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	Author	Kajala, L.; Erkkonen, J.; Perttula, M.,
	Title	Measures for Developing Sustainability of Nature Tourism in Protected Areas			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	236-241
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Nature protection areas are often significant and attractive recreation areas and tourist destinations. In Finland, Metsähallitus manages most of state owned protected areas. Thus, Metsähallitus also has a significant responsibility for tourism development in these areas. As a part of a larger Metsähallitus project to promote sustainable nature tourism in protected areas, the organization has developed measures for estimating the environmental impacts of nature tourism in protected areas. The measures are derived from Metsähallitus’ nine principles of for sustainable nature tourism, including the aspects of ecological, socio-cultural, and economic sustainability. The indicators have been tested in six pilot areas across Finland. This article describes the process of developing indicators, and the ways in which the indicators are being and will be used through incorporating them into the overall planning process. Sustainability is approached by setting standards, i.e. defining the limits of acceptable change, for each indicator. While some of the indicators are ready to be used, further development and testing is still required.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 344			Serial	2380
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	Author	Roovers, P.; Dumont, B.; Gulinck, H.; Hermy, M.,
	Title	Visual obstruction of herb vegetation, defining standards for natural barriers			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	400-403
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	As a result of increasing impact of recreation on natural resources and visitor experiences, wilderness managers often want to control recreational use. However, most of the attempts to alter wilderness recreational use patterns, suffer from a lack of knowledge of visitors’ behaviour they seek to influence. This study concentrated on the effects of ground vegetation on perceived obstruction to recreationists. The aim was to define marginal values for the structure of natural barriers. Ratings by participants (n= 131) on a five-point scale, measured perceived obstruction. These ratings were linked to vertical cover of the vegetation. Analyses indicated a significant exponential relationship between vertical cover and perceived obstruction. A marginal vegetation height of about 54 cm could be identified as having obstructive features. Also the condition of the soil and the presence of irritating species seemed to influence visitors’ judgement. It was concluded that a more intensive use of natural barriers to control recreational use, is a functional alternative with economical and aesthetical advantages.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 338			Serial	2377
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	Author	Rammo, M.; Karoles, K.; Maran, K.; Jansen, J.; Almik, A.; Rammo, R.,
	Title	Visitor Surveys and Visitor Impact Monitoring in Recreational Areas in State Forests of Estonia			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	397-399
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 336			Serial	2376
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	Author	Pouta, E.; Sievänen, T.; Neuvonen, M.,
	Title	Profiling recreational users of national parks, national hiking areas and wilderness areas in Finland			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	347-354
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Finland’s national parks, wilderness areas and national hiking areas play an important role in tourism and recreation, in addition to their primary purpose of nature conservation. Very little attention has been paid by research to the factors that influence the use of these state-owned areas by different segments of the population. The results of logistic and negative binomial regression models based on population-survey data indicate that the users of these state-owned recreation areas have a higher than average level of education and are more likely to be white-collar employees. The users were typically enthusiasts of particular forms of outdoor recreation, above all skiing and camping. The availability of state-owned recreation areas in the home municipality increased the likelihood of using them. The number of user days spent in these areas tended to be larger among those whose permanent residence was in eastern Finland or in a city of more than 100,000 inhabitants. Small-sized household and abundance of leisure time also increased the amount of use.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 324			Serial	2370
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	Author	McIntyre, N.; Yuan, M.; Payne, R.J.; Moore, J.,
	Title	Development of a Values-based Approach to Managing Recreation on Canadian Crown Lands			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	285-293
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	A key issue in sustainability is understanding the values of a particular place that are to be conserved. While many of the natural resource values of protected areas are mandated, values associated with public use and recreation are frequently less clearly defined and often hotly contested. Public involvement processes are often used to elicit these values and a number of mostly survey-based approaches have been developed to achieve this. However, theoretical considerations concerning the nature of values and the processes of value formation have brought into question whether survey approaches on their own are the most appropriate way of understanding values. Consideration of public use and recreation values brings into play many of the issues surrounding place attachment and place identification. People value places because they symbolize something, because they have histories and memories associated with them, because they are interwoven in the stories we tell our self and others about who we are, and because they are rhetorical methods of making arguments for managing a place in one way or another. These ideas center on ‘meaning-based” rather than “information processing” models of value formation. In this context, values are seen as discursive constructions, which are continuously being contested and reconstructed through political dialogue. It is argued that a ‘meaning-based’ approach to value formation is better suited to the developing models of collaborative planning than are the expert-driven, rational decision-making models that have dominated natural area planning. This paper describes a planning approach, which seeks to combine both interpretive approaches to data collection (narratives and value mapping) and survey methods in the elicitation of values attached to a working forest. A process will be detailed that links the characteristics of an area with the spatial distribution of values ascribed to the same area utilizing GIS and photo-mosaic representations. The case study area discussed in this paper is the Dog River/Matawin area of North Western Ontario. Application of this approach to forest planning will be discussed.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 304			Serial	2360
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	Author	Grossmann, M.; Klaphake, A.; Meyerhoff, J.,
	Title	Canoes versus birds or canoeists versus canoeists? Combining interview survey and visitor monitoring to inform visitor management in the Mueritz National Park			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	277-284
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Intensive use of canoeing trails in national parks can impact both wildlife and the satisfaction of paddlers. This paper focuses on paddlers’ perception of congestion in the National Park Mueritz (Germany) and the effectiveness of different management options. Our theoretical discussion is based on the economics of congestion and the social science literature on carrying capacity of recreational resources. For the empirical application, we use interview survey and monitoring data. While our results suggest a high relevance of congestion on canoeists’ satisfaction, the acceptance of a quota system does not exceed 30 percent. We employ a statistical analysis to describe the effect of different use levels on the quality of the paddling experience. We further use the travel cost method for a rough prediction of the effect of pricing strategies (entrance fee) on use levels.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 302			Serial	2359
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	Author	Takahashi, M.,
	Title	Actual condition and problem of visitor use in Jozankei National Forest, Japan			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	65-68
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Jozankei National Forest, a part of the Shikotsu Toya National Park, is located in a mountainous area about 30 km south of central Sapporo. The forest is managed by selective cutting based on highdensity forest road network. Because of the roads, visitor access is easier than it is in other surrounding forests. From spring to autumn in 2003, visitor flows were monitored at two entrances of the forest road network using Trail Traffic Counter. There was a remarkable visitor concentration in spring and the behaviour of visitor varied at each season. It was considered that the reason for the difference could be the different purposes of visits to the park as well as the characteristics of the forests visited.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 294			Serial	2355
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	Author	Keßel, A.; Klüpfel, H.; Meyer-König, T.; Schreckenberg, M.,
	Title	A Concept for Coupling Empirical Data and Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Flows			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	199-204
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	In this paper we present a concept for coupling empirical data and a microscopic simulation of pedestrian motion. Since there is no automatic detection method available for this task up to now the main focus is on developing such a system. A review of the different detection methods is presented and the requirements are given an automatic system has to fulfil. Additionally, a possible realisation of such a detector is described. Experiences with such a system for vehicular traffic are reviewed.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 472			Serial	2299
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	Author	Ivy, M.I.,
	Title	Video Monitoring Visitors as a Management Tool: Identifying the Issues			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	483-483
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 572			Serial	2348
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	Author	Nodilo, M.,
	Title	Nature Protection in the Service of the Visitors who visit National Park Mljet			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	444-451
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	National park «Mljet» is proclaimed in 1960., for sake of wooded areas and two picturesque sea lakes. Located on the one third of the western part of the island Mljet, it takes up the region of 3000 hectares. The region is wooded and systematic protection of nature has been realised there. Every jear visitors arrive at this area and we make efforts to give them pleas-ant and substantial stay. So boards with educational matter have been placed in the Nacional park. The notices educate visitors about characteristics of lakes, the protected sea parts, archeological locality, possibility of sightseeing … Signs, texts and maps with description of ecological paths are installed to give better information about the Park. Ther are the ecological round path Fontana – Vrbovica, cca 4000 m long, the ecological path to belvedere V. Sladin Gradac and the ecological path Pomena – Soline. Apart from improvement of educational subjects, we work permanently on preventive protection against forest fire, cleaning rubbish and protecting entire region from dirt.National park «Mljet» is proclaimed in 1960., for sake of wooded areas and two picturesque sea lakes. Located on the one third of the western part of the island Mljet, it takes up the region of 3000 hectares. The region is wooded and systematic protection of nature has been realised there. Every jear visitors arrive at this area and we make efforts to give them pleas-ant and substantial stay. So boards with educational matter have been placed in the Nacional park. The notices educate visitors about characteristics of lakes, the protected sea parts, archeological locality, possibility of sightseeing … Signs, texts and maps with description of ecological paths are installed to give better information about the Park. Ther are the ecological round path Fontana – Vrbovica, cca 4000 m long, the ecological path to belvedere V. Sladin Gradac and the ecological path Pomena – Soline. Apart from improvement of educational subjects, we work permanently on preventive protection against forest fire, cleaning rubbish and protecting entire region from dirt.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 558			Serial	2342
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	Author	Yovel, E.; Hersperger, A.M.,
	Title	Reasonable Illusions: Participatory Planning and Protected Areas			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	412-416
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Popular images of protected areas are among the best known images in the world. They are composed in equal part of myth, hype and rare glimpses into incredible places. These images, of peaceful unchanging areas, disguise the bitter debate over the real purpose of protected areas, and our continually changing relationship with nature and wild places. The use of participatory approaches to plan and manage land, water, and conservation-based interventions is now well established. Today, few projects in natural resource management are funded unless they contain substantial components of community involvement. This is especially true in protected area development where participatory approaches form the entry point for working with local communities and user groups. Despite the increasing numbers of participatory initiatives, few initiatives remain uncontested or non-controversial. This paper offers seeks to suggest why the popular image, a reflection of social values and influences, is important to visitor management in protected areas as a unifying factor.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 542			Serial	2334
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	Author	Findlay, C.; Southwell, K.; Ward Thompson, C.; Salheen, M.; Aspinall, P.,
	Title	The Effectiveness of Wayfinding Systems with Forest Users			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	328-334
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Forest wayfinding systems include the sources of information, content and presentation, that potential visitors use to find forest sites and maximise their experience of forest recreation. This paper presents original research from an on-going user-led study of signage at forest recreational sites across the UK, and is part-funded by the Forestry Commission. Research methods used in the study included structured interviews with forest users, a signage audit, observation-based behavioural studies and exploratory work with space syntax. The starting point for the study was an apparent low rating of satisfaction with road signs by visitors to Forestry Commission sites in annual visitor surveys. Signs are “…the most visible manifestation of corporate face” and function to “…provide reliable and accessible information to encourage and welcome visitors” (Forest Enterprise Signs Manual, 1997). Good signs also form part of a positive perception of woodlands (Burgess, 1995) and may be considered within the context of removing barriers to the use of the countryside by disabled people and socially excluded groups. The research found evidence that there were some problems with forest wayfinding, but that these problems are related more to the context, content and location of signs, rather than the materials and details of sign design. More consideration needs to be given to identifying the minimum but key information needs of users at key locations within the forest site. Signs are costly to design, construct, install and maintain, and a crucial concern must be to provide the minimum information for maximum benefit, based on what the user needs to know at each stage of the journey and forest experience. The study also highlighted the role of signage in site promotion, visitor expectations, conflicts between different user groups and accessibility of information. A model for signage to satisfy visitor information needs was developed. The results presented here cover phase 1 of the project and it is anticipated that the methodology developed during the research will have practical applications in evaluating and developing new signage systems, and the training of forest and other recreational site managers.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 512			Serial	2319
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	Author	Van Der Donk, M.; Cottrell, S.,
	Title	Developing a Visitor Management Framework for WWF’s PAN Parks Project – Case Study of a National Park in France			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	320-327
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the visitor management planning process in progress at the Parc National du Mercantour in France. Park administration wishes to achieve World Wildlife Fund for Nature’s (WWF) designation as a PAN Park. Details concerning the development of a visitor management framework for WWF’s PAN Parks project will be given. Results will reflect practical aspects of Visitor Management Planning
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 510			Serial	2318
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	Author	Roovers, P.; Hermy, M.; Gulinck, H.,
	Title	A Survey of Recreation Interests in Urban Forests, the Influence of Travel Distance			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	277-283
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The forest complex of Heverlee-Meerdaal, which consists of two forest parts, is located on a gradient from a rural region to an expanding urban area. By means of counts an interpretation on congestion and on spreading of visitors in time and space in the area was made. On the basis of these counts questionnaires were carried out in the forest throughout the whole year and among all activity groups. The questionnaires dealt with socio-demographical characteristics of the visitors, preferences and perceptions of the respective activity groups and their interpretation of the forest area concerning structure and infrastructure. According to this study, the geographical distribution of the visitors in the forest is highly determined by the position of the forest along a gradient relative to the conurbation.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 496			Serial	2311
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	Author	English, D.B.K.; Kocis, S.M.; Arnold, J.R.; Zarnoch, S.J.; Warren, L.,
	Title	Visitor Use of USDA Forest Service Recreation Areas: Methods and Results from the National Visitor Use Monitoring Effort			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	246-251
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	One stratum of survey sites in the USDA Forest Service’s National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) effort contains agency-managed elements of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Two related methods are used to estimate the amount of visitation that occurs in these areas. One utilizes annual information on the number of use permits at the sites where these are mandatory; the other employs a double-sampling approach to estimate visitation. In both cases, on-site visitor sampling is required to obtain the information necessary to estimate actual visitation. A few additional questions on the survey enable us to describe visitor demographics, evaluate customer satisfaction, and estimate economic values and impacts of these visits. The presentation discusses development of the sampling design as well as calibration issues for both use estimation methods. A comparison of the statistical accuracy and cost of each is made. Because the sample design is based on the spatial-temporal combination of Wilderness exit points and the days they are open, some analytic adjustment to the sample survey data is required (beyond simple sample means) to get results that describe the visiting population. The analytic framework is presented, along with some empirical results from the first year of sampling at six selected National Forests to give the flavor of the managerially-relevant information we have so far obtained. The presentation concludes with a discussion of how we plan to extend the analysis that can include issues such as developing models of visitor flows and relating visitation levels to perceptions of crowding.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 486			Serial	2306
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	Author	Cihar, M.; Stursa, J.; Trebicky, V.,
	Title	Monitoring of Tourism in the Czech National Parks			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	240-245
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Recreational and tourist exploitation of selected parts of four Czech National Parks has been investigated since the year 1997. The article presents cross-section data from 2000. During a nine-day period in the high summer season the basic quantitative census of tourists, cyclists and cars on selected crossroads of tourist paths in the core area of national parks had been carried out and qualitative characteristics, opinions and attitudes of visitors were evaluated. Relation between socio-demographic structure of visitors and their behaviour and attitudes to conservation management activities of the national park’s Authorities was analysed using a special type of a questionnaire based on interviews with a random and representative sample of visitors. There are evident differences between various National Parks (Krkonose, Sumava, Podyji, Ceske Svycarsko) and between the attitudes of foreign visitors and Czech visitors. Investigation has been focused also on local inhabitants and elected representatives of local communities. Results are used by NP Authorities within the process of estimation of ecological and psychological carrying capacity as well as the one of appropriate indicators of sustainable development of the Czech National Parks. Monitoring will continue in the next years.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 484			Serial	2305
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	Author	Lawson, S.; Manning, R.; Valliere, W.; Wang, B.; Budruk, M.,
	Title	Using Simulation Modeling to Facilitate Proactive Monitoring and Adaptive Management of Social Carrying Capacity in Arches National Park, Utah, USA			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	205-210
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Recent research and management experience has led to several frameworks for defining and managing carrying capacity of national parks and protected areas. The process outlined in contemporary carrying capacity frameworks embodies the principles of adaptive management. That is, management decisions are guided and adapted within these frameworks by monitoring indicator variables to ensure that standards of quality are maintained. The objective of this study was to develop a computer simulation model to estimate the relationships between total park use and the condition of indicator variables. In this way, simulation modeling might facilitate proactive monitoring and adaptive management of social carrying capacity of parks and protected areas.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 474			Serial	2300
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	Author	Gätje, C.; Möller, A.; Feige, M.,
	Title	Visitor Management by Visitor Monitoring? Methodological Approach and Empirical Results from the Wadden Sea National Park in Schleswig-Holstein			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	68-73
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Even today monitoring in most large nature reserves is mainly concerned with ecological environmental observations. Socio-economical parameters and special parameters concerned with tourism are rarely part of such programmes. This is not the case in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park (SH-WSNP). During an extensive ecosystem research project the necessary basis for a better understanding of the structure and dynamics of the Wadden Sea was made. The local population and economy of the Wadden Sea region, especially tourism, played an important role in the project right from the start. The knowledge gained by the project was used as a basis for the revision of the national park law and in the concept for an interstate monitoring programme for the Wadden Sea. The three modules of the socio-economic monitoring (SEM): SEM-Regional, SEM-Trend and SEM-Poll document the, for Germany, unique and thus innovative character of this monitoring programme which is orientated towards comprehensive data collection and assessment. Extensive experience with different methods and results of the quantitative and qualitative monitoring of visitors were gathered during a three year test phase. The possible use of the results for an optimisation of the management of visitor flow in and adjacent to the National park and for more targeted information and public relations work are discussed.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 432			Serial	2279
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	Author	Visschedijk, P.A.M.; Henkens, R.J.H.G.,
	Title	Recreation Monitoring at the Dutch Forest Service			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	65-67
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	In 1996 the former Institute for Forestry and Nature Research (now Alterra) started to develop a system to monitor the recreational use of forests and other grounds owned by the Dutch forest service. The aim was to determine the number of visitors, their activities and the percepted quality. This information provides a valuable management tool for targeting of resources. The system uses three methods to gather the information: 1. Monitoring vehicle and bicycle use at the sites by using traffic counters with induction loops installed in the road (all year round). 2. Visual counting of visitors at all entrances (on 12 days during the year). 3. Survey of visitors (on 12 days during the year). When the system is fully implemented their will be a network of 48 sites. All of these will be monitored by using this method once in every 10 years, on average 5 sites a year.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 430			Serial	2278
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	Author	Shapochkin, M.; Kiseleva, V.,
	Title	Monitoring of Recreation-Affected Forest Stands in the National Park Losiny Ostrov			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	59-64
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The effect of recreation on the forests of National Park Losiny Ostrov located within the boundaries of Moscow is examined. The methods of monitoring of recreation-affected forest stands are represented, and the preliminary results of their application for the revealing of the most damaged forest areas are discussed. Some practical measures are suggested in order to redistribute visitor flows across the territory of the most visited part of the national park.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 428			Serial	2277
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	Author	De Vries, S.; Goossen, M.,
	Title	Predicting transgressions of the social capacity of natural areas			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	21-27
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Within the urbanized Dutch society, the social function of forests and nature areas is becoming more and more important. The same holds for agricultural areas. However, planning and management tools for this social function are almost absent. This paper presents a tool to be used by policy makers at regional and higher levels. By means of a normative analysis the local supply of and demand for nature-based recreation are confronted with each other. Because of its normative nature, the analysis does not offer a good description or prediction of actual recreational behavior. However, it does offer insight into where, according to the policy norms, the local supply of nature-based recreation opportunities cannot accommodate local demands. The method has been applied nation-wide and outcomes are momentarily used to substantiate spatial claims to develop new recreation areas.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 416			Serial	2271
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	Author	Cessford, G.; Cockburn, S.; Douglas, M.,
	Title	Developing New Visitor Counters and their Applications for Management			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	14-20
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Developing visitor flow models for managing visitors to conservation areas is not possible without accurate visitor count data from the field. However, obtaining such counts in a reliable and cost-effective manner has proven to be more difficult than may be expected. Reasons for this are reviewed, and the features that park managers want in their visitor counting tools are discussed. Based on these demands, development of new visitor counters is underway, along with integrated systems for systematic collection and management of the data they provide. However, more effective direction is required from visitor flow models to guide the deployment of these new counter systems. This is an ongoing programme, and the presentation provided here summarises background information and progress to date.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 414			Serial	2270
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	Author	Carter, M., Horwitz, P.,
	Title	Tourism trade-offs: An analytical framework for visitor management in fresh water systems			Type
	Year	2012	Publication	The 6th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas: Outdoor Recreation in Change – Current Knowledge and Future Challenges	Abbreviated Journal	NULL
	Volume	MMV 6 - Proceedings	Issue	NULL	Pages	68-69
	Keywords	MMV6
	Abstract	NULL
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 403			Serial	2847
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	Author	Kloek, M., Buijs, A., Boersema, J., Schouten, M.,
	Title	Colourful recreation in green: Review of research on immigrants, greenspace and society			Type
	Year	2012	Publication	The 6th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas: Outdoor Recreation in Change – Current Knowledge and Future Challenges	Abbreviated Journal	NULL
	Volume	MMV 6 - Proceedings	Issue	NULL	Pages	52-53
	Keywords	MMV6
	Abstract	NULL
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 395			Serial	2839
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	Author	Banjac, M., Tesanovic, D., Kalenjuk, B., Nikolic, M., Radivojevic, G.
	Title	Gastronomic offer of Gornje Podunavlje Special Nature Reserve for the purpose of authentic development of tourism			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	503-504
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	Special Nature Reserves (SNR) represent the protected areas (PA) of intact and preserved nature. Due to their environmental value and presence of rare wild species, the protected areas are gaining more attention of tourists, so there is indication of upward trend in the number of visitors in these areas (McCool and Spenceley, 2014). It is anticipated that the high growth in the number of visitors will continue in the future. By visiting the protected areas, visitors have the opportunity to get acquainted not only with natural values, but also with cultural heritage that makes each destination more authentic and allows tourists take away unforgettable and synergetic experience. Regardless of the reason for the visit, the food is an integral part of tourism offer and completes the experience of the destination itself. The aim of this study is to explore the gastronomic offer in restaurants that are located in the area of the selected Special Nature Reserve in order to determine the current offer in the facilities, with an emphasis on the offer of local agricultural, food and culinary products.
	Call Number				Serial	4018
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	Author	Radivojevic, G., Tesanovic, D., Banjac, M., Tomic, N.
	Title	Nature park ‘’sargan – Mokra gora’’ as a major hot spot for promoting Serbian gastronomy			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	501-502
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	The goal of this paper is to determine the structure of the gastronomic offer in restaurants which are located in the area of Šargan-Mokra Gora Nature Park and to investigate which national dishes are included in the offer and promoted as representative dishes of Serbian gastronomy. The Nature Park is located between the Tara and Zlatibor Mountains in Western Serbia. When it comes to gastronomy, what makes it unique and diverse is its favorable geographical location. This area is well known for livestock farming which is the dominant economic activity in the area. Therefore, meat and other products of animal origin, accompanied by mountain cereal and fruit represent basic ingredients used by local people for preparing meals.
	Call Number				Serial	4017
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	Author	Kalenjuk, B., Timotic, D., Tesanovic, D., Gagic, S., Banjac, M.
	Title	Analysis of the state and offer of the hospitality facilities in special nature reserves in Vojvodina			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	498-500
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	Special Nature Reserves (abbreviated – SNR) are the most valuable protected areas, in which nature is unchanged or slightly changed. These include the habitats of endangered and rare species of wild plants, animals and fungi, without settlements or with rare settlements where man lives in line with nature. The establishment of the SNR is carried out in order to preserve the existing natural features, gene pool, ecological balance, monitoring of natural phenomena and processes, preservation of traditional way of life (Epler Wood, 2002, Szabados and Kicošev, 2006).
	Call Number				Serial	4016
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	Author	Tyrvainen, L., Neuvonen, M., Silvennoinen, H.
	Title	Contribution of nature areas to residents’ health in urban and suburban areas in Helsinki, Finland			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	486-488
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	Urban and suburban greenspaces are increasingly acknowledged to provide an essential resource for residents’ mental and physical well-being and can be influential during both leisure time and commuting. In many cities, however, land-use pressures leading to intensifying land use and compact city structure fail in taking into account the potential of nature areas to enhancing health and well-being of residents. Although Finnish cities are still fairly green compared to the European average, heavy pressures are placed on the green spaces of the largest growth centers, in particular in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Key information serving urban planning in this context include what kind of green infrastructure within and around cities supports health and wellbeing of different types of residents and how the use of these areas can be promoted among various user groups.
	Call Number				Serial	4013
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	Author	Shimojima, H., Shimad, S., Irie, M., Aso, M.
	Title	The environmental impact of mountaineering in the Mt. Everest region			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	481-483
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	Sixty years have passed since the Mount Everest was first conquered. The popularity of its scaling and the rapidly growing tourism in the Nepal Himalayas after 1970 are noticeably affecting natural, social, and cultural environments in the vicinity. This in turn, is creating serious environmental problems at the Everest Base Camp (5,300 m above mean sea level), the entry point for climbing the Mt. Everest. In this study, our research objective was to elucidate the relationship between mountaineering activities and associated environmental changes by applying GIS and remote sensing, so that further degradation of present environmental conditions could be stopped.
	Call Number				Serial	4012
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	Author	Rathmann, J., Sacher, P., Mayer, M., Job, J.
	Title	Trade-offs between the forest ecosystem services biodiversity and recreation: Perception and assessment of deadwood by outdoor recreationists and the general public in Bavaria (SE Germany)			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	475-477
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	The present study is part ofthisproject and analyzes theinfluence of deadwood oncultural ecosystem services and their trade-offs like tourismand outdoor-recreation, but also on spiritual and emotional relations of respondents to forests as part of their place attachment and personal identity. Despite some progress in recent years this nexus has not been explored in detail and not with a multiple method research design combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Thus, this study analyzes the impact of different amounts and arrangements of deadwood in specific forest sites on the visual preference of forest recreationists and tourists according to previous studies in that field (Edwards et al. 2012).Main goal of the research project is the assessment of the perception and valuation of forest ecosystem services by visitors, the public and other stakeholders that are related to forest management. Based on the results we seek to recommend location specific forest development options.
	Call Number				Serial	4010
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	Author	Rechcinski, M., Strzelecka, M., Grodzinska-Jurczak, M.
	Title	Does Natura 2000 Always Mean Ecotourism Potential? Application of PP GIS to the Perception Study of the Tourist Stakeholders’ Values at the Local Scale of Natura 2000 Municipalities			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	458-461
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	Natura 2000 has been established as the world largest network of protected areas to halt biodiversity loss in Europe, mainly by promoting sustainable use of semi-natural ecosystems. However, in many cases,the implementation of sustainability goals has beenlimited to its environmental dimension. This is evident especially in Central and Eastern Europe where residents reported significant social and economic costsof Natura 2000 (ref. Grodzinska-Jurczak, Cent 2011). Nature conservation authorities and some NGOs often proposeecotourism to respond to the residents’ concerns about negative local-scale economic impact of the Natura 2000 program. However, it can be misleading since an ecotourism potential is not solely created byenvironmental assets concentrated in Natura 2000 sites. Thus, inthis study, we focus more closely on social aspectsof ecotourismand provide insight into 1) community values towards nature, 2) stakeholders’ attitudes towards ecotourist path of development and 3) local environmental knowledge of the stakeholders. We arguethat only after learning these aspects and gaining an active support of wide array of stakeholders’ towards the ecotourist initiatives, the process can trulyaddress local-scale social and economic needswhile contributing to nature conservation (ref. Western, Wright 1994).
	Call Number				Serial	4005
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	Author	Wyttenbach, M., Graf, R.F., Sigrist, B., Karlen, B., Rupf, R.
	Title	Mountain biking and wildlife – disturbance experiments with roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Switzerland			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	444-447
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	In addition to being the main habitat of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), forests provide diverse and outstanding settings for recreational activities such as hiking, horse riding and mountain biking (Jacsman, 1990). The effects of new patterns of recreational use such as night rides with bright floodlights are hotly discussed topics associated with the management of recreational forests. Animal ecology so far has mainly focused on spatio-temporal behaviour of individuals in undisturbed remote areas, while research on human behaviour mainly focused on visitor conflicts in highly frequented recreational forests (Arnberger, 2006). Therefore, our knowledge about the effects of new recreational activities on wildlife is currently insufficient. We studied the effects of mountain biking events on the immediate spatio-temporal reaction and subsequent habitat use of roe deer. Furthermore, we compared the effect of on-trail mountain bike events with other disturbance events that occurred off-trail such as hunting, orienteering and on site observations.
	Call Number				Serial	4001
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	Author	Visintin, F., Marangon, F., Spoto, M.
	Title	Accounting the value4money of Marine Protected Areas			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	433-435
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	Protected Areas (PAs) both terrestrial and marine are financed by public funds. Since the last 2014 the Italian Ministry of the Environment is asking Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to report the public resource management and especially to assess the worth produced by MPAs at the local level. For this purpose, starting from the economic accounting, environmental benefits and costs have been valuated and integrated building the Protected Area environmental accounting model. The model approach complies with the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 (EU, 2011) and the Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Services Initiative (EU, 2014) carried out at European level aiming to promote the integration of environmental benefits into accounting and reporting systems at EU and national level. The research on which this paper reports illustrates the model highlighting what and how much value the MPAs are able to create from the money allocated by government and funding bodies. In the Methodology section, the method is outlined and the environmental accounting model is given. In the following section the results are described. The last section provides an analysis of the results and draws the conclusions.
	Call Number				Serial	3998
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	Author	Melichar, J., Braun Kohlova, M., Kaprova, K.
	Title	Optimal pricing of recreation in the Czech protected areas			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	430-432
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	With growing number of visitors in wilderness areas, the burden on touristic infrastructure increases together with the nature protection expenses. The management of protected areas is not able to fully cover these costs and their economy is partially or completely dependent on state subsidies. The pricing of recreation is one of the options how to manage the number of visitors entering the protected area, and how to enhance the budgetary self-sufficiency of the protected areas. The contribution presents the model of the optimal entrance fees and potential revenues for the system of landscape protected areas and national parks in the Czech Republic. The model was transformed into a parametrized software tool available to the managements of Czech protected areas.
	Call Number				Serial	3997
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	Author	Began, M., Visnic, T., Bozic, S., Vasiljevic, Dj.
	Title	Degradation of in situ geosites caused by anthropogenic factors – analysis of tourists’ attitudes			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	427-428
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	Geological diversity values are extremely vast, but are also most reasons for its degradation. Only at the beginning of the XXI century, with the popularization of science, the role of geological heritage started to be accepted and the need for its protection recognized in developing countries, such as Serbia. However, the papers available are mainly engaged with the essence of geoconservation and its basic steps: geosites inventory, examining their values and threats and suggesting the best solution or geoconservation method, etc. The authors returned to revise the part that concerns the study of the very threatening factors. Threatening factors can be divided into those arising from natural processes and those arising from anthropogenic activities – more numerous, but weaker.
	Call Number				Serial	3996
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	Author	Musa, S., Misilo, M., Siljkovic, Z.
	Title	Geodiversity as a fundamental determinant in distinguishing geoparks in Southeast Europe			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	413-415
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	The problem of defining geodiversity in the broader area of South-eastern Europe seems to result in the unwillingness of their getting proclaimed and nominated into the European network. The question of evaluation and general research of geo-diversity and seclusion of Geoparks in SE Europe is burdened with many problems. Among the first is a problem of lack of recognition of the importance of the same. Although the question of Geoparks is “typical geographical” (as regards space as a subject of study in geography) it is just ignored by geographers. Some of the most important reasons for this situation in the field of research of geological diversity and seclusion of Geoparks are: different approaches to the concept of geo-diversity (narrower and a broader approach to defining), partly the failure to recognize the meaning of seclusion and protection of the most valuable parts of geological diversity (geoheritage) and political and administrative problems, which in some countries of South Eastern Europe are very pronounced, etc.
	Call Number				Serial	3991
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	Author	Zega, M., Grmovsek, A.
	Title	Protecting & Evaluating Geoheritagein Slovenia – Today’s Issues & Challenges			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	412-412
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	Although Slovenia is a small country, it boasts with well-preserved diversity in natural and cultural resources.Many merits go to the first conscious and forward-looking individuals, which at the end of 19th century came up with theideaof protecting the worthiest parts of nature, one example isThe proposition for protection of the Triglav lakes valley, handed by A. Belar in 1908 to Austro-Hungarian government. Today, the worthiest parts of nature on the territory of Slovenia are protected under the Nature Conservation Act (NCA)and other accompanying regulations.NCA acknowledges two pillars of nature conservation: (1) natural valuable features protection preservation,and (2) biodiversity. Preservation of biodiversity is mostly provided through Natura 2000network and analogous approaches, while protection of natural valuable features covers the entire natural heritage in Slovenia. In nature these represent: palaeontological sites, karstic and glacier phenomena, waterfalls, lakes, forests, botanic parks… By the NCA they are sorted indifferent categories: geological, geomorphological, hydrological, dendrological, zoological, botanical, ecosystemic, designed and valuable landscape, minerals and fossils.
	Call Number				Serial	3990
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	Author	Djercan, B., Brankovic, D., Bubalo-Zivkovic, M., Lukic, T.
	Title	Special Nature Reserve Obedska Bara: Good Example of Organization of Teaching in the Field			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	403-405
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	The aim of this paper is to show how educational excursions can and should be implemented in education of primary school children. The paper shows detailed preparation of educational excursion for eighth grade, and also describes possible implementation of one-day excursion for fifth grade (Collection of plants for school herbarium) and sixth grade (Making school collection of insects). Special Nature Reserve (SNR) “Obedska bara” was used as a teaching facility. Special Nature Reserve “Obedska bara” is located in the southern part of Srem, near the Sava River, at altitude between 71 and 82 m. The total area of the reserve with the highest level of protection is 9820.0 ha. Obedska bara is bounded by the Sava River in the south, while in the north it stretches across southern outskirts of rural areas of the villages of Grabovci, Obrez and Kupinovo. It is located in the municipality of Pecinci, 45 km away from Belgrade and 35 km from the international airport “Nikola Tesla”. It is 20 km away from regional road Ruma – Šabac, 30 km from Šabac, while 70 km from Novi Sad. Special Nature Reserve in contrast to the narrower space of Obedska bara covers significantly greater area of 16,133.43 ha.
	Call Number				Serial	3988
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	Author	Lukic, T., Djercan, B., Bubalo Zivkovic, M., Penjisevic, I., Lalic, M.
	Title	Outdoor education in protected areas from viewpoint of geographic education			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	400-402
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	Emel (2015) said that outdoor education helps one to develop environmental awareness, attitude, knowledge, time management, social relationship, success motivation, emotion control of people etc. Fletcher (2015) further explored the role of ecotourism in the neoliberalisation of environmental education. Ewert & Sibthorp (2014) identified two branches of outdoor education: environmental education and adventure education. According to them, outdoor adventure education is a variety of teaching and learning activities and experiences that usually involve a close interaction with an outdoor natural setting and contain elements of real and perceived danger or risk in which the outcome, although uncertain, can be influenced by the action of participants and circumstances. Ting & Siew (2014) found that students develop better in their critical thinking skills and science process skills after undergoing an environment-based education. Probably, Gilbertson (2006) did the most complex study of outdoor education (Figure). Outdoor education is irreplaceable method in geographic explorations, but papers which deal with mentioned topic are rare. This research will try to put in focus outdoor education in protected areas from geographic point of view.
	Call Number				Serial	3987
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	Author	Bussolotti, J.M., De Lima Guimaraes, S.T., De Jesus Robim, M.
	Title	Perception, interpretation and valuation of multifunctional landscapes of protected areas: a contribution to visitor management			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	397-399
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	The work presented was discussion of the thesis entitled “ Building indicators for the landscape of the State Park of Serra do Mar: Santa Virginia.” The Park covers the northern portion of the Atlantic Forest of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, considered the owner of a valuable biological and cultural wealth. The conceptual bases used in the research were the Landscape Ecology and the phenomenological perspective of humanistic geography, basing the analysis of lived space and the lived world and the concept of multifunction Naveh landscape, taking into account the implicit values in the three areas of functions the landscape of this protected area: the bioecological, the socio-ecological- cultural and socioeconomic. It was established as main objective to create parameters for environmental valuation indicators in protected areas from the perceptions of those who experience it.
	Call Number				Serial	3986
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