise recreationists (Clivaz et al. 2013) as well as the natural setting (Stankey et al. 1985).  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4286  
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Author Matsuba, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Differences in the desired environments for marine and coastal recreational spots: an analysis of user valuation at travel- review websites Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 188-189  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Marine and coastal ecosystems have provided us with various recreational services such as beach recreation, recreational fishing, and aesthetic or spiritual spots. These recreational services have attracted attention in recent years from the viewpoint of improving psychological human well-beings as well as providing economic values through sightseeing and recreation. However, quantitative evaluation of recreational services provided by seascape is not enough. In this research, I constructed the statistical model to reveal the relationship between environments and marine and coastal recreational values evaluated by a user valuation at travel-review websites. Then, I applied this model to future climate and demographic changes to assess future threat to recreation services in Japan.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4285  
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Author Sidder, S.; D'Antonio, A.; Dinkins, J.; Monz, C.; Wesstrom, S., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Exploring landscape-scale social and ecological drivers of backcountry sea kayaker campsite selection in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, USA Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 186-187  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Researchers and land managers increasingly consider parks and protected areas (PPAs) to be integrated social-ecological systems. To apply social-ecological concepts to recreation research in PPAs, researchers must incorporate both social and ecological factors into research on the drivers of recreation behaviors. This research presents one approach for incorporating social and ecological drivers, at the landscape-scale, into a behavioral analysis by applying movement ecology concepts to understand drivers of campsite selection among backcountry sea kayakers in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve (GLBA).  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4284  
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Author Mykletun, R.J., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Cold water wave surfing and tourism destination developments in Norway Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 184-184  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract With a length of 103,000 km, The Norwegian coastline is the second longest worldwide and offers many places with good wave surfing conditions. At the outset, wave surfing was a warm water leisure activity, but modern wetsuits provide thermal protection for surfers that make cold water surfing possible. Since its onset in 1963, surfing in Norway has grown as leisure, sport, and tourism activities. To date, only two papers have focused surfing in Norway.Langseth focused on the construction of surfer identities in Norway, while Elmahdy, Orams, & Mykletun (2021) studied Norwegian surfers experiences and travel behaviour. No official registration of surfing sites exists, and studies have addressed the localisation and development of surfing destinations and possible consequential environmental issues on the Norwegian coastline, which is the focus of this paper. How and where has surfing developed in Norway, and does it threaten conservation and protection goals?  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4283  
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Author Wennstrom, C., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Old fortification islands opened for visitors in Finland Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 182-183  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract In 1999 the Finnish government decided to concentrate the management of all state-owned land and water areas to Metsähallitus, which is an unincorporated state enterprise responsible of the management and protection of the state-owned land and water areas in Finland. For example, areas from the Finnish Defence Forces were moved to Metsähallitus. Many of these sites were islands that had been closed to the public for several decades. These sites contain a very rich biodiversity and a strong cultural heritage. This presentation on how Metsähallitus opened two old military islands to the visitors is a practical example on what kind of management issues can rise when opening new marine protected areas to coastal-marine recreation.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4282  
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Author Botelho, A.Z.; Costa, A.C.; Parente, M.I.; Torres, P.; Borges, P.; Nunes, J.C.; Ventura, M.A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Seascapes in the Azores: from tourist perception to site evaluation Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 180-181  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The Archipelago of the Azores has a high potential for tourism differentiation at an international level due to its distinctive and unique characteristics and natural beauty. Seascapes have high biological diversity, ecological and economic connectivity, and aesthetic and cultural value (Atkinson et al., 2011), although seldom subjected to assessments. Additionally, marine geological heritage has been only occasionally exploited by Azorean companies, mostly because there is a lack of data about underwater geodiversity, geological heritage, and its valuation, for recreational purposes. This study (within the project SCAPETOUR – SeaSCAPEs promotion to diversify TOURistic products) aimed to analyze visitors perception regarding the importance of seascapes features and their value, more specifically: a detailed and full characterization as well as sectorial analyses of selected coastal and underwater trails for tourism and a valuation of seascapes for tourism and conservation purposes, including visitors perception regarding the seascape features. In the context of species conservation and ecosystem protection, it is important to increase users and stakeholders knowledge on the natural value of the assets to promote sustainable use of the ocean and marine life.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4281  
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Author De Bie, K.; Rose, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Community usage, awareness and perceptions of marine parks and sanctuaries in Victoria, Australia. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 178-179  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract National parks and protected areas in Victoria, Australia, are managed by a state government agency, Parks Victoria.Parks Victoria was established in 1998 and are responsible for managing an expanding and diverse estate covering more than 4 million hectares, or about 17 per cent, of the state.In 2002, the Victorian Government established the Marine National Park system, including 13 Marine National Parks (MPAs) and 11 Marine Sanctuaries.MPAs span Victorias five marine bioregions and aim to conserve and protect ecological processes, habitats and associated flora and fauna. With 2022 signalling the 20-year anniversary of the Victorian Marine National Park system, there was a desire to better understand Victorians current awareness, usage and perceptions of marine parks and sanctuaries.Specific aims of this research include to: Measure recent community visitation to the MNPS Understand community awareness of, and key perceived benefits of the MNPS Identify differences in perceptions, if any, between users, non-users and their respective segments Identify indicators and metrics that could measure the social, ecological and/or economic value provided by the MNPS Understand awareness and reception of current communication tools, and identify avenues to develop and refine communications in general  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4280  
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Author Kaae, B.C.; Olafsson, A.S., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Inclusion of coastal and marine recreation in a data-driven framework for ecosystem-based Maritime Spatial Planning in Danish marine waters. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 176-176  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract This presentation describes how coastal and marine recreation data has been included in a cross-sectoral project ECOMAR: A data-driven framework for ecosystem-based Maritime Spatial Planning in Danish marine waters. This development and demonstration project involves data from a range of marine sectors including coastal and marine recreation and analyses these in an extensive cumulative impact assessment modelling. The presentation will focus on the results linked to the coastal and marine recreation: How other marine sectors have impact on coastal and marine recreation as well as the recreational impacts on some of the sectors. The results, implications and use of coastal and marine recreation data for Maritime Spatial Planning and management are discussed and related to the newly released Danish Maritime Spatial Plan.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4279  
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Author Teles da Mota, V.; Pickering, C., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Mapping visitation across thousands of kilometres of beaches using social media data Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 174-175  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Coastal areas are very popular worldwide, providing a range of important ecosystem services. Tourism and recreation are within those services, with beach tourism popular in a range of areas including the Mediterranean, east and west coast of the USA, Latin America and Australia. Assessing tourists to beaches including who visits, when and where and what they value is important for tourism and coastal managers, including to better allocate facilities and resources and for tourism campaigns. Traditional methods such as direct observations, track counters, and surveys have been used to gather such data, but with some limitations (Veal, 2018). In an attempt to complement traditional methods, metadata of posts on social media platforms have been increasingly used by researchers to assess visitation to natural areas (Ghermandi & Sinclair, 2019; Teles da Mota & Pickering, 2020), as it is often free and easy to use, and provide large amounts of user generated content. Beaches, although very popular for tourism, are only now being assessed using geolocated data from social media. This talk presents preliminary results of a comparison of temporal and spatial patterns of beach use at a regional scale, using Flickr images metadata. Specifically, it assesses: (1) who visits beaches, including locals, other nationals and international tourists, and (2) temporal and (3) spatial patterns of beach use along the whole 2,101 km coastline of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, including Sydney, the largest city in Australia with internationally renowned beaches including Bondi and Manly.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4278  
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Author Hansen, A.S.; Glette, V.; Arce, J.F., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Mapping recreational activities in coastal and marine areas – PPGIS findings from western Sweden Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 172-173  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The presentation reports on a study and published paper with a focus on mapping coastal-marine recreation in the Gothenburg region on the west coast of Sweden. In Sweden, outdoor recreation is considered an important land and water use activity, and is associated with key societal aspects, such as increased environmental awareness, public health and local development. For this reason, outdoor recreation has become an important planning topic in the Gothenburg region, which offers many recreational opportunities in the coastal zone (Hansen, 2016).  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4277  
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Author Breiby, M.A.; Selvaag, S.K.; Oian, H.; Duedahl, E.; Lerfald, B., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Managing sustainable development in recreational and protected areas Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 168-169  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract In the process of developing local visitor strategies for the Norwegian Protected Areas within 2020, the intention is to facilitate for better visitor experiences and improve local economies related to tourism, without affecting the conservation values (Norwegian Environment Agency, 2015). Hence, protected areas have become more closely connected to their economic and social environments, with an emphasis on integrating national parks into wider regional and local tourism development processes (e.g., Hidle, 2019; Puhakka & Saarinen, 2013). This case study involves a mountain municipality with two of the largest national parks in Norway, Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella and Rondane-Dovre. More than 73% of the municipalitys area has protection status. As protection regulations restrict tourism development within the borders of the park, the governmental policy is to encourage tourism development in the edge zones. However, recently the government has asked each national park to develop individual visitor strategies in order to allow for extended tourism activities within the borders of the national park. Tourism development is welcomed in mountain communities that experiences depopulation and shrinking job opportunities. Local inhabitants do on the one hand resent the protections regulations as it put restriction on how the protected areas were used traditionally, and on the other hand they are concerned that increased tourism inside the park will prioritize the needs of visitors more than of the local inhabitants.   
  Call Number Serial (down) 4276  
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Author Spernbauer, B.; Monz, C.; Smith, J., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Impacts and trade-offs of alternative transportation systems in U.S. National Parks Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 166-167  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract As climate change continues to become a serious threat to social and ecological systems, strategies to reduce emissions are becoming increasingly important. Many park and protected area management agencies have begun to seriously consider their role in contributing to, and possibly mitigating, climate change. The US National Park Service, for example, has attempted to reduce the emissions generated as a result of park visitation by implementing alternative transportation systems (ATS) at select national parks across the country. Those most commonly include voluntary or mandatory shuttle systems. Despite their promise of reducing emissions while also alleviating congestion and capacity issues, the implementation of ATS can have other consequences such as negatively affecting visitor experiences, resource conditions at attraction sites, and park budgets (Law- son et al., 2017; Manning et al., 2014). National park managers are consequently placed in the precarious position of having to consider the visitor experience, resource protection, and economic development (National Park Service, 2004). Balancing trade-offs between environmental, social, and economic interests is made more difficult given the lack of research which has taken a comprehensive approach to the implications of ATS. This research begins to fill this gap by systematically examining the primary and secondary impacts of ATS in US National Parks. By doing so, we provide managers and researchers with a holistic view on the topic, and point out the trade-offs that need to be considered when considering implementing or expanding an ATS.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4275  
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Author Selin, S.; Valenzuela, F.; Golston, J., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title A participatory assessment of the USDA Forest Service Southwestern Regions sustainable recreation strategy Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 164-165  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Public land management agencies, both in the United States and internationally, have been challenged mightily to operationalize sustainable outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism policies and practices at a field level.  Needed are action-oriented and field-based evaluative research focused on “how” sustainable recreation is being operationalized in the field.  The purpose of this research study was to conduct a participatory evaluation of the Southwestern Region (Region 3) Sustainable Recreation Strategy (SRS) after five years of implementation.  Using both outcome-based and process measures, the study evaluated the efficacy of SRS policy/program actions and interventions in progressing towards its original goals and expected outcomes.  In addition, the study also assessed what policy/program adjustments are needed in the SRS to adapt to system and agency change and to strengthen the capacity of Region 3 Recreation Programs across the 11 National Forests.    
  Call Number Serial (down) 4274  
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Author Oian, H.; Ericsson, B.; Selvaag, S.; Breiby, M.; Lerfald, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title The second home industry in Norway – management and sustainability Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 162-163  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Norway, like the other Nordic countries, has long holiday-cabin traditions (see e.g. Müller, 2007). Until a few decades ago cabins were built scattered throughout large mountainous areas and were mostly without electricity, water supply, and car road connection. Since the 80s, urbanization, growing average income, increased mobility, flexible working hours, and digitalization have caused an increasing demand for second homes with a standard that roughly equals first homes. This has changed both the landscapes and the ways in which people are using their second homes. The increase in the number of second homes should also be seen in the context of the continuous depopulation of Norways mountain municipalities. The growing tourism industry is often viewed as the lifeline in these communities. This has contributed significantly to the boom in second home industry, especially in areas easily accessible from the metropolitan areas. While offering economic advantages for landowners and developers, local businesses, and municipalities, the second home industry encounters several sustainability challenges, which has resulted in resentments and conflicts among several kinds of stakeholders (Overvåg & Berg, 2011).  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4273  
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Author Cajiao, D.; Leung, Y.; Larson, L.; Tejedo, P.; Benayas, J., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Exploring the association of trip characteristics and motivations with pro-environmental outcomes of Antarctic tourists: An analysis based on PRE and POST surveys. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 160-161  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Tourism in Antarctica has significantly increased and diversified over the last decades (Carey, 2020). In the 2019-2020 season, the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) reported 74 401 tourists visiting the continent, representing a 134% increase from the 2010-2011 season (IAATO, 2021). While Antarctic tourists are purported to have meaningful interactions with the Antarctic environment, little empirical research exists to understand how motivations and trip characteristics of the Antarctic journey shape tourists experiential outputs, which may in turn influence their pro-environmental outcomes, both core elements of Nature Based Tourism (NBT) experiences.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4272  
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Author Akurugoda, I.; Karunaratne, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Challenges and potentials of sustainable ecotourism management and conservation: A case study of Kanneliya rainforest in Sri Lanka Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 158-159  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Tourism has become a major income source in the Sri Lankan economy. During 1980s, beach tourism was a prominent industry in Sri Lanka. This trend has been changed over time and according to the new world trends. At present, tourism has various sub-divisions such as ecotourism, agro-tourism, adventure tourism and heritage tourism (Fernando & Meedeniya, 2009; SLTDA, 2015). Out of these, ecotourism can be identified as the most popular and fastest growing sub-division of the tourism industry (Donohoe & Needham, 2006; Page & Dowling, 2001; Fennell, 2003). Ecotourism, according to Fenell (2001) is traveling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations (both past and present) found in these areas. Fennell (2001) identifies five of the most frequently cited variables within ecotourism: (1) reference to where ecotourism occurs (natural areas); (2) conservation; (3) reference to culture; (4) benefits to locals; and (5) education. The practice of ecotourism has generated interest of many stakeholders as it attempts to satisfy contrasting conservation and tourism development needs (Donohoe & Needham, 2006). For Das & Chatterjee (2015), proper management of the ecotourism sites at each of economic, social and environmental could help in the long-term conservation.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4271  
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Author Chekalina, T.; Fuchs, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Evaluating the impact of mobile apps on nature-based tourism experiences Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 156-157  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The study focuses on the evaluation of the impact of applications developed for smartphones intended for usage in connection with nature-based tourism (NBT) experience. Outdoor recreationists increasingly use mobile applications to interact with nature by consuming, creating and sharing the content related to NBT experience before, during and after the trip (Wang et al., 2014; Dickinson, Hibbert, and Filimonau, 2016). We argue that both, content and the various elements of mobile apps functionalities show the capacity to enhance major aspects of the NBT experience, such as emotional, social and epistemic experience value, as well as excellence, efficiency and safety (Chekalina, Fuchs, and Lexhagen, 2018). NBT segments utilize various functional elements of mobile apps (either web-based applications or native apps users need to download and install on their smartphones), such as map-based information, weather/avalanche warnings, augmented reality and 360 images, QR-code tags and geocaching, location-based services, near field communication (NFC) and mobile payments, as well as social media integration (Buhalis and Foerste, 2014; Kolas et al., 2015). Prior research identifies various categories of apps, which can enhance the NBT experience (Chekalina, Fossgard, and Fuchs, 2021). Digital reference books replace printed guides of birds, plants, mushrooms and integrate image recognition and augmented reality technology. The categories of “exercise and training” apps and “map and navigation” apps show similarities in terms of content and functionality. However, the former category focuses on performance, such as pace, distance, elevation or calorie consumption, while the focus of apps in the latter category is on tracks, routes and attractions. Other categories of apps include travel guides, weather apps, games, compass apps, flashlight apps, apps for photo and video, as well as niche social media networks (Chekalina et al., 2021).  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4270  
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Author Hartje, V., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Funding outdoor recreational opportunities in Germany- conceptual foundations and state of literature and data Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 154-155  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract A lot of the economic research on the management of visitors in recreational and protected areas focuses on the demand side (what makes visitors tick). It asks how management could relate/ react to the needs, interests, behavior of visitors to make the recreational experience worthwhile for these visitors. This is to a large extent due to the methodological advances in valuing recreational decisions. Comparatively, the amount of research on the supply side of recreational opportunities has been rather small. The standard economic analysis of supply of other (e. g. consumer) goods (in economic terms private goods) focuses on the need to make the necessary resources available for the production of these goods, looks at the cost implications and sees how prices develop to cover these costs and how they fund the supply of these goods. This analysis has been applied to recreation as a recreational production process by Loomis & Walsh in their textbook in 1997. Within this approach, a public supply of recreational opportunities is combined with a household production involving time, money skill equipment to generate visitor use of the area (p.14). I would like to propose a differentiation of their model, by pointing out that outdoor recreational opportunities are not managed jointly as a public supply (as in the National Parks in the USA), but that the major inputs to recreational opportunities (land, landscape qualities, water bodies, access, ancillary infrastructure, information about the opportunities and users knowledge for use) are often provided separately, by different providers and funded by varying sources. This is the case in Germany and it can be observed in other countries as well.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4269  
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Author Nowak, M.; Heldt, T., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Financing recreational trails through donations: Management challenges, visitor experiences and behavioural theory in a mountain biking context Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 152-153  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The demand for outdoor recreation has significantly increased over the last decade, and along with this the pressure on financial resources required to develop recreational infrastructure in nature areas. Fiscal and regulatory policies to generate the necessary funding are often neither ideologically nor legally accepted in countries where the right of public access applies, which is particularly broad in scope in the Nordics. Local stakeholders are thus reliant on voluntary contributions of visitors as one funding source (Sandell & Fredman, 2010). However, since these are often insufficient to cover the costs of infrastructure development, new strategies are called for to realise the benefits of trail-based recreation in the Nordics, without impeding the right to roam and the welfare of the natural environment (Sandell & Fredman, 2010). Soft policy approaches enhanced with insights from behavioural economics may offer such alternatives (Heldt, 2005). Recent research in this field provides strong arguments that consideration of social and psychological factors can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of soft policies (Avineri, 2012; Thaler & Sunstein, 2008). Behavioural theories like the Norm Activation Model (Schwartz, 1977), Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 2012), and Conditional Cooperation (Frey & Meier, 2004) have thus increasingly been used to study different pro-social behaviours and to inform policies accordingly (Testa et al., 2018). Despite their success in various field, behaviourally informed policies are still rare in the management of nature areas.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4268  
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Author Konu, H.; Tyrvainen, L., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Tourism firms perceptions on payments for ecosystem services model – Case: Landscape and Recreation Value Trade Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 150-151  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Countries with abundant natural environments have recently attracted growing number of tourists motivated mainly by the variety of nature-based activities and attractions. The nature is the core resource in nature-based tourism and hence quality of nature as well as its accessibility are essential for service providers (e.g. Fredman & Tyrväinen, 2010). Although tourism industry benefits directly or indirectly from nature and landscape conservation, it is not usually actively engaged in or contributing to these targets. One reason for this is the lack of diverse incentives and models that enable the contribution easily (Konu & Tyrväinen, 2020). Therefore, new instruments, such as Payments of Ecosystem Services (PES) models, are needed in nature-based tourism areas to secure the natural environments and enhance the quality of forest landscapes (e.g. Tyrväinen et al. 2014, Mäntymaa et al., 2019). The PES policies compensate communities or individuals for taking actions that support and increase the provision of ecosystem services (Jack et al., 2008). It is noted that to be efficient and generally accepted a PES scheme should be both socially and environmentally robust and fulfil the needs of stakeholders involved (Reed et al., 2017). Hence the participatory approach and mapping stakeholder perceptions have a central role in developing PES models. This case study introduces a tourism-related PES model that will be funded by tourism sector to support landscape and recreational values of forests in Ruka-Kuusamo tourism area in northern Finland.  
  Call Number Serial (down) 4267  
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