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Author Partalidou, M.; Iakovidou, O., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Safeguarding rural tourism experience. Do different quality norms exist? Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 193-197  
  Keywords MMV4, management, quality, norms, rural tourism  
  Abstract Despite the growing body of research on rural tourism in Greece none is focused on managing quality experience. Towards this direction visitors’ norms can be of great importance and a rather useful tool in order to safeguard the overall experience in rural settings and help everyday managers of rural tourism as well as practitioners and policy makers. Whereas developed in sociology and social psychology, norms have been used as an organizing concept in outdoor recreation research and management. In this paper we try to use this concept of visitors’ norms in order to determine what rural tourism should offer for a unique experience. Self administered questionnaires were distributed randomly across seven well known rural tourism destinations of rural Greece. Day trippers were excluded and sample size was set at 339 rural tourists, according to estimations of the proportion of rural tourists to the overall number of visitors at each destination. Personal interview was used and statistical analysis gave answers to a multiple set of research questions.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 972 Serial 2607  
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Author Petrova, E.; Aoki, Y.; Mironov, Y.; Petrova, A.; Furuya, K.; Matsushima, H.; Takayama, N., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Comparison of natural landscapes appreciation between Russia and Japan: methods of investigation Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 198-202  
  Keywords MMV4, aesthetic evaluation, appreciation of landscapes, landscape preferences in Russia and Japan  
  Abstract The research focusing on the aesthetic evaluation and appreciation of natural landscapes in recreational and protected areas is of great importance. While selecting landscapes for special care and protection one should take into consideration not only objective appraisal of their natural peculiarities, significance, and usefulness but also their aesthetic features. People belonging to different cultures differ by their landscape preferences due to a number of ethno-cultural factors as well as historical, social, and environmental peculiarities. The purpose of this study is to compare the landscapes appreciation in Russia and Japan, in two countries with deep-rooted traditions of landscape appreciation. The photo database of landscapes both similar and unique for Russia and Japan was made using the same methods. The respondents in both countries are suggested to classify and group photo images of different landscapes according to their personal perception as well as to estimate the attractiveness of given landscapes images. The results of the study will help us to answer: do representatives of different cultures – people in Russia and Japan – like similar landscapes due to aesthetic appreciation laws, which are common for the whole humanity, and if they don’t – then why not?  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 974 Serial 2608  
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Author Pfeifer, J.; Hennig, S.; Opp, C., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Analysis of visitor nodes as a tool for visitor management by the example of Berchtesgaden National Park Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 121-126  
  Keywords MMV4, visitor nodes, recreational use, visitor management, infrastructure and statistical analysis  
  Abstract Infrastructural elements in protected areas play an important role for visitors. They provide equipment to visitor activities and their demands. However data on infrastructure is frequently disregarded. Concepts and models to collect and deal with infrastructure data have to be developed. In Berchtesgaden National Park the concept of visitor nodes is used in order to support visitor management. Identification of 81 visitor nodes in this protected area took place. They have been classified into five categories: “place for excursions”, “destination for hiking”, “information”, “resting” and “orientation”. Each category is characterized through a defined standard supply. By using categories, evaluation of each visitor node was done. Deficits as well as satisfying situations became observably.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 942 Serial 2592  
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Author Pouwels, R.; Jochem, R.; Henkens, R.J.H.G., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Criteria for scientific tools for recreation planning in nature areas Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 320-324  
  Keywords MMV4, Adaptive management, integrating scientific tools, recreation planning, biodiversity  
  Abstract Recreation is increasing the last decades in Northwest-Europe. Although these visitors might have a negative impact on biodiversity values, they are important for the support of biodiversity actions. Therefore a major objective for planning and managing of visitor landscapes is to avoid the negative effects of recreational use and to ensure that expectations of visitors can be afforded. Scientific knowledge and scientific tools always have and always will be important in managing recreation in visitor landscapes. However it is an illusion scientists will deliver ready-to-go answers. In this paper we will define criteria that scientific tools should meet. We will follow the arguments of Haider [1] and McCool et al. [2] that the use of knowledge and tools should be implemented in decision strategies like adaptive management and use experiences from a case study of recreation planning in the New Forest (UK). We will show that scientific tools should be flexible to adapt to local data to gain credibility and legitimacy and should be able to show which management alternative is most likely to meet recreation objectives and conservation objectives. Therefore the recreation tool has to be linked to the biodiversity tool. The scientific tools also should be useful in communication between stakeholders so they learn each other’s key processes and values and better understand the “other side of the table”. Especially because stakeholders have different views about what should or should not be considered a problem.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1030 Serial 2636  
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Author Pröbstl, U.; Rid, W., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Green strategies against increased land consumption in Germany Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 217-219  
  Keywords MMV4, Land consumption, compensation measures, open space, new concepts for urban green  
  Abstract Excessive land consumption is one of the more serious threats to the environment in Germany. Each day about 110 ha of cultural landscape are transformed to roads or settlement. This paper focus on two “green” strategies devised to address this issue: 1) the mandatory obligation to compensate for each impact, and 2) the opportunity to involve private house buyers in order to achieve more density. It is shown that the obligation to compensate has a significant effect on land consumption. The involvement of private home buyers via a multi-attribute survey demonstrates that green spaces and social infrastructure are crucial elements when considering less consumptive development alternatives. Therefore, the traditional planning tools, which are mostly reactive, should be expanded to include conservation strategies and state-of-the-art social science methods to explore the demand for non-existing developments and to influence the future market.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 982 Serial 2612  
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Author Puhakka, R.; Cottrell, S.P.; Siikamäki, P., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Role of Oulanka PAN Park in Local Community Development in Northeastern Finland Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 78-82  
  Keywords MMV4, certification, national parks, PAN Parks, sustainable tourism  
  Abstract As a result of the growth of nature-based tourism, national parks have become important tourist attractions in Finland, and they have an increasing role as tools for regional development especially in the northern peripheries of the country. Meanwhile, new international initiatives to develop sustainable nature-based tourism have been introduced in Finland. PAN (Protected Area Network) Parks Foundation is a non-profit organization aimed to balance the needs of wilderness protection and community development by facilitating sustainable tourism development in European parks. This study examines the socio-cultural sustainability of tourism in Oulanka National Park perceived by local stakeholders. The central question concerns the role of PAN Parks certification in community and tourism development. Does it benefit socio-cultural development in the region, and does it have some disadvantages from the perspective of local people? The study is based on a mixed methods approach including a questionnaire (n=314) and semi-structured interviews (n=40) conducted in Oulanka region in 2007 for representatives of NGOs, tourism and other businesses, municipalities and public sector, and local residents. Findings show that most of the stakeholders have a positive attitude towards tourism development in Oulanka. The economic benefits of PAN Parks status have not yet been realized, but locals expect the benefits will grow while tourists’ familiarity with PAN Parks increases. Local residents’ knowledge of PAN Parks is still weak. Although nature-based tourism benefits community in various ways, locals also perceive disadvantages caused by the park. The biggest problems identified in the study are related to participation possibilities and contradictions with traditional subsistence economies (e.g., fishing, hunting and reindeer herding). Thus, it is essential to pay attention to the distribution of benefits and burdens of the park development – also to those which are not related to monetary interests. Increasing co-operation with local stakeholders could improve the mutual relations.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 918 Serial 2581  
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Author Raschi, A.; Crisci, A.; Mikicic, S., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Climate change and ski areas in Trentino region, Italy Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 93-93  
  Keywords MMV4, Climate change, meteo, ski, winter tourism  
  Abstract The existence of an ongoing climate change cannot be denied, or hidden, and tourism is going to be affected by it to a large extent. The analysis of current trends in the response of tourism to climate change, in conjunction with the forecast of future climate scenaries, can help us in focusing the possible solutions to future possible problems. This work focused on the existing trends in winter tourism in the Trentino region (Italian Alps), by analysing, for the years 1981/1982 to 2007/2008, the climate data from six meteo stations located in ski resorts characterized by different height and geographical position. Data analysis showed that the number of the days with more than 20 cm of snow, minimum level for permitting skiing, is reducing, and interannual variability is increasing. The trend is particularly evident for lower altitude areas. The average, minimum and maximum temperatures of above mentioned winter periods was compared with tourist arrivals suggesting an inverse correlation, with a marked decrease in tourists arrivals in higher temperature periods. The results support the conclusion that the tourists will be obliged to reach higher ski areas with lower temperature and adequate snow level, while a further increase in temperatures will lead the lower ski areas to disappear, and the high seasonal variability will put at risk winter tourism itself in many areas. The further perspective of research, on tourism trends in summer season, will also be outlined.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 926 Serial 2585  
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Author Raschi, A.; Trampetti, S., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Introduction Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 15-15  
  Keywords MMV4  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 886 Serial 2565  
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Author Reimann, M.; Ehrlich, Ü., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Dependence of tourism destinations non-market value on the visit rate: the contingent valuation case study of Jägala Waterfall Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 239-242  
  Keywords MMV4, Nature tourism, nature resource utilization, contingent valuation  
  Abstract The article discusses the resource utilisation conflict at the example of Jägala Waterfall, which is the highest and greatest natural waterfall in Estonia. There are plans to build a hydro-power plant there, which would conduct most of the water past the waterfall to the power plant’s turbines, reducing significantly natural and recreational values of the waterfall. The authors carried out a contingent valuation (CV) study to identify the monetary equivalent of non-market values related with Jägala waterfall. This paper examines the dependence of the respondents’ willingness to pay (WTP) on whether or not they have visited the waterfall, indicating thus the significance of nature tourism for the formation of non-market value of natural features. The paper analyses also the dependence of the visit rate on the respondents’ sociometric characteristics. Using the Logit-model, it was identified that the statistically significant factors that influence the probability of visiting Jägala Waterfall are education, income and age. Gender and nationality are not statistictically significant factors for the probablity of visiting the Waterfall. It was also identified that visiting rate has positive impact to WTP.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 994 Serial 2618  
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Author Roberts, J., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title An audience based approach to communication intervention Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 502-504  
  Keywords MMV4, Audience-based communication, Codes of conduct, Recreational impacts  
  Abstract Communication Interventions (CIs) are often used by the environmental and outdoor sectors to try to manage and mitigate the impacts of recreation. This research audited the CIs currently being used in Wales, reviewed the process of creating them and explored the way that audiences gather and responded to advice, instruction and guidance. It found that currently most CIs are too narrow in their delivery and do not consider behaviour change sufficiently, tending to over focus on the message. The study recommends that CIs should utilise a broad range of integrated media, linked, if possible, to direct ‘points of contact’. A guide to creating effective audience based CIs is being developed using the results and recommendations.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1108 Serial 2675  
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Author Rupf, R.; Wernli, M.; Haller, R., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title How to elaborate precise visitor numbers? Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 161-164  
  Keywords MMV4, Acoustic slab sensor, calibration, visitor census, visitor monitoring, Swiss National Park  
  Abstract Visitor numbers and visitor distribution are required information for various management tasks of recreational areas. Automatic data collection is a low-price opportunity to obtain data. The main problem of automatic methods is data precision. In the Swiss National Park, automatic visitor counting with acoustic slab sensors started in 2005. As precision did not appear to be satisfactory, the counting problems were investigated. Sensor installation strictly followed the instruction manuals given and fine tuning during the calibration period led to a deviance of 5%. Precise counting data resulted in the sum of persons counted whereas direction separated data was not as precise. Recommendations for counting site selection, installation and calibration counting are given.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 960 Serial 2601  
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Author Sanesi, G.; Fiore, M.; Colangelo, G.; Lafortezza, R., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Monitoring visitor-flows in Tuscany’s forests: preliminary results and clues Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 40-44  
  Keywords MMV4, Protected area – Forest resources – Environmental indicators – Forest Information System – Tuscany Region  
  Abstract In 2006, the Tuscany Region through its Agency for Agriculture and Forestry (ARSIA) has lunched a tool supporting the process of planning and managing forest areas within the region: RAFT – “RApporto sullo stato delle Foreste in Toscana” – Report on the status of Tuscany forests. The RAFT aims to monitor the status of forests and their main functions and services in relation to ecological and social aspects. This monitoring process has now reached its third year. Within the theme of “Environment and society”, the RAFT has analysed a number of indicators (following the P-S-R framework) related to the flows of visitors in Tuscany’s forests. Analyses show the relevance of forest areas in the region especially within protected areas. In this paper, we report a brief description of the RAFT and the some preliminary results related to the analysis of past and current flows of visitors in protected areas and hunting sites. We discuss the main strengths and the weaknesses associated with the past and current policies for managing visitors’ flows and propose new strategies to disseminate information and attract visitors during different seasons.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 894 Serial 2569  
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Author Saparbayev, S.K.; Woodward, D.B., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) as an indicator species and increasing recreation loads in the Almaty Nature Reserve Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 511-515  
  Keywords MMV4, Snow leopard (Uncia uncia), Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica), Almaty Nature Reserve, Kazakhstan, ecotrail  
  Abstract The purpose of this research is to analyze the data on ecology, biology and dynamics of snow leopard population in the Almaty Nature Reserve and to identify if the increasing numbers of ecotourists could contribute to the decrease of Uncia uncia population. The results of the study show that increasing recreation loads in the Reserve and adjacent territories elevate the disturbance level to the snow leopard’s main prey Siberian Ibex and to the predator itself that could result in a decrease of population of this endangered species or its total extinction.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1114 Serial 2678  
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Author Siegrist, D.; Wasem, K., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Optimizing the quality of experience-oriented nature-based tourism offers: the new evaluation tool “Experience Compass” Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 263-267  
  Keywords MMV4, Nature-based tourism, experience quality, offer development, evaluation tool, expert survey  
  Abstract In the past few years in Switzerland nature-based tourism has been showing a positive and fresh dynamic. New providers and co-operations enter the market with their products. But very often the new initiatives state problems with the quality of their products and are alone not able to design the products in a way that attracts the attention of a broad audience. An authentic design of the offers can contribute significantly to make them more attractive and visible and therefore stimulate the demand on the tourist market. The article here presented deals with the in-depth analysis of potentials regarding the improvement of the quality of experience-oriented nature-based tourism offers. Based on the results of an expert survey the “Experience Compass”, an evaluation tool of experience quality in nature-based tourism, has been developed and verified by means of case studies. With the new tool providers and other actors are enabled to evaluate and improve experience quality of offers in nature-based tourism.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1008 Serial 2625  
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Author Sievänen, T.; Neuvonen, M.; Pouta, E., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title National park visitors’ interest to use tourism services in rural communities Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 390-395  
  Keywords MMV4, Nature-based tourism, visitor, visitor segmentation  
  Abstract National park visitation can have a considerable economic impact in rural areas. It is valuable to understand the factors, which explain the interest and use of tourism services in rural communities in the vicinity of national parks. The aim of this study were to analyse if there were visitor groups whose intention to use the services differed and what kinds of services were the most interesting for these visitor groups. The study focused on the association between the visitor segments based on service use intention, and background factors such as attitudes towards country-side in general, and visitors’ socioeconomic background. Furthermore, the relation between visitor segments and visit intentions and satisfaction were studied. We examined these topics in two regions in Finland, where tourism industry is not a strong economic actor at the present. The data was collected in two national parks, Seitseminen and Linnansaari, in Central and Eastern Finland. The number of responses was 554, and the response rate was 68. Preliminary results show that national park visitors can be divided into two main groups considering the interest in using tourism services. First part of park visitors were outdoor recreation oriented and interested to use non-motorized or motorized outdoor activities such as fishing tours, nature studying excursions and snowmobile safaris. The other part of the park visitors was ‘general tourists’ who were interested mainly in tourism services such as accommodation and restaurants, etc. The visitor groups differed with respect their intention to visit the park and the region, countryside attitudes and socioeconomic background variables. The results of this study may help tourism enterprises in surrounding rural communities to find the right clientele for their services and products. For the park managers this information is valuable when planning the future management policies and actions. The understanding and recognition of visitors’ overall needs, when visiting the park and the surrounding countryside, is also needed by actors such as municipality decision makers and inhabitants of rural communities.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1058 Serial 2650  
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Author Skov-Petersen, H., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title The role of agent-based simulation in recreational management and planning Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 33-39  
  Keywords MMV4, Agent based models, ABM, simulation, recreational management and planning  
  Abstract It is expected that agent-based simulation models will be increasingly implemented during planning and management of visitor landscapes. This expectation is based on a) changes of recreation towards greater visitation levels and more complex settings in terms of stake-holder interests, recreational behavior types and a higher focus on protection of biodiversity, b) technological development of digital equipment, and c) a changing approach to nature planning and management to be more open, inviting and aimed at stake-holder and public participation. Based on these three lines of sight, the paper will discuss future trends in application of ABM’s in recreational management and planning.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 892 Serial 2568  
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Author Skov-Petersen, H.; Kefaloukos, P.; Snizek, B., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Kvintus.org – a choice based agentbased simulation model integrated with Google Maps Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 446-450  
  Keywords MMV4, Agent-based simulation, choices, Google Map, recreation  
  Abstract Kvintus.org is a new agent-based simulation tool especially constructed to model recreational behavior integrated with models of animal behavior. The entire model which is available as ‘open source’ is based on the generic software package REPAST [4]. Model configuration – in terms of base parameters, entry points, timetables, agent types and state/transitions – are established, manipulated, loaded and saved via XML-files which enables a high degree of flexibility and user interaction. At run time, agents can be displayed in Google Maps [1]. This way models can be applied in most regions of the World without access to base maps, aerial photos etc. Further – which is probably even more important – using a standard Internet platform like Google Maps it is possible to enable non-expert users to ‘play with’ the models and this way focus more on communicative and participatory aspects.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1076 Serial 2659  
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Author Solinas, M.; Clò, S.; Nicosia, M., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Eco-volunteering programs as good practices for nature conservation and sustainable tourism development in protected areas Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 283-287  
  Keywords MMV4, Eco-volunteering, volunteer tourism, sustainable tourism, environment conservation, protected areas  
  Abstract The CTS, an Italian association involved in youth tourism and environment protection, acknowledged by the Ministry of the Environment, has a long experience in the planning and managing of programs in which environmental protection, local development and educational activities are linked. Since the early 90s, CTS started to issue volunteer tourism programs in which conservation and monitoring activities on endangered species were conceived as original features of summer camps for students and young people. This approach provided a new opportunity to support environmental initiatives chronically under-funded and was favourably considered by the European Commission, the Italian Ministry of the Environment and other institutions that granted the funds necessary to allow the projects increase and go on. Two more important results were also achieved: first, the development of tourist offers with a strong educational purpose and a low impact on the local environment; second, the creation of synergies between tourist and conservation programmes which, in turn, allowed to improve the local communities attitude towards research and conservation activities, thanks to the economic advantages generated by just such tourism. The success of the programs lies in the fact that tourist projects were created in harmony with scientific projects and were conceived to support and “serve” the research.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1016 Serial 2629  
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Author Taczanowska, K.; Muhar, A.; Brandenburg, C., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Potential and limitations of GPS tracking for monitoring spatial and temporal aspects of visitor behaviour in recreational areas Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 451-455  
  Keywords MMV4, GPS, GPS tracking, spatial behaviour, monitoring methods, visitor flows, recreation  
  Abstract The application of satellite based navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) to record spatial/temporal aspects of visitor behaviour has received more attention in recent years. The aim of this paper is to discuss the potentials and the limitations of GPS-tracking, based on empirical data collected in the Danube Floodplains National Park in Austria (Nationalpark Donau-Auen). A total amount of 485 hiking itineraries were collected in the field using Garmin e-Trex devices. After returning the GPS receiver visitors were interviewed and additionally asked to draw their route on the map. 372 complete records (GPS tracks plus map sketches) were thereby obtained for further analysis. The highly detailed spatial resolution of the data allowed deriving more exact route characteristics compared to traditional data collection methods such as trip diaries. GPS-tracking was more accurate than map sketches in areas with poorly defined trail network. Some respondents were not able to report the exact route, due to insufficient map reading skills or orientation problems in the outdoor environment. In such cases, in particular, the GPS approach proved its intrinsic advantages. Nevertheless, some limitations of the GPS use have also been identified. In particular, problems with the quality of the satellite signal in areas covered by dense deciduous forest turned out to be a major limiting factor for GPS-tracking in the presented National Park setting.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1078 Serial 2660  
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Author Takayama, N., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title The therapeutic effect of taking in the atmosphere of a forest Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 516-520  
  Keywords MMV4, Profile of mood states, Semantic differential method, Taking in the atmosphere of the forest (Sinrin-yoku), Therapeutic effect  
  Abstract The concept of “Taking in the atmosphere of a Forest” (shinrin-yoku, in Japanese) was proposed in 1982 by the Japanese Forestry Agency to help people to relax and revitalize their body and soul (therapeutic effect). Previously, the therapeutic effect had been based on only empirical evidence. However, thanks to the rapid improvement of measurement technology and equipment, the government has been scientifically examining the therapeutic effect of forests and using the resulting data for the benefit of the public. The effect is thought to differ depending on the kinds of trees, the spatial structure and the specific atmosphere of the forest environment. Therefore, we decided to study the therapeutic effect of two old-growth forests. As a control, we selected a wellmaintained artificial forest. We measured and compared the therapeutic effect on the subjects, paying attention to 1) their impression of the forest space and 2) how their feeling changed after walking through each forest. Consequently, we found that subjects considered the old-growth forests with huge trees as more sacred, more comfortable, more serene and more natural than the control forest. Moreover, in the control forest there was no difference in any of the indicators used in the survey, while in the old-growth forests the therapeutic effect was confirmed by several indicators.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1116 Serial 2679  
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Author Tempesta, T.; Arkilo, S., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Recreational demand of the Euganean Hills Regional Park (Veneto – Italy) Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 288-292  
  Keywords MMV4, Benefits Estimation, Recreational demand, Regional Park  
  Abstract The Euganean Hills Regional Park is a hilly area of about 180 square kilometres that rises isolated in the central Veneto plain. It was established in 1989 but there is no data available on the number of visitors, and economic benefits for the local economy and for the visitors. With the aim of estimating visitor flow, a telephone survey was conducted. A sample of 309 families living on the Veneto and Emilia Romagna plain was interviewed. In order to estimate the visitors’ expenditure, a subsequent in-person survey was made on site. The research highlighted that the Park, with 168 visits per hectare per year, is probably the most frequently visited of the Veneto Region. Also the expenditure of the daily visitors (4.025 euros per hectare per year) and the recreational benefits (837 euros per hectare per year) are much greater than in the other Regional Parks of a similar size.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1018 Serial 2630  
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Author Thaxter, P.; Colas, S., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Public participation Forests – conserve, protect, enjoy Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 521-521  
  Keywords MMV4, Public participation, forest, wildlife monitoring  
  Abstract The PROGRESS Project is a joint EU funded project between France (Office National des Forêts and Comité Départemental du Tourisme de Seine et Marne), England (Forestry Commission and Natural England) and the Netherlands (Alterra Research Institute). It aims at improving recreation management in the New Forest (120 km south of London) and Fontainebleau Forest (60 km south of Paris), both protected areas. The main objective was to use a range of tools for a better understanding of forest biodiversity and recreation to help reconcile the needs of conservation and recreation. The strategy was to work closely with stakeholder groups and the general public using a participatory approach to help plan the environment for local people and tourists whilst optimising the benefit for the wildlife. This involved very detailed recreation surveys and information about ecological issues being discussed with the stakeholders, to allow changes about channelling the public and alternative facilities off Natura 2000 to be proposed. This was followed by consultation with the public to get acceptance and ownership of these proposals. This led to a variety of actions being implemented including totally new facilities, signage and access control. It also involved a communication program, sustainability program, and other initiatives such as computer-based lessons for schools, promotion of health walks and best practice guides. All of this was done in differing ways in France and England, and the presentation will document the clear success this had in legitimising management changes required for a sustainable balance, and also some insight to lessons learnt. This is being followed up by a five year program of recreation and wildlife monitoring to give long term results.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1118 Serial 2680  
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Author Tuulentie, S., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Nature and environment in Finland’s and Lapland’s tourism strategies Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 224-228  
  Keywords MMV4, Climate change, nature tourism, rural development, textual analysis, tourism strategy  
  Abstract Nature is regarded as one of the main tourism attractions in Finland as well as in many other destinations. This makes tourism especially important for rural areas, such as Lapland. Rural communities in sparsely populated areas have to deal with environmental changes caused by the increase in the use of natural resources and also by global issues, e.g. climate change. Anticipation and adaptation are important for the strategic tourism planning. Strategic development work is part of the planning system at many geographical levels. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how recent national and regional tourism strategy documents take into account issues related to those natural surroundings where tourism takes place in Finland. What is the role of national parks and other protected areas in tourism planning, which natural features are emphasised, and how such environmental issues as climate change are anticipated? The results of the textual analysis of three tourism strategy documents show that tourism development is often discussed only in economic and marketing terms and not much from the point of view of environmental or socio-cultural issues. For example, strategy documents refer to climate change in a very cursory way. National parks and other protected areas are noticed as attractions but their role has not been developed further. Forests are seldom mentioned which is especially interesting in the case of Finland where the use of forests has caused conflicts between tourism and forestry in Northern Finland. The concept of wilderness, which was present in the earlier tourism strategy of Lapland, has almost disappeared from the latest strategy document.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 986 Serial 2614  
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Author Türk, S., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Urban greens for recreation, outdoor activities and nature experience Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 220-223  
  Keywords MMV4, Urban greens, management concepts, guidelines  
  Abstract A modern management of recreational areas for communities should be understood as a useful planning tool. Only an active management of such natural areas nearby settlements, used for outdoor and recreational sports and nature experiences, will fulfill long-term recreation planning in communities and will yield in an increasing quality of life and environmental issues for its habitants. However an integrated concept is needed, which means all categories of recreational issues have to be brought together throughout all departments in a reasonable way. That accounts for all communities independent of its size and structure. Management of recreational areas is not a further inconvenient development planning tool; it is an effective instrument for advancing natural orientated recreational areas.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 984 Serial 2613  
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Author Vaccari, F.; Baronti, S.; Magno, R.; Trampetti, S.; Giannini, F.; Raschi, A., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title TuristiCO2: a carrying capacity assessment for sustainable tourism in a park island Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 522-525  
  Keywords MMV4, Carrying Capacity, Carbon Sequestration, Greenhouse effect, Park Islands  
  Abstract Carrying capacity has been a long-standing issue in management of parks, outdoor recreation and tourism. This paper describes the first analysis concerning a project on touristic carrying capacity assessment on Pianosa, an island of the Parco Nazionale of Arcipelago Toscano, using an Eddy-Covariance tower for CO2 fluxes measurement. The preliminary results show that Pianosa represents a sink of carbon, thus actively contribute to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1120 Serial 2681  
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Author Van Der Donk, M., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Ten years of experience in providing wilderness experience opportunities in Europe’s certified PAN Parks Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 77-77  
  Keywords MMV4, Wilderness, network, experiences, Europe, tourism  
  Abstract Today ten years ago, the first steps were taken to realise a marriage between conservation and the tourism industry in the most important wilderness areas of Europe. This initiative awards wilderness areas that meet the highest standards of management for conservation and sustainable tourism development strategies with the PAN Parks quality seal. It can be considered as a gold standard for well- managed protected areas. Based on the PAN Parks principles and criteria and the verification reports, park managers are encouraged to increase the management effectiveness of their protected areas and to plan, provide and maintain high quality recreation opportunities inside the park. Five principles make up the PAN Parks verification scheme, three of which deal with visitor experiences: Visitor management (principle 3), Sustainable Tourism Development Strategy (Principle 4), and Partnerships (Principle 5). Tourism development is used as a means to give economic value to wilderness areas and to create support for conservation. By creating unique and high quality opportunities for wildernessbased recreation, the marriage has proven to be successful as it results in benefits for nature, for communities in and around the protected area and in unique experience opportunities for visitors. This is measured by using mixed methodologies in the Analysis of Perceptions and Attitudes (APA) studies done in 3 of the certified areas. After ten years of working on the development and implementation of the concept in different European countries that cope with different and similar opportunities and obstacles, we can draw interesting lessons learned. Among them: The value of the network and the certificate to the park, local businesses and local people, the principles and criteria as management tools for planning and managing of tourism, providing the (certified) European wilderness experience for different types of tourists, generating revenues through tourism, communication and cooperation with stakeholders  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 916 Serial 2580  
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Author Van Marwijk, R.; Pitt, D.G., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Where Dutch recreationists walk: path design, physical features and walker usage Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 428-432  
  Keywords MMV4, environmental values, outdoor recreation, spatial behaviour, physical environment  
  Abstract A comprehensive understanding of visitor use is fundamental for effective park management. This paper explores recreational spatial behaviour in a protected nature area with a focus on the physical environment. The current research is carried out in Dwingelderveld National Park in the north-eastern part of the Netherlands with approximately 2 million visitors a year. A total of 400 walkers carried a GPS to record their movements. We related spatial patterns to the (visible) physical environment. We characterized the physical environment in (1) the path network and (2) the surrounding environment. The environment is defined by use, experience, and narrative value variables. Hierarchical regression analyses show the importance of the use value variables signage and placement of parking areas as predictors for spatial behaviour. Experience and narrative value variables are less important. For recreational quality purposes, managers should clearly communicate recreational opportunities for each parking area to the public.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1070 Serial 2656  
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Author Veress, E., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Green and/or pleasant countryside? Possibilities and barriers of the mountain tourism in Transylvania, Romania Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 409-413  
  Keywords MMV4, Cultural and natural heritage, mountain tourism, representation of nature, Zetea/Zetelaka  
  Abstract One of the main changes in the mentality of both the local people and the representatives of the regional and central governments is that the economy of rural areas must not be exclusively based on agriculture. This has been a great gain for those marginal areas that did not have nor the economic nor the natural resources that could help them in developing a sustainable agriculture. Another change of the mentality came from the urban (and not only urban) people who started to appreciate the possibilities of recreation in the rural areas and especially in those ones where the landscape did not change significantly. In literature this change of mentality is most often connected to the postmodern conception of nature and environment. These two elements have led to the elaboration of projects in order to develop alternatives for sustainable rural development. As a consequence, tourism in the remote mountain areas has developed. But the old problem of poor infrastructure can still be considered as being a barrier in the evolution of this type of services. And this seriously affects the number (and quality) of tourists who would come by car or by bus. This attracts another type of tourists (usually younger ones and with less money) who are more attracted to the wilderness of the landscape. The paper intends to present the evolution of mountain tourism through a case-study from a mountain village (Zetea/Zetelaka) from the Eastern part of Transylvania.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1064 Serial 2653  
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Author Vogt, L., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Beyond economic impact research: an actor-oriented analysis of the competitiveness of trekking tourism in the Piedmont Alps (Italy) Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 243-244  
  Keywords MMV4, Actor-centered institutionalism, economic effects, competitiveness, nature tourism, peripheral rural regions  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 996 Serial 2619  
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Author Von Ruschkowski, E.; Valdeig, S.; Jakob, R.; Homann, S., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Designing a visitor monitoring concept for Harz National Park in Germany Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 144-147  
  Keywords MMV4, Harz National Park, visitor monitoring concept, Germany  
  Abstract Germany’s protected areas encounter many specific challenges in regards to visitor management. Due to a high population density, they are frequented by high visitor numbers who also enter unaccounted for from diffuse ingress points as access is free of charge. Additionally, Germany’s parks are historically young. Thus, scientific monitoring is often limited to conservation issues whereas socioeconomic dimensions are not always considered a core management issue. Harz National Park with an area of 246 km2, situated in the German states of Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt, is a typical example. Although visitor counts have been conducted in several recreational “hot spots” within in the park, no quantitative and qualitative visitor use statistics for the park as a whole exist. As a consequence, the park administration lacks information that is necessary to analyse and evaluate potential conflicts between visitor use and conservation objectives. In 2007, the Institute of Environmental Planning and the Harz National Park administration joined efforts to develop a long-term strategy to implement visitor use monitoring with the national park. Based on extensive interviews, mainly with park staff, and an evaluation of current available technologies, a first framework was developed which will address the methodological challenges outlined above. Key pillars of the framework are a concept for quantitative visitor counts by means of pyroelectric counters and a modular-structured questionnaire to collect qualitative data such as visitor preferences, and value added to the region. The framework will now further undergo scientific evaluation to be implemented from 2009 onwards.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 952 Serial 2597  
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Author Wachowicz, M.; Orellana, D.; Renso, C.; Muñoz Moraga, E.; Parada, J., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title The spatial knowledge representation of players movement in mobile outdoor gaming Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 456-460  
  Keywords MMV4, Recreation planning, mobile outdoor gaming, spatial knowlegde representation, ontology  
  Abstract This paper describes an innovative approach for developing a spatial knowledge representation based on the existence of multi tier spaces as a mental construction of human movement. The three “spaces” paradigm has been proposed to support the reasoning process in terms of sensing, symbolic, and social spaces. The spatial knowledge representation was implemented as a computational ontology in Protégé, and it has been applied to provide new insight about the actual behavioural patterns of players within a recreation site, accordingly to checkpoints and similar players´ interactions. This first experiment consisted of an educational game in Amsterdam using mobile phones and GPS-technology for 200 students having the age of 12-14. The results demonstrate that different types of inferences play a different role accordingly to what a recreational planner needs to infer, that is, the location of interactions among players and the environment.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1080 Serial 2661  
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Author Wirth, V.; Pröbstl, U.; Haider, W., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title The role of sport activities in Alpine summer tourism Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 94-98  
  Keywords MMV4, Alps, destination choice, discrete choice experiment, sport activities, summer tourism  
  Abstract Throughout the Alps, natural integrity, outstanding landscape beauty, and the opportunity to pursue various sport activities are key elements of the tourism product, and influence the choice of destinations. This paper focuses on the role of sports activities in the choice of Alpine destinations. The data were collected from a representative random sample of German tourists. The core element of the survey is a stated choice survey in which respondents had to make repeated choices between two hypothetical alpine destinations which were disguised as web sites with changing characteristics and landscape features. The results of the discrete choice experiment show that the sport activities contribute significantly to the destination choice, and that the respondents are rather heterogeneous, leading to the identification of different segments in a latent class segmentation. The largest segment is comprised of the social and activity oriented tourists (55%), followed by nature and alpine oriented tourists (31%), and finally by tourists interested predominantly in relaxing (14%). Their divergent preferences and expectations will be described below. The importance of this research is that these segments have been identified directly from the choice responses, instead of from some attitudinal or motivational set of questions. The findings indicate that sport activities play an important role in the destination choice for alpine summer holidays, but their significance differs between segments. For marketing and management purposes these results highlight that the target groups and related marketing campaigns must be adapted to new trends and societal changes. To attract and enlarge the less active tourism segment the Alps should be positioned as silent place where relaxing in a healthy environment and outstanding landscape is possible.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 928 Serial 2586  
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Author Woodward, D.B.; Bastin, L., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title The impact of ecotourism on vegetation cover in Almaty Nature Reserve Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 354-359  
  Keywords MMV4, Kazakhstan, Almaty State Nature Reserve, ecotourism, impact on vegetation  
  Abstract The results of a pilot research project to assess the impact of ecotourism on vegetation cover in Almaty Nature Reserve, Kazakhstan, are presented in this paper. Geobotanical, GIS, ground truth and statistical methods were used. The results proved that significant differences existed between the species richness, vegetation condition, vegetation cover and the mean height of grass stands in experimental quadrats compared to the control quadrat. The recommendations include strategies to mitigate the impact of ecotourism on vegetation in the Reserve.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1046 Serial 2644  
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Author Yuan, M.; Fredman, P., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title A call for a broad spatial understanding of outdoor recreation use Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 169-173  
  Keywords MMV4, outdoor recreation, monitoring, vertical data integration  
  Abstract To better understand the scope of outdoor recreation in a pan Europe context, many agencies and organizations have attempted to collect data at various spatial levels and for a multitude of uses. The aim of this paper is to suggest a need for better and broader understanding of outdoor recreation use at various spatial levels. Case examples from Swedish data collection efforts are provided and suggestions are made to have a better understanding of horizontal harmonization and vertical data integration.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 964 Serial 2603  
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Author Yuan, Y.-L.; Lue, C.-C., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Leisure involvement differences in information searching difficulty and wilderness knowledge among hikers Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 526-527  
  Keywords MMV4, Information searching difficulty, Leave no trace, wilderness knowledge, hiker, backcountry, Taiwan  
  Abstract This paper draws on findings from recent research to examine the type of information searching difficulty in searching hiking-related information and the relationships between the level of leisure involvement of hikers and their information searching behaviours as well as wilderness knowledge. The information difficulty include their information difficulties as measured by perceived easiness of acquiring four types of hiking-related information, and their channel preferences. The relationships are presented in a proposed conceptual framework of the outdoor recreationist information search process, and tested through two hypotheses using a survey sample. It became apparent in the study that hikers who have higher level of leisure involvement have least difficulty to acquire different types of hiking-related information and have better understanding of Leave No Trace practices. It is also found that there are significant differences in the level of difficulty of acquiring instrumental information and reassurance information. Generally, reassurance information was rated the most difficulty to obtain for hikers. The article concludes by discussing the implications for wilderness mangers that is presented, and highlights the need for further investigation into outdoor recreationist information searching difficulties.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1122 Serial 2682  
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Author Zanon, D.; Hall, J.; Shaw, R., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Long term benefits of visitor monitoring – An Australian experience Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 148-152  
  Keywords MMV4, Visitor Satisfaction, Visitor Segments, Park Visitors, Structural Equation Model, Park Management Planning  
  Abstract Parks Victoria manages Victoria’s (Australia) national, state and urban parks. These parks make up approximately 17% of the state’s area and annually receive 45.3 million visits. Parks Victoria has been dedicated to the development of scientifically sound methods for monitoring visitors and the community since 1994. The three main ongoing monitoring streams are: visit quantities, community perceptions of management and visitor experience (Visitor Satisfaction Monitor). Accumulated research data from the Visitor Satisfaction Monitor (VSM) has been used to profile and refine the organisation’s understanding of its various park visitors. After 10 years that data has matured to produce a comprehensive visitor-product market segmentation. Over 11,000 interviews at 34 major parks (including 68 visitor sites) between 2000 and 2004 were used to group park visitors into seven segments. The segments are Nature Admirers, Urban Socials Trail Users, Passives and Other Users, Activity Centrics, Access Made Easy and Country Vacationers. Each park visitor segment, or group, had substantial differences from the other groups, while the individuals within each segment had much more in common; Nature Admirers visit in small groups for a short spectacular scenic experience whereas Urban Socials visit in large groups for half-day social interactions such as birthday parties and picnics. Further analyses have been conducted to identify individual sub-segments within each of the major segments. These sub-segments provide detailed information that can be used for the future development of parks and associated services. Subsequent analysis using Structural Equation Modelling provides evidence that the relationships between services and satisfaction are better understood when considering segments. Parks Victoria has been using segments in park management applications such as wild fire recovery plans, tourism strategy formulation, park management planning and visitor risk management. It has proved to be an efficient and effective systematic way of meeting visitor needs.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 954 Serial 2598  
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Author Zhang, C.Z.; Xu, H.G.; Su, B.T., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Meeting needs equals enhancing satisfaction? Case study of cableway and lift riding in World Heritage Site Wulingyuan, China Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 293-297  
  Keywords MMV4, Meeting needs, tourist satisfaction, motivation-hygiene theory  
  Abstract Meeting the needs of tourists to satisfy tourists is the policy basis for many mangers of world heritage sites in China. The paper, based on the case study of lift riding in world heritage site Wulingyuan China, challenge the policy. With tourist survey and online interview methods, the authors argue that lift do meet part of tourists’ needs, but it do not enhance the satisfaction level as the managers supposed, the assertion “meet the needs of tourists, thus enhancing their satisfaction” is not built on solid ground, and catering to the needs of tourists is at least not a valid reason for tourism developments in heritage sites. The results of this study coincide with the Motivation-Hygiene Theory. Some factors may not give positive satisfaction, but dissatisfaction results from their absence, such as good service quality and management skills. The improvement of services and management skills may eliminate dissatisfaction, but cannot enhance tourist satisfaction. They are called hygiene factors. Those factors that can provide positive satisfaction are called motivators. Cableway and lift act as motivators that can induce more satisfaction if properly operated.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1020 Serial 2631  
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Author Ziener, K., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Formal concept analysis – a method for exploring complex responses of tourist surveys Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 325-329  
  Keywords MMV4, Formal Concept Analysis, hierarchical structures, Lake Neusiedl Region, tourist surveys  
  Abstract The Formal concept analysis goes back to the 1940s and is advanced by Rudolf Wille in the eighties. Based on the algebraic lattice theory so-called concept lattices will be used for visualisation of hierarchical structures in a line diagram. The method needs as input a context consisting of sets of objects and attributes and a binary relation between these objects and attributes. In a concept lattice quantitative and qualitative data can be combined and relations between the objects as well as between the attributes can be analysed. Therefore concept lattices are suitable for analysing the results of surveys. The respondents and their answer patterns constitute the context. Precondition is a hierarchical structure of the answers (e.g. ordinal ordered data). In this presentation will be demonstrated how to use the line graph of the concept lattice for analysing complex questions of tourist surveys. As an example the main activities of about 600 tourists and daily visitors in the Lake Neusiedl Region are analysed. With the procedure of Formal Concept Analysis the different answer patterns of respondents are arranged as nodes in a line diagram. This diagram is constructed by means of two partial concept lattices that will be integrated later. The interpretation of the line graph will start at the biggest nodes, consider the whole structure of the graph and include additional attributes in order to describe groups of tourists with the same activity pattern.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1032 Serial 2637  
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Author Ankre, R.; Petersson Forsberg, L.; Emmelin, L., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Silence – an article of short supply in outdoor recreation? Handling noise conflicts in Swedish planning Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 399-403  
  Keywords MMV4, Conflicts, noise, planning, outdoor recreation, zoning  
  Abstract Outdoor recreation areas are exposed to several causes of conflict. Many interests, along with different types of recreation activities, are competing in the same area. In these areas, conflicts are handled by spatial planning and by the separation in space of different functions. One source of conflict is noise. The lack of noisefree areas in the Swedish coastal areas has become an amenity problem. Does this make noise an important problem to consider in planning? An assumption is that the sound environment is relevant for the visitors’ experience; spending time in nature is associated with peace and quiet, where one should not be disturbed. In this study, it will be investigated how silence and noise actually are considered in the Swedish municipal planning. “Silence” is one of the amenity categories reported in the Swedish tourism data base. Is there a discrepancy between the existing municipal planning and the visitors’ opinions, attitudes and experiences? Furthermore, there will be an analysis of how silence and noise could be handled in spatial planning. One possible method is zoning. By excluding certain outdoor recreation activities from some areas, zoning may handle, or at least reduce, the problem of conflicts. The biosphere reserve concept (where zoning is an important part) will for that reason be discussed as a potential tool. A case study of the Blekinge archipelago, Sweden is the foundation of the study, which data consist of planning documents and questionnaire surveys considering outdoor recreation and nature tourism.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1060 Serial 2651  
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Author Riseth, J.Å., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Parks for whom? A Norwegian policy dilemma: recreation vs indigenous interests Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal (up)  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 384-389  
  Keywords MMV4, Commercial tourism, convention on biological diversity, indigenous interests, IUCN category VI Yellowstone model  
  Abstract As most countries, Norway has adopted the Yellowstone model for nature protection; limiting humans’ role to be guests in nature. The country established its first national park in 1962. In 2008, 14.3 % of the mainland is formally protected; including 29 national parks, many established newly. Recent decades’ growing concern of the insufficiency of this protection model includes the lack of seeing conservation as a social issue, not only a biological one, was confirmed by the Vth World Park Conference in 2003. The same year the Norwegian government advanced a new policy for increased use of national parks for commercial tourism, named the “Mountain Text”. The fact not addressed is that 18 of 29 parks are situated in Sámi reindeer pasture areas. The contemporary policy has revealed an unexpected conflict of objectives. Whereas the Mountain Text strengthen the goal of recreation, affected Sámi herders fear that parks instead of protection for them will mean increased disturbance of vulnerable animals and areas and accordingly have changed their basic attitudes from being positive to becoming ambiguous towards new parks and park extensions. This is a problem both in equity as well as efficiency perspective and also a source of new conflicts. Norway currently reforms its conservation legislation to reinforce biodiversity protection. Though indigenous interests have not so far become a core issue in this process; this process and the international process under the Convention on Biological Diversity together create a window of opportunities for reconciling conflicting objectives. One of the relevant instruments is the IUCN Category VI, available from 1994, which juxtaposes biodiversity protection and sustainable use.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 1056 Serial 2649  
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