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Author Kobayashi, Y.; Watanabe, T., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Monitoring and predicting trail erosion in Daisestuzan National Park in Japan Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 380-381  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Mountain trail erosion is one of the geomorphological phenomena, which is generally caused by surface water and human trampling. Mountain trail erosion is one of the most serious problems in many national parks of Japan. Such examples are observed on trails in Mt. Rausu-take (Shiretoko National Park), Mt. Rishiri-san (Rishiri Rebun Sarobetsu National Park), Mt. Daisetsuzan (Daisetsuzan National Park), and Mt. Miyanoura-take (Yakushima National Park). Volcanic ashes cover trails in most of these mountains, and snow remains until the time when many trekkers come. For these reasons, trails in these mountains are eroded rapidly and deeply. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies to predict further erosion. Mountain trail erosion has been traditionally studied by surveying cross-sectional changes at certain sites. The method of surveying cross section can be conducted quickly and simply for park managers to understand changing magnitudes of mountain trail erosion for a long period. In Japan, this method has been used mainly in Daisetsuzan National Park, and numerous data have been already accumulated in some trails. However, magnitudes of mountain trail erosion are understood in just two dimensions by this method. Furthermore, the largest limitation of this method is that the eroded/deposited area is understood only at the measured sites and does not produce the eroded/deposited volume of the entire trail segment with a certain length, which is more important for trail management. This study, conducted in Daisetsuzan National Park (DNP), Japans largest national park, has three objectives: (1) to show digital elevation models (DEMs) of the mountain trails including the surrounding ground surface, and to estimate the change of the eroded volume from 2014 to 2021; (2) to predict further erosion in the near future; and (3) to understand a relationship between the trail erosion and the number of trekkers.   
  Call Number Serial 4368  
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Author Sun, Y.; Watanabe, T., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Efforts to improve sustainable tourism and environment sustainability: understanding from local peoples perspective in Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal Himalaya Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 384-385  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Nature- and culture-based tourism have been prevalent pathways for most of the worlds indigenous people (McLaren, 2003). Tourism has been a significant component of Nepals economy.Mountain tourism plays a leading role in Nepals tourism industry. Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone (SNPBZ) is the third-largest visited protected area in Nepal (Ministry of Culture, Tourism, and Civiation, 2020). Rapid development of tourism has brought remarkable changes in SNPBZ. Spoon (2012) and Stevens (1991, 1993) discussed tourism impacts on cultural values and lifestyle of mountain residents. Nepal (2005)argued the unequal power structures and income differences induced by tourism in the park. Tourism is one of the essential elements to realize sustainable mountain development. To realize sustainable tourism, it is vital to enhance the well-being of residents and visitor experience in mountain regions. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the efforts made by local residents to improve sustainable tourism and environment sustainability in SNPBZ.  
  Call Number Serial 4369  
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Author Derek, M.; Kulczyk, S.; Wozniak, E.; Grzyb, T., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Where green is greener? Multi-data approach for typology of urban green spaces Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 386-387  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract As the global level of urbanization is rising, with 74% of Europeans living in urban areas (United Nations, 2018), public green spaces located with-in urban and peri-urban zone remain the most accessible (and sometimes unique) option of di-rect contact with nature. Such a contact can pro-vide a variety of immaterial benefits for humans, identified as Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES). Like other Ecosystem Services (ES), CES are vul-nerable to external impacts, such as urbanization processes. However, unlike other types of ES, cultural values of ecosystems or landscapes are irreplaceable: once destroyed, cannot be resti-tuted (Plieninger et al., 2013). Therefore, their proper management is the issue of a great im-portance. CES are co-production of environmen-tal features and cultural practices, what results in a constant need for new methodological solu-tions based on interdisciplinary approaches. Un-derstanding patterns of CES flow is recognized as crucial for effective landscape management and policy development (van Zanten et al., 2016).Hegetschweiler et al. (2017) found out that studies which had examined CES in urban areas tend to focus on supply or demand factors, but rarely establish links between one another. The need of further research on linkages be-tween different types of green infrastructure, a variety of forms of their use as well as on gained benefits is also underlined by OBrien et al. (2017). Such an approach requires combining natural and social data together. In this study we address this challenge. The aim of the research is to develop a typology of public green spaces (hereinafter PGS) in an urban zone, basing on the character of CES flow. As this flow can be influenced by manage-ment, it is important to propose an approach which will include a variety of data reflecting natural features of PGS as well as preferences and behaviours of its visitors. A typology of urban green areas can help in successful management especially on the urban zone level, where a more holistic and integrated approach is needed.  
  Call Number Serial 4370  
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Author Liu, Y.; Olafsson, A. S., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Intentional and incidental nature experiences in urban nature Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 388-389  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The importance of urban nature has been empha-sized alongside the concept of sustainable city and urban livability. Urban nature can refer to all kinds of green spaces, such as lawns, community gardens, urban parks, urban forests and urban cemeteries. It is known that urban nature deliv-ers the cultural ecosystem services that largely link to human well-being. Hence, many scholars focus on multi-functionality of urban nature (Fagerholm et al., 2019; Hansen et al., 2019), and try to find the link between motives and experi-ences (Vierikko et al., 2020) in order to have a broad understanding of the day to day practice of urban nature. However, due to the extinction of the experiences and loss of human-nature inter-actions, more research should pay attention to nature experiences in order to develop sustaina-ble urban recreational destinations with high citizens experiential values.The built environment with access to in-frastructure and green spaces are preferred dur-ing the lockdown (Amerio et al., 2020). The hu-man-nature interaction is greatly motivated by intentional uses of urban nature provided by in-frastructures, and the fact urban nature can pro-vide spaces for social activities and so on. Yet, little is focus on how restorative experiences, emotions, surprises and sensory experiences can encourage urban dwellers a close contact with nature. Does the increasing recreational use of urban nature at this special moment indicate an increasing need of restorative benefits and better well-being from the urban nature? And is the intentional recreational use of urban nature gen-erated by any incidental experiences gained from urban nature or indirect use of urban nature, due to the fact that well-practiced behaviors are gen-erated by incidental experience? This study cate-gorizes nature experiences into intentional na-ture experiences and incidental nature experi-ences, and aims to answer the following ques-tions (1) what is intentional and incidental nature experience and what are the most common mapped activities in terms of the intentional and incidental use of urban nature (2) which type of urban nature and which landscape feature(s) can provide more intentional or incidental nature experiences (3) what is the relationship between these two kinds of nature experiences?  
  Call Number Serial 4371  
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Author Singsaas, M.; Gundersen, V., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Tradition and destination: Socio-ecological sustainability and the host-visitor inter-face in second-home development in Norway Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 390-391  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Second homes (SH) are a major form of domestic tourism in many countries, especially the Nordic countries. Nearly 50% of Norways population have access to at least one SH. Over the last 20-30 years, the average SH size has increased significantly (62.2 m2 in 1983 to 96.2 m2 in 2019) and a typical SH now holds very high material standard. Moreover, four times as many SHs were built in 2019 compared to 1983 (6455 versus 1600). In this period, the majority of the second home growth in Norway has taken place in the rural mountain areas (Skjeggedal et al. 2016), placing these areas under a multitude of interrelated pressures; Buildings and activities place local nature and biodiversity under pressure, but in addition the modern SHD trend also places pressure on the host-visitor relationships and land management systems, as well as altering local economies.Compared to other forms of recreation and tourism, Second home developments (SHD) poses particular challenges. SH owners are tourists, and exert similar impact on hosting communities, however, the dwelling use (Paris, 2014) of SHs, characterized by extended and repeated visits, sometimes spanning generations, implies different social, economic and ecological impacts than from other forms of tourism. Covering 39% of the total Norwegian area and 70% of Norways protected land, mountain municipalities are facing negative population trends, decreasing economic opportunities in the traditional industries and low accessibility to important public services. Since the 1990s rural areas have increasingly been portrayed as arenas for post-productivist amenity and leisure production for a growing urban population (Perkins 2006; Overvåg 2010; Rønningen & Flemsæter 2016). With widespread second home developments, intensive tourism developments, and other recreational use, new actors are claiming a stake in the outfields and in local governance (Overvåg et al. 2016). Existing research tends not to have dealt holistically with SH pressures. Despite a growing literature on the challenges mountain communities face (e.g. Arnesen et al. 2010) and the commodifications of rural resources (Perkins 2006, Rønningen & Flemsæter 2016), descriptions and analyses of local inhabitants and SH owners land use practices, experiences and meanings are still scarce. Without a better understanding of the increasing and transforming SH developments and its competing interests, values and practices, the pressures related to SH is likely to intensify, leading to conflicts and hampering ecological as well as economic and social sustainability.As the SH transforms to year-round use and even as a primary residence, the changed and increased recreational practices have put pressure on ecosystems (e.g. wild reindeer habitats), sheep and reindeer herding practices and local nature practices such as hunting and berry picking (e.g. Arnesen et al. 2019). Thus, recent SHD has increased tensions between nature users and nature conservationists and between hosts carrying out traditional local practices and visitors challenging these. While an array of branding and visitation strategies, initiated by national government, are being developed in protected areas throughout Norway, there is a lack of national policies and institutional support for SH management in local communities surrounding protected areas. While protected areas area managed by the State, SH planning lies within the realm of local government. Local authorities are thus in a strong position to guide development, however, asHall and Müller (2004) points out, it can also result in a lack of regional and national consistency in planning guidelines. The double challenge local councils face; few formal tools for visitation regulations outside protected areas, and the distinctive impacts from dwelling SH users, highlights the need for transgressing the current focus on building regulation, to a wider comprehensive planning for social sustainability in addition to economical and ecological sustainability. We therefore look at how SH are incorporated into the strategic planning process at local and regional levels, in ensuring sustainable development of SH in a broad sense. To better understand the degree and implications of these tensions and pressures, there is need to take a bottom-up perspective, looking at the SHD phenomenon by investigating different groups of peoples nature-based practices, their values and expressed attitudes and meanings, to further develop insights of relevance to local as well as national decision-making processes enabling a more sustainable second home development.  
  Call Number Serial 4372  
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Author Lykkja, H., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Visitor management as a tool to develop sustainable local communities Experiences from pilot project in Nordland, Norway 2018-2021 Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 392-393  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Global travel has exploded in recent decades and challenges the current management system. How can attractive destinations like the popular Lofoten islands in Northern Norway face the “tsunami” of new travelers? Who will pay the hidden costs? The effect of strong growth in the number of visitors and changes in travel patterns, type of experiences, as well as visitor behavior is now creating a challenge for many communities and destinations. How can the local communities be empowered to take more control over their own tourism development? Nordland extends about 250 km both north and south of the polar circle and offers exciting experiences connected to a broad range of landscapes, it borders the North Atlantic which creates a climate more moderate than any other place in the arctic. Nordland County Council (fylkeskommune) which runs this project, is the regional governing administration of Nordland county, running upper secondary schools, county roads, public transport, culture and cultural heritage, providing regional planning strategies and advising its 41 municipalities in local planning and management. Nordland County Council has worked systematically with experience-based tourism for the last 10 years and this project is anchored in the Strategy for Tourism and Innovation.What characterizes tourism is that, because production and consumption of the experience takes place in the same place, customers are brought to the place of production. This is the reason why tourism greatly affects the communities in which it is practiced. The aim of the pilot project is to develop tools and methods that ensure sustainable visitor management. The focus is to empower communities to participate in the development process as they bring local knowledge which can make the difference between a policy succeeding or failing. The object of this project is to involve communities and other actors in a holistic way, in order to develop tools which will help to take care of nature and the environment, ensure that the experience is good for both visitors and residents, while the local value creation is the greatest possible.  
  Call Number Serial 4373  
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Author Liberg, M. S.; Bjornstad, K., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Integrated visitor management.The Norwegian regional parks as integration actors Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 394-395  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Visitor management in Norway has primarily been focused inside protected areas. However, there is an urgent challenge to work in more integrated ways to create more connections with surrounding communities. After the Norwegian Environment Agency published its guide for visitor management in protected areas (2015), several of the Norwegian national parks have increased its focus on visitor management. Although many national parks have such plans, there is still a challenge in how the national parks respond to the needs and challenges of local communities outside its borders. In a recent study from 2021, Aasen Lundberg et al. pointed out that the national parks in Norway are weak at creating connections with communities outside the borders of the protected areas. Based on this, we would argue that there is a clear need in Norway for more integrated approaches for visitor management and park planning. New dynamic and more integrated park models have emerged in continental Europe during the last few decades (Mose et al. 2007). However, Norway has been slow in adopting these models. Europes Regional Nature Landscape Parks (NRL) (Europarc Federation 2020) exemplify the “integration approach” through more participatory park models present in 22 countries. The integrated park policies and the regional nature parks of Switzerland is a good example of a new park model promoting integrated and bottom-up approaches. They are legitimized through national laws and planning instruments, and perform well in facilitating sectoral interests by combining both vertical and horizontal integrations (Hammer and Siegrist 2016)Inspired by the French and Swiss regional nature parks, the Norwegian regional parks have developed from the bottom-up.In contrast to Switzerland, the Norwegian regional parksare not yet anchored in national legislation. However, they do act as effective platforms for different local and regional actors in integrated ways (Stokke et al. 2016). The regional parks work across sectors and at different levels. They work in the “in between areas” where sectoral authorities do not often reach. They establish broad partnerships with local authorities, community associations and commercial firms. In this study, we have focused on the experiences of two Norwegian regional parks that have worked with visitor management in recent year. They are one of the first non-protected areas working with visitor management in Norway. It is the Nærøyfjord World Heritage Park and the Okstindan nature and culture park. As regional parks they are not formally recognized as protected areas.  
  Call Number Serial 4374  
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Author Clemetsen, M.; Stokke, K. B., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Creating synergies between nature-based tourism and local community development through enhanced dialogue processes. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 398-399  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Nature-based tourism (NBT) has for decades been a major resource for value creation and local development in rural districts in Norway. However, in recent years some areas have experienced an increasing pressure from the tourism industry, both in fjord- and coastal and mountain regions (Stokke et al. 2017). A more fine-tuned and sensitive attitude to attractions related to wildlife, quietness, and local stories and storytelling is emerging, and has a substantial potential for integrating NBT and local community development.In a long-term perspective, it is essential for municipalities and local communities to balance the influx of tourists and the capacity to welcome them. To inform planning and development processes, it is therefore important to understand the tangible and intangible place-based values and resources attached to minor rural communities.In the present global situation represented by the pandemic lock down, climate and bio-diversity crises, there is a growing awareness in local and regional governments, that tourism in general, and nature-based tourism specifically, also should be a partner in developing place-based and sustainable transition-processes (Clemetsen et al 2021).This might involve a broad variety of actors, from local residents – young and older, small scale entrepreneurs, farmers, schools, municipal administrators, etc. Thus, in the process of developing strategies for an unknown and uncertain future, there is a need to apply appropriate process tools that may foster development of shared visions, strategies and measures that support sustainable development. The complexity in the process of understanding place, place-based values, and their potential for future value creation, demand methods that commits the participants beyond what is required in ordinary local planning processes. To pursue this ambition, it is necessary to create arenas for negotiation of interests, and for developing strategies for social and economic initiatives involving the local community, the municipality, and other stakeholders.On the background of a participatory workshop conducted in the BIOTOUR[1] case area in Trysil municipality in 2019, we will discuss possible methods and tools that can provide arenas for dialogue processes, supporting nature-based tourism development and social viability within the local community.  
  Call Number Serial 4376  
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Author Sagheim, K. B.; Lerfald, M.; Kvamme, S., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Sharing in the context of nature-based tourism Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 402-403  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The tourism sector is impacted by megatrends such as increased availability of high-tech equipment, information and communication technology (ICT) and the sharing economy (SE) (Elmahdy et al. 2017). High-tech equipment and clothing provide tourists with increased comfort and safety. The ICT enables online booking and digital communication and in recent years, digital platforms have enabled sharing of underutilized assets with strangers. These global trends expect to affect the demand for nature-based tourism experiences, and the way people engage with nature (Fredman & Margaryan 2020, p. 6). A part of the nature-based tourism (NBT) sector is equipment-intensive, with activity-adapted development of specialized equipment and clothing (e.g., Randonnée, kiting, kayaking). The equipment is often expensive and underutilized. One of the key themes in the NBT literature is to understand the role of NBT in the context of global transformations as (among others) the SE (Elmahdy et al. 2017; Fredman & Margaryan 2020). The SE includes a broad set of activities and concepts, from Airbnb and Uber to companies enabling temporary transactions of assets, often labelled access-based consumption (Eckhardt & Bardhi 2015) or on-demand renters (Trabucchi et al. 2019). The focus in access-based consumption, is to gain access to goods or services for a limited period without acquiring ownership (Eckhardt & Bardhi 2015). Moreover, on-demand renters are characterized by companies which enable a temporary transaction of new assets (Trabucchi et al. 2019, p. 1007). These approaches present an innovative version of the traditional renting business model where the companies provide a platform that offers direct access to shared assets (B2C, C2C), without any human intermediaries (Trabucchi et al. 2019). The literature on SE is growing but has a strong bias towards cities and metropolitan regions. More knowledge is needed about the development of the SE in peripheral areas (Agarwal & Steinmetz 2019). With this backdrop there is a need for more knowledge about what people are willing to share and with whom, and how the use of technology can affect the NBT experiences. Findings from Iversen and Hem (2018) and Fredman & Margaryan (2020) underpin these knowledge gaps. To fill these gaps, the purpose of this article is to investigate attitudes towards sharing of gear (including clothes) among tourists doing NBT in Norway, aiming to increase our knowledge about NBT in the context of sharing economy and to contribute to the knowledge gap about sharing economy in general and in peripheral areas in particular.  
  Call Number Serial 4377  
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Author Farstad, E.; Haukeland, J. V., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title The sharing economy in the context of outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism in Innlandet County, Norway Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 404-405  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The sharing economy (SE) refers to an economic model defined as a peer-to-peer based activity of acquiring, providing, or sharing access to goods and services that is often facilitated by a commu-nity-based on-line platform (Ranjbari et al., 2018). SE is growing rapidly, and it is assumed that both new business models and new products based on digital sharing platforms can provide more efficient resource use through increased competition and innovation (NOU 2017:4). Thus, the paper addresses the future role and poten-tials of SE in the context of outdoor recreation and nature-based regional tourism in Innlandet County, Norway. SE research has so far been mainly concentrated within urban contexts, whereas there is a shortage of apposite studies connected to sparsely populated regions in gen-eral and to outdoor recreation/ nature-based tourism in particular. Opportunities of the SE in rural areas lie in e.g., provision of shared mobili-ty, accommodations, food, specialized tools and equipment, and personal services such as guiding, courses, and other skilled human resources; needed for recreational stays and activities in nature areas; and availing prosumtion of nature-based assets. SE can be particularly viable in na-ture areas where such resources may be scarce, or where traditional commercial establishment may not be sustainable.  
  Call Number Serial 4378  
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Author Aslan, E.; Hem, L. E.; Iversen, N., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Customer-focused drivers in the sharing economy: A meta-analysis Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 406-407  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Kotler (1972) defines marketing as “the set of human activities directed at facilitating and consummating exchanges” (p.12). Ordinarily, these exchanges are associated with permanent ownership between buyers and sellers. However, the advances of the internet and mobile technology have enabled buyers and sellers to exchange offerings that exponentially contribute to temporary access rather than ownership — as such, sharing as a form of consumption begin to emerge and numerous practices coined under this umbrella term. At the core, the phenomenon includes a variety of different products and services such as lodging (e.g., Airbnb), tools (e.g., ShareGrid), transportation (e.g., Uber), workspace (e.g., WeWork), or food services (e.g., Deliveroo). The term of the “Sharing Economy” was first mentioned in 2008 and defined as the “collaborative consumption made by the activities of sharing, exchanging, and rental of resources without owning the goods” (Lessig 2008, p.143). After that, this phenomenon, or aspects of it, has been given many different names, including “collaborative consumption”, “commercial sharing systems” (and “access-based consumption”, “shared consumption”, “on-demand economy”, “collaborative economy”, “platform economy” and “gig economy”. Many of these terms share similar set of characteristics, yet, the definition articulates the entire set of characteristics formed by Eckhardt et al. (2019), who define the sharing economy as “a scalable socio-economic system that employs technology-enabled platforms to provide users with temporary access to tangible and intangible resources that may be crowdsourced” (Eckhardt et al., 2019 p.7).The interest in participating in sharing systems is generally characterized as prosocial or sustainable behavior such as sharing, helping others, taking care of the environment. However, participating in sharing systems can also bring economic benefits like saving money or facilitating access to resources, which can form more individualistic reasons for participating in sharing economy practices. Previous research has shown that monetary motivations, environmental and societal concerns, flexibility, variety seeking, sustainability, community belonging, enjoyment and trust are among several factors that enhance participation in the sharing economy. Although there is growing attention for research on consumer behaviour in the sharing economy, the findings regarding antecedents and outcomes of participating in these services are scattered and contradicting with previous findings. The existing literature offers broad range of antecedents for sharing economy; however, researchers disagree on which one best captures the value. Albeit little amount of literature reviews has been added to the field, and a quantifiable estimation of the relationship between the antecedents and outcomes has not been investigated yet. The inconsistency of previous research supports the need for meta-analysis to integrate the accumulated empirical research, to see the landscape of the research area, and provide comprehensive understanding on which antecedents are the most effective for sharing services. Based on these grounds, the paper aims to answer the research question: What are the main customer-focused antecedents of the sharing economy and to what extend do these antecedents influence the behavioural intention towards the sharing economy services?  
  Call Number Serial 4379  
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Author Gretzinger, S.; Leick, B.; Ulrich, A. M. D., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Actor role-resource interactions in emerging sharing-economy businesses: A case study from Danish sharing-economy entrepreneurs Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 408-408  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract This paper explores the process of establishing and developing businesses within the sharing economy by assuming that actors, resources and activities jointly shape various roles associated with sharing-economy entrepreneurship within platform ecosystems over time. Starting from the dyadic level of analysis, a sample of 15 aspiring entrepreneurs as well as up-stream/down-stream actors related with the entrepreneurs (n= 45 interviews scheduled) in the country-case of Denmark will be sampled to investigate this research question. In the paper, we will describe actor-individual roles as well as business-oriented roles on the dyadic and the network level during the process of establishing, consolidating and stabilising shared-economy businesses. In addition, the drivers that enable these processes will be identified. This short paper provides an overview of the theoretical framework and the planned research design for the empirical study.  
  Call Number Serial 4380  
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Author Gundersen, V., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Human-wildlife interactions: The challenge of monitoring socio-ecological dimensions in Norwegian National Parks Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 18-19  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation are the principal threats to biodiversity worldwide. In addition to the direct changes to the habitat caused by human activity, the mere presence of humans can prevent wildlife from accessing otherwise intact patches of habitat. This is exemplified by a wideranging species, wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Norway. During winter, reindeer rely on lichens that are both vulnerable for wear and slow to regenerate. In summer months, the reindeer follow the retreat-ing snowpack as they seek greener vegetation and insectfree calving pastures. The wild reindeer is a challenging species to manage. It is adapted to survive in a mountain environment with extremely variable foraging conditions that require extensive seasonal movements. Human development of different kind of infrastructure, combined with increased human presence in their environment, mainly for for recreational purposes, have created an ever-changing disturbance regime. To monitor the human use component in this context, include the metrics of visitors spatial extent, temporal extent and variability, volume, type of activity and characteristics.Marked trails between tourist cabins are the most common infrastructure within wild reindeer ranges, and trail systems often transect large remote areas in such a way that that wild reindeer herds are forced to cross marked trails frequently. The key question is: what level of human disturbance can reindeer herds tolerate, in terms of user numbers per unit of time, before the reindeer movements are either severely hampered or cease altogether? The human use of trails within a wild reindeer range inevitably varies considerably during the summer peak tourist season. Some trail segments see as few as 1 person/day, while other segments have more than 500 person/day. The intensity of use can also vary considerably between different types of trails or paths and the terrain they cross. NINA uses several different methods to collect data on the spatiotemporal pattern of human presence in large mountain areas where use is widely dispersed: automatic counters (TrafX, EcoCounter), GPS surveys (Trackstics), asking visitors to draw their trips on a map, systematic moment observations, mobility bigdata (e.g. the Strava training smartphone app), and different kinds of secondary data. This talk will address these methods and give examples of potential methodological biases.  
  Call Number Serial 4381  
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Author Saeporsdottir, A. D., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Overtourism in Iceland: Myth or reality? Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 20-20  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Large influxes of tourist arrivals have become a major challenge in recent years for many nature-based destinations. Seasonality, uneven spatial distribution and imbalance between supply and demand are commonly pointed out as part of the problem. In recent years the concept of over-tourism has emerged in that context in the media and increasingly in academia as a way of describing this situation, although the issues behind the term have been a component of visitor and tourism research for many years. Iceland is one of the destinations which has been most associated with the concept of overtourism – at least in the international media discourse. This is a reflection of the enormous increase in international tourist arrivals the country has received in the last decade. In 2010 the number of international visitors to Iceland was about 460,000, by 2018 it had reached approximately 2.3 million, representing an annual average increase of about 22%. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe, with about 370,000 inhabitants on an island little over one hundred thousand square kilometers. Icelands main tourist attraction is nature, with its perceived wilderness landscape. There are a few tourist hotspots on the island, which up to half of all international tourists visit. This has resulted in crowding at the most popular destinations which in turn has led to a decrease in the quality of the tourist experience, overloaded infrastructure, damage at nature destinations and shifts in the perceived nature of the Icelandic landscape. This presentation provides an overview of the different ways in which overtourism has revealed itself at a national level in Iceland. It is both based on a primary and secondary data analysis strategy. Furthermore, it is based on longitudinal research conducted on tourists experience of overcrowding at various nature destinations in Iceland over 20 years. During this time span, over 43,000 questionnaires were completed and in-depth interviews were conducted with several hundred tourists. This allows for a detailed empirical assessment to be made of changes in visitor attitudes, experiences, perceptions and satisfaction with specific locations in Iceland and the development of a broader understanding of Iceland as a nature-based tourism destination over time. The latter includes changes in the make-up of tourist attributes and shifts in the management challenges nature-based destinations are facing from tourism. Finally, Icelands various responses to its success as a major nature tourist destination will be discussed.  
  Call Number Serial 4382  
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Author Higham, J., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title The Anthropocene and what it means for managing outdoor recreation experiences Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 22-22  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The global COVID-19 pandemic has, first and foremost, been a widespread human tragedy. It has also been a global social and economic circuit-breaker. The disruption that it has caused has been all embracing, and from this has emerged a fleeting opportunity to rethink all aspects of environment, society and economy. In the context of tourism and recreation, the current crisis has been widely recognised as a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to build back better and, in doing so, to try to address fundamental global environmental challenges. Twenty years ago, at the dawn of the new millennium Crutzen and Stoermers (2000) article The Anthropocene argued that the Holocene had ended and a new epoch, for which humankind is responsible, had begun. Anthropogenic climate change, pollution, species extinction, exhaustion of soils, over-exploitation of resources, and population growth were seen as evidence of the Anthropocene. The concept of the Anthropocene has become prominent in the tourism and recreation literature. Many of the central rationales for the Anthropocene – such as climate change, resources depletion, and pollution – are also central concerns associated with pre-COVID growth in tourism and recreation. If our species is a geological force and the impacts are of tourism and recreation are geophysical in scope, this significantly increases the ethical stakes associated with our fields of scholarship. To begin, I will frame my presentation with an initial discussion and critique of the Anthropocene and what it means. In this discussion the locus of responsibility is important. It is necessary to question how particular topics of debate come to the fore and who stands to benefit from how public issues are framed. Visions of tourism and recreation development are interwoven with assumptions regarding who stands to benefit and who will bear the costs associated with those benefits.I will use this critique to consider two of the most fundamental environmental challenges confronting tourism and recreation scholarship; carbon emissions and biodiversity loss. I will draw upon the emerging regenerative tourism paradigm to consider how tourism and recreation can contribute to restoring and regenerating rather than depleting natural capital, while simultaneously building social, cultural and economic capital. This discussion has important implications for tourism and recreation, in terms of pathways forward in the quest for practices that respond with urgency to the these global environmental imperatives. This presentation will be illustrated with emerging examples from Aotearoa (New Zealand).  
  Call Number Serial 4383  
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Author Spenceley, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title The impacts of the pandemic on tourism in protected and recreational areas Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 24-25  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The pause in tourism has given many tourism and conservation professionals an opportunity to reflect on whether they want to go back to the way things were (10), or alternatively to build back better and greener and recover in a more responsible, sustainable and regenerative way (11).  The United Nations and international development agencies have been increasingly vocal in their support for sustainable recovery. In August 2020, UN Secretary-General António Guterres released a policy brief on COVID-19 and transforming tourism, stating that the tourism sector should be rebuilt in a way that is “safe, equitable and climate friendly [and as a] provider of decent jobs, stable incomes and the protection of our cultural and natural heritage.” For travel and tourism to be truly sustainable, broad standards and protocols are needed to address climate change, conservation and social justice. It is also important to conserve nature in protected areas to avoid future zoonoses (12). This is the time for the tourism sector to seize the moment and enact meaningful changes that will transform the world and make a lasting difference for future generations (13). COVID-19 has accelerated the sustainability agenda, and amid the pause, companies are concentrating efforts on their commercial survival. Many tourism operators see becoming sustainable as too hard to do, but in reality it is not so difficult. Resources like the new “Handbook for Sustainable Tourism Practitioners: The essential toolkit” (14) can help the sector to build back in a regenerative way, with communities at the centre.  
  Call Number Serial 4384  
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Author Solvang, D. T., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title “Friluftsliv” (outdoor life): Sustainability, trust and social inclusion Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 26-27  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The Norwegian Trekking Association (DNT) aims to act as a responsible organization that carefully addresses key challenges for social and environmental sustainability in outdoor recreation though our strategic plan. This lecture will discuss and present approaches to key challenges for DNT and likely also for similar NGOs across the globe.  
  Call Number Serial 4385  
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Author Gona, J. K., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title The need for Local Community Resilience in Sustainable Tourism Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 28-28  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Tourism utilises substantial community assets and is to a large extent dependent on community willingness and acceptance of visitors. Community assets and community attitudes are therefore necessary for balanced growth, which is sustainable tourism. Whereas sustainable tourism is anchored on social, environmental and economic pillars, they are not stand-alone pillars. Environmental and economic pillars lean on the community pillar. In this context, community is broadened to include residents in destinations and all local providers of experiences in destinations. Sustainable tourism should focus on strategies to build resilience in order to strengthen environmental and economic pillars that support balanced growth.  
  Call Number Serial 4386  
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Author Fredman, P.; Haukeland, J. V.; Dybedal, P.; Stokke, K. B.; Forbord, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title From place-based resources to value-added experiences: Future perspectives on Nature-based tourism Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 348-349  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Nature based tourism is framed and flavored not only by the socio economic conditions of the region where it occurs, but just as much by natural resources and opportunities to make use of them in a tourism context. This session summarizes five years of research on nature based tourism in the BIOTOUR project and discuss future prospect of this sector in the light of a greener economy, more robust communities and sustainable practices. It will also present key content from the recently published book “Nordic Perspectives on Nature-based Tourism. From place-based resources to value-added experiences”, edited by professors Peter Fredman and Jan Vidar Haukeland.  
  Call Number Serial 4354  
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Author Dorado, V.; Farias-Torbidoni, E. O.; Mendes, R. N.; Morera, S.; Garriga, M.; Villanueva, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Tourist carrying capacity. A turning point to a sustainable tourism model. The case of Alt Pirineu National Park – Spain. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 56-57  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract In the last decades, the world population has increased its physical sports activities in the natural environment. According to the last Eurobarometer survey about outdoor sports, Spain figures in third place with 53% of the population claiming that have been involved in physical outdoor activities, after Finland (67%) and Austria (54%) (European Commission, 2018). As a result, there has been an increase in overcrowding in Protected Areas, which has attracted the attention in the Spanish mass media revealing the consequences that have already demonstrated in various environmental (Cole, 2008; Newsome, 2014; Pickering, 2010; Salesa & Cerda, 2020), social (Weiler et al., 2019) and security studies (Moscoso, 2004). On that point, different public and private entities requested solutions to manage overcrowding in different natural parks through the determination of the Tourist Carrying Capacity (TCC), i.e. maximum number of people who can visit an area at the same time, without damaging the physical, economic or sociocultural environment, nor cause an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors satisfaction (OMT, s. f.). This article aims to show the application of the Cifuentes (1992) methodology about the TCC in 17 trails of Alt Pirineu Natural Park (PNAP), within Vall Ferrera to be included in the next trail guide of the park.  
  Call Number Serial 4223  
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Author Rogowski, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Changes of tourism under impact of COVID-19 pandemic in Stołowe Mountains and Karkonosze Mountains National Parks, south-western Poland Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 104-105  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract National parks are important tourist destinations because of their high bio- and geodiversity values that enable outdoor activities and leisure in natural environment. This is vibrant issues because the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have limited leisure in natural environment. This presentation highlights the outcomes of the survey conducted on visitors behaviour and motivations during national park visits at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The research was conducted in two mountain national parks located in south-western Poland, i.e., Stolowe Mts. National Park (SMNP) and Karkonosze National Park (KNP), both located in the Sudety Mountains along the Polish-Czech national border. The study identifies intentions of visitors behaviour change in comparison with the pre-COVID-19 period, i.e., 2017-2019. The study aimed to determine the factors that influence the mountain national park visits. Specifically, the surveys were used i) to assess spatiotemporal changes of visitors, distribution in two national parks, including changes in seasonality of tourism and frequencies of main tourism attractions sight-seeings; i) to characterized changes in motivations and behaviours of park visitors during the pandemic period in comparison to the pre-COVID-19 period.  
  Call Number Serial 4246  
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Author Schulz, L.; Price, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Mapping the distribution of outdoor activities to assess their impacts on capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) – Evidence from user-generated geographic information Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 114-115  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The most severe effects of outdoor tourism orrecreation (OTR) are habitat fragmentation, modification, and loss, which affect animal behaviour, survivorship, distribution, and reproduction (e.g.: Karlson & Mörtberg, 2015; Monz, Pickering, & Hadwen, 2017). A highly used path can create a barrier and lead animals to avoid a much wider area through trail-edge effects (Monz et al., 2017; Moss et al., 2014). Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) respond differently to different OTR activities, e.g., they avoid mountain-bike trails up to 1091.5m and winter infrastructure up to 327.1m (Coppes et al., 2017). Along multiuse tracks, capercaillie use trees closer to tracks in less visited woodland than in highly visited woodland, with tree use asymptotes of 197m and 291m, respectively (Summers et al., 2007). The present study assessed 1) patterns of recreational uses, 2) functional habitat loss of capercaillie due to trail-edge effects, 3) the impacts of OTR on lek site selection, and 4) the potential for capercaillie refuges.  
  Call Number Serial 4250  
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Author Wennstrom, C., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Old fortification islands opened for visitors in Finland Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 182-183  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract In 1999 the Finnish government decided to concentrate the management of all state-owned land and water areas to Metsähallitus, which is an unincorporated state enterprise responsible of the management and protection of the state-owned land and water areas in Finland. For example, areas from the Finnish Defence Forces were moved to Metsähallitus. Many of these sites were islands that had been closed to the public for several decades. These sites contain a very rich biodiversity and a strong cultural heritage. This presentation on how Metsähallitus opened two old military islands to the visitors is a practical example on what kind of management issues can rise when opening new marine protected areas to coastal-marine recreation.  
  Call Number Serial 4282  
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Author Piotrowski, K.; Rogowski, M.; Mickiewicz, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Assessment and accuracy improvement of monitoring of tourism traffic in a mid-mountain national park (MSTT: Monitoring System of tourist traffic) in Stołowe Mountains National Park, SW Poland Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 290-291  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The sustainable management of vulnerable natural areas requires accurate measurement of visitor flows, especially in protected natural areas (Andersen et al. 2013). According to Andersen et al. (2013), the most often used counting system is a pyroelectric sensor that features a lens sensitive to heat radiation emitted by the human body (Eco-Counter model: PYRO sensor). An important challenge with automatic counting systems is their accuracy, since all types of counters are subject to counting errors (Pettebone et al. 2010).This study focuses on visitor counting accuracy in national parks situated in mountain areas that are also one of the most popular tourist areas. It illustrates the attention to detail required to carry out accurate visitor counting. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of pyroelectric sensor measurement errors in relation to different visitor flow levels and different time intervals between visitors. This verification was based on field experiments and on-site observations of the pyroelectric sensors working as part of the Monitoring System of tourist traffic (MSTT) in Stolowe Mountain National Park (SMNP) in Sudety Mountains, southwestern Poland. SMNP is visited by about 900,000 tourists per year. (Rogowski 2020). In mountain areas, it is difficult to collect data over a longer period of time. In addition, field and weather conditions may yield a higher error rate. This evaluation of accuracy was performed to yield calibration formulas.  
  Call Number Serial 4329  
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Author Kling, K. G., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Balancing values of accessible nature-based tourism, nature conservation and the visitor experience Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 318-319  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Spending time in nature and participating in outdoor activities has positive effects on the health and well-being of individuals, and nature-based tourism and outdoor recreation have the potential to provide an appropriate setting to engage in such activities (Farkic et al., 2020; Lackey et al., 2019). Even though our understanding of the benefits of nature experiences is well established, there remains unequal access to nature and nature-based activities among different groups in society. People with disabilities are often excluded from being able to fully participate in nature-based tourism and recreation due to physical and social barriers. There is therefore a need for natural areas to become more inclusive and cater to the needs of diverse groups of visitors (Menzies et al., 2020). The accommodation and adjustment of natural areas so that they become more inclusive for people with disabilities nevertheless entails some contradiction of values, especially between accessible nature-based tourism, nature conservation and the visitor experience (Corazon et al., 2019; Donlon, 2000). Increased accessibility in, as well as to, natural areas often means expanding infrastructure and improving facilities; actions which can have an impact on visitors perceptions of untouched nature and raise questions as to whether they are compatible with the objectives of nature conservation (Tverijonaite et al., 2018). However, political objectives of accessible nature for all are highly important in the context of social sustainability and social inclusion, and managers and planners of natural areas therefore have to balance these differing values in order to ensure that different interests and expectations are met. This balancing creates a moral dilemma concerning access to nature: who has access and who is excluded, and how should values be prioritised?  
  Call Number Serial 4341  
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Author Stokke, K. B.; Clemetsen, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Local spatial planning as tool for integrated visitor strategies and community development Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue (up) Pages 396-397  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Nature-based tourism is to a large extent based on different types of protected areas, adjacent landscapes and communities. In this paper we explore how municipal spatial planning may serve as a tool for integrated visitor strategies and community development. In Norway, visitor strategies are introduced for national parks and other large protected areas. These strategies are based on the planning system inside protected areas, regulated by the Nature Diversity Act. The research question is: How can local spatial planning support integrated visitor strategies and community development? Norway has two different institutional systems for spatial planning within and outside protected areas.  
  Call Number Serial 4375  
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Author Arnberger, A.; Brandenburg, C.; Muhar, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Preface Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue (up) Pages I-II  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 383 Serial 2266  
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Author Keßel, A.; Klüpfel, H.; Meyer-König, T.; Schreckenberg, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title A Concept for Coupling Empirical Data and Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Flows Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue (up) Pages 199-204  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract In this paper we present a concept for coupling empirical data and a microscopic simulation of pedestrian motion. Since there is no automatic detection method available for this task up to now the main focus is on developing such a system. A review of the different detection methods is presented and the requirements are given an automatic system has to fulfil. Additionally, a possible realisation of such a detector is described. Experiences with such a system for vehicular traffic are reviewed.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 472 Serial 2299  
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Author Liebel, G., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Opening Address Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue (up) Pages III-III  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 408 Serial 2267  
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Author Passold, A.J.; Magro, T.C.; Do Couto, H.T.Z., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Comparing Indicator Effectiveness for Monitoring Visitor Impact at Intervales State Park, Brazil: Park Ranger-Measured Versus Specialist-Measured Experience Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue (up) Pages 52-57  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract This study was conducted to aid administrators in overcoming some barriers to implementation and maintenance of programs for monitoring visitor impact to Brazilian protected areas. One of the problems refers to continuity in collecting field data due in part to lack of institutional commitment. In order to verify the effectiveness of surveys carried out by park employees, the difference between data collected by park rangers and those collected by specialists was studied so that simple and dependable indicators could be selected. 26 indicators of physical attributes were analyzed for four intensive-use trails at Intervales State Park through systematic sampling of points. Results indicate that the group of rangers produced more homogeneous data than the group of specialists did. Significant differences were more frequent among quantitative indicators. Indicators chosen according to their dependability criterion were: bird sighting and hearing, vandalism to park facilities, rock graffiti, number of damaged or carved trees, number of perceptions of vehicle noise, number of exposed rocks, visible erosion, trail depth, traces of fauna and trash litter.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 290 Serial 2353  
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Author Lewis, N., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title How Social ‘Demand’ Overlaps in Forest Management A Sociological Analysis of the Relation between Forest and Society in France (1960-2005) Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue (up) Pages 268-270  
  Keywords MMV3, Forests, France, society, perception, attitudes, social dynamics, surveys  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 708 Serial 2477  
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Author Whittingham, S., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Integration – Resource Protection and Memorable Visitor Experiences in the Lake Louise Community of Banff National Park Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue (up) Pages 170-171  
  Keywords MMV3, Integration, protection, visitor experience, management plan, community plan  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 655 Serial 2451  
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Author Ankre, R.; Petersson Forsberg, L.; Emmelin, L., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Silence – an article of short supply in outdoor recreation? Handling noise conflicts in Swedish planning Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue (up) Pages 399-403  
  Keywords MMV4, Conflicts, noise, planning, outdoor recreation, zoning  
  Abstract Outdoor recreation areas are exposed to several causes of conflict. Many interests, along with different types of recreation activities, are competing in the same area. In these areas, conflicts are handled by spatial planning and by the separation in space of different functions. One source of conflict is noise. The lack of noisefree areas in the Swedish coastal areas has become an amenity problem. Does this make noise an important problem to consider in planning? An assumption is that the sound environment is relevant for the visitors’ experience; spending time in nature is associated with peace and quiet, where one should not be disturbed. In this study, it will be investigated how silence and noise actually are considered in the Swedish municipal planning. “Silence” is one of the amenity categories reported in the Swedish tourism data base. Is there a discrepancy between the existing municipal planning and the visitors’ opinions, attitudes and experiences? Furthermore, there will be an analysis of how silence and noise could be handled in spatial planning. One possible method is zoning. By excluding certain outdoor recreation activities from some areas, zoning may handle, or at least reduce, the problem of conflicts. The biosphere reserve concept (where zoning is an important part) will for that reason be discussed as a potential tool. A case study of the Blekinge archipelago, Sweden is the foundation of the study, which data consist of planning documents and questionnaire surveys considering outdoor recreation and nature tourism.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1060 Serial 2651  
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Author Riseth, J.Å., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Parks for whom? A Norwegian policy dilemma: recreation vs indigenous interests Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue (up) Pages 384-389  
  Keywords MMV4, Commercial tourism, convention on biological diversity, indigenous interests, IUCN category VI Yellowstone model  
  Abstract As most countries, Norway has adopted the Yellowstone model for nature protection; limiting humans’ role to be guests in nature. The country established its first national park in 1962. In 2008, 14.3 % of the mainland is formally protected; including 29 national parks, many established newly. Recent decades’ growing concern of the insufficiency of this protection model includes the lack of seeing conservation as a social issue, not only a biological one, was confirmed by the Vth World Park Conference in 2003. The same year the Norwegian government advanced a new policy for increased use of national parks for commercial tourism, named the “Mountain Text”. The fact not addressed is that 18 of 29 parks are situated in Sámi reindeer pasture areas. The contemporary policy has revealed an unexpected conflict of objectives. Whereas the Mountain Text strengthen the goal of recreation, affected Sámi herders fear that parks instead of protection for them will mean increased disturbance of vulnerable animals and areas and accordingly have changed their basic attitudes from being positive to becoming ambiguous towards new parks and park extensions. This is a problem both in equity as well as efficiency perspective and also a source of new conflicts. Norway currently reforms its conservation legislation to reinforce biodiversity protection. Though indigenous interests have not so far become a core issue in this process; this process and the international process under the Convention on Biological Diversity together create a window of opportunities for reconciling conflicting objectives. One of the relevant instruments is the IUCN Category VI, available from 1994, which juxtaposes biodiversity protection and sustainable use.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1056 Serial 2649  
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Author Rodrigues, Á.; Kastenholz, E.; Rodrigues, A., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Walking trails in recreational and protected areas: an exploratory study of the tourist’s perception of natural areas Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue (up) Pages 203-208  
  Keywords MMV4, Hiking, destination marketing, visitor survey, market analysis, natural areas  
  Abstract Nowadays, there is a growing demand for leisure, recreation and tourism activities in nature, with hiking being one of the most popular activities. Walking on a trail through nature, besides providing contact with nature, fruition and relaxation, also constitutes an effective way of interaction between men and nature that could awake an increased environmental awareness (Siqueira, 2004). However, tourists that visit natural areas are not a homogeneous segment (Wight, 2001). Specific motivations and personal characteristics make people look for natural areas with different desires. This understanding is very important for those responsible for the planning and management of natural areas. In this context there are two sides to be considered: supply and demand. One of the most efficient ways to manage flows of visitors in natural environments focuses on the careful design of walking trails. However, for that development to be planned and managed in a sustainable manner it is necessary to know the hikers’ profile. This paper presents the results of an exploratory survey of Portuguese and foreign hikers in Portuguese natural areas of different landscapes. Differences between the national and international visitor group could be identified as far as environmental preferences and nature perception is concerned, implying differentiated destination marketing strategies for protected areas.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 976 Serial 2609  
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Author Šakic, R., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Education of school children in special nature reserve “Gornje Podunavlje” (Serbia) Type
  Year 2010 Publication Recreation, tourism and nature in a changing world Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 5 - Proceedings Issue (up) Pages 321-322  
  Keywords MMV5, protected area, school children, education, recreation, learning  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 128 Serial 2819  
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Author Sandell, K., pdf  url
doi  isbn
openurl 
  Title Outdoor recreation in change – What about Sweden? Type
  Year 2012 Publication The 6th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas: Outdoor Recreation in Change – Current Knowledge and Future Challenges Abbreviated Journal NULL  
  Volume MMV 6 - Proceedings Issue (up) NULL Pages 16-17  
  Keywords MMV6  
  Abstract NULL  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 378 Serial 2822  
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Author Väisänen, R., pdf  url
doi  isbn
openurl 
  Title Challenges of visitor monitoring and management in protected areas Type
  Year 2012 Publication The 6th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas: Outdoor Recreation in Change – Current Knowledge and Future Challenges Abbreviated Journal NULL  
  Volume MMV 6 - Proceedings Issue (up) NULL Pages 18-19  
  Keywords MMV6  
  Abstract NULL  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 379 Serial 2823  
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Author Moore, S. pdf  url
doi  isbn
openurl 
  Title Current and future issues in natural area tourism with a special focus on visitor monitoring Type
  Year 2012 Publication The 6th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas: Outdoor Recreation in Change – Current Knowledge and Future Challenges Abbreviated Journal NULL  
  Volume MMV 6 - Proceedings Issue (up) NULL Pages 20-21  
  Keywords MMV6  
  Abstract NULL  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 380 Serial 2824  
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Author Myrvang Brown, K. pdf  url
doi  isbn
openurl 
  Title Managing difference in shared recreational space: Understanding the role of the body, movement and emotion Type
  Year 2012 Publication The 6th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas: Outdoor Recreation in Change – Current Knowledge and Future Challenges Abbreviated Journal NULL  
  Volume MMV 6 - Proceedings Issue (up) NULL Pages 22-23  
  Keywords MMV6  
  Abstract NULL  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 381 Serial 2825  
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