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Author Bredeweg, E.; D'Antonio, A.; Esser, S.; Jacobs, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Steps on a path: An application of machine learning using a random forest algorithm to predict visitor use levels on trails in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 280-281  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Understanding the location and level of recreation use in park and protected areas (PPA) can be useful for effective visitor use management. While there is a wealth of geospatial data available online and in the manager databases of many PPA, the development and format of these datasets may be shaped more by the nature of GIS software than the way visitors explore and use a PPA system. Moreover, aspects important for visitor management such as quantification of visitor use levels on trails may be more difficult to source for each trail segment than physical trail characteristics (length, location, elevation profile, etc.). It would be expected that trail characteristics would influence the traffic of visitors, but there are many other factors such as accessibility, parking, or nearby attractions that can influence visitor behavior in complex ways. While we can obtain the physical characteristics, available amenities, and relative locations of trails within the entire PPA, we often do not have visitor use levels on the same extent. In order to examine visitor use levels on the scale of the entire PPA, we need to be able to model the relationship between physical location, trail characteristics, and amenities that ultimately shape visitor use.  
  Call Number Serial 4325  
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Author Sacher, P., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title The influence of deadwood on forest recreation – results of a choice experiment in Bavaria/Germany Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 282-283  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Forests cover one third of the land area of Germany. They are among the most important land use forms in the country and provide important ecosystem services (ESS). After centuries of human influence, only a few forests develop without human interferences. In particular, the core zones of large-scale protected areas like national parks have to be mentioned here. One characteristic feature of natural forest development is deadwood, which occurs in most managed forests only to a small extent. However, deadwood is an important factor for biodiversity and long-term health of forests and should be preserved instead of removing it (Thorn et al. 2020). The importance of deadwood for forests was also recognized in the German National Biodiversity Strategy of 2007. This also includes programs for the enrichment of deadwood in mainly commercially used forests which are often visited for recreational purposes. Thus, the question of how the general public will react to different deadwood management measures in terms of recreational behavior is of great interest. Ultimately, the goal of this research was to identify trade-offs that arise between a more biodiversity-oriented forestry and recreational values of forest.   
  Call Number Serial 4326  
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Author Mayer, M.; Sinclair, M.; Woltering, M.; Ghermandi, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Opportunities and limits of social media data for monitoring and valuing visitation in protected areas – evidence from the German national parks Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 286-287  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract As exemplified by the recent review articles by Ghermandi and Sinclair (2019) and Teles de la Mota and Pickering (2020), social media as data source for environmental sciences, nature-based tourism and visitor monitoring is a highly dynamic field. However, what is missing despite many promising results are validations of the results of social media analyses against those obtained with “traditional” onsite visitor monitoring approaches. Therefore, we compare in this contribution social media data (Sinclair et al. 2020a,b) and onsite survey results (e.g. Job et al. 2016) in nearly all German national parks with respect to visitor provenance, visitor type (local, day-tripper, vacationists) and recreational value of national park visits (consumer surplus). Furthermore, we estimate visitation numbers based on social media data for protected areas without systematic visitor counting and provide information about the spatio-temporal visitor behavior in the protected areas.  
  Call Number Serial 4327  
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Author Breyne, J.; Marechal, K.; Dufrene, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Monitoring visitors in diffuse nature areas, a case study in the Belgian Ardenne Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 288-289  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Nature-based tourism and recreation are ecosystem services that have the potential to benefit human wellbeing, as well as local economies (Haines-Young and Potschin, 2010). They can therefore represent an important political argument to conserve and restore nature areas (Schirpke et al., 2018). However, for these contributions to be acknowledged, they should first be monitored. The number of visits to nature areas has been recognised as one of the major indicators to assess nature-based tourism and recreation (Schägner et al., 2018). Visiting frequencies are, for example, crucial for the estimation of economic contributions. However, for diffuse nature areas with multiple entry and exit points, this data is often scarce, scattered and imprecise. Recently, innovative technologies have allowed to obtain more continuous and/or detailed data for both small and larger areas (Kellner and Egger, 2016). Our research used two of those methodologies to estimate visitor frequencies in nature areas: 1) an analysis based on passive mobile phone positioning data and 2) automatized image analysis based on photos issued from camera traps. Our case study area concerns the Ardenne forests, located in southern Belgium (Walloon region) for the period spring 2018 – summer 2019. The aim of this research is to improve ecosystem services assessments concerning nature-based tourism and recreation and, by doing so, facilitate ES being taken into account by site managers and policy makers in the sustainable management of nature areas.   
  Call Number Serial 4328  
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Author Olafsson, A.S.; Purves, R.S.; Garcia-Martin, M.; Wartmen, F.; Fagerholm, N.; Torralba, M.; Albert, C.; Verbrugge, L.; Heikinheimo, V.; Kaaronen, R.; Hartmann, M.; Plieninger, T.; Raymond, C., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Comparing landscape value patterns between participatory mapping and social media content across Europe. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 292-293  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Visitor monitoring and mapping techniques are rapidly evolving fuele…Visitor monitoring and mapping techniques are rapidly evolving fueled by open georeferenced data and social media opportunities. Knowledge on how visitors use and value landscapes is increasingly elucidated by social media data or user-generated data passively contributed by online communities. Examples of this is the use of data from social media such as Flickr, where users share and store geocoded images in an online platform. Here images, locations and associated tags is opportunistic crowdsourced by researchers and planners to conceptually and spatially elicit landscape values such as cultural ecosystem services and relational values.At the same time, integrated landscape planning and management has increasingly focus on planning ideals of deliberative processes, co-creation and inclusion of diverse values. Examples of this is participatory mapping techniques aimed to support the inclusion of diverse values held by residents and visitors into integrated landscape management. By the use of online public participation GIS (PPGIS), participants are actively recruited to purposely map socio-cultural values about specific landscapes.The values data collated using active participatory mapping techniques and passive user generated data is rarely compared.In this study, we bring PPGIS and Flickr together in an exploration and discussion of the similarities and differences. In contrast to previous comparative studies focused on single study site, we expand the analyses from a single site to cross-site analyses of 19 landscapes across Europe (in 11 countries). We argue that in order for planners to harness the qualities of both – we need to place a spotlight on strengths and shortcomings of each method and core opportunities for complementary use. We do this by a direct comparison of the spatial distribution, intensity and type of landscape values elicited using PPGIS and Flickr data.Moreover, we relate similarities or differences to specific landscape characteristics and types of landscape values.  
  Call Number Serial 4330  
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Author Heikinheimo, V.; Toivonen, T., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Critical comparison of social media and other user-generated geographic information as a source of visitor information – lessons learned in the SoMeCon-project Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 294-295  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Up-to-date information about outdoor recreation experiences is important for the planning and management of national parks and other outdoor destinations. User-generated data such as geotagged social media posts and GPS-tracks shared via sports applications have emerged as potential new data sources to complement on-site counters and surveys. There are considerable amounts of geographic information available from digital platforms and mobile devices representing the movements, activities and preferences of visitors, and these data have been increasingly used for studying visits to national parks and green spaces..This presentation draws together our findings from the Social Media Data for Conservation Science -project SoMeCon (2016-2021). Our main objectives were to 1) gain methodological understanding about social media and other user-generated data sets as a source of geographic information, and 2) to provide new information about the spatial and temporal patterns of human activities in national parks and green spaces. We compared social media data to official visitor statistics from Finnish and South African national parks, and social media to other sources of user-generated geographic information (sports app data, mobile network data, PPGIS data) from urban green spaces in Helsinki, Finland.  
  Call Number Serial 4331  
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Author Mayer, M.; Staab, J.; Udas, E.; Taubenbock, H., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Triggered trail camera images and machine learning based computer vision as alternative to established visitor monitoring approaches? Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 296-297  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Visitor monitoring is crucial for many management and valuation tasks in protected areas and other recreational landscapes. Its core data are visitor numbers which are costly to estimate in absence of entry fees. Camera-based approaches have the potential to be both, accurate and deliver comprehensive data about visitor numbers, types and activities. So far, camera-based visitor monitoring is, however, costly due to time consuming manual image evaluation (Miller et al. 2017). To overcome this limitation, we deployed a convolutional neural network (CNN) and compared its hourly counts against existing visitor counting methods such as manual in-situ counting, a pressure sensor, and manual camera image evaluations.  
  Call Number Serial 4332  
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Author Mendes, R. M. N.; Farias-Torbidoni, E.; Morera, S.; Dorado, V., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Using web share services to monitor high sensitive habitats. A GIS approach to Pedraforca, Spain. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 298-299  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Over the last decades, recreational uses in Natural & Protected Areas (N&PA) have increased largely all over the world, requiring extra efforts among staff and management teams of these territories to deal with this reality. In many places, nature conservation has somehow even been replaced by tourism management due to social and economic factors altogether with the massification of visitors. Modern lifestyles have contributed to this situation where visitation peaks concentrate within short periods such as Holy Week, summer, or winter vacations depending on local culture and social habits. Quite often these visitation peaks largely exceed any ecological or social carrying capacity becoming a delicate subject to deal with, reducing in many cases the administration of N&PA to the management of visitors crowds and traffic.One of the situations that happen due to overuse is the proliferation of trails that can lead to ecological and soil impacts from erosion, roots/bare rock exposure to changes of species, or habitat fragmentation, among others. Even in N&PA with a well-structured trails network, the proliferation of variants of trails and paths can easily happen, becoming a serious problem for managers due to its ecological impacts but also due to risk and safety issues for visitors/users. Keeping tracking and monitoring trails proliferation is a demanding task, where technology such as high-resolution imagery or digital elevation models can provide a huge help. Nevertheless, although these data sources become more affordable and widely available they might not work for all places. In this paper, we discuss the use of smart data and technologies as a potential tool to provide new insights on how to deal with this issue by taking advantage of web-share platforms and a myriad of GPS tracks – what can be acknowledged as an advantage of modern uses of N&PA.  
  Call Number Serial 4333  
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Author Conti, E.; Farsari, I., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Nature-based tourism experiences between mobile connectivity and the freedom of disconnecting Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 300-301  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Mobile Internet connectivity is traditionally seen as an experience enhancer in tourism, and extant research in the context of natural and protected areas show a positive attitude towards such technology. On the visitor experiences side, it enhances safety, information retrieval, connectivity to peers and accessibility (Elmahdy, Haukeland and Fredman, 2017). On the destination managements side, it constitutes a resource for visitor planning, monitoring and engagement (Pickering, Chelsey, Barros and Rossi, 2020; Hausmann et al., 2017).Recent studies are discussing more critically whether ubiquitous connectivity always represents a resource for tourism or conversely a factor that jeopardizes the tourism experience by triggering pressures, discomfort as well as estrangement from local communities and places (Egger, Lei and Wassler, 2020). The issue is particularly important within nature-based tourism, due to its relation to experiential themes of genuineness, detoxification and escapism and its localization in areas where transformational and educational experiences are prioritized (Li, Pearce & Low, 2018).  
  Call Number Serial 4334  
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Author Calderon, M. M.; Lozano, C. A. B.; Jimenez, E. C., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Tourism overuse indicators system for protected areas and buffer zones Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 304-304  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract There are considerable national parks and other protected areas around the world that are attracting a huge number of visitors annually. In many cases the tourist visitation can be highly concentrated both spatially and temporally leading to the generation of impacts in different directions in social, economic, environmental, technical areas not only within the protected area but also in its buffer zone. Because of this situation and the absence of specific indicators to manage tourism overuse, this study aims to develop a proposal of indicators and sustainability index of tourist frequentation to determine the impact of ecotourism associated with protected areas and buffer zones of high tourist demand. The selection of indicators was carried out after a systematic process consisting of: (i) identification of the problem to be evaluated, (ii) definition of indicators and their variables, (iii) selection of indicators, (iv) definition of criteria for indicator selection, (v) selection of indicators, (vi) design of indicators, (v) validation of indicators using the Delphi method. As a result, there are a set of 32 indicators that take into account areas such as natural resources, community, visitors, protected area management, and tourist operation. The proposal includes an Approximate Tourism Visitation Sustainability Index (AToViSI) which varies between 0 and 1 according to the degree of sustainability determined. The proposal collaborates in the management (both internally and externally) of protected areas to generate mechanisms or strategies towards the sustainability of the tourist destination. The COVID-19 pandemic is an opportunity to improve visitor management and not make past mistakes or at least mitigate and guide adaptive management to more sustainable conditions in areas of high tourist attraction.  
  Call Number Serial 4335  
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Author Ancin-murguzur, F. J.; Monz, C.; Munoz, N. C. L.; D'Antonio, A.; Sisneros-Kidd, A.; Tomczyk, A.; Ewertowski, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Recreation and tourism monitoring under increased pressure: practical tools and approaches for sustainable management Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 306-306  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract This session will be organized as a discussion panel with short introductory presentations (approx. 15-20 minutes) and a discussion after each presentation, first between the panelists, and afterward opened to the public. We will cover an integrative view of the available technological tools to monitor visitor impacts on protected areas and their relationship with visitor preferences on nature (i.e., cultural ecosystem services). With the increased visitation to nature, especially to parks and protected areas (PPA), there is a growing need for tools that allow rapid gathering of data regarding the visitor preferences in PPA and their impact on the landscape. The session aims to achieve an overview of how the complexity of the combination of increasing visitation with degradation of natural features can be addressed by integrating different methods.  
  Call Number Serial 4336  
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Author Blye, C.; Hvenegaard, G.; Halpenny, E., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Investigating the outcomes of personal interpretation and extending the psychological factors of the Theory of Planned Behaviour Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 308-309  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Environmental interpretation can help mitigate the negative impacts of recreation, tourism, and human use of parks and protected areas. Inter-pretation is a mission-based approach to commu-nication aimed at provoking in audiences the discovery of personal meaning and the forging of personal connections with things, places, people, and concepts (Ham, 2016). Personal interpreta-tion enhances enjoyment of visitor experiences (Stern et al., 2011), increase visitors knowledge and understanding of natural and cultural re-sources (Ham, 2016), foster a sense of apprecia-tion toward those resources (Powell et al., 2009), and promotes stewardship behaviors (Ham, 2016). Importantly, interpretation can be an ef-fective management tool for parks to mitigate and influence visitor behaviours (Marion & Reid 2007). This study sought to determine, based on a case study of Albertas Provincial Parks, the out-comes of personal interpretive programs and the factors influencing those outcomes. As a major goal of interpretation is behav-ioural change, this study employed Ajzens (1991; 2011) Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) which suggests that behaviour is best predicted by a persons intention to perform a specific behav-iour, and this in turn is explained by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control associated with the behaviour in ques-tion. The TPB performs well in predicting a wide range of behaviours and behavioural intentions including environmental behaviours (Vagias et al., 2014). This study not only investigated the effi-cacy of environmental interpretation on influenc-ing pro-environmental behaviour intentions, but also expanded on the theoretical constructs mak-ing up TPB. As such, motivations, satisfaction of visit, knowledge, and environmental worldview were included. The additional psychological con-structs were included in the proposed theoreti-cal model based on previous studies focused on environmental interpretation and pro-environmental behaviours (Moghimehfar & Hal-penny, 2016; Vagias et al., 2014).This study examined the following hy-potheses: (1) Attending in-person environmental interpretation programs increases park visitors intentions to engage in pro-environmental behav-iours; (2) The TPB variables (e.g., perceived be-havioral control, attitudes, and social norms) help predict park visitors pro-environmental behav-ioural intentions; and (3) Motivations, satisfaction of visit, environmental knowledge, and environ-mental worldview improve the prediction of pro-environmental behaviour intentions (proposed theoretical model, figure 1)  
  Call Number Serial 4337  
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Author Ankre, R.; Wall-Reinius, S., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Accessible recreational areas? A pilot study on disabilities, experiences and the outdoors Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 312-313  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Nature experiences and outdoor recreation have numerous positive outcomes with important physical and mental health benefits for the individual. In various international and Swedish legislative proposals and governmental letters this is evident; public health and well-being must be supported, as well as outdoor recreation, and nature experiences for everyone. Some groups in society are nevertheless excluded. Different physical disabilities can be particularly challenging due to physical barriers in nature. It can also be a challenge to get to nature areas because of, for example, incomplete information, long distances, transportation, or individual ability. Lack of accessibility is still a crucial obstacle for people with disabilities to participate in outdoor recreation (Burns et al., 2009). A better understanding of the participation patterns and perceived constraints by people with disabilities is necessary if nature and outdoor recreation are going to become accessible and inclusive (Corazon et al., 2019). The project aims to understand factors that enable and hinder participation in outdoor activities for people with physical disabilities. In the context of Östersund municipality, Sweden, we discuss how people with physical disabilities perceive accessibility to nature, and analyse available information on websites. What prevents people from getting out into nature? What kind of barriers can be identified? What kind of information is needed and is it available?  
  Call Number Serial 4338  
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Author Delphine, L.; Morales, E.; Theriault, W.; Tang, B.; Routhier, F.; Mortenson, W. B.; Prescott, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title “Inclusive Parks”: A scoping review of accessibility standards for people with disabili-ties Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 314-315  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract It is well recognized that access to green and blue spaces have physical, social, psychological and health benefits for people with and without disabilities (Gascon et al., 2017; Labbé et al., 2019; Markevych et al., 2017; Merrick et al., 2020; Rugel et al., 2019, Zhang et al, 2019.). However, many people with disabilities are still excluded from these spaces because of accessibility issues (Burns et al., 2009). The federal government has determined that accessibility for people with disabilities in Canadas world-renowned national parks should be addressed (Marcastel, 2019). Historically, standards have focused on promoting access for people with physical disabilities; however, existing accessibility standards are relatively dated and have had less emphasis on people who experience cognitive or sensory challenges (i.e., visual or auditory) (Parks Canada, 1994). For example, wayfinding is emerging as a critical topic for different disabilities to identify accessible routes for planning purposes and enable real-time navigation. Moreover, environmental features intended for one group (e.g., tactile sidewalk sections for people with vision problems) may make it challenging for people from another group (e.g., those who use mobility devices like wheelchairs) (Ormerod et al., 2015). It is thus important to avoid developing standards in a siloed manner (i.e., with only one disability group in mind). This scoping review is part of the project Providing Accessible ReCreation Outdoors: User-driven Research on Standards (PARCOURS) which overarching goal is to improve the Canadian accessibility standards for national parks funded by the Canadian Accessibility Standards Development Organization. The first phase of this project was to conduct a scoping review to compare and contrast existing international and national standards and novel research evidence to inform the development of revised standards.  The question guiding the search for relevant studies was “What are the current accessibility standards in terms of outdoor spaces, including parks to allow people with disabilities to enjoy the natural environments in their community?”  
  Call Number Serial 4339  
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Author Prescott, M.; Robillard, J.; Grandisson, M.; Mahmood, A.; Francois, R.; Best, K.L.; Labbe, D.; Mostafavi, M. A.; Miller, W. C.; Morales, E.; Sawatzky, B.; Bulk, L.; Aguilar-Carrasco, M. J.; Borisoff, J.; Mortenson, W. B., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Providing accessible recreation outdoors: User-driven research on standards (PARCOURS) – Research protocol Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 316-317  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Although people with disabilities desire outdoor park experiences similar to other visitors, getting around parks and enjoying their features can be a challenge. There are environmental obstacles and hazards that affect the accessibility and enjoyment of parks (i.e., wayfaring) as well as difficulties maintaining orientation and direction (i.e., wayfinding) that can result in anxiety. These conditions can diminish the many benefits attributable to park participation. In Canada, federal parks have a duty to accommodate, as best they can, the diverse needs and preferences of people with disabilities who make up 22.3% of the population. In response to this imperative, Canada is in the process of developing accessibility standards to ensure universal access. The overarching purpose of this study, funded by Accessible Standards Canada (ASC), is to inform these standards through the lived experiences of people with disabilities. The objectives are to identify and prioritize the impact environmental factors have on the ability of individuals to gain access to and enjoyment of all aspects of the park experience, document the range of these requirements, and develop and prioritize standards that can be used by parks to promote accessibility in parks. The following describes the proposed protocol for the study.  
  Call Number Serial 4340  
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Author Dahlberg, A.; Borgstrom, S., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title A just access to urban green commons? The case of people using wheelchairs in Stockholm Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 320-321  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Urban green space and urban green infrastructure as contributors to city qualities have received growing scholarly and practical attention. Of the many forms of urban green space, we focus on urban green commons (UGC), arguing that issues of environmental justice are highlighted and strengthened in the perspective of commons. The UGC concept has been used with slightly different meanings, where e.g. Németh (2012) defines urban commons (not only green spaces) as being collectively owned, held in joint use, and to which everyone has access. Coldings and Barthels (2013:157) definition of UGC includes urban green space of varied ownership and which “depend on collective organization and management”, as e.g. community gardens and allotment gardens, which are not open to all. In this study, we define UGC as green spaces that legally are accessible to anyone, which in a Swedish context is where the Right of Public Access applies (SEPA 2020). However, just because you have the legal right of access does not mean that you have realized access.We focus on access in a broad sense explored from an environmental justice perspective. The degree of access is often defined quantitatively such as proximity to green spaces, or by how many from a certain social group use these spaces (Kabisch & Haase 2014). However, access is a complex concept, and inspired by Rigolon (2016) we include mental (e.g. fear), social (e.g. company), physical (e.g. roots, ice), and structural (e.g. transport, information) aspects of access. There are different ways of theorizing and analyzing environmental justice (e.g. Anguelovski 2020), and in this study, we follow Svarstad and Benjaminsen (2020), who defines environmental justice as distributive, recognition, procedural, and capabilities, and Rutt and Gulsrud (2016) who apply this lens on access to UGC. We find that within these categories all aspects of environmental justice can be explored.UGC are intended to be accessible for all people – but is that really the case? Loftus (2020) raises the question about what really is included in the expression “all the people” that often is used in policy and planning declarations, also concerning urban green spaces. But are they in practice UGC from an environmental justice perspective? The use of UGC is increasingly studied, but people with impaired mobility, e.g. using a wheelchair, is one example of a group whose access to urban green spaces has been largely neglected. Most studies about this group include all disabilities (Burns 2013) or are not focused solely on the urban context (Burns 2013, Stigsdotter 2018). However, Corazon et al. (2019) present a qualitative study with people with mobility impairment in cities.  
  Call Number Serial 4342  
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Author Wolf, I. D.; Waitt, G., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Wellbeing geovisualization: geographies of difference, accessibility and everyday natures. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 322-323  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Some of the benefits for people whose everyday routines are organized to incorporate interactions with places for nature are well established in the liveable cities literature. Officially designated greenspaces, including parks and reserves, for instance not only play an important role in maintaining biodiversity and socio-ecological functions; they offer urban recreationists the opportunity to exercise, socialize and relax (Torland, Weiler, Moyle & Wolf, 2015; Wolf, Stricker, & Hagenloh, 2015). And yet the multitude of benefits of urban places of nature remains largely understudied (Wolf, Ainsworth & Crowley, 2017). Also places that may be socially constituted as natural beyond official categories of greenspace are often not included when researching the benefits of engagement with places for nature. This project enrolls a participatory geographic information system (PGIS) and specifically visualization to better understand the relationships between everyday natures and wellbeing.  
  Call Number Serial 4343  
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Author Karlsdottir, B.; O'Brien, L., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title How mobile apps can draw families to the forest Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 324-325  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Forestry England has a history of producing chil-drens activity trails at their forest sites based on popular media characters such as Zog and Stick-man. The aim of these trails is to engage children and families with the forest through forest-based activities with stories which are meaningful to children. For a recent trail based on Shaun the Sheep (an animated film by Aardman Animations), Forestry England partnered with Sport England to also encourage increased physical activity. Some of the trails have been app-based, using technology to provide visitors with chal-lenges and fun interactive and augmented reality elements. Activity packs are sold on site with stickers and activity booklets linked with the apps which are free. Signposts or statues of characters provide clues along the trails. Previous surveys have shown that the trails, especially the Gruffalo Spotters in 2017, have brought a high number of visitors to the forest. Encouraging increased visits to forest sites and other natural environments brings multiple, phys-ical, psychological and social benefits to visi-tors (OBrien et al., 2011; Houlden et al., 2018; Twohig-Bennett and Jones, 2018). Further bene-fits can be gained from undertaking physical activ-ity in forest settings (OBrien, 2019).The Forestry England trails are targeted at younger age-groups, usually ranging somewhere between 3-12 years. With mental disorders among children and young people on the rise (NHS, 2018), coupled with concerns about childrens lack of engagement with nature, it is important to design interventions for children that provide opportunities for nature-based social interactions, physical activities and cognitive res-toration. The Forestry England trails provide such opportunities through designing attractive mo-bile apps based on much loved childrens charac-ters. Time used by children on electronic media is negatively correlated with time spent in nature and connectedness to nature, and can lead to physical and psychological health prob-lems (Larson et al., 2019). However, the two are not mutually exclusive and Human-Computer Interactions (HCI) technology can improve both time spent in nature and connectedness to na-ture. Exploratory technology such as the Forestry England apps help “encourage children to ex-plore outdoors in nature” (Anggarendra and Brereton, 2016)  
  Call Number Serial 4344  
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Author Palsdottir, A.; O'Brien, L.; Dolling, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Nature-based vocational training for nature conservation and human wellbeing in Skåne, Sweden Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 326-327  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract There has been an increase in the flow of refugees, migrants, immigrants, and asylum seekers into Europe from the Middle East and Africa, which has meant that their integration into societies has become an important topic. The Nordic countries have received a higher number of migrants per capita basis over the past few years than other European countries (Pitkänen et al.2017; Gentin et al., 2019). In 2015, about 163,000 people sought asylum in Sweden and the integration of these people into Swedish society has become an important focus for the government (Swedish Institute 2015-2018). Nature-based solutions have been defined by the European Commission as solutions that are inspired and supported by nature (European Commission, 2015 p5), and nature-based interventions can be used as solutions for a variety of purposes and with different groups within society. Pitkänen et al. (2017) found there is increasing interest in nature-based solutions which are seen as having the potential to be a cost-effective and efficient means of integrating migrants into host societies. A number of nature-based integration projects have been created in Nordic countries; they are mainly voluntary for migrants but can combine integration or labour market training or vocational and medical rehabilitation.  
  Call Number Serial 4345  
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Author Puhakka, R.; Pitkanen, K.; Oinonen, I., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Does nature support the integration of immigrant youth? A study on adolescents in the city of Lahti, Finland Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 328-329  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Successful integration of immigrants has been identified as the key for future social and economic well-being in EU. In Finland, a great share of the recent immigrants consists of people who have come to Finland as asylum seekers from countries whose cultural and natural environment is different from the Nordic countries. Nature has traditionally played a central role in the Finnish identity, although there are signs of polarisation in relation to nature among younger generations (Hakoköngäs & Puhakka 2021).Meanwhile, it is increasingly recognised that contact with nature promotes psychological, physiological, and social well-being and health (Keniger et al. 2013). Contact with nature can play an important role for social cohesion and immigrant integration (Jay & Schraml 2009). Green spaces seem to be especially important for immigrant youth to make contacts and friends across cultures (Seeland et al. 2009). Hence, nature can be an important means for integration, but it should also be understood as a resource that should be equally accessible to all (Gentin et al. 2019). Gentin et al. (2019) have suggested that the relationship between nature and integration can be understood in terms of structural and cultural integration that emphasises the importance of equal access to natural environments and knowledge related to nature. Nature is also important for interactive and identificational integration by offering a platform and means for social interactions and a meaningful target to form emotional bonds with other people and places. This study applies the framework of integration (Esser 1999; Gentin et al. 2019) to study how nature supports the integration as well as the well-being of immigrant youth in Finland. We explore adolescents participation in outdoor recreation and their well-being experiences of and relationships with nature in the city of Lahti. We analyse the differences between the immigrant and non-immigrant groups to discuss how nature can support the health and well-being as well as interactive and identificational integration of immigrants, and how structurally and culturally inclusive nature is to the youth.  
  Call Number Serial 4346  
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Author Gentin, S.; Praestholm, S., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title From idea to practice: potentials and obstacles in engaging volunteers and refugees in nature based integration in five Danish municipalities. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 330-331  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The European Commission has promoted revisiting and developing approaches for the successful integration of migrants all over Europe. One possible response to address this challenge is using nature as an arena for social integration of newcomers, as discussed by Gentin et al (2019). The aim of the project – “Nature friend – integration through outdoor recreation and nature activities” was to enroll new volunteers and test new approaches in integration of refugees and newly arrived asylum seekers through nature based activities. Local groups of the Danish Refugee council in five different municipalities in Denmark participated in the project. The theoretical point of departure was Essers (1999) four basic forms of social integration: structural, cultural, interactive and identificational integration. Based on Esser (1999) the relationship between nature and integration can be understood in terms of: 1) Structural integration describing access to common resources and main institutions of society, 2) cultural integration with aquisition of knowledge and competences, cultural aspects, common practices, general rules of behaviour, 3) interactive integration describing friendships and social interactions, 4) identificational integration with emotional bonds to other groups and places.In this relation, “Naturefriend – integration through outdoor recreation and nature activities” focused on social interactions and language learning (interactive integration), as well as getting to know near-by nature (identificational integration). Further, the work by Rishbeth and Finney (2006) and their focus on novelty and nostalgia was found in the refugees thoughts about the nature-based activities inspired the theoretical understanding of the refugee perspective of this project.  
  Call Number Serial 4347  
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Author Slabbert, L.; Marumo, P., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Researching, attracting and catering for ‘non-traditional visitors in South African National Parks Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 332-333  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The South African National Parks (SANParks) is a significant player in ecotourism in Africa with a vision of being a connector between societies. Yet, it has been reliant on a largely homogenous market base of loyal visitors, the majority being Caucasian middle-aged or older. Future sustainability depends on finding a balance between attracting new feasible markets and connecting to younger generations, while retaining current loyal markets. Attracting non-white and younger tourists to national parks should not just represent an opportunity for greater economic stability, “…but should transmit a stronger message that national parks remain – and will always be – a domain for all…” (Butler & Richardson, 2015). Diverse visitor experiences play an essential role in cultivating greater societal support for national parks (Weiler et al., 2013). However, little research is available to inform parks tourism development and marketing initiatives to attract more diverse tourism markets. With financial barriers removed, what are non-traditional tourists reasons for not visiting? What are their tourism-related preferences, and how do they perceive a stay in a national park? How can they be persuaded to include a national park visit in their travel choice set?This presentation provides a synopsis of the results of two research projects commissioned to address these research questions, followed by practical examples of how national parks in South Africa is transforming their tourism and experiential offerings and integrating new insights into marketing initiatives.  
  Call Number Serial 4348  
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Author Pouwels, R.; Van Eupen, M.; Walvoort, D.; Jochem, R., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Using GPS monitoring to develop tools for managers to assess the impact of management interventions on visitor densities and bird populations Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 336-337  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Achieving objectives for outdoor recreation as well as nature conservation in protected areas is a challenge as outdoor recreation can have nega-tive impacts on nature (Larson et al. 2016). To manage the potential conflict between outdoor recreation and nature conservation, managers often need to intervene. One of the most com-mon interventions is restricting visitors access (Hammitt et al. 2015). Although the necessity for such restrictions is easy to explain, managers need information on the effectiveness of these interventions. As visitor densities vary across pro-tected areas and the combined impact of all visi-tors is difficult to assess, managers often lack this information. Here we present an approach based on GPS-tracking and bird monitoring, managers can use to assess the impact of different access scenarios for the New Forest, UK. For most part the approach and results have been describe in Pouwels et al. (2020).  
  Call Number Serial 4349  
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Author Sisneros-Kidd, A.; D'Antonio, A.; Monz, C.; Mitrovich, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Motivations and spatial behaviors of urban-proximate park visitors: Complexities and interactions Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 338-339  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Increases in visitor use of parks and protected areas (PPAs) worldwide are challenging managers ability to provide for a quality visitor experience while also maintaining the integrity of natural resources (Geng et al., 2021). In urban PPAs, high levels of use by a diverse population of recrea-tionists are often observed year-round. Further, these areas often serve larger conservation pur-poses, such as protecting wildlife habitat, and tend to be understudied compared to larger PPAs situated in more rural areas (Hockett, Marion, & Leung, 2017; Wolch, Bryne, & Newell, 2014). Understanding visitor motivations and spatial behaviors are important for effective manage-ment of PPA resources and providing quality visi-tor experiences. However, visitor motivations and spatial behaviors are often studied separate-ly, with visitor motivations studied via visitor surveys and GPS-based tracking methods utilized to examine visitor spatial behavior patterns. Pre-vious efforts to link this data to examine differ-ences in spatial patterns as a result of visitor mo-tivations have proven inconclusive (e.g., Newton 2016 and Beeco et al., 2013) or focused on a single user type (Frey et al., 2018). Further, pre-vious research examining visitor motivations and spatial behaviors has focused on a single activity type in a small sections or areas of larger, often rural, PPAs.This study examined differences in visitor spatial behavior patterns for bikers and pedestri-ans as a function of differences in visitor motiva-tion type across several interconnected, urban-proximate PPAs in Orange County, California, USA. The study area provided visitors a wide array of highly accessible destinations to engage in multi-ple recreation activities, including mountain bik-ing, hiking/walking, running, and equestrian use. A paired visitor survey and GPS-based tracking effort was employed to collect data on visitor characteristics and spatial behaviors. Spatial data was collected using GPS-based tracking methods, and motivation type was derived from multivari-ate statistical analysis of a 36-item visitor motiva-tion scale that appeared on a paired survey in-strument. The motivation scale consisted of 36 Likert-style questions derived from the Recrea-tion Experience Preference (REP) scale widely used to understand visitor motivations on public lands in the United States. Visitors to six different recreation areas in Orange County, CA, USA were randomly selected to participate in the research during the months of May and October, 2021. Each recreation area was sampled for three non-consecutive days between the hours of 7am and 7pm, stratified to include both weekend and weekday days. Visitors were asked to carry a GPS unit with them while recreating, and complete a survey upon the completion of their visit.  
  Call Number Serial 4350  
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Author Barros, C., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Modelling visitors movements of nature-based tourism from social media data Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 340-341  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Trails are an important resource for recreation and tourism in protected areas. They enable visitors access to the main points of interest within a protected site and help preserve the protected ecosystems by restricting the visitors dispersion. However, the increase in the use of trails can lead to negative impacts on natural resources. For example, soil erosion and vegetation loss are amongst the typical impacts of intensive use of trails.Thus it becomes necessary to identify and measure visitors behaviour on trails. The conventional way of measuring use intensity is through surveys and counters. The dissemination of GPS devices has open opportunities to collect precise and complete data on how visitors move and their itineraries. More recently, the rise of smartphones together with web 3.0 has allowed the abundant production of GPS tracks that users from all over the world regularly share on specialized social networks such as those dedicated to outdoor activities.Among these networks, the Spanish platform Wikiloc stands out, bringing together about 20 million routes in 2020.These new data sources have advantages for studying visitor movement within trails because of their granularity in terms of spatial and temporal scale. In addition, the large amount of data that users upload provides opportunities to analyze visitor behaviour in places where data is scarce or non-existent.  
  Call Number Serial 4351  
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Author Taczanowska, K.; Mazur, A.; Brandenburg, C.; Czachs, C.; Latosinska, B.; Hibner, J.; Garcia-Masso, X.; Pardo, A.; Gonzalez, L., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Human mobility patterns in outdoor recreational areas based on GPS-tracking data Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 342-343  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract New trends in leisure and outdoor recreation show an increased penetration of remote areas and the development of spatially unconstrained outdoor recreational activities (Bielanski et al, 20218; DAntonio & Monz, 2016; Meijles et al, 2014; Taczanowska et al, 2014; Taczanowska et al, 2008). Here we present the application of GPS tracking to monitor visitor behaviour in a popular nearby recreation destination located in the Kozienicka Primeval Forest, Poland. Particular focus of the study was investigation of the spatial and temporal behaviour of hikers in the forest, detection of resting locations as well as use of recreational infrastructure grouped by visitor profile.  
  Call Number Serial 4352  
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Author Meijles, E.; Daams, M.; Ens, B.; Heslinga, J.; Sijtsma, F., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Using AIS tracking to assess recreational pressures in relation to ecologically sensitive areas in coastal marine environments Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 344-345  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract In nature rich coastal areas, increasing numbers of recreationists may exceed ecological capacities. At the same time, recreation in such areas may increase nature awareness and appreciation by the general public, ultimately leading to a more sustainable landscape management (Libosada, 2009). In order to balance nature-based tourism and natural values, careful monitoring of visitor flows is a prerequisite for nature and recreational management (Meijles et al, 2014). The monitoring traditionally takes place based on visual observation and patrolling, but this is time consuming and does not provide full temporal coverage or overview of the entire coastal area. With this paper, we show how recreational boating can be monitored throughout the recreational season using the globally available data from the automatic identification system (AIS) for vessels. We have developed a method to convert AIS data to easily interpretable information on visitor flows and investigated whether AIS can provide insightful visitor monitoring information by overlaying ship movement data with nature conservation policy targets and ecological value maps.  
  Call Number Serial 4353  
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Author Dalley, J.; Wang, D., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Weather sensitivity of visitation to Protected Natural Areas: Establishing trends and trajectories in a time of changing climate. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 352-352  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract A major determinant of visitor use of outdoor recreation opportunities in PNAs is ambient weather at place – specifically, the four key variables of temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation. Visitors routinely assess ambient weather before undertaking a range of recreational activities in the outdoors, evaluating the key variables – individually and in combination – relative to both personal preferences and the planned actvity at place. Weather at place may vary widely from year to year, masking underlying changes in visitation demand. Furthermore, the influence of ambient weather conditions on visitation varies widely from place to place, such that the same conditions may deter a significant number of visitors to one place, while generating little to no deterence at others – and may even encourage visitation. Consequently, understanding the influence of weather on visitation is a core consideration for visitor management at the operations level, but increasingly also at the strategic investment level as historic weather patterns are modified by climate change. However, at the place/destination scale of analysis, separating the influence of weather on visitation from other influences, such as visitor preference, is complex; when the scale of analysis expands to the national level, the challenge becomes daunting. Nevertheless, PNA managers need to make informed decisions on long-term investment in visitor services and infrastructure based on underlying demand trends and trajectories, and the extent to which these are influenced by weather is therefore a critical consideration. To address this current uncertainty, the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC) has developed a statistical tool to quantify the weather sensitivity of several hundred visitor destinations across its portfolio of PNAs.  
  Call Number Serial 4355  
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Author Probstl-Haider, U.; Hodl, C.; Ginner, K.; Florian, B., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Climate change: impacts on outdoor activities in the summer and shoulder seasonsin Austria – lessons learned. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 354-355  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The summer tourism market in Austria builds significantly on the countrys opportunities for outdoor recreation such as mountaineering, mountain biking or water sports. This presentation looks at the most important activities from a tourism perspective and considers the likelihood of impacts by climate change based on an extended literature review.It also examines current trends in tourism demand and concludes with both general and activity-specific adaptation and mitigation measures. The data collection and review process covered the relevant peer reviewed and grey literature. This comprehensive process was based on, and was open to, contributions by the full scientific community of relevant Austrian researchers and experts. The compilation process of the report followed quality standards such as the involvement of international partners as review editors within the review process.  
  Call Number Serial 4356  
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Author Falk, M.; Hagsten, E., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Threats to natural world heritage sites from visitors, climate change and transportation: A management perspective Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 356-357  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The UNESCO list of World heritages includes both cultural and natural sites. Nature parks and cultural landscapes can assigned to the latter group. These sites are often located in sensitive areas and could be threatened by environmental pressures, climate change and crowds of visitors. Despite this, natural (as well as cultural) heritage sites are increasingly used as tools for national tourism marketing campaigns. This in in combination with signs of strong visitor growth raises the discussion of over-visitation (Adie, 2017; Job, Becken and Lane, 2017; Scuttari, and Orsi, Bassani, 2019). Subsequently, there are suggestions that the social and environmental carrying capacity of WHSs should be carefully monitored including an emphasis on information on visitor density (Shelby, Vaske and Heberlein; 1989; Kaltenborn et al., 2013). Previous research show that inclusion of natural areas in the UNESCO WHS list has a significant impact on tourism (Buckley, 2004). However, the management perspective of these aspects is still unknown.The aim of this study is to examine the management perspective on presumptive environmental issues relating to Natural World Heritage sites. The analysis focuses on four perceptions: (i) visitor accommodation (buildings) and associated infrastructure, (ii) ground transportation infrastructure, (iii) visitor impact (iv) climate change and severe weather events. An ordered Probit model is used to estimate the perceptions of the management.Data is based on the UNESCO World Heritage Management Report 2014 and encompass 90 World Heritage sites that are either purely natural or mixed. Cultural landscapes are also included. The explanatory factors include year of inscription, size (measured as land area in hectares), type (full natural site, mixed natural site or archaeological or cultural landscape), covered by the danger list (with risk of losing the inscription) and country of location. Indicators at the country level capture the general environmental performance and attitudes.  
  Call Number Serial 4357  
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Author Siegrist, D.; Bonnelame, L. K., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Zero impact nature-based tourism Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 358-359  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The climate crisis is one of the greatest challenges of our time. Tourism can also make an important contribution to solving these problems (Lenzen et al. 2018). Nature-based tourism is thereby of particular importance. This is especially because it is generally viewed as a more ecological version compared to other forms of tourism. Nature-based tourism offers a lot of experience in the field of sustainable development. In addition, it represents a growth in tourism worldwide (Haukeland et al. 2021). It is now a matter of further developing this form of tourism into a zero impact nature-based tourism.In 2015, as part of the Paris Climate Agreement, the international community decided to limit the average global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial times, with a target of 1.5 degrees Celsius increase in temperature in order to prevent the most catastrophic damage to the climate (IPCC 2018). In the wake of the Paris Climate Agreement, numerous countries have announced that they want to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050 at the latest. These climate goals result in a special challenge for tourism, which contributes significantly to global warming with its greenhouse gas emissions on a global level as well as in individual countries (Loeh, Becken 2021).For tourism as a whole, the question arises as to which function it should play within the framework of the internationally established net zero goal. On a global scale, climate-damaging air traffic represents the greatest challenge for the tourism industry: Will tourism have to cope with significantly fewer flight kilometres in the future? How can the long-distance tourists that are no longer available in the destinations of the global south be replaced? Or will drive technologies for aircrafts be developed in the future that are climate-neutral? At a regional level of tourist destinations, too, a number of extremely relevant fields of action are affected with regard to climate protection. Mobility also plays a central role here, but there are also major challenges for the hotel industry and other areas with high greenhouse gas emissions (Gössling 2021).  
  Call Number Serial 4358  
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Author White, E.; Winder, S.; Wood, S., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title The influence of wildfire and smoke on recreation visitation and behavior Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 360-360  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract In the U.S. West, the area burned in wildfires has been increasing in recent years leading to a greater number of burned recreation destinations. In addition, prolonged periods of dense smoke have inundated both recreation destinations and urban settings. As climate change progresses and the frequency and severity of natural disturbances, such as wildfire, floods, and windstorms, increases we need to improve our understanding of how wildfire, smoke, and burned landscapes influence recreation behavior. In this presentation, we briefly synthesize the current literature on how recreation behavior is influenced by burned landscapes and discuss findings from our recent efforts, using traditional and crowd-sourced approaches, to understand the response of recreationists to wildfire and smoke. The research literature exploring how burned landscapes influences recreation use levels in the U.S. West is limited (McCaffrey et al 2013). Stated-preference studies exploring the welfare implications for recreationists from hypothetical burned landscapes account for much of the literature (Bawa 2017). Fewer studies have been completed on actual burned landscapes. In general, research conducted in-situ has found that any reductions in recreation visitation in recently burned landscapes is short-lived and modest and visitor satisfaction is largely unchanged (e.g., Brown et al. 2008, Love and Watson 1992).  
  Call Number Serial 4359  
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Author Tverijonaite, E.; Saeporsdottir, A. D.; Olafsdottir, R.; C. Michael Hall, C. M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Nature-based tourism and renewable energy infrastructure: tourism industrys perceptions of the impact area of power plants on tourism Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 362-363  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Due to its reliance on natural landscapes nature-based tourism is sensitive to other land uses which lead to landscape changes, such as renewable energy harnessing. For identification of locations most suitable for renewable energy infrastructure knowledge regarding the spatial extent of the impacts of such infrastructure on nature-based tourism is highly needed. Estimating the impact area of renewable energy infrastructure on nature-based tourism is, however, challenging. Besides taking into consideration the characteristics of the energy infrastructure and of the surrounding landscapes it is important to investigate how power plants change the meanings assigned to the areas by various tourism stakeholders. Moreover, natural areas used for tourism can be defined as places which are constructed via numerous relations and processes going on within these areas and in larger networks (Massey, 2005; Urry & Larsen, 2011). Therefore, it should be taken into consideration how renewable energy infrastructure affects surrounding areas as elements of tourism systems (Leiper, 1979, 1990). This study focuses on the views of the tourism industry in Iceland and aims to i) map the impact area of renewable energy infrastructure on tourism as perceived by the tourism industry; and ii) investigate the factors affecting the size and shape of the perceived impact area. To achieve these aims 49 semi-structured interviews were conducted with the managers of the tourism companies operating near six existing and proposed hydro-, geothermal and wind power projects situated within or at the border of the Icelandic Central Highlands. This area is an important venue for nature-based tourism as well as of high interest for further energy infrastructure development due to abundance of renewable resources. During the interviews, participants were asked to map their perceived impact areas of renewable energy infrastructure on tourism using participatory mapping software and, among other topics, to discuss the reasoning behind their estimated impact areas.  
  Call Number Serial 4360  
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Author Salak, B.; Kienast, F.; Lindberg, K.; Hunziker, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Exposure, meanings and landscape-technology fit. A hierarchical analysis of peoples preferences towards landscape related energy scenarios and what they are based on Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 364-364  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract In response to the effects of climate change, many countries are realigning their energy systems to the principle of sustainability. An energy system change will lead to the development of substantial renewable energy infrastructure (mostly wind and photovoltaic) in landscapes with effects on perceived landscape quality and socio- political acceptance.Both direct perceptive effects of physical landscape structures and latent meanings associated with those structures potentially affect their acceptance.Until now it is mostly unclear how these effects affect peoples decision making. Recently discussions arose regarding the importance of individual concepts supporting interpretation and weighting of already existing knowledge and experience before decision making. This work evaluates the role of landscape-technology fit (Salak et al. 2021) (derived from place- technology fit(Devine-Wright 2009; McLachlan 2009)) representing the extent to which alternatives within each of these two components “fit” together (e.g., does a given type of renewable energy infrastructure fit well within some landscapes but not others?). It also evaluates the role latent meanings ascribed to landscapes and renewable energy infrastructure within that mentioned “fit” decision as well as the role of prior experience (exposure) to both.  
  Call Number Serial 4361  
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Author Wilkins, E. J.; Chikamoto, Y.; Miller, A. B.; Smith, J. W., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Climate change and the demand for recreational ecosystem services on public lands in the United States Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 366-367  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Cultural ecosystem services represent nonmaterial benefits people derive from the environment; these benefits include outdoor recreation opportunities (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). Changes in climatic conditions are likely to shift the spatial and temporal demand for recreational ecosystem services. Climate change has already expanded the length of the peak visitation season for some public lands (Buckley & Foushee, 2012; Monahan et al., 2016), and is expected to change total visitation at nearly all U.S. National Parks (Fisichelli et al., 2015). However, the effects of climate change on visitation to public lands may vary by season, the location of the public land unit (Hewer & Gough, 2018), and its unique microclimatic conditions (Smith et al., 2018; Wilkins et al., 2021). To date, little is known about the magnitude and spatial variability in these shifts across large geographic extents. Here, our goal is to explore how the seasonal demand for recreational ecosystem services may change across U.S. public lands in the future under different climate change scenarios. Understanding potential future shifts in demand can help land managers plan and prepare for possible regional or seasonal shifts in visitation trends.  
  Call Number Serial 4362  
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Author Fulton, S.; Donohue, B.; Pearse, J., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Understanding the impacts of road and aircraft noise on avian species richness in Milford Sound, Fiordland National Park, New Zealand: A proposed methodology Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 370-371  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Milford Sound is a tourism hotspot located in the protected natural area of Fiordland National Park, New Zealand. Due to its wild landscape, unique views and natural quietness, it is considered one of New Zealands must visit locations for tourists, both national and international. Consequently it received nearly 1 million visitors annually pre-Covid, which is of concern because a number of international studies have shown a link between high visitor numbers and degradation of natural soundscapes. Due to the extreme topography of the park, Milford is quite isolated and only accessible by aircraft and a single road; the Milford Highway. These modes of transport generate a disturbance, not only along the highway corridor, but spatially more expansive due to the nature of aircraft and traffic noise propagation – exacerbated by the topography. Whilst effects of these noise sources on human perceived tranquillity in New Zealand have been and are currently being investigated, no such research has focussed on the impacts to wildlife in this context. Similar studies have been conducted internationally, such as in the United States, that conclude anthropogenic noise has detrimental effects on avian wildlife, such as communication, use of space, reduced reproductive success, and altered species richness. Further to this body of work, our research will focus on the impacts of such noise sources on avian species richness in the New Zealand context, which has been identified as a research gap. This research is imperative due to the unique ecology of New Zealand for which more than 70% of bird and animal species are endemic.  
  Call Number Serial 4363  
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Author Mendes, R. M. N.; Farias-Torbidoni, E.; Pereira da Silva, C.; Juliao, R. P., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Nature-based sports events and natural and protected areas in Portugal. A geographic mapping approach Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 372-373  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Natural & Protected Areas (N&PA) have always promoted visitation and leisure uses of its terri-tories, but these have changed dramatically over the last few decades. Soft and contemplative activities like walking, hiking, or camping have moved to hard skill/adventure practices such as trail running (TR), mountain biking (MTB), among others carrying new challenges to these territo-ries. The urbanization/globalization of the world population have for sure played some role in these new practices, where N&PA are used at the same time as an escape from modern ways of life reconnecting people to the environment/wild, but also attracting urban lifestyles, usually fore-seen as new opportunities for local and regional development making balance between positive and negative impacts difficult to measure and monitor. Large nature-based sports events of MTB and more recently of TR are two of these new uses that can gather up to thousands of practi-tioners and visitors over several days depending on different factors. Although “natural/rural” landscapes and positive climbs are not exclusive of N&PA its not uncommon that these concen-trate the most appellative territories for these nature-based activities. Previous studies on MTB have found that these events tend to happen in Portugal more close to N&PA (Nogueira Mendes, Farías-Torbidoni & Pereira da Silva, 2021) and that within Lisbon Metropolitan Area, 60% of MTB rides target at least one of its peri-urban N&PA – that altogether occupy only 10% of the territory (Nogueira Mendes, Farías-Torbidoni & Pereira da Silva [submitted]). Julião, Valente & Nogueira Mendes (2018) found that 30% of the actual trail runners are old mountain bikers, sug-gesting that MTB is being gradually replaced by TR in terms of popularity. What could be a pressure relief in terms of environmental and social im-pacts from MTB, could be a new wave of concerns to N&PA managers, since TR is bringing not just older but also new users and different demands.To better understand the role of N&PA on MTB and TR events organized in Portugal, the location of all these nature-based sports events promoted in 2018 was plotted against the Na-tional Network of Classified Areas (SNAC), to eval-uate its attractiveness and possible susceptibility. SNAC includes the National Network of Protected Areas (RNAP), Natura 2000 Network sites, Ramsar sites, and UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, covering a total of 29,58% of the country area that follows under the jurisdiction of the National Institute of Nature Conservation and Forestry in terms of recreational and sports use. Although both MTB and TR are sports activities, many events fall off the jurisdiction of its sports federations and their official calendars, requiring secondary data to monitor it at the national level. Data was gath-ered from Timing companies – often hired to manage registrations and insurances, along with national & regional federations/associations, so-cial media, municipalities, and local cultural and sports clubs webpages. Extra searches were con-ducted within the WWW during February 2019 using the terms: “MTB”, “TR” and “2018”. Results have found 608 MTB and 461 TR events scattered all over Portugal mainland, that were georefer-enced and uploaded to a GIS project (Figure 1). Proximity to all protected and classified areas was measure using a 10 km search radius since most MTB and TR events have several race lengths.  
  Call Number Serial 4364  
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Author Evju, M.; Hagen, D.; Jokerud, M.; Olsen, S. L.; Selvaag, S. K.; Vistad, O.I., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Effects of mountain biking versus hiking on trails under different environmental conditions Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 374-375  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Recreational use of nature areas is increasing worldwide. All trail-based activities have a certain degradation effect on vegetation and soil, and conflicts between conservation values and recreation may occur. Controversy still exists regarding the relative impact of mountain bikers compared to hikers on trails. In Norway, mountain biking is allowed on existing, multiuse trails outside of protected areas, but within protected areas restrictions vary, whereas hiking is allowed. A governmental proposal suggests to allow for mountain biking on trails in national parks in line with hiking, but restrictions could be introduced if effects from biking are more severe than from hiking and in conflict with conservation values. For managers, knowledge about the effects of opening trails for new user groups in national parks is highly needed: will mountain biking cause other and more severe effects on trails, and thus provoke higher and other trail maintenance needs, or are effects similar to that if hikers? In this study, we investigated trail degradation from increased use of trails from hikers and ountain bikers under different climatic conditions. Two study sites were selected, one located in an oceanic climate zone and the other in a continental zone. In each site, two trails were selected, one to be predominantly used by hikers and one by mountain bikers. The trails were natural-surfaced, occurring in natural vegetation, and with a variation in topography and plant communities. We contacted local groups through different channels (personal contact, e-mails, announcements on Facebook groups) and encouraged the use of the study trails throughout the summer of 2019. Mountain bikers were informed of the designated biking trails only, and we created Strava segments that were distributed to bikers. The oceanic biking trail was used for a local Endoru race from May-August, whereas the continental trail was part of a mountain bike race in end-August. Hikers were informed of the designated hiking trails only, and we mounted information signs in each end of the trails encouraging people to take a detour.Passes were counted with TRAFx counters.  
  Call Number Serial 4365  
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Author Valan, S.; Aas, O.; Vistad, O.I.; Evju, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Development of vegetation and soil impacts on trails and campsites in a Norwegian National Park during 30 years: Worse or better? Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 376-377  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract A report from 2006 states that disturbances and impacts on vegetation and soil are the biggest threats to the conservation values in the national parks. In the spring of 2014, the Norwegian Envi-ronment Agencys work began on developing a brand strategy for Norways national parks. By 2020, all of Norways national parks should have prepared a visitor strategy. In the visit strategy for Femundsmarka National Park, it is a measure to carry out comparative surveys of wear on campsites and trails, which was done in the 1980s. At the end of the 1980s, a major research project was carried out in the protected areas Femundsmarka (N), Rogen (S) and Långfjellet (S) in the so-called FRL-project. A part of the study was to register impacts on vegeation and soil at campsites.The purpose of this Master thesis is to map impacts on vegetation and soil and assess changes over time, caused by visitors in Fe-mundsmarka National Park. Both in areas previ-ously investigated and in other areas with man-agement challenges. A method test of aerial pho-tos was also carried out to register campsites. Based on secondary data an assessment of traffic development was done.  
  Call Number Serial 4366  
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Author Wang, T.; Watanabe, T., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Monitoring soil erosion on campsites by structure-from-motion photogrammetry: A case study of the current and former Kuro-Dake Campsite in Daisetsuzan National Park, Japan Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 378-379  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Camping is one of the popular recreational activities in mountain national parks. However, human activities inevitably cause impacts on natural resources, which includes vegetation loss, soil compaction and soil erosion (Hammitt and Cole 1998). The degraded environment also does harm to users experiences in return (Daniels and Marion 2006). In order to provide users with high quality camping experiences meanwhile avoid unacceptable impacts on the natural environment, monitoring and maintenance of campsites are necessary. Researchers in the field of recreation ecology have provided a sort of methods to monitor short-term and long-term changes in the condition of campsites. Methods to detect areal changes in bare ground and vegetation loss on campsites have been widely practiced in previous studies (Marion 1991, Wang and Watanabe 2019). Eagleston and Marion (2017) examined soil loss on campsites by comparing the current soil level around embedded rocks on site with the one recorded in past photographs through visual observation. Wang and Watanabe (2019) adopted Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry mapping to obtain detailed profiles of the ground surface on the campsite where gully erosion was observed. However, no studies have been conducted to monitor the volumetric changes in ground surface on campsites that are suffering from soil erosion.This study aims to detect topographic changes of the ground surface and to quantify the volume of soil erosion on the current and former Kuro-dake campsites in the Daisetsuzan National Park (DNP) by SfM photogrammetry surveys.  
  Call Number Serial 4367  
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