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Author (up) Gecek, S., Klanjscek, J., Marn, N., Legovic, T., Klanjscek, T. pdf  url
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  Title Estimating benefits of nature conservation: ecosystem service valuation in Krka National Park (Croatia) Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 462-464  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract In this study, we estimate the benefits of ES in Krka National Park (Croatia) – to the local population and to the Park visitors. We develop new methodology to estimate indirect monetary benefits of nature-based tourism to local population (i.e. local economy), and non-monetary benefits of nature-based tourism to Park visitors. Additionally, using existing approaches (CICES), we estimate monetary benefits of provisional and regulating ecosystem services (ES), and direct monetary benefits of nature-based tourism (cultural ES).  
  Call Number Serial 4006  
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Author (up) Gokita, R., Kadowaki, M., Terasaki, T. pdf  url
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  Title Effectiveness of Consensus-Building Methods Using Sustainable Tourism Indicators in the Collaborative Management of Japan’s National Parks: A Case Study of the Oku-Nikko Area in Nikko National Park Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 53-56  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Japans national parks are organized based on a regional land designation system that is not tied to land ownership or limited to the public use of the area. These areas are home to a significant number of people (600,000 people across 32 parks). Therefore, it is necessary for park management to accommodate the local residents daily living, economic activities, and the natural areas’ protection and use. Based on these circumstances, managing national parks appropriately requires building a consensus among and striving to win the cooperation of a variety of stakeholder organizations and individuals. This is not limited to only park officials, but also residents, businesses, and visitors. In Japanese national parks, there are venues to examine individual issues and conduct liaison and coordination functions. However, these venues are extraordinarily limited with regard to which have been established as places in which the greater park system’s stakeholders can come together (Tsuchiya, 2014).  
  Call Number Serial 3876  
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Author (up) Goossen, M. pdf  url
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  Title Smart monitoring visitors National Parks Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 240-241  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The Dutch government is reintroducing policy for the 20 National Parks. The aim is to develop the National Parks into a strong brand. The reason behind it is the claim that a National Park contributes to the regional economy. There is a clear need from the managers of National Parks to understand how that contribution works. Insights from the external factors, combined with information about its current users and stakeholders and market research data will help the manager, but also local enterprises to choose relevant target markets. There is therefore a need for the development of a tool that brings the benefits of a National Park in a simple, affordable and reliable manner. The tool consists of Key Performance Indicators (KPI). Key Performance Indicators will determine how well the National park is meeting its objectives (Wearing & Schweinsberg, 2016).  
  Call Number Serial 3934  
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Author (up) Graefe, A., Blair, J.C.E., Ferguson, M., Mowen, A. pdf  url
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  Title Using Photo Elicitation to Understand Hiker Perceptions of Energy and Communication Related Development Along the Appalachian Trail Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 152-153  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract As a result of a growing population, the demand for energy and communication related development has increased. Development needs inadvertently fall within boundaries or cut-through protected areas (i.e., national park units). Understanding impacts resulting from energy and communication related infrastructure development on an individual’s recreational experience is important to resource management agencies such as the National Park Service (NPS). Specifically, with eight power-lines stretching over 2,000 miles through six states associated with the Appalachian Trail (AT), understanding the impact of energy and communication related development is of increased concern. The purpose of this presentation is to provide results of a photo-elicitation study conducted with AT users in conjunction with the NPS and Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC) to determine hiker perceptions towards various energy and communication related infrastructure.  
  Call Number Serial 3906  
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Author (up) Grinfelde, I., Livina, A. pdf  url
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  Title Enhancing vitality of young students by integrated experience-based outdoor education methods Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 489-492  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract In the present study the particular case of Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences Tourism and Leisure studies (founded in 1996, Valmiera, Latvia) will be used to present the experience of integration of outdoor physical activities in the study program with a focus on development of skills knowledge and reduction of institutional barriers for physical activities. Despite the fact that a good physical condition is not only a personal issue, but also a professional precondition in case of tourism, the research of Grinberga (2016) reveals that 70% of students identify their lifestyle as sedentary and inactive (11% with 0 activity), 45% of respondents said that they do some outdoor activities because of the added value of natural surroundings. The most common problems related to physical inactivity that students mentioned is back pain, decrease of physical fitness, (difficulty to move, muscle weakness etc.), also weight gain, poor immunity and sickness, pain in the neck, apathy. In their comments about the reasons for inactivity students mention lack of time due to the intensive lecture schedule which could be interpreted as an organizational barrier.  
  Call Number Serial 4014  
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Author (up) Gudmundsson, R. pdf  url
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  Title Analyses of overseas tourists in Vatnajokull National Park, Iceland 2010-2015 Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 303-304  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The number of overseas tourists visiting Iceland has grown from 500.000 in the year 2010 to nearly 1.300.000 in the year 2015, which means a 160% growth in five years. In 2010 52% of the tourists came to Iceland in the three summer months (June, July, August) but 48% the other nine months of the year (off season). In 2015 only 41% came in the summer months but 59% outside the summer season.  
  Call Number Serial 3954  
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Author (up) Gulic, J., Struc, S., Debeljak Sabec, N. pdf  url
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  Title Monitoring of disturbances in the natural environment on Pohorje Mountain (Slovenia) Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 89-91  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract This paper deals with the monitoring of disturbances (motorized vehicles, snowmobiles, bikes) in the natural environment on Pohorje Mountain range (Slovenia) and presenting implemented activities dealing with visitor management in the area. Activities were carried out through the project SUPORT – Sustainable Management of Pohorje area (EEA Financial Mechanism and Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2009-2014 in Slovenia, EEAG 4300-346/2014, Y2015-2016) and transferring management planning process into ongoing project LIFE TO GRASLANDS – Conservationand management ofdrygrasslands in EasternSlovenia (LIFE 14 NAT/SI/000005).The project focusedtowards efficient management and monitoring of Natura 2000 sites. One of the work packages of the project included zoning of space on the appropriateness of human activity in the natural environment.With Ferro-magnetic sensors, we have monitored disturbances in the natural environment. The sensors tracked the frequency of disturbances in the natural environment and on forest roads, where traffic is only permitted for forest management  
  Call Number Serial 3887  
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Author (up) Haukeland, J.V., Dybedal, P., pdf  url
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  Title Visitor Monitoring in a World Heritage Area – The West Norwegian Fjordsnærøyfjorden and Geirangerfjorden Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 33-35  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The two West Norwegian Fjords,Nærøyfjordenand Geirangerfjorden, were registered on the World Heritage List in 2005. TheWorld Heritage Areascomprise narrow, deep and long fjords with steep sided rock walls that are consideredarchetypical parts of the world’s fjord landscapes. Numerous waterfalls and free-flowing rivers run across forests on their way to the sea. Thefjordsrepresentunique geological values and offer anoutstanding natural beauty. Nærøyfjorden and Geirangerfjorden also include small communities as well as reminisces of shut down tiny dairy farms supplementing cultural and aesthetical values to the natural fjord landscape. Moreover, the world heritage areas also include protected landscapes and natural reserves according to the Norwegian Nature Diversity Act.  
  Call Number Serial 3870  
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Author (up) Hegetschweiler, T., Plum, C., Brandli, U.-B., Fischer, C., Ginzler, C., Hunziker, M. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Physical and social aspects of forest recreation – approaches to a comprehensive monitoring Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 124-125  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Forest monitoring normally either focuses on physical aspects such as tree species, stand structure, vegetation cover, etc. or on social aspects, namely forest recreation and the relationship of people with the forest. However, especially regarding forest recreation, both the physical characteristics of the forest in which recreation takes place as well as the social aspects such as visitor preferences and behaviour play an important role. A clearer understanding of the interactions of society and forest and in particular better knowledge of the interrelation of physical forest characteristics and forest recreation would allow better managing of the forest with regard to societal needs. Physical forest characteristics are often assessed by forest inventories, for which data is normally collected from sample plots on a systematic grid across the country (Tomppo et al., 2010). In order to assess the social dimension of forest recreation, nationwide surveys are conducted in several countries on a regular basis to provide valuable information about the relationship of the population with the forest, usage patterns, motivations for forest recreation, etc. (Sievanen et al., 2008). However, there is no spatially explicit link to the physical forest, or forest characteristics are dealt with in a minor way, e.g. by using photographs without underlying physical forest data. The question arises whether National Forest Inventories (NFIs) and socio-cultural forest monitoring (usually nationwide questionnaire surveys) could be combined to explain and possibly even predict forest recreation patterns from forest-related and visitor-related data.  
  Call Number Serial 3898  
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Author (up) Hennig, S., Wasserburger, W.W. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Natural areas for everyone – What infrastructure do people with disabilities require? Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 202-205  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Recreational activities in the outdoors have increased remarkably. Being in nature is ever more popular in society as a whole. This also includes disabled people for whom the positive impact of outdoor recreation on well-being and quality of life is even more important than for not handicapped people. But, what kind of infrastructure is needed by disabled people to allow them accessing natural areas? How should elements be designed to be in line with disabled people’s demands? These questions are investigated in the senTour project.  
  Call Number Serial 3922  
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Author (up) Hibner, J., Taczanowska, K. pdf  url
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  Title Segmentation of alpine downhill skiers and snowboarders in mountain protected areas based on motivation factors: a comparison between two skiing areas: Kasprowy Wierch area (TPN, Poland) and Skalnaté Pleso area (TANAP, Slovakia). Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 366-368  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Comprehensive knowledge about visitor socio-demographic characteristics, combined with visitor motivations and preferences is necessary for successful visitor management in recreational and protected areas (Cessford & Muhar 2003). Visitor profiles based on motivational factors may support design of targeted tourist offer and communication between the management of protected areas and tourists (Konu & Kajala 2012). The main aim of this study is to segment downhill skiers and snowboarders of two ski resorts located in the Tatra National Parks (TPN in Poland and TANAP in Slovakia) based on visitor motivations.  
  Call Number Serial 3975  
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Author (up) Hodl, C. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Geocaching in protected areas – a survey of potential negative effects on the natural environment and implications for future management in the Donau-Auen National Park, Austria Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 252-254  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Geocaching originated in the year 2000 in the USA as a leisure activity, which requires the recreationists to find containers (so-called geocaches) based on their coordinates posted online. Since geocaches are often hidden off-trail in natural environments, protected areas are likely to be affected by this activity (Brost & Quinn 2011). Previous analysis has shown that the Donau-Auen National Park, which is partly located within the boundaries of Austria’s capital city of Vienna and which is under a large amount of public use pressure (Arnberger & Hinterberger 2003, Tazcanowska et al. 2006), is most heavily affected by geocaching amongst all six Austrian national parks – both in terms of the number of caches hidden and in terms of the number of visits logged online (Hodl 2013).  
  Call Number Serial 3938  
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Author (up) Hoglhammer, A., Muhar, A., Stokowski, P., Schauppenlehner, T. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Perceptions of individuals and organized stakeholders on immigrants’ barriers to nature-based recreation Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 311-313  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Nature-based recreational areas provide important functions for today’s society.In particular, for people living in dense urban areas, outdoor nature-based areas offeropportunitiesfor recreation and relaxation and therefore support healthylifestyles, thus contributing to the physical and mental wellbeing of their users. Such spaces are usually open for the general public, though several access barriers have been identified for different user groups. Immigrants from non-western countries are recognized to be underrepresented in larger recreational areas, though often these people are very visible in public parks in cities.This underrepresentation has been recognized by recent scholars (Jay et al., 2012, Kloek, Buijs, Boersema, & Schouten, 2013), and several socio-economic, socio-spatial and ethnic cultural factors have beenidentified asdeterminants.As nature based recreation areas are often financed from public funds, decreasing such access barriers is a matter of social justice.  
  Call Number Serial 3957  
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Author (up) Hornigold, K., Lake, I., Dolman, P. pdf  url
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  Title Modelling use of forest recreation routes, an application for woodlark (Lullulaarborea) conservation Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 157-160  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract During the 20th century large parts of the UK were afforested to provide a strategictimber reserve (Peterken, 1993, pg. 85). Afforestation of open habitatsreduced the extent of unimproved grasslands, heathlands and wetlands, with consequent declines in associated species. To mitigate these impacts the UK Forestry Standard (Forestry Commission 2011) recommends a minimum 10% open space. In Thetford Forest (18,730 ha)the Forestry Commission is wideningverges along 278 km oftrackway to increaseopen habitat(current extent 7.1%) and createan ‘Open Habitat Network’ (OHN)to enhance habitat and population connectivity for rare and protected species(Armour-Chelu et al. 2014).In the present study we model recreational flow throughout theThetford Forest trackway networkto estimate DEs h-1on all elements of the proposed OHN. From estimatedthresholdsfor woodlark we quantify the number of trackway elements in the OHN unlikely to be colonised and therefore the potential loss of conservation benefit due to recreation. This tool is then used to assess mitigation through access point closure.  
  Call Number Serial 3908  
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Author (up) Hose, T.A. pdf  url
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  Title Re Cycling and Geotourism: an adventure approach to appreciating physical landscapes Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 408-411  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Europe’s present-day rich legacy of geological material in museums, universities, archives and libraries – its cultural geoheritage – is a consequence of its citizens’ 400 years of geological inquiry (Hose 2016a). Its recognised geosites and geomorphosites and their associated landforms, rocks, minerals and fossils (or geodiversity) – its natural geoheritage – populate both the historic and modern geological literature (Hose 2016b). The recognition that many of the literatures’ geosites and geomorphosites, and from which the specimens in the collections had been gathered, were lost, degraded or were no longer accessible led, from the mid-20th century, to the development of geoconservation measures to protect what was left (Hose 2008). Further, the recognition geology in general and geoconservation in particular were poorly regarded and understood by the public geologists and others, from the late 20th century, developed geotourism provision (Hose 2011, 2012), latterly with an emphasis on geoparks, indeed, it has been recognised that ‘In today’s economically stretched climate, tourists are a valuable source of local income. The encouragement of the tourist industry to include geodiversity within its remit is therefore high…’ (Burek 2012, 45). Whilst traditionally tourism provision has focussed on mass market provision there has been a growing interest in developing niche tourism (Novelli 2005) which can encompass geotourism (Hose 2005) and adventure tourism (Shephard & Evans 2005).  
  Call Number Serial 3989  
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Author (up) Hunziker, M., Hubschmid, E., pdf  url
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  Title Experimental Long-Term Evaluation of a Campaign to Reduce Freeriding-Wildlife Conflicts of Snow Sports Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 30-32  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The appearance of outdoor recreation activities has increased significantly all over the world (Manning & Anderson, 2012) as well as in Switzerland (Hunziker et al., 2011). This development can lead to conflicts, in particular between snow-sports participants and native wildlife populations in subalpine areas (e.g. Arlettaz et al., 2007). The Swiss and Austrian campaign “Respektiere deine Grenzen” so far successfully reduced such conflicts by positively influencingthe respective behaviour of people who engage in ski-touring and snow-shoeing by means of information and sensitization (Immoos & Hunziker, 2015). However, it has been known that one group of snow-sports participants can hardly be influenced by such information campaigns, the so-called freeriders: skiers and snowboarders who use the transport facilities of ski resorts but ride down off the ski-runs (e.g. Zeidenitz et al. 2010). Thus, a specific freerider campaign, called “"respect wildlife”", was launched in Switzerland, focussing on this group using its media and language.  
  Call Number Serial 3869  
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Author (up) Hupka, J., Czachs, C., Hruby, S., Brandenburg, C. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Gathering information about leisure and recreational activities in an open landscape setting Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 143-145  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract A non-profit organisation, which is responsible for the conservation of a protected area, has commissioned the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna with the collection of data about visitor activities in an area, which is particularly valuable in terms of nature conservation. The data collection should take place within the framework of several master’s theses. Information about visitor numbers as well as the different types and intensities of recreational activities the visitors practice on the semi-aridgrassland had been the main focus of the monitoring. Besides the allowed leisure and recreational activities, also the prohibited practices and behaviours, such as driving on the semi-aridgrassland by bike or walking dogs without a leash, should be captured.  
  Call Number Serial 3904  
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Author (up) Ishiuchi, T., Kawamoto, Y., Huruie, I. pdf  url
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  Title Study on Comfort Evaluation using Brain Waves and Questionnaire Survey in Outdoor Spaces Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 326-327  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Modern society can be stressful, and there is growing interest in the creation of comfortable living space. Many studies of urban space have focused on ways of creating relaxing space and comforting environments. For example, green space at highway rest facilities has been found to ease driver stress (Iwasaki et al., 2007). In recent years, devices for measuring biological information that were originally used in the field of medicine have become generally available and are being used in a variety of research fields. Research into the evaluation of urban space is no exception, and many researchers are now using biological information to quantify the effects of spatial recognition on the human body. Examples are the measurement of salivary amylase levels (Nakagawa et al., 2014) and brain waves in moving subjects (Miura et al., 2005). Here, we quantified the difference between the healing effects and stress-reduction effects of green space and general street space (including space at a train station), by a using inexpensive EEG (electroencephalography or “brain wave”) machine. Our aim was to quantitatively verify the healing and stress-reduction effects of these spaces by using EEG measurement and a psychological analysis performed with a questionnaire survey.  
  Call Number Serial 3962  
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Author (up) Jakovic, B., Tubic, D., Baklan, R. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Touristic events as generators of visitations increase and tourism sustainability of Nature parks Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 117-119  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Increased demand and interest in outdoor recreation is an ideal opportunity for tourism development in protected areas, but also and challenge for park management to attract more visitors, meettheir needs andexpectations. Satisfying the needs as well and the expectations of the visitors, mostly lead to achieving a higher level of touristic experience which brings multiple benefits for the visited protected areas, such as increased spending, longer stay, return, recommendation etc.Seeing that the revenues from traditional government sources decreasing, tourism provides a vital source of revenues for park agencies. It also provides a key means for protected area agencies to realize their objectives relating to visitor appreciation and enjoyment (Bushell, Eagles, 2006). Anyway, the tourism development in protected areas brings not only benefits, but also the expenses, from the ecological, economical and sociocultural point of view.Ensuring that tourism contributes to the sustainable management of protected areas, it will require enhanced cooperation and partnerships among the tourism industry, governments at all levels, local communities, protected area managers and planners (Eagles et al., 2002).  
  Call Number Serial 3896  
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Author (up) Jodlowski, M. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Management strategies for outdoor recreation in Central European high-mountain national parks Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 86-88  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract High-mountain ranges are unique features of the landscape in Poland, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovakia and Slovenia. They are also one of the main tourism destination in the respective countries. Traditional outdoor activities i.e. mountaineering and alpine skiing are extremely popular there although in the last two decades new forms of outdoor sports and recreation have gain significant importance, e.g. ski-touring, rock climbing, mountain biking and other (see Zinser 1995). There is a broad knowledge of tourism impact on mountain environment in general (e.g. Rixen, Rolando 2013) but various management strategies and regulations are applied in response to this impact (Eagles et al. 2002, Manning, Anderson 2012, Mason 2005).  
  Call Number Serial 3886  
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Author (up) Jones, T., Yamamoto, K., Aikoh, T., Kobayashi, A. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Comparing Climber Monitoring Methods on Mount Fuji Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 242-244  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Monitoring visitation is fundamental to effective management of protected areas, directing limited budgets towards mitigation of high priority impacts, such as those related to trails, trash and congestion. Accurate data is fundamental to negotiate problematic ‘hotspots’ and minimize conflicts between visitor segments (Eagles, 2014). However, although considerable research efforts have been devoted to monitoring visitation, many protected areas still function with inaccurate or out-of-date visitation statistics, exacerbated by a lack of systematic data collection due to various problems (Cope et al., 2000, Cessford & Muhar, 2003, Buckley 2009, Aikoh & Gokita, 2015):- – lack of multi-year time series due to changing count methods and institutional arrangements, – under-reporting due to multiple entrances, multiple access roads or non-tourist traffic, – representativeness of sample days undermined by weather conditions, public holidays, etc, – ‘guesstimates’ based on perceptions of staff or local volunteers, indirect or anecdotal evidence. In the ongoing quest for reliable, cost-effective collection methods, the pros and cons of on-site staff versus automated counters is a perennial question which this paper aims to contextualize using the case study example of two parallel systems currently being utilized on Mount Fuji’s north face.  
  Call Number Serial 3935  
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Author (up) Kaae, B.C., Olafsson, A.S., Draux, H., Skov-Petersen, H. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Latent demand and constraints to water-oriented outdoor recreation in Denmark Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 332-334  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Denmark is a small and highly coastal country with 7,300 km of coastlines and over 400 islands as well as many lakes and streams. Consequently, the outdoor recreation patterns are particularly linked to the coastal and marine environments. Based on a national survey, this paper focuses on assessing latent demand and constraints in relation to water-oriented outdoor recreation. The aim of the paper is to analyze latent demand and constraints to participation in water-oriented outdoor recreation among three groups: 1) water-oriented outdoor recreationists, 2) land-oriented outdoor recreationists, and 3) non-recreationists. The study explores the existence of a latent demand even among participants due to constraints reducing their preferred participation.  
  Call Number Serial 3964  
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Author (up) Kadijk, H., Bergsma, M. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title The Dutch and German Waddencoast: Similar but different. An entrepreneurial context Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 199-200  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The Dutch and German Waddencoast belong to the international Waddensea area, which was assigned the status of World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2009. Cross-border comparison shows both areas have similar natural resources, however show different developments where tourism is concerned. While along the German coast artificial beaches, marinas and campsites are represented, these tourism assets are less matured along the Dutch Waddencoast. Empirical evidence shows that the natural and cultural resources of a destination constitute only a comparative advantage of a tourist area: they are a necessity but not a sufficient condition for being competitive (Cracolici & Nijkamp, 2009). Hence, if these resources do not provide an answer in explaining the difference in tourism development between Germany and the Netherlands, explanations should be sought elsewhere. Moscardo (2014) emphasized on the complex pattern of governments, entrepreneurs and other actors within the process of community development and called for a need to understand the interplay between tourism and other community activities. This research paper focuses on the interplay between tourism entrepreneurs and their environment. The purpose is to understand the difference in tourism development along the Dutch and German Waddencoast by exploring the meanings, feelings and beliefs German and Dutch tourism entrepreneurs attach to their environment.  
  Call Number Serial 3921  
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Author (up) Kajala, L., Karoles-Viia, K. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Long term visitor monitoring in protected and recreational areas – results from Finland and Estonia Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 134-136  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Parks & Wildlife Finland (P&WF) is a unit of Metsahallitus that manages Finland’s national parks and other state-owned protected and recreational areas. Estonian State Management Centre (SFMC) is responsible for managing the Estonian state forests and providing opportunities for outdoor recreation in state forests and protected areas. Both agencies have monitored protected and recreational area visitors with similar methodology for more than ten years, P&WF Finland since year 2000 and SFMC since year 2002 (Metsahallitus 2016a, Metsahallitus 2016b, Karoles & Maran 2014). When visitor information is gathered with uniform and systematic visitor monitoring methods across areas and time, it provides invaluable possibilities for comparisons (Hornback & Eagles 1999, Kajala et al. 2007). This paper examines international visitor information, comparing national level visitor monitoring statistics from Estonia and Finland.  
  Call Number Serial 3901  
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Author (up) Kalenjuk, B., Timotic, D., Tesanovic, D., Gagic, S., Banjac, M. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Analysis of the state and offer of the hospitality facilities in special nature reserves in Vojvodina Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 498-500  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Special Nature Reserves (abbreviated – SNR) are the most valuable protected areas, in which nature is unchanged or slightly changed. These include the habitats of endangered and rare species of wild plants, animals and fungi, without settlements or with rare settlements where man lives in line with nature. The establishment of the SNR is carried out in order to preserve the existing natural features, gene pool, ecological balance, monitoring of natural phenomena and processes, preservation of traditional way of life (Epler Wood, 2002, Szabados and Kicošev, 2006).  
  Call Number Serial 4016  
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Author (up) Kan, E., Oljaboy, S., Inna, R., Jens, W., Rustam, M. pdf  url
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  Title A New Concept for Sustainable Natural Resources Management in Uzbekistan: The Case of the Lower Amudaryastate Biosphere Reserve Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 64-65  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The Project “Ecosystem based land and forest management of the tugai habitats of Amudarya river for improving livelihood of local communities and as adaptation strategy to climate change (Uzbekistan/Turkmenistan)” financed by the German Federal Ministry of Development and Economic Cooperation (BMZ) is implemented between 2015 and 2017 by NGO KRASSin Uzbekistan and research institute under the Ministry of Nature Protection in Turkmenistan in partnership with the Michael Succow Foundation for the Protection of Nature(Germany). The project addresses a sustainable, climate- and site-adapted management of natural resources in the Amudarya River, thereby improving the livelihood of the people in the target region and the environmental capacity of the floodplain natural space.  
  Call Number Serial 3879  
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Author (up) Kangas, K., Tolvanen, A., Juutinen, A pdf  url
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  Title Nature-based tourism, protected areas and mining in Finnish Lapland Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 375-376  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Tourism is growing industry and an important livelihood in northern Finland (Lapin matkailustrategia 2015 – 2018). Simultaneously, nature has an essential role in tourism.Many tourism resorts are located very close to protected areas and tourism in protected areas play an important role in the local economy (Huhtala 2007, Lapin matkailustrategia 2015 – 2018). While tourism has increased, the role of traditional livelihoods, like forestry and agriculture has decreased (Saarinen 2003, 2005). Simultaneously with tourism growth the metal mining industry and mineral exploration activities have increased notably in Finland(Kivinen et al. 2014). Although the growing mining industryhas potential to bring positive socio-economicdevelopment in northern peripheral areas, the ungovernable growth of mining may adversely affect tourism and nature protection, and have raised some concerns among local people. As competing land use interests related to mining, tourism, forestry and environmental protection are likely to increase in the future,there is a need for tools for reconciling different land use needs.Our aim is to develop a new GIS-basedapproach that simultaneously considers ecological, social and economic values. Method can be used in classifying sites by their suitability for different land uses and locating areas with possibly conflicting land uses.  
  Call Number Serial 3978  
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Author (up) Kangas, K., Tolvanen, A., Tarvainen, O., Nikula, A., Nivala, V., Tyrvainen, L., Tuulentie, S., Huhta, E., Jakalaniemi, A. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title A novel GIS –based approach to reconcile the needs for nature conservation, tourism and recreation Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 267-269  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract  
  Call Number Serial 3942  
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Author (up) Kaprova, K., Melichar, J. pdf  url
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  Title Modelling the recreation demand for natural areas in the Czech Republic Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 96-98  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The contribution aims at modelling of recreation demand for large natural areas in the Czech Republic using a discrete choice model based on McFadden´s random utility framework. Our application encompasses 27 recreation areas, including national parks and large protected landscape areas. The main interest of the analysis is to determine which environmental attributes of recreation sites (such as land cover, type or structure of vegetation or forest type) drive the demand for outdoor recreation, employing the recreation demand model, it is further possible to disentangle the implicit recreation value that visitors associate with particular sites and particular environmental characteristics of the area.  
  Call Number Serial 3889  
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Author (up) Klanjscek, J., Gecek, S., Marn, N., Legovic, T., Klanjscek, T. pdf  url
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  Title Relating daily change of visitor number to crowding perception and overall satisfaction in Nature Park Telascica, Croatia Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 305-307  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Nature Park Telašcica is a protected area situated in the southeastern part of the island of Dugi Otok. It has been protected since 1980 due to valuable plant and animal life, geological and geomorphologic phenomena, and valuable archaeological heritage. There are strong daily and seasonal oscillations in visitor numbers. Seasonally, visitor numbers peak from mid-July to mid-August. During that period, visitor numbers peak daily between 11:00 h and 15:00 h because numerous excursion ships bring large numbers of visitors into the Park during that time. Large number of visitors at a same time, often resulting in crowding, has been hypothesized to be detrimental to visitor experience. The perception of crowding, however, does not correlate linearly with the actual number of people, but highly depends on the context of the experience. While in concert halls only extremely high densities reduce experience (and some crowding may be essential to a positive experience), even small crowds can be detrimental to an experience in nature, where solitude is sought for. Salt lake Jezero Mir locality of the Park has been suggested to be susceptible to such detrimental effects of crowding because it is a relatively small area frequented by 82% of the Parks visitors.  
  Call Number Serial 3955  
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Author (up) Klanjscek, T., Klanjscek, J., Gecek, S., Caric, H., Legovic, T. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Quantifying effects of tourist activities on the environment, tourists, and park services in nature protected areas Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 465-468  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Here we present such a framework based on the DPSIR (Driving forces-Pressures-State-Impact-Response) causal framework. DPSIR has been used to assess environmental impact of human activities by the European Environment Agency (EEA 1999, EEA 2014), United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP 1997, UNEP 2012), and – more recently – to environmental impact of visitors in PAs (Navarro et al. 2012, Salerno 2013). However, the focus of DPSIR is on the state of the environment and impact on humans, while other important factors such as impact on the visitor satisfaction, and park services, are not included in the analysis. Our framework treats tourist activities as the driving forces, and connects the causal chain of Activities – Pressures – State – Impact – Response and Services (APSIRS, Figure). Unlike prior frameworks, we interpret the state as the state of all entities in the NPA, not just the environment. The entities are composed of four types of objects: people, cultural heritage, NPA services, and the environment. The state of the objects is quantified by indicators compatible with EU regulations and conducive to valuation of ecosystem services (ES), and can be evaluated subjectively (e.g. through opinion polls) or objectively (e.g. through sensors).  
  Call Number Serial 4007  
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Author (up) Kobayashi, A., Jones, T. pdf  url
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  Title Investigating the Incident Profile of Vulnerable Climber Segments: Older Climbers in the North Japan Alps Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 154-156  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Recreational mountain climbing in Japan has some of the highest-participation rates in the world, but there has been a recent increase in climbing-related incidents and fatalities (OSC, 2016). From 2004 to 2013 the number of incidents across the country increased by 64%, and fatalities by 20% (Kobayashi & Jones, 2015). 47% of all incidents involved climbers aged over 60 years, with many due to falls confirming the heightened risk faced by older (non-climber) citizens (Curl et al, 2016). This paper aims to investigate these trends, and offer implications for improving risk management, by using prefectural police incident reports to examine climbers’ profile in the North Japan Alps.  
  Call Number Serial 3907  
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Author (up) Kobryn, H.T., Strickland-Munro, J., Brown, G., Moore, S. pdf  url
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  Title Evaluating conflict potential in the marine and coastal areas of the Kimberley region of northern Australia through public participation GIS Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 255-257  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Marine spatial planning (MSP) has been emerging as an approach to plan and maintain a balance between different human uses and conservation goals. Large, remote areas present a number of challenges for conservation managers. The Kimberley region in northern Western Australia extends ten degrees of longitude, eight degrees of latitude, and in our study spanned over 13,300 km of complex coastline. The region is remote, with a low population, and a history of economic development including agriculture, mining, fishing, and more recently oil and gas exploration. It is also renown for its rich Aboriginal culture and heritage, biodiversity and wilderness (Wilson, 2014, Wilson, 2013). Most conservation planning, including MSP, suffers from the lack of social data (St Martin and Hall-Arber, 2014), hence the aim of this study was to evaluate, through the well established method of public participation GIS (e.g. Brown and Pullar, 2012), areas of conflict potential using human values associated with the marine and coastal region of Kimberley.  
  Call Number Serial 3939  
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Author (up) Kopek, A., Jozsa, E. pdf  url
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  Title Ecotourism in Balaton Uplands National Park Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 382-384  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Balaton Uplands National Park, founded in 1997 on 57 000 hectars, is a diverse, mosaic-like array of habitats, consisting of 6 adjoining previous landscape protection areas. Due to the diversity of geological and geomorphological features and the local climate, wildlife and landscape are exceptionally appealing to tourists and researchers alike. The national park stretches along the north shore of Lake Balaton, which is the largest shallow-water lake in Central Europe, encompassed by hills, grasslands, lovely villages, vineyards. The once active, huge volcanic field of Balaton Uplands is a wonderland of unique geological heritage. The natural treasures of the Tihany Peninsula – part of the national park – were acknowledged by the European Diploma granted by the Council of Europe in 2003. Lake Balaton is the second most popular tourism destination in Hungary, with only the capital Budapest surpassing it. Regarding domestic tourism it is the most visited region in the country. The lake and the natural wonders of the national park enhance each other’s attractiveness, thereby raising the touristic value of the region. The operational area of the Balaton Uplands National Park Directorate includes the national park and several other protected areas as well (3 landscape protection areas, 27 nature conservation areas and numerous ex lege protected objects, e.g. caves). The Bakony–Balaton Geopark – managed also by the Directorate – is member of the European and of the Global Geoparks Network, assisted by UNESCO. The key tasks of the national park directorate are to protect and interpret the natural values.  
  Call Number Serial 3981  
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Author (up) Krzan, P., Krol, M., Zieba, S., Sitarz, M., Zwijacz Kozica, T., Zieba, A., Ziobrowski, S. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Visitor monitoring in practices. Few examples from the Tatra National Park (Poland) Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 288-289  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The Tatra National Park (TNP, south Poland) comprises the entire Polish part of the Tatra Mountains (200 km2), the highest and most western part of the Carpathians. In both polish and national parks, human activities are restricted to especially designated areas, such as hiking and skiing trails or climbing areas. The rest is protected as nature reserves, access to them is allowed only with special permit from the national park administration, however, illegal trespassing is quite common. Particularly in TNP, human influence is really high, with about three million tourists visiting the park every year (data from TNP).  
  Call Number Serial 3949  
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Author (up) Kubo, T., Mameno, K., Tsuge, T. pdf  url
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  Title Which local policies increase revisit intention to Amami Oshima Island, Japan? Using Best–Worst scaling methodology Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 225-228  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Recently, many studies have increasingly used and discussed the concept of revisit intentions. For example, Baker and Crompton (2000) have examined the relationship between revisit intentions and their satisfaction with travel. Chen and Gursoy (2001) have revealed the influence of past vacation experience on their revisit intentions. However, our previous studies conducted in Japanese recreational sites have shown that most tourists have expressed high revisit intentions. It seems difficult to identify which local polices increase revisit intentions of tourists using general questions (e.g., 5-point Likert scale questions). Based on the above backgrounds, the present study used Best–Worst Scaling (BWS) methodology to examine which local policies encourage tourists to revisit the destination. The advantage of BWS over general rating questions is to easily elicit relative importance of items such as policies for respondents because they choose one most and one least preferred item in each choice set. This advantage can give decision makers facing budget constraints useful information about local policy priorities for sustainable tourism.  
  Call Number Serial 3930  
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Author (up) Latosinska, B., Brandenburg, C., Czachs, C., Muhar, A., Grabowski, M., Sobanska, E., Pikus, A., Rothert, M., Taczanowska, K. pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Social media dynamics affecting differences between online and on -site surveys: First findings from a case study in the Tricity Landscape Park, Poland Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 126-129  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Managers of parks and forestshave to optimize the allocation of resources to provide new recreational infrastructure and maintain the existing one.In order to successfully managerecreationalareas and to gain realistic view on actual visitation levels as well as visitors’ needs and expectations, it is necessary to find reliable and effective tools and methods for visitor data collection and analysis(Kajala et al., 2007,Cessford, Muhar, 2003). In recent years, the use of online surveys in outdoor recreation research as complement to traditional survey methods (on-site, mail and telephone surveys) has been significantly expanded. Comparability of data gathered from traditional paper interviewing and from online surveys is a subject of discourse in many fields of social science research (Namhun, Xiaojuan, Zvi, 2013, Dolnicar, Laesser, Matus, 2009, Yetter, Capaccioli, 2010). Personal interviewson-site survey and online survey may involve respondents with different sociodemographic profiles because of the different mode. Furthermore, both approaches differ in place and time of interviewing. On-site surveys take place during a trip in a forest and the online survey at a random moment while browsing the internet. In this setting other influencing factors may play a significant role. In outdoor recreation research sampling biases and the influence of social media dynamics on participation in online surveys and representativity of results have not yet been sufficiently researched.  
  Call Number Serial 3899  
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Author (up) Livina, A., Grinfelde, I. pdf  url
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  Title Comparison of local and foreign visitor`s choices in two national parks in Latvia Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 314-316  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract The park managers should be aware of the needs of their visitors so that they are satisfied with their experience during the visit. The park managers should balance the needs of nature preservation and interests of visitors in order to ensure preservation of nature values for the next generations because every visit leaves some kind of impact on the visited territory (Eagles 2009, Beardmore 2015). The European Charter for Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas (ECSTPA) is of good assistance in retaining this concept in practical management. The goal of the present article is to show needs of local and foreign visitors and assessment of their visits in two national parks (NP) in Latvia. One of them, the Kemeri National Park (KNP), has earned (2012) the certificate of ECSTPA (Livina&Atstaja, 2015).  
  Call Number Serial 3958  
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Author (up) Ljustina, M., Opacic, B., Vitas, B., pdf  url
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  Title Visitor Management and Monitoring in Croatian Protected Areas Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 13-15  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Croatian protected areas (PAs), especially national and nature parks are often emphasised as main natural attractions in Croatia. Green Tourism Action Plan sees Croatia as a leader of tourism based on natural heritage and sets several goals for development of sustainable tourist offer within and around PAs (Ministry of tourism, 2016). In addition, different projects on national level have goals to develop tourist offer and marketing of PAs focusing primarily on nature and national parks. In recent years there is also a raise of funds available for PA visitor infrastructure, although many already have educational trails, info centres etc. Even though some PAs have high and some low numbers of visitors, most national parks, with oscillations, show growth (SINP, 2014). Since, there is a growing interest for visiting protected areas globally (IUCN, 2015), we could ask ourselves are we prepared to manage visitation?  
  Call Number Serial 3862  
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Author (up) Lukic, T., Djercan, B., Bubalo Zivkovic, M., Penjisevic, I., Lalic, M. pdf  url
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  Title Outdoor education in protected areas from viewpoint of geographic education Type
  Year 2016 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas – ABSTRACT BOOK Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 8 - Proceedings Issue Pages 400-402  
  Keywords MMV8  
  Abstract Emel (2015) said that outdoor education helps one to develop environmental awareness, attitude, knowledge, time management, social relationship, success motivation, emotion control of people etc. Fletcher (2015) further explored the role of ecotourism in the neoliberalisation of environmental education. Ewert & Sibthorp (2014) identified two branches of outdoor education: environmental education and adventure education. According to them, outdoor adventure education is a variety of teaching and learning activities and experiences that usually involve a close interaction with an outdoor natural setting and contain elements of real and perceived danger or risk in which the outcome, although uncertain, can be influenced by the action of participants and circumstances. Ting & Siew (2014) found that students develop better in their critical thinking skills and science process skills after undergoing an environment-based education. Probably, Gilbertson (2006) did the most complex study of outdoor education (Figure). Outdoor education is irreplaceable method in geographic explorations, but papers which deal with mentioned topic are rare. This research will try to put in focus outdoor education in protected areas from geographic point of view.  
  Call Number Serial 3987  
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