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Author (down) Li, C.-L.; Zinn, H.C.; Chick, G.E.; Graefe, A.R.; Absher, J.D., pdf  url
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  Title Hofstede’s Measure of Cultural Values in a National Forest Recreation Context Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages 149-154  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract Hofstede’s measure of cultural values is one of the most widely used among international management and marketing scholars. However, there is no research that employed Hofstede’s measure in a National Forest recreation context. This study examined the validity and reliability of Hofstede’s cultural measure from an ethnically diverse sample in a National Forest recreation context. We used confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, correlations, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple regression to test Hofstede’s measure of cultural values. The results suggested that seven items, two items from Hofstede’s original Power Distance dimension, one item from the Individualism dimension, two items from the Masculinity dimension, and two items from the Uncertainty Avoidance dimension, best represent the measure of cultural values in a National Forest recreation context. Discussion of the results and future research were suggested.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 391 Serial 2403  
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Author (down) Li, C.-L.; Zinn, H.C.; Chick, G.E.; Absher, J.D.; Graefe, A.R., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Segmentation of Visitors’ Cross-Cultural Values in Forest Recreation Type
  Year 2006 Publication Exploring the Nature of Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 3 - Proceedings Issue Pages 331-335  
  Keywords MMV3, Segmentation, cross-cultural values, ethnicity, Hofstede, Inglehart, Kahle, Postmodern values, forest recreation  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 748 Serial 2497  
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Author (down) Li, C.-L.; Hsu, Y.-C.; Lue, C.-C.; Absher, J.D., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Re-examine the measure of values Cross-culturally: the case of recreation visitors in Hong Kong and Taiwan Type
  Year 2008 Publication Management for Protection and Sustainable Development Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 4 - Proceedings Issue Pages 177-182  
  Keywords MMV4, Hofstede’s measure of values, Kahle’s List of Values, customer service, parks and recreation  
  Abstract Parks and recreation areas around the world increasingly serve as international visitor attractions and play an important role in the international tourism industry. Given the increasingly diverse visitors, changes in racial and ethnic composition have confronted the management of parks and recreation areas. Since values presumably influence perceptions and behaviors among members of different cultures, studying values among culturally diverse visitors are important if we are to understand their influence on perceptions as well as parks and recreation behavior. We are not aware of any measure of recreation or leisure values that has been validated cross-culturally. In order to better understand this issue, the purposes of this study are to examine two different types of broad values measures (i.e., Hofstede’s measures of values and Kahle’s List of Values [LOV]) that have been validated cross-culturally, and test values’ utility to predict service quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions, both in Hong Kong and Taiwan. In 2005-2008, the visitors to Pokfulam Country Park in Hong Kong and Taroko National Park in Taiwan were surveyed. Using a convenient purposive on-site sampling approach, at sites known to be heavily used by visitors with diverse ethnic backgrounds, we obtained a sample combining the Hong Kong and Taiwan recreation visitors. The results from data analyses showed that Hofstede’s measure of values, as employed in the park and recreation context, needs to be further elaborated and refined to provide acceptable validity and reliability. On the other hand, we found the LOV to be a meaningful and useful measure of values in both settings. The findings also showed LOV’s four dimensions of values, i.e., Respect, Harmony, Achievement, and Hedonism, predicted visitors’ perceptions of service quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Discussion of the findings and implications are provided.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 966 Serial 2604  
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