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Author Banjac, M., Tesanovic, D., Kalenjuk, B., Nikolic, M., Radivojevic, G. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Gastronomic offer of Gornje Podunavlje Special Nature Reserve for the purpose of authentic development of tourism Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 503-504  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Special Nature Reserves (SNR) represent the protected areas (PA) of intact and preserved nature. Due to their environmental value and presence of rare wild species, the protected areas are gaining more attention of tourists, so there is indication of upward trend in the number of visitors in these areas (McCool and Spenceley, 2014). It is anticipated that the high growth in the number of visitors will continue in the future. By visiting the protected areas, visitors have the opportunity to get acquainted not only with natural values, but also with cultural heritage that makes each destination more authentic and allows tourists take away unforgettable and synergetic experience. Regardless of the reason for the visit, the food is an integral part of tourism offer and completes the experience of the destination itself. The aim of this study is to explore the gastronomic offer in restaurants that are located in the area of the selected Special Nature Reserve in order to determine the current offer in the facilities, with an emphasis on the offer of local agricultural, food and culinary products.  
  Call Number Serial 4018  
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Author Kalenjuk, B., Timotic, D., Tesanovic, D., Gagic, S., Banjac, M. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Analysis of the state and offer of the hospitality facilities in special nature reserves in Vojvodina Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 498-500  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Special Nature Reserves (abbreviated – SNR) are the most valuable protected areas, in which nature is unchanged or slightly changed. These include the habitats of endangered and rare species of wild plants, animals and fungi, without settlements or with rare settlements where man lives in line with nature. The establishment of the SNR is carried out in order to preserve the existing natural features, gene pool, ecological balance, monitoring of natural phenomena and processes, preservation of traditional way of life (Epler Wood, 2002, Szabados and Kicošev, 2006).  
  Call Number Serial 4016  
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Author Radivojevic, G., Tesanovic, D., Banjac, M., Tomic, N. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Nature park ‘’sargan – Mokra gora’’ as a major hot spot for promoting Serbian gastronomy Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 501-502  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The goal of this paper is to determine the structure of the gastronomic offer in restaurants which are located in the area of Šargan-Mokra Gora Nature Park and to investigate which national dishes are included in the offer and promoted as representative dishes of Serbian gastronomy. The Nature Park is located between the Tara and Zlatibor Mountains in Western Serbia. When it comes to gastronomy, what makes it unique and diverse is its favorable geographical location. This area is well known for livestock farming which is the dominant economic activity in the area. Therefore, meat and other products of animal origin, accompanied by mountain cereal and fruit represent basic ingredients used by local people for preparing meals.  
  Call Number Serial 4017  
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Author Farias-Torbidoni, E.I., Baric, D., Mas-Alos, S., Planas-Anzano, A., Montserrat-Revillo, S., Gil, G. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title The influence of visitor characteristic and natural park facilities on physical activity levels. A case of study Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 493-495  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Recreational and sport activities in protected natural areas (PNA) have increased in recent years. Protected natural areas are not only promising means to satisfy current health-enhancing physical activity (PA) recommendations, but they also are an ideal environment to promote physical activity (Bedimo-Rung et al., 2005, Mowen et al., 2012). However, few investigations have examined user characteristics and park facilities in relation to park-based PA levels or intensities. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of PNA visitors (socio-demographic data, recreational behaviour, motivations and preferences) and PNA facilities (PA areas, supporting activities, etc.) in respect to metabolic equivalent (MET) expenditure: sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous activities. The work has prominent potential to help decision makers in developing the sound policy and managerial guidance to increase understanding about the complex relationships between user physical activity level and park amenities.  
  Call Number Serial 4015  
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Author Grinfelde, I., Livina, A. pdf  url
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  Title Enhancing vitality of young students by integrated experience-based outdoor education methods Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 489-492  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract In the present study the particular case of Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences Tourism and Leisure studies (founded in 1996, Valmiera, Latvia) will be used to present the experience of integration of outdoor physical activities in the study program with a focus on development of skills knowledge and reduction of institutional barriers for physical activities. Despite the fact that a good physical condition is not only a personal issue, but also a professional precondition in case of tourism, the research of Grinberga (2016) reveals that 70% of students identify their lifestyle as sedentary and inactive (11% with 0 activity), 45% of respondents said that they do some outdoor activities because of the added value of natural surroundings. The most common problems related to physical inactivity that students mentioned is back pain, decrease of physical fitness, (difficulty to move, muscle weakness etc.), also weight gain, poor immunity and sickness, pain in the neck, apathy. In their comments about the reasons for inactivity students mention lack of time due to the intensive lecture schedule which could be interpreted as an organizational barrier.  
  Call Number Serial 4014  
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Author Shimojima, H., Shimad, S., Irie, M., Aso, M. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title The environmental impact of mountaineering in the Mt. Everest region Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 481-483  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Sixty years have passed since the Mount Everest was first conquered. The popularity of its scaling and the rapidly growing tourism in the Nepal Himalayas after 1970 are noticeably affecting natural, social, and cultural environments in the vicinity. This in turn, is creating serious environmental problems at the Everest Base Camp (5,300 m above mean sea level), the entry point for climbing the Mt. Everest. In this study, our research objective was to elucidate the relationship between mountaineering activities and associated environmental changes by applying GIS and remote sensing, so that further degradation of present environmental conditions could be stopped.  
  Call Number Serial 4012  
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Author Tyrvainen, L., Neuvonen, M., Silvennoinen, H. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Contribution of nature areas to residents’ health in urban and suburban areas in Helsinki, Finland Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 486-488  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Urban and suburban greenspaces are increasingly acknowledged to provide an essential resource for residents’ mental and physical well-being and can be influential during both leisure time and commuting. In many cities, however, land-use pressures leading to intensifying land use and compact city structure fail in taking into account the potential of nature areas to enhancing health and well-being of residents. Although Finnish cities are still fairly green compared to the European average, heavy pressures are placed on the green spaces of the largest growth centers, in particular in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Key information serving urban planning in this context include what kind of green infrastructure within and around cities supports health and wellbeing of different types of residents and how the use of these areas can be promoted among various user groups.  
  Call Number Serial 4013  
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Author Bjelajac, D., Lukic, T., Micic, T., Miljkovic, Dj., Sakulski, D. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Rainfall erosivity as an indicator of potential threat to erosion vulnerability in protected areas of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 478-480  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Soil erosion is one of the main environmental problems in Southeastern Europe. The major climatic variable affecting water erosion is precipitation. In order to illustrate the role of rainfall erosivity, it is necessary to examine the changes in the amount of precipitation over a certain period of time. Recent studies indicate that climate variabilityon global basis will affect the changes in precipitation in Southeastern Europe. Sinceclimate change is an inevitable natural process, it is necessary to make certain predictions based on analysis of all available rainfalldata in order to protect potentially endangered ecosystems and important areas of distinct natural values.Erosion and precipitation distribution are important elements concerning the implications of climate variability in the Panonnian basin. Vojvodina (North Serbia) is a region located in its eastern part. It is widely known as an important regionwhich consists of a great number of protected bio and geo-diversity areas. Therefore, it is very important to draw attention to the above mentioned areas vulnerabletopluvial erosion in order to create and implement adequate preventive and mitigation measures (Lukic et al., 2016).  
  Call Number Serial 4011  
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Author Matsubara, L.Y., Magro, T.C. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Potential of dispersal seeds by endozoochory of Urochloa decumbens seed and Melinis minutiflora by riding animals Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 472-474  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The use of horse riding in natural areas has caused great concern due to social and environmental impacts. One of the problems that has been investigated in some countries is the relationship between the use of riding animals and the presence of exotic plants.This kind of study is very important, once invasive species are the second cause of biological diversity loss. Herbivores are able to disperse a wide variety of species through their feces (JANZEN 1984, Vellend et al 2003). However little is known whether these seeds will be able to grow and settle in places. It is estimated that only a small portion of seeds present in the feces of horses will be established. Therefore, this study aims to verify if seeds of Urochloadecumbens and Melinisminutiflora, after being eaten and defecated by horses, have the ability to germinate, grow and bear fruit in ideal conditions.  
  Call Number Serial 4009  
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Author Rathmann, J., Sacher, P., Mayer, M., Job, J. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Trade-offs between the forest ecosystem services biodiversity and recreation: Perception and assessment of deadwood by outdoor recreationists and the general public in Bavaria (SE Germany) Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 475-477  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The present study is part ofthisproject and analyzes theinfluence of deadwood oncultural ecosystem services and their trade-offs like tourismand outdoor-recreation, but also on spiritual and emotional relations of respondents to forests as part of their place attachment and personal identity. Despite some progress in recent years this nexus has not been explored in detail and not with a multiple method research design combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Thus, this study analyzes the impact of different amounts and arrangements of deadwood in specific forest sites on the visual preference of forest recreationists and tourists according to previous studies in that field (Edwards et al. 2012).Main goal of the research project is the assessment of the perception and valuation of forest ecosystem services by visitors, the public and other stakeholders that are related to forest management. Based on the results we seek to recommend location specific forest development options.  
  Call Number Serial 4010  
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Author Markovic, I., Sever, I., Pejnovic, D. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Impact factors on protected areas and management policies on a global scale Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 469-471  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The issue of sustainability of protected areas has been, up to twenty years ago, on the margins of scientific research due to common perception that the protected natural areas are sustainable by their very existence. Tourism in general, including tourism in protected areas, which often has a prefix eco, inevitably changes and disturbs state of the environment by its existence in a certain area. The main impact of tourism is created by attracting tourists and their concentration on specific particularly attractive area, which brings consequences that signify the usual environmental pressures, such as: waste, wastewater, traffic and others (Growcock, Pickering, 2011). Infrastructure required for tourist activity irreversibly alters the natural, and social environments. Contact with tourism affects the way of life of the local population, socio-cultural identity and brings new structure of the local economy, which substituted the traditional activities. Accordingly, the question arises is tourism in the protected areas possibility or a challenge, at a time when modern trends of world tourism indicate growing interest in protected areas, which not only favours the development of a relatively undeveloped areas, but also generate considerable economic benefits (Dowling et al., 2013). Therefore, this paper examines the issues of sustainable development and management policies on the example of selected natural areas in the world.  
  Call Number Serial 4008  
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Author Klanjscek, T., Klanjscek, J., Gecek, S., Caric, H., Legovic, T. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Quantifying effects of tourist activities on the environment, tourists, and park services in nature protected areas Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 465-468  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Here we present such a framework based on the DPSIR (Driving forces-Pressures-State-Impact-Response) causal framework. DPSIR has been used to assess environmental impact of human activities by the European Environment Agency (EEA 1999, EEA 2014), United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP 1997, UNEP 2012), and – more recently – to environmental impact of visitors in PAs (Navarro et al. 2012, Salerno 2013). However, the focus of DPSIR is on the state of the environment and impact on humans, while other important factors such as impact on the visitor satisfaction, and park services, are not included in the analysis. Our framework treats tourist activities as the driving forces, and connects the causal chain of Activities – Pressures – State – Impact – Response and Services (APSIRS, Figure). Unlike prior frameworks, we interpret the state as the state of all entities in the NPA, not just the environment. The entities are composed of four types of objects: people, cultural heritage, NPA services, and the environment. The state of the objects is quantified by indicators compatible with EU regulations and conducive to valuation of ecosystem services (ES), and can be evaluated subjectively (e.g. through opinion polls) or objectively (e.g. through sensors).  
  Call Number Serial 4007  
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Author Gecek, S., Klanjscek, J., Marn, N., Legovic, T., Klanjscek, T. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Estimating benefits of nature conservation: ecosystem service valuation in Krka National Park (Croatia) Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 462-464  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract In this study, we estimate the benefits of ES in Krka National Park (Croatia) – to the local population and to the Park visitors. We develop new methodology to estimate indirect monetary benefits of nature-based tourism to local population (i.e. local economy), and non-monetary benefits of nature-based tourism to Park visitors. Additionally, using existing approaches (CICES), we estimate monetary benefits of provisional and regulating ecosystem services (ES), and direct monetary benefits of nature-based tourism (cultural ES).  
  Call Number Serial 4006  
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Author Rechcinski, M., Strzelecka, M., Grodzinska-Jurczak, M. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Does Natura 2000 Always Mean Ecotourism Potential? Application of PP GIS to the Perception Study of the Tourist Stakeholders’ Values at the Local Scale of Natura 2000 Municipalities Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 458-461  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Natura 2000 has been established as the world largest network of protected areas to halt biodiversity loss in Europe, mainly by promoting sustainable use of semi-natural ecosystems. However, in many cases,the implementation of sustainability goals has beenlimited to its environmental dimension. This is evident especially in Central and Eastern Europe where residents reported significant social and economic costsof Natura 2000 (ref. Grodzinska-Jurczak, Cent 2011). Nature conservation authorities and some NGOs often proposeecotourism to respond to the residents’ concerns about negative local-scale economic impact of the Natura 2000 program. However, it can be misleading since an ecotourism potential is not solely created byenvironmental assets concentrated in Natura 2000 sites. Thus, inthis study, we focus more closely on social aspectsof ecotourismand provide insight into 1) community values towards nature, 2) stakeholders’ attitudes towards ecotourist path of development and 3) local environmental knowledge of the stakeholders. We arguethat only after learning these aspects and gaining an active support of wide array of stakeholders’ towards the ecotourist initiatives, the process can trulyaddress local-scale social and economic needswhile contributing to nature conservation (ref. Western, Wright 1994).  
  Call Number Serial 4005  
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Author Blye, C.-J., Halpenny, E. pdf  url
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  Title Do Canadian’s Leave No Trace? A study examining the pro-environmental behaviours of front-country and back-country overnight park visitors Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 454-457  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Inherent in the term outdoor recreation is the interaction between humans and the natural environment. However, this interaction creates inevitable impacts on the natural environment, such as soil compaction and habitat fragmentation(Hammitt, Cole, & Monz, 2015). Some research has been done to investigate how back-country (BC) overnight visitors mitigate these negative impacts through low-impact camping practices, however little has been done on the millions of front-country (FC) overnight visitors. The purpose of this study was to understand the level of engagement in pro-environmental behviours of Canadian provincial parks users and compare those practices of FC and BC overnight visitors. Park visitors’ knowledge of, intent to engage in and actual practice of Leave No Trace (LNT) practices were measured. Guided by value beliefs norm theory and the theory of planned behavior, additional factors that influence these visitors’ engagement in pro-environmental practice were also measured(Ajzen, 1991, Stern, Dietz, Abel, Guagnano, & Kalof, 1999).  
  Call Number Serial 4004  
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Author Dalley, J. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Tranquility mapping: A tool for the equitable allocation of soundscapes in protected areas Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 451-453  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract It is well recognised that advanced industrialised societies have become progressively ‘noisy’ over time. This has led to the health and wellbeing benefits of tranquil spaces becoming increasingly recognised – and valued – around the world. Indeed, the search for tranquil environments is often the chief reason people give for escaping urban settings for ‘natural’ environments. Tranquillity in natural environments is a combination of both ‘natural’ landscapes – and ‘natural’ soundscapes. The preservation and conservation of natural environments therefore requires the management of not just natural landscapes and ecosystems, but also their associated soundscapes. Natural soundscapes are finite: at any place and time the soundscape is 100% ‘natural’ unless affected by ‘unnatural’ human-caused sounds. Therefore, the primary challenge to preserving and conserving natural soundscapes in protected areas is the management of unwanted human-caused sound – or ‘anthropogenic noise’.  
  Call Number Serial 4003  
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Author Yamamoto, K., Saka, T. pdf  url
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  Title Monitoring visitor use and awareness in Sanriku Reconstruction National Park: Towards eco-based disaster risk reduction Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 448-450  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract On Friday at 2:46 pm Japan standard time, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred at the level of the Japan Trench, approximately 130 km east of Sendai. The sea floor was lifted up, causing a major tsunami that inundated 516 km2 of the eastern coastline of Japan. Together, the earthquake and tsunami resulted in around 16,000 deaths and approximately 2,600 missing people (Renaud and Murti (eds.) 2013, Japan National Police Agency 2016). In order to support the revitalization of the Sanriku area, the Sanriku Reconstruction National Park was created after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. However, large construction projects provoked adverse reactions in the tsunami-hit areas. For example, a giant conveyor belt is bringing mud to raise the ground level in Rikuzentakata City and some researchers have pointed out resulting negative effects on the ecosystem. In the case of Sri Lanka, dumping of debris from the cleanup into waterways and wetlands created pollution and drainage problems that hampered long-term recovery after the Indian Ocean tsunami (Sudmeier-Rieux and Ash 2009). These kinds of negative impacts have occurred in the aftermath of disasters and it is very important to pay close attention to the post-disaster recovery period and also to address how to strengthen the function of protected areas in eco-based disaster risk reduction. In addition to this viewpoint, this research focuses on visitor use, including visitor consciousness that can offer information on the value of a national park. Not only visitor use but also the consciousness of visitors, such as interest in disaster risk reduction and expected countermeasures, are thought to change gradually after a disaster but very little research has focused on such types of changes in psychological states.  
  Call Number Serial 4002  
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Author Wyttenbach, M., Graf, R.F., Sigrist, B., Karlen, B., Rupf, R. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Mountain biking and wildlife – disturbance experiments with roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Switzerland Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 444-447  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract In addition to being the main habitat of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), forests provide diverse and outstanding settings for recreational activities such as hiking, horse riding and mountain biking (Jacsman, 1990). The effects of new patterns of recreational use such as night rides with bright floodlights are hotly discussed topics associated with the management of recreational forests. Animal ecology so far has mainly focused on spatio-temporal behaviour of individuals in undisturbed remote areas, while research on human behaviour mainly focused on visitor conflicts in highly frequented recreational forests (Arnberger, 2006). Therefore, our knowledge about the effects of new recreational activities on wildlife is currently insufficient. We studied the effects of mountain biking events on the immediate spatio-temporal reaction and subsequent habitat use of roe deer. Furthermore, we compared the effect of on-trail mountain bike events with other disturbance events that occurred off-trail such as hunting, orienteering and on site observations.  
  Call Number Serial 4001  
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Author Mameno, K., Shoji, Y., Kubo, T., Aikoh, T., Tsuge, T. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Estimating preferences for pricing policies in Japanese national parks using best-worst scaling Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 436-438  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The purpose of this study is to understand preferences of the general Japanese public for pricing policies in the national park system applying the best-worst scaling (BWS) approach. One remarkable feature of Japanese national parks is that the most of costs for park services have traditionally financed not by visitors but by general taxpayers. Recently, however, the Japanese government has faced a serious financial shortage, each national park faces revenue shortfalls. In the near future, we need some fundamental changes in Japanese parks system on pricing policies. We have to know general Japanese citizens’ preferences for them.  
  Call Number Serial 3999  
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Author Thapa, K. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Assessing economic impact of national park visitation in Nepal Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 439-441  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has categorized Protected Areas into six categories depending on management objectives. National park (IUCN category II) is the large natural or near-natural areas protecting large-scale ecological processes with characteristic species and ecosystems, which also have environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities (Dudley, 2008). Thus, national park provides opportunities for recreation and tourism besides conservation of biodiversity and ecological processes. . Tourism and Recreation which forms part of the cultural ecosystem services provide benefits to local, regional and international community in the form of nature visit, wilderness experience and economic contribution.  
  Call Number Serial 4000  
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Author Visintin, F., Marangon, F., Spoto, M. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Accounting the value4money of Marine Protected Areas Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 433-435  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Protected Areas (PAs) both terrestrial and marine are financed by public funds. Since the last 2014 the Italian Ministry of the Environment is asking Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to report the public resource management and especially to assess the worth produced by MPAs at the local level. For this purpose, starting from the economic accounting, environmental benefits and costs have been valuated and integrated building the Protected Area environmental accounting model. The model approach complies with the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 (EU, 2011) and the Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Services Initiative (EU, 2014) carried out at European level aiming to promote the integration of environmental benefits into accounting and reporting systems at EU and national level. The research on which this paper reports illustrates the model highlighting what and how much value the MPAs are able to create from the money allocated by government and funding bodies. In the Methodology section, the method is outlined and the environmental accounting model is given. In the following section the results are described. The last section provides an analysis of the results and draws the conclusions.  
  Call Number Serial 3998  
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Author Began, M., Visnic, T., Bozic, S., Vasiljevic, Dj. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Degradation of in situ geosites caused by anthropogenic factors – analysis of tourists’ attitudes Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 427-428  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Geological diversity values are extremely vast, but are also most reasons for its degradation. Only at the beginning of the XXI century, with the popularization of science, the role of geological heritage started to be accepted and the need for its protection recognized in developing countries, such as Serbia. However, the papers available are mainly engaged with the essence of geoconservation and its basic steps: geosites inventory, examining their values and threats and suggesting the best solution or geoconservation method, etc. The authors returned to revise the part that concerns the study of the very threatening factors. Threatening factors can be divided into those arising from natural processes and those arising from anthropogenic activities – more numerous, but weaker.  
  Call Number Serial 3996  
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Author Melichar, J., Braun Kohlova, M., Kaprova, K. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Optimal pricing of recreation in the Czech protected areas Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 430-432  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract With growing number of visitors in wilderness areas, the burden on touristic infrastructure increases together with the nature protection expenses. The management of protected areas is not able to fully cover these costs and their economy is partially or completely dependent on state subsidies. The pricing of recreation is one of the options how to manage the number of visitors entering the protected area, and how to enhance the budgetary self-sufficiency of the protected areas. The contribution presents the model of the optimal entrance fees and potential revenues for the system of landscape protected areas and national parks in the Czech Republic. The model was transformed into a parametrized software tool available to the managements of Czech protected areas.  
  Call Number Serial 3997  
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Author Tomic, N. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Exploring the potential for geotourism development in the Danube region of Serbia Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 425-426  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The Danube region in Serbia is home to numerous geological and geomorphological features as well as paleonthological remains of mammoths and other animals that testify to the long and vivid history of this area. Parts of the Middle and Lower Danube in Serbia contain most of the rich natural and cultural (mainly archaeological) heritage dating back to prehistoric times as well as the remains from the Roman and Medieval period. Throughout history, it has been a place where different cultures and civilizations have flourished over a long period of time. All of these paleontological and prehistoric remains of mammoths and early man as well as numerous later civilizations and their achievements are simply woven in this space which has been continously inhabited for nearly a million years.  
  Call Number Serial 3995  
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Author Miljkovic, Lj., Miljkovic, Dj., Lukic, T., Bozic, S., Stojstavljevic, R., Bjelajac, D., Micic, T. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Protected natural areas and geoheritage of Homolje – an overview Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 422-424  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Homolje is one of the most outstanding geomorphological areas of Eastern Serbia, surrounded by Beljanica Mountain on the South, Homoljske Mountains on the North, Black summit on the East and Gornjacke Mountains on the West. According to Spatial plan of the Republic of Serbia, Homolje represents an area of protected natural values with specific geo and biodiversity of national importance. The Central Registry of protected natural assets of Homolje encompasses the following natural assets: The Spring of Zagubica (The Mlava Spring), Homolje intermittent (rhythmic) spring, The Krupaj Spring, Uvala Busovata, The Osanicka River Gorge and The Samar Karst Bridge.  
  Call Number Serial 3994  
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Author Siljkovic, Z., Musa, S. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Papuk Geopark and the tourism activity Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 416-418  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Papuk Geopark can be described as an area with distinct natural and socio-economic features giving it its unique characteristics. Its vertical stratification is composed of parts of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere and definitely social sphere. Consequently, geographical space differs from the biosphere since biosphere is only its integral part and the features created by human activity are incorporated within it. Taking in regard geospatial characteristics, both its features and functions one may conclude geological diversity is a unique system, distinct in its content and functionality, recognizable as a definite location. It reflects the state of the environment as the location where all living beings reside and are conditioned by the geospatial diversity. Geodiversity does not relate only to geographic physical features.  
  Call Number Serial 3992  
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Author Vrsaljko, A., Troselj, I., Markovic, N. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Landscape Diversity of the National Park Paklenica as Paradigm of Tourism Development Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 419-421  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Paklenica National Park was established in 1949. The Park territory forms a part of Dinaric karst, one of the most impressive karst units in the world, marked by distinctive geological, geomorphological and hydrological features. The tourist offer of the National Park is extraordinarily interesting to foreign visitors, the number of whom is, according to the research included in this final paper, 77%. The types of tourism such as adventure ecotourism, wildlife tourism and nature based tourism are well implemented in the Park. For that reason, this paper dealt with the visitors’/tourists’ perceptions on valorisation of the landscape particularities as the paradigms of the development of specific types of tourism.  
  Call Number Serial 3993  
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Author Musa, S., Misilo, M., Siljkovic, Z. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Geodiversity as a fundamental determinant in distinguishing geoparks in Southeast Europe Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 413-415  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The problem of defining geodiversity in the broader area of South-eastern Europe seems to result in the unwillingness of their getting proclaimed and nominated into the European network. The question of evaluation and general research of geo-diversity and seclusion of Geoparks in SE Europe is burdened with many problems. Among the first is a problem of lack of recognition of the importance of the same. Although the question of Geoparks is “typical geographical” (as regards space as a subject of study in geography) it is just ignored by geographers. Some of the most important reasons for this situation in the field of research of geological diversity and seclusion of Geoparks are: different approaches to the concept of geo-diversity (narrower and a broader approach to defining), partly the failure to recognize the meaning of seclusion and protection of the most valuable parts of geological diversity (geoheritage) and political and administrative problems, which in some countries of South Eastern Europe are very pronounced, etc.  
  Call Number Serial 3991  
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Author Zega, M., Grmovsek, A. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Protecting & Evaluating Geoheritagein Slovenia – Today’s Issues & Challenges Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 412-412  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Although Slovenia is a small country, it boasts with well-preserved diversity in natural and cultural resources.Many merits go to the first conscious and forward-looking individuals, which at the end of 19th century came up with theideaof protecting the worthiest parts of nature, one example isThe proposition for protection of the Triglav lakes valley, handed by A. Belar in 1908 to Austro-Hungarian government. Today, the worthiest parts of nature on the territory of Slovenia are protected under the Nature Conservation Act (NCA)and other accompanying regulations.NCA acknowledges two pillars of nature conservation: (1) natural valuable features protection preservation,and (2) biodiversity. Preservation of biodiversity is mostly provided through Natura 2000network and analogous approaches, while protection of natural valuable features covers the entire natural heritage in Slovenia. In nature these represent: palaeontological sites, karstic and glacier phenomena, waterfalls, lakes, forests, botanic parks… By the NCA they are sorted indifferent categories: geological, geomorphological, hydrological, dendrological, zoological, botanical, ecosystemic, designed and valuable landscape, minerals and fossils.  
  Call Number Serial 3990  
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Author Hose, T.A. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Re Cycling and Geotourism: an adventure approach to appreciating physical landscapes Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 408-411  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Europe’s present-day rich legacy of geological material in museums, universities, archives and libraries – its cultural geoheritage – is a consequence of its citizens’ 400 years of geological inquiry (Hose 2016a). Its recognised geosites and geomorphosites and their associated landforms, rocks, minerals and fossils (or geodiversity) – its natural geoheritage – populate both the historic and modern geological literature (Hose 2016b). The recognition that many of the literatures’ geosites and geomorphosites, and from which the specimens in the collections had been gathered, were lost, degraded or were no longer accessible led, from the mid-20th century, to the development of geoconservation measures to protect what was left (Hose 2008). Further, the recognition geology in general and geoconservation in particular were poorly regarded and understood by the public geologists and others, from the late 20th century, developed geotourism provision (Hose 2011, 2012), latterly with an emphasis on geoparks, indeed, it has been recognised that ‘In today’s economically stretched climate, tourists are a valuable source of local income. The encouragement of the tourist industry to include geodiversity within its remit is therefore high…’ (Burek 2012, 45). Whilst traditionally tourism provision has focussed on mass market provision there has been a growing interest in developing niche tourism (Novelli 2005) which can encompass geotourism (Hose 2005) and adventure tourism (Shephard & Evans 2005).  
  Call Number Serial 3989  
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Author Djercan, B., Brankovic, D., Bubalo-Zivkovic, M., Lukic, T. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Special Nature Reserve Obedska Bara: Good Example of Organization of Teaching in the Field Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 403-405  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The aim of this paper is to show how educational excursions can and should be implemented in education of primary school children. The paper shows detailed preparation of educational excursion for eighth grade, and also describes possible implementation of one-day excursion for fifth grade (Collection of plants for school herbarium) and sixth grade (Making school collection of insects). Special Nature Reserve (SNR) “Obedska bara” was used as a teaching facility. Special Nature Reserve “Obedska bara” is located in the southern part of Srem, near the Sava River, at altitude between 71 and 82 m. The total area of the reserve with the highest level of protection is 9820.0 ha. Obedska bara is bounded by the Sava River in the south, while in the north it stretches across southern outskirts of rural areas of the villages of Grabovci, Obrez and Kupinovo. It is located in the municipality of Pecinci, 45 km away from Belgrade and 35 km from the international airport “Nikola Tesla”. It is 20 km away from regional road Ruma – Šabac, 30 km from Šabac, while 70 km from Novi Sad. Special Nature Reserve in contrast to the narrower space of Obedska bara covers significantly greater area of 16,133.43 ha.  
  Call Number Serial 3988  
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Author Lukic, T., Djercan, B., Bubalo Zivkovic, M., Penjisevic, I., Lalic, M. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Outdoor education in protected areas from viewpoint of geographic education Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 400-402  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Emel (2015) said that outdoor education helps one to develop environmental awareness, attitude, knowledge, time management, social relationship, success motivation, emotion control of people etc. Fletcher (2015) further explored the role of ecotourism in the neoliberalisation of environmental education. Ewert & Sibthorp (2014) identified two branches of outdoor education: environmental education and adventure education. According to them, outdoor adventure education is a variety of teaching and learning activities and experiences that usually involve a close interaction with an outdoor natural setting and contain elements of real and perceived danger or risk in which the outcome, although uncertain, can be influenced by the action of participants and circumstances. Ting & Siew (2014) found that students develop better in their critical thinking skills and science process skills after undergoing an environment-based education. Probably, Gilbertson (2006) did the most complex study of outdoor education (Figure). Outdoor education is irreplaceable method in geographic explorations, but papers which deal with mentioned topic are rare. This research will try to put in focus outdoor education in protected areas from geographic point of view.  
  Call Number Serial 3987  
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Author Bussolotti, J.M., De Lima Guimaraes, S.T., De Jesus Robim, M. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Perception, interpretation and valuation of multifunctional landscapes of protected areas: a contribution to visitor management Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 397-399  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The work presented was discussion of the thesis entitled “ Building indicators for the landscape of the State Park of Serra do Mar: Santa Virginia.” The Park covers the northern portion of the Atlantic Forest of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, considered the owner of a valuable biological and cultural wealth. The conceptual bases used in the research were the Landscape Ecology and the phenomenological perspective of humanistic geography, basing the analysis of lived space and the lived world and the concept of multifunction Naveh landscape, taking into account the implicit values in the three areas of functions the landscape of this protected area: the bioecological, the socio-ecological- cultural and socioeconomic. It was established as main objective to create parameters for environmental valuation indicators in protected areas from the perceptions of those who experience it.  
  Call Number Serial 3986  
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Author De Souza Pimentel, D., Meireles, C.P., Maia, S., Barcellos, M.M. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Interpretative trails to enable an environmental education process in a Brazilian park Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 393-396  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract In the Brazilian parks’ institutional field, EE is an integrating axis of the public use, as it is a planned activity for all the categories established by the National System of Conservation Unities’ law (SNUC), that regulate this kind of protected area in Brazil. Considering the process of parks’ institutionalization and the consequent recognition of its importance for society, EE could enable a closer relationship among managers, adjacent communities and visitors (Pimentel and Magro, 2012). The Environmental Interpretation (EI) is based on practical experience of natural areas’ visiting, to inform, to raise awareness, to educate and to encourage the ability of observation and reflection about the relations of people with nature (Tilden, 1977). This can provide a structure for carrying out educational activities and contribute to the promotion of social mobilization in support of environmental conservation. Thus, the EI is an enabling tool for Environmental Education, both generating positive impacts related to public use in parks (Cole, 2012). So, Interpretative Trails (IT) should stimulate new perceptions about nature based on a critical stance to allow this new environmental awareness. The objective of this paper is to present the development of two Interpretative Trails for Environmental Education in the Serra da Tiririca State Park (RJ – Brazil).  
  Call Number Serial 3985  
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Author Stokowski, P.A., Derrien, M.M. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Environmental Interpretation and Forests: Perspectives of Managers and Agencies Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 390-392  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Beyond their ecological and commodity functions, forests are naturalsettings of scenic beauty, recreational activity and symbolic meaning. Peoples’ attachments to forest settings and landscapes are fostered– discursively, and experientially – by resource management agencies, communities, non-profit organizations, business entrepreneurs, and others.Within these contexts, the services of environmental interpretation have been used to enhance personal and collective experiences of forest places. Environmental interpretation is a termthat refers to avariety of mediated and personal communicative servicesprovided by resource managers to “reveal meanings and relationships of our natural and cultural heritage to various publics” (Tilden 1977). Agencies offer interpretation services and programs to educate and entertain visitors, accomplish management goals, and promote positive images. More than just information presentation or educational techniques, environmental interpretation personalizes meaning using stories, revelation, provocation, examples, imagery, and other linguistic and visual devices. Interpretive presentations are found in brochures, museum exhibits, guided and self-guided tours, on-site signage, and other personal and mediated communications.  
  Call Number Serial 3984  
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Author Stojanovic, V., Pavic, D. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Educational and interpretative value of tourism offer as a prerequisite of sustainable tourism in protected areas in Vojvodina Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 386-388  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Tourism occupies an important positionwithin economic and development plans of both the government of the Republic of Serbia and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, which is reflected in numerous development strategies for this economic sector. Important segment of tourism offer refers to protected areas and ecotourism. There are 121 protectedareas (national parks, special nature reserves, nature parks, landscape of outstanding features, nature monuments...) on the territory of Vojvodina.Protected areas cover 5.96% of the total area of Vojvodina. 25 protected areas out of the total of 121 have the potential of creating a tourism destination or an ecotourism site (Stojanovic et al, 2011). The potential is represented through the variety of natural conditions in Vojvodina ranging from geological heritage, relief, to versatile flora and fauna. Tourism and ecotourism in protected areas are frequently discussed as an important topic with regard to their protection and total social and economic development.  
  Call Number Serial 3983  
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Author Putica, J., Perutina, I. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Potentials for Development of Rural Tourism in Blidinje Nature Park Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 385-385  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract This paper investigates the possibilities of development of rural tourism in Blidinje Nature Park, as well as existing tourist offer. Significance of tourism reflects itself in the interaction of agricultural production, production of traditional products, presentation of tradition, gastronomy and touristic services – using existing resources of rural area as its constituent part. Thus, revitalisation of the existing traditional facilities, natural and cultural goods with new touristic purposes is very important. The aim of this research is to analyse the offer and to gain insight into the current condition of tourism potentials in the rural area of the park primarily with an aim of providing specific suggestions for development of existing resources, and of creating new products for improvement of touristic offer. The research methodology is based on the survey that was conducted in the period from September 2015 to April 2016. Survey was conducted on a sample of 200 visitors, and to explore whether we surveyed reliable and service providers in rural tourism.  
  Call Number Serial 3982  
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Author Kopek, A., Jozsa, E. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Ecotourism in Balaton Uplands National Park Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 382-384  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Balaton Uplands National Park, founded in 1997 on 57 000 hectars, is a diverse, mosaic-like array of habitats, consisting of 6 adjoining previous landscape protection areas. Due to the diversity of geological and geomorphological features and the local climate, wildlife and landscape are exceptionally appealing to tourists and researchers alike. The national park stretches along the north shore of Lake Balaton, which is the largest shallow-water lake in Central Europe, encompassed by hills, grasslands, lovely villages, vineyards. The once active, huge volcanic field of Balaton Uplands is a wonderland of unique geological heritage. The natural treasures of the Tihany Peninsula – part of the national park – were acknowledged by the European Diploma granted by the Council of Europe in 2003. Lake Balaton is the second most popular tourism destination in Hungary, with only the capital Budapest surpassing it. Regarding domestic tourism it is the most visited region in the country. The lake and the natural wonders of the national park enhance each other’s attractiveness, thereby raising the touristic value of the region. The operational area of the Balaton Uplands National Park Directorate includes the national park and several other protected areas as well (3 landscape protection areas, 27 nature conservation areas and numerous ex lege protected objects, e.g. caves). The Bakony–Balaton Geopark – managed also by the Directorate – is member of the European and of the Global Geoparks Network, assisted by UNESCO. The key tasks of the national park directorate are to protect and interpret the natural values.  
  Call Number Serial 3981  
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Author Emphandhu, D. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Visitor Management forResource Conservation in Community-based Ecotourism,Thailand Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 379-381  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract KohPitakin Thailand is a small island located near Mu KohChomphon National park. Most are local fisheries.In 1992, marine resources were in crisis. The commercial fishing boats over-fished in the area close to Koh Pitak. The local people at KohPitakfinally announced conservation measures to protect marine resources and introduced community-based ecotourism (CBET) to motivate community members in resource conservation. Ecotourism at KohPitakhas become very popular that many visitors came to visit Koh Pitak, but limited resourcesand poor management has gradually created tourism impact.This paper aimed to examine how local community has applied visitor management as a tool for resource conservation and managing tourism impact.  
  Call Number Serial 3980  
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Author Zega, M., Dakskobler, P. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title MTB Soca Outdoor (Slovenia) – A good case scenario Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 377-378  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The interest in extreme or adventurous sports has grown rapidly in the last decade. Activities such as skydiving, paragliding, zip lining, canyoning, swinging bungie etc. are experiencing a burst out in number of enthusiasts and challenge audacity. A huge progress has been made also in the corresponding technical equipment. Among mentionedadventuroussports, perhaps the most popularis mountain biking. Since most of these activities happen outdoor, preferably in nature or even better in preserved and remote corners of nature, they inevitably have a significant impact on other usersand inhabitants within these places, e.g. animals and their habitats, hikers, farmers, villagers, foresters, land owners, nature conservationists etc., who have been sharing the placemore or less reconciled with each other since a long time. Now, this new presence has become an everyday reality andit brings a conflict between ‘old and new users’, which cannot be ignored. Therefore, these activitiesneed to be properly integrated into thenatural environment and into the legal system, whichis easy to say, but much more demanding to accomplish.  
  Call Number Serial 3979  
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