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	Author	Aikoh, T.,
	Title	Monitoring Trampling Impacts in the Disposal of Human Waste at Campsites and Visitors’ Attitudes to a Carry-out System			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	436-437
	Keywords	MMV3, Trampling, campsite, aerial photograph, pack-out, plastic bag, attitude, visitor
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 825			Serial	2535
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	Author	Kobayashi, A.; Aikoh, T.; Yamaki, K.,
	Title	A Study on Procedures to Establish Standards Concerning Trail Management in Sub-Alpine Zones of Protected Areas			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Exploring the Nature of Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 3 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	196-197
	Keywords	MMV3, Trail, management, procedure, protected area, sub-alpine, Japan, ecological, visual, Daisetsuzan
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 667			Serial	2457
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	Author	Aikoh, T.; Arnberger, A.; Shoji, Y.; Mieno, T.,
	Title	Comparison of motivations and crowding preferences between Austrian and Japanese urban forest visitors			Type
	Year	2008	Publication	Management for Protection and Sustainable Development	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 4 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	65-65
	Keywords	MMV4, crowding, motivation, urban forest visitor, choice mode
	Abstract	Do Japanese urban forest visitors have the same crowding perceptions than European visitors? Traditionally, it has been considered that an Asian is more tolerant of congestion compared to Western people, because of their different cultural backgrounds and living conditions. However, in many Asian countries, life style has been rapidly westernized, and many Asian people travel or immigrate to Western countries. Our purpose is to investigate the differences of recreation motives and crowding preferences of urban forest visitors between Austria and Japan. We compared motivations and crowding perceptions of on-site forest visitors using the same questionnaires, asked in 2006. Visitors to the Viennese part of the Danube Floodplains National Park, Austria (N = 312) and visitors to the Nopporo Forest Park in Sapporo, Japan (N = 302) were asked to rate 15 motivation items and to choose preferred scenarios of computer-generated choice set images of a discrete choice experiment. Among 15 motivation items, a statistic significant difference was found in 14 items. Both Austrian and Japanese respondents assigned high importance scores to health and nature observation. The Austrians rated highly the motives exercise/sport, quietness and recreation, whereas Japanese visitors placed more importance on experiencing nature and family. We found four motivation factors: Landscape, Solitude, Nature and Health. Results of the choice model showed that Austrian respondents preferred less walkers and dog walkers, whereas Japanese preferred less bikers, joggers and plant pickers. Japanese visitors scored higher on nature observation, and fewer bikers are in this urban forest. Conflicts with dog walkers have been one of the main management issues in the Austrian forest. We found that visitors’ crowding preferences are related to current trail use conditions, and to their motivations. Tourism and recreation become more and more globalized, and this information about differences and similarities of visitor attitudes based on different backgrounds will be helpful for urban forest management.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 906			Serial	2575
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	Author	Aikoh, T.; Kikuchi, K.; Shoji, Y.,
	Title	Visitors’ attitudes to the collection of voluntary fees in national parks in Japan			Type
	Year	2010	Publication	Recreation, tourism and nature in a changing world	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 5 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	201-202
	Keywords	MMV5, voluntary fee, entrance fee, usage fee, visitor attitude
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 6			Serial	2768
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	Author	Toyama, M.; Take, M.; Aikoh, T.; Kadekaru, T.; Terasaki, T.,
	Title	The frequency of scraping trees by kayaking in mangrove estuary in Okinawa, Japan			Type
	Year	2010	Publication	Recreation, tourism and nature in a changing world	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 5 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	27-28
	Keywords	MMV5, kayaking, kayakers’ behavior, ecological impact, guided tour
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 274			Serial	2690
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	Author	Schaller, H., Ólafsdóttir, R., Aikoh, T.,
	Title	The footprints of tourism: Environmental sensitivity and impact of tourism on hiking trails in Iceland and Japan			Type
	Year	2012	Publication	The 6th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas: Outdoor Recreation in Change – Current Knowledge and Future Challenges	Abbreviated Journal	NULL
	Volume	MMV 6 - Proceedings	Issue	NULL	Pages	202-203
	Keywords	MMV6
	Abstract	NULL
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 463			Serial	2907
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	Author	Aikoh, T., Ohba, K., Shoji, Y., Kubo, T.,
	Title	Visitors’ attitudes toward introducing a new visitor management program into a brown bear habitat in Japan			Type
	Year	2012	Publication	The 6th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas: Outdoor Recreation in Change – Current Knowledge and Future Challenges	Abbreviated Journal	NULL
	Volume	MMV 6 - Proceedings	Issue	NULL	Pages	308-309
	Keywords	MMV6
	Abstract	NULL
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 511			Serial	2955
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	Author	Li, C-L.; Liu, K-Y.; Aikoh, T.
	Title	Modelling service quality, satisfaction and behaviour intention among cultures: the case of cultural and language group in Taiwan			Type
	Year	2014	Publication	The 7th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas: Local Community and Outdoor Recreation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 7 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	106-107
	Keywords	MMV7
	Abstract
	Call Number				Serial	3072
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	Author	Mameno, K., Shoji, Y., Kubo, T., Aikoh, T., Tsuge, T.
	Title	Estimating preferences for pricing policies in Japanese national parks using best-worst scaling			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	436-438
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	The purpose of this study is to understand preferences of the general Japanese public for pricing policies in the national park system applying the best-worst scaling (BWS) approach. One remarkable feature of Japanese national parks is that the most of costs for park services have traditionally financed not by visitors but by general taxpayers. Recently, however, the Japanese government has faced a serious financial shortage, each national park faces revenue shortfalls. In the near future, we need some fundamental changes in Japanese parks system on pricing policies. We have to know general Japanese citizens’ preferences for them.
	Call Number				Serial	3999
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	Author	Jones, T., Yamamoto, K., Aikoh, T., Kobayashi, A.
	Title	Comparing Climber Monitoring Methods on Mount Fuji			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	242-244
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	Monitoring visitation is fundamental to effective management of protected areas, directing limited budgets towards mitigation of high priority impacts, such as those related to trails, trash and congestion. Accurate data is fundamental to negotiate problematic ‘hotspots’ and minimize conflicts between visitor segments (Eagles, 2014). However, although considerable research efforts have been devoted to monitoring visitation, many protected areas still function with inaccurate or out-of-date visitation statistics, exacerbated by a lack of systematic data collection due to various problems (Cope et al., 2000, Cessford & Muhar, 2003, Buckley 2009, Aikoh & Gokita, 2015):- – lack of multi-year time series due to changing count methods and institutional arrangements, – under-reporting due to multiple entrances, multiple access roads or non-tourist traffic, – representativeness of sample days undermined by weather conditions, public holidays, etc, – ‘guesstimates’ based on perceptions of staff or local volunteers, indirect or anecdotal evidence. In the ongoing quest for reliable, cost-effective collection methods, the pros and cons of on-site staff versus automated counters is a perennial question which this paper aims to contextualize using the case study example of two parallel systems currently being utilized on Mount Fuji’s north face.
	Call Number				Serial	3935
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	Author	Aikoh, T., Kubo, T., Inaba, A., Shoji, Y.,
	Title	The Actual Situation and the Attitude of Visitors toward Feeding of Wild Animals in the Japanese Suburban Forest			Type
	Year	2016	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 8 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	27-29
	Keywords	MMV8
	Abstract	In Japan, the number of local governments prohibiting feeding of wild animals in municipal bylaw has increased recently. Feeding of brown bears, wild boars, and Japanese monkeys for recreational purposesis prohibited in some municipalities. In Sapporo City, feeding of squirrels and wild birds in the suburban forest is causing concern, and conflict with other visitors is increasing (Aikoh & Wei, 2013). The manager cannot take specific countermeasures, because feeding is not prohibited in the suburban forest. Therefore, it is becoming necessary to understand the attitudes of visitors for feeding. In this study, we investigated the actual situation regarding feeding of wild animals in a suburban forest, and visitors’ attitudes towards feeding activities, proper distance from wild animals, and the necessity of countermeasures against feeding. We aimed to propose suggestionsbased on our results for the future management of the suburban forest in Sapporo city.
	Call Number				Serial	3868
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	Author	Akashi, M.; Shoji, Y.; Aikoh, T.,
	Title	Understanding the Distance Between Humans and Brown Bears That Tourists Consider Appropriate: A case Study at Shiretoko National Park, Japan			Type
	Year	2018	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 9 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	8-10
	Keywords	MMV9
	Abstract	This study’s purpose was to understand distance between humans and brown bears that domestic and foreign tourists consider appropriate at Shiretoko National Park in northern Japan.
	Call Number				Serial	4040
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	Author	Aikoh, T., Gokita, R.
	Title	Status of, issues with, and manager attidutes toward visitor monitoring in Japans national parks			Type
	Year	2018	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 9 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	334-335
	Keywords	MMV9
	Abstract	Monitoring of visitor behavior and attitude is indispensable for management of protected areas, including national parks, and accurate information regarding such is thought to lead to prudent management (Cessford & Muhar, 2003). It is essential to know the number of visitors and their trends, motivation, and satisfaction. That information is useful for making decisions concerning the planning and management of parks and is essential for sustainable and appropriate use of these protected areas (Hornback & Eagles, 1999). This study aimed to clarify the current condition of visitor monitoring in Japanese national parks and to understand the issues and attitudes of park managers.
	Call Number				Serial	4154
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	Author	Kim, H.; Shoji, Y.; Tsuge, T.; Aikoh, T.; Kuriyama,K.
	Title	Understanding the demand for ecosystem services provides by park and green spaces: using the partial profile choice experiment			Type
	Year	2018	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 9 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	353-355
	Keywords	MMV9
	Abstract	The aim of this study is to identify the demand for ecosystem services (ESs) provided by parks and green spaces in Sapporo (northern Japan) using a partial profile choice experiment (PPCE), which is an application of a discrete choice experiment (DCE).
	Call Number				Serial	4159
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	Author	Aikoh, T., Wang, M.; Gokita, R.; Shoji, Y.
	Title	Trends and awareness of foreign visitors in national parks – a case study of national parks Japan			Type
	Year	2018	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 9 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	408-410
	Keywords	MMV9
	Abstract	What factors attract foreign visitors? Although facility improvement and diversification of services have the advantage of improving the convenience of Japanese users, there is also concern about their impact on natural resources and mismatch with the needs of foreign visitors. Thus, it is indispensable to examine the trends and needs of foreign visitors. In this study, the aim is to clarify the pattern of visits to national parks and the characteristics of foreigners visiting national parks and their needs
	Call Number				Serial	4177
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	Author	Machida, R.; Aikoh, T.; Take, M.; Matsushima, H.; Yasushi, S.; Mikami, N.; Mitarai, Y.,
	Title	Volunteer activities for semi-natural grassland conservation in Japan and the impact of COVID-19 on these activities			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	64-65
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	The changes in the landscape are caused by the economic and social forces of the early 19th century and particularly of the 20th century (Matej M., Frantisek P., 2013). The community of Nezasa (Pleioblastus yoshidake) and Susuki (Miscanthus sinensis) plants forming the typical semi-natural grasslands of Japan used to cover approximately 10% of the land of Japan until the 1930s. The semi-natural grasslands have been managed by local agricultural activities such as controlled burning, mowing and pasturage for over 1000 years, but recently, due to the decline in the livestock industry and the gradually aging population, the landscape management of semi-natural grasslands has become increasingly difficult. The loss of semi-natural grasslands, which have decreased to less than 3% of the national land has become a key issue. In the Second National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan, the Japanese government designated such landscape crisis as Crisis 2, which is “the degradation of Satochi-satoyama (rural landscapes formed by sustainable use of natural resources) due to insufficient level of management”.(Ministry of the Environment, 2012). But recently, due to the decline in the livestock industry and the gradually aging population, the landscape management of semi-natural grasslands has become increasingly difficult. The loss of semi-natural grasslands, which have decreased to less than 3% of the national land has become a key issue.
	Call Number				Serial	4227
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	Author	Aikoh, T.; Shiino, A.,
	Title	Changes in childrens lifestyle and outdoor activities due to COVID-19 in Japan			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	102-103
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	In Japan, from late February 2020, the number of people infected with COVID-19 increased. The governor declared a state of emergency on February 28 in Hokkaido, where the infection spread faster than in other parts of Japan. The Japanese government abruptly requested the closure of all elementary schools, junior high schools, and high schools starting March 2. Consequently, universities, high schools, elementary and junior high schools, kindergartens, and daycare facilities were closed, and parents had to stay home to care for their children. Although initially, there were no clear guidelines for going out or playing in parks, one week after the school closure, the government announced that outdoor exercise and walking will be allowed. Although there were some differences between areas, schools remained closed until the end of May. The three-month-long closure of schools restricted childrens outings and physical activities and significantly impacted their lifestyles, development, and mental health. In this study, we report on the changes in the lives of pre- schoolers, elementary school students, and junior high school students and indicate how their outdoor activities were changed during this period of school closure. The study is based on a questionnaire survey of childrens parents.
	Call Number				Serial	4245
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	Author	Kim, H.; Ito, R.; Shoji, Y.; Aikoh, T.,
	Title	Evaluation of crowding acceptability in national recreation area using field and web-based surveys: A case study in Shiretoko World Heritage site			Type
	Year	2021	Publication	The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MINA fagrapport	Issue		Pages	194-195
	Keywords	MMV10
	Abstract	Crowding management is an important issue in the field of natural recreation. Our study site at Shiretoko National Park is one of Japans most popular natural recreation areas, visited by over 1 million visitors every year. Particularly in the summer season, many visitors want to observe bears, causing crowding problems. To solve these crowding issues, it is essential to determine the appropriate carrying capacity in natural recreation areas. To this end, investigating visitors crowding perceptions (crowding norms) is necessary. There are various approaches to measuring visitors crowding norms. More recently, visual approaches have been widely applied. This approach enables the identification of respondents crowding norms by asking them to identify the most acceptable level of crowding using photographs or illustrations (Manning & Freimund, 2004). As this approach uses photographs or illustrations, respondents can visibly recognize and recall the places in question (Manning & Freimund, 2004). Many studies investigating visitors crowding norms have been conducted using field and web- based surveys. However, researchers have given limited attention to explaining how crowding norms differ between fields and potential visitors. When determining the appropriate carrying capacity in natural recreation areas, it is necessary to consider both visitor types crowding norms; this paper investigates these, providing suggestions for determining the appropriate carrying capacity.
	Call Number				Serial	4287
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