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Author Keirle, I.; Stephens, M., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Do walkers stay on footpaths? An observational study of Cwm Idwal in the Snowdonia National Park Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 143-148  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract Access to the countryside of England and Wales is at present being extended through new powers created by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act (2000). This has for the first time introduced a statutory right of open access to areas designated on maps as mountain (land situated above 600m), moor, heath, down or registered common land. This paper considers the behaviour of visitors in relation to whether they choose to exert their ‘right to roam’ at Cwm Idwal, a popular mountain area located within the Snowdonia National Park in north Wales where access to open countryside is de facto (through custom). The study used an observational technique to establish the distribution and group size of visitors over a pre-defined observation area. The results showed that visitors predominantly stayed on paths with only 9.5% of groups of size twelve deviating from linear access routes.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 389 Serial 2402  
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Author Bernet, P., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Interaction between nature protection and leisure groups, an example of the largest protected area surrounding Lake Greifensee, canton Zurich, Switzerland Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 136-142  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract Lake Greifensee is surrounded by the most continuous environmental protection area (sanctuary) within the canton Zurich (Switzerland). The lake shelters many national swamps and other biotopes in distress. On beautiful summer days, however, you will find thousands of people spending their leisure time e.g., on mountain bikes, roller skates or swimming. In 1994 a new protection regulation became effective, which allows for intensive utilization and protection of the nature and separates diverse demands. With various measures sanctuaries and recreation areas are spatially separated, and the visitors are guided to keep them off the sanctuaries. During the entire year rangers inform visitors on the possibilities of nature observation, explain them where the recreation areas are located and remind them to keep off the sanctuaries. The number of violations such as trespassing of protected shores and sanctuaries continuously dropped thanks to the effective publicity and the presence of rangers. As a consequence, the vegetation is visibly recovering from the burden of trespassing. To further increase the awareness of the sanctuaries, it is, therefore, important that the rangers continue to regularly supervise the protected and recreational area and to inform and guide the visitors.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 387 Serial 2401  
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Author Van Wagtendonk, J.W., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Simulation modeling of visitor flows: where have we been and where are we going? Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 127-134  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract The Wilderness area Simulation Model was developed in 1972 by Resources for the Future with programming assistance from IBM. It simulates parties moving through a wilderness and records the number of encounters each party experiences. The model has been applied to the Spanish Peaks Primitive Area in Montana, the Adirondack Forest Reserve in New York, the Desolation Wilderness in California, the complex of the wilderness areas surrounding and including Yosemite National Park, the Green and Yampa Rivers in Dinosaur Monument, the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail in Vermont. In its time, the model was a useful tool for establishing the relationship between use levels and encounters and testing management alternatives. As innovative as the model was, recent advances in behavioral science and computer technology have rendered it out of date.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 405 Serial 2410  
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Author Murdock, E., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Understanding Recreation Flow to Protect Wilderness Resources at Joshua Tree National Park, California Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 120-126  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract Joshua Tree National Park (JTNP) has the highest concentration of rock climbing routes in the world and an estimated 250,000 people visit JTNP each year to rock climb. Although less than 5% of rock climbers visit the designated wilderness areas, a steady increase in the number of climbers has focused attention on managing wilderness climbing resources to retain wilderness character. The main controversy centers on rock climber’s placing fixed anchors, or bolts, while establishing new climbing routes. Park staff believes that continued unregulated placement of bolts in JTNP’s wilderness leads to greater impacts and is unsustainable. This paper describes a method for understanding wilderness climbing in order to develop fair and effective wilderness recreation policy. Behavior and spatial modeling is based on two years of data that include a comprehensive climbing resource inventory, wilderness visitor flow data, and psychological test results. Static and dynamic models consider factors such as travel networks, climbing route difficulty and quality, sensitive resources, landscape complexity, and climber preferences. A comprehensive understanding of recreation flow allows fixed anchor regulations and wilderness management to address site-specific issues.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 403 Serial 2409  
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Author Lawson, S.; Kiely, A.M.; Manning, R.E., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Computer Simulation as a Tool for Developing Alternatives for Managing Crowding at Wilderness Campsites on Isle Royale Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 114-119  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract Isle Royale National Park is experiencing increased backcountry visitation, resulting in crowded camping conditions during peak periods. For example, during July and August, backcountry campground capacities are commonly exceeded and visitors are required to share sites with other groups. During the summers of 2001 and 2002, two phases of research were conducted to assist Park managers in addressing this issue. In the first phase of research, computer simulation modeling was used to test the effectiveness of alternative management practices designed to reduce or eliminate campground crowding. The simulation results provide numerical estimates of campground crowding (i.e., campsite sharing) under alternative management approaches, including permit quotas, trailhead quotas, campsite development, and fixed itineraries. The second phase of research used stated choice analysis to evaluate visitors’ attitudes toward alternative management scenarios developed with the simulation model. Results of the stated choice analysis suggest that visitors are willing to tolerate some campground crowding in order to avoid “heavy-handed” management practices. Together, findings from the two phases of research assist Park managers in estimating the outcomes of alternative management practices and anticipating the likelihood that visitors will support those outcomes.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 401 Serial 2408  
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Author Lawson, S.; Itami, B.; Gimblett, R.; Manning, R., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Monitoring and Managing Recreational Use in Backcountry Landscapes Using Computer-Based Simulation Modeling Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 107-113  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract In the United States, legislation dictates that wilderness areas should be managed to, among other things, provide recreational visitors with opportunities for solitude. The growing popularity of outdoor recreation in backcountry settings presents managers with challenges in their efforts to achieve this objective. Recent research suggests that computer-based simulation modeling is an effective tool for helping to address the challenges associated with managing visitor use in backcountry and wilderness settings. This paper describes the development and application of a computer-based simulation model of recreational use in the John Muir Wilderness Area in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. The results of the study demonstrate how simulation modeling can be used as a tool for understanding existing visitor use patterns within the John Muir Wilderness Areas and estimating the effects of alternative management practices on visitor flows and visitor use conditions.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 399 Serial 2407  
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Author Zarnoch, S.J.; English, D.B.K.; Kocis, S.M., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title A Model for Evaluating Dispersed Outdoor Recreation Use Estimation Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 100-105  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract An outdoor recreation use simulator (ORUS) has been developed to simulate dispersed recreation survey data similar to that collected by the National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) Project’s survey of the national forests of the U.S.A. Statistical distributions are used to represent the various behaviors of recreationists during their visit to a dispersed area. The beta distribution is used to model arriving times and last exiting times. The number of intermediate exits from a site is determined by the Poisson distribution while their times are selected randomly according to the uniform distribution. Finally, three trap shy behaviors are assigned to the recreationists to quantify their probability of capture by the interviewer. The arriving and last exiting beta distributions are fitted to the NVUM data. The functioning of the simulator is demonstrated with a simple example with explanations of each recreationist’s actions with respect to the sampling methodology. The utility of ORUS in evaluating the bias and coefficient of variability of various estimating scenarios is also presented.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 364 Serial 2390  
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Author Yuan, M.; McIntyre, N.; Payne, R.J.; Moore, J., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Development of a Spatial Values-Based Recreation Planning Framework for Canadian Crown Lands Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 93-99  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract Managers of Canadian Crown lands are beginning to recognize that all values the public associates with forests should be given due consideration in management actions. Arguably, recreation and tourism are the least understood values of the resource and typically receive only secondary consideration in management decisions on an ad-hoc basis. This situation partly results from the lack of a systematic framework for recreation management in Crown lands outside of protected areas at either the provincial or the national level. This presentation discusses the development of a spatial recreation planning framework that uses recreation values to assess the effects of various forestry activities. The framework expands upon traditional planning approaches that are primarily supply driven to directly address core user values rather than traditional user preferences. A spatial GIS model was developed that incorporates interactive data layers of the study area including high resolution orthophoto mosaic, forest resource inventory, recreation facilities locations, ROS type classification, activity participation, spatial trip patterns, and recreation values. These data layers are overlaid on the forest management plan that details the harvesting and silvicultural treatments that are planned for the next 20 years. Operation of the interactive model is based on maintaining recreation portfolios, recreation class consistency, and sets of contextualized recreation values. A process is discussed as to how this new framework will provide managers with a tool to evaluate recreation related impacts a priori to resource management actions, and allow the public to ask “what if” scenarios in an interactive mode.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 362 Serial 2389  
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Author Haider, W.; Anderson, C.; Beardmore, B.; Anderson, D.A., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Recreational Trail Use of Residents in Jasper National Park, Canada Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 85-92  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract This paper reports the results of a survey of recreation activities by the residents of the town of Jasper in Jasper National Park on the eastern slope of the Rockies in Canada. During the summer, residents enjoy hiking, jogging, mountain biking and horseback riding. In order to better understand the importance of trail attributes, the attitude towards encounter levels, and the possible acceptance of trail management options, a discrete choice experiment was administered in a mail survey. We identified three distinct user groups based on activity patterns, and these three groups differed significantly in their responses to most attributes in the discrete choice model. In the discussion we elaborate how the results of a discrete choice experiment can be used to simulate the affects of various management options on the three user groups. Simulating the likely recreation behaviour by the residents of Jasper produces insights for both visitor management and wildlife management.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 360 Serial 2388  
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Author De Vries, S.; Jellema, A.; Goossen, M., pdf  url
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  Title FORVISITS: modelling visitor flows at a regional level Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 78-84  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP) is trying to develop a coherent set of indicators to monitor nature areas in the Netherlands. One of the proposed indicators is the recreational use of nature areas. Besides indicating the social value of a specific area, recreational use may be also be used as input for modelling habitat quality, another MNP-indicator. Recreational use itself is likely to depend on the attractiveness of the area, such as its scenic beauty. This attractiveness is yet another MNPindicator. Because the MNP wants a national overview of the recreation use of all nature areas, on-site monitoring is not a feasible option. Therefore we have started to develop a model to predict the number of recreational visits to forests and nature areas: FORVISITS. Although the model is still in its early stages, a first nation-wide application has taken place and will be presented.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 358 Serial 2387  
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Author Cavens, D.; Gloor, C.; Nagel, K.; Lange, E.; Schmid, W.A., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title A Framework for Integrating Visual Quality Modelling within an Agent-Based Hiking Simulation for the Swiss Alps Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 70-77  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract While the visual qualities of a landscape are often key factors in attracting and retaining tourist visitors, they have been overlooked in recent simulation approaches to recreation modelling. While there has been a long history of modelling the visual quality of a landscape, particularly in forestry, due to computational restrictions these models have tended to be rather coarse and primarily suited for avoiding catastrophic impacts due to large-scale interventions in a landscape. However, the experience of the visual quality of a landscape for recreationists is much more subtle. Relatively small changes to spatial patterns and land use, when viewed cumulatively, can have a large impact on the attractiveness of a landscape for tourists. Methods for evaluating the changing visual quality of a landscape are invaluable for comprehensive long-term landscape planning. This paper describes a computational approach for integrating visual quality information into an agent-based simulation of summer hikers in the Swiss Alps. The benefits of microscopic modelling (where the activities of individual hikers are simulated) are combined with detailed 3D models to provide the possibility of a highly nuanced visual quality analysis of a recreational area. Using real-time computer graphics techniques, simulated agents interpret computer generated 3D images of what they 'see' as they move through the landscape. Various landscape metrics are calculated based on these representations, including visual quality indicators such as view composition, enclosure, and depth of view. These metrics are evaluated over the course of an agent's hike, and integrated with more traditional parameters (such as hike distance, steepness, congestion and availability of amenities) in an agent-based simulation. Unlike other raster based visual quality models, analyzing 3D representations allows the model to easily incorporate subtle screening effects, and allows the model to determine visibility from any location in the model. The technique allows for very detailed visual representations, and scales easily to include more detail as required by the analysis. Currently, the model represents terrain, vegetation communities, structures, path and road networks and information aids such as signage. The paper describes a working implementation of the technique, and discusses its advantages and limitations, including its substantial data requirements. The paper uses a specific case study in the Gstaad- Saanenland region of Switzerland to articulate how this integration of visual information within an agentbased simulation has advantages over more traditional methods of visual quality modelling.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 356 Serial 2386  
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Author Takahashi, M., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Actual condition and problem of visitor use in Jozankei National Forest, Japan Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 65-68  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract Jozankei National Forest, a part of the Shikotsu Toya National Park, is located in a mountainous area about 30 km south of central Sapporo. The forest is managed by selective cutting based on highdensity forest road network. Because of the roads, visitor access is easier than it is in other surrounding forests. From spring to autumn in 2003, visitor flows were monitored at two entrances of the forest road network using Trail Traffic Counter. There was a remarkable visitor concentration in spring and the behaviour of visitor varied at each season. It was considered that the reason for the difference could be the different purposes of visits to the park as well as the characteristics of the forests visited.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 294 Serial 2355  
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Author Skov-Petersen, H.; Jensen, F.S., pdf  url
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  Title Assessing recreation in the Danish nature – present experiences, towards a future monitoring system Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 58-64  
  Keywords MMV2, Outdoor recreation, recreational use estimates, forest preferences, general public, questionnaire, Denmark  
  Abstract Research on Danish forest recreation reaches back to the mid-seventies. Two major surveys have been conducted: The Forest and Folk in 1975 and the Outdoor Life ’95-‘98 project. The latter was, in terms of overall objective and chosen methodology, a repetition of the first. Both surveys aimed at collection of base-line information about the recreational life and preferences of Danes and the pattern of use in the Danish nature. Both used a combination of household questionnaires – combined with verbalstatement-cards and photographs – and counting of cars combined with handing out questionnaires at parking-lots in the nature. The present paper presents and discusses the projects and campaigns of the past and looks forward, providing an outline of a future setting of a system for collection of statistical information regarding recreational use of the nature.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 292 Serial 2354  
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Author Passold, A.J.; Magro, T.C.; Do Couto, H.T.Z., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Comparing Indicator Effectiveness for Monitoring Visitor Impact at Intervales State Park, Brazil: Park Ranger-Measured Versus Specialist-Measured Experience Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 52-57  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract This study was conducted to aid administrators in overcoming some barriers to implementation and maintenance of programs for monitoring visitor impact to Brazilian protected areas. One of the problems refers to continuity in collecting field data due in part to lack of institutional commitment. In order to verify the effectiveness of surveys carried out by park employees, the difference between data collected by park rangers and those collected by specialists was studied so that simple and dependable indicators could be selected. 26 indicators of physical attributes were analyzed for four intensive-use trails at Intervales State Park through systematic sampling of points. Results indicate that the group of rangers produced more homogeneous data than the group of specialists did. Significant differences were more frequent among quantitative indicators. Indicators chosen according to their dependability criterion were: bird sighting and hearing, vandalism to park facilities, rock graffiti, number of damaged or carved trees, number of perceptions of vehicle noise, number of exposed rocks, visible erosion, trail depth, traces of fauna and trash litter.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 290 Serial 2353  
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Author Shapochkin, M.S.; Kiseleva, V.V.; Syriamkina, O.V.; Nikitin, V.F., pdf  url
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  Title Mapping the Intensity of Recreation Impact in the NP Losiny Ostrov, Moscow Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 45-50  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract General recreational situation in the NP Losiny Ostrov (Moscow) is analysed. The technique of field observations and computer mapping of recreation intensity and status of forest landscapes is described. Corresponding maps are represented and correlated with the location of residential regions, entrances, and basic visitor flows. Five areas of intensive effect of stationary recreation were revealed at the studied territory of ca. 600 ha. In most cases, extreme recreation is thought to be the main reason of forest decline and decrease in recreational carrying capacity. Top-priority areas of landscape improvement were revealed. Maps reflecting the spatial distribution of recreation intensity and status of forest landscapes are regarded as an appropriate instrument of territorial planning.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 385 Serial 2400  
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Author Melville, S.; Ruohonen, J., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title The development of a remote-download system for visitor counting Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 38-44  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract Following the first International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, English Nature identified a need to implement a system of visitor counting on a selection of the 170 National Nature Reserves which it manages across England. A prime requirement of the system was that it should involve a minimal amount of field staff time to harvest the data. Following a competitive tendering exercise, Teknovisiot were appointed as contractors to develop their GSM-based system for use by English Nature. This paper will discuss the requirements identifed by English Nature and how the system was developed in conjunction with Teknovisiot to meet those requirements. It will include a summary of problems encountered and how these were overcome. The presentation will include examples of data provided by the system. It is believed that the system now developed by Teknovisiot on behalf of English Nature would have considerable potential for any site manager who has access to a mobile telephone network on their land and an internet modem in their office.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 382 Serial 2399  
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Author Kocis, S.M.; Zarnoch, S.J.; English, D.B.K., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Affects of Road Sign Wording on Visitor Survey – Non-Response Bias Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 34-37  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract On-site visitor interviewer data collection is a key component of the USDA Forest Service National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) program. In many areas, especially higher speed roads and roads with non-recreation traffic, many vehicles may not stop for an interview. Wording on the sign may condition non-recreation visitors to self-select as to whether or not they decide to stop for an interview. Since the primary purpose of the interview is to calibrate a mechanical traffic counter, such behavior can lead to bias in the resulting visitation estimate. Non-response bias of national forest traffic was examined by using four different wordings for road signs during NVUM interview days. The experiment was performed using a randomized block design with each treatment (sign) being applied to five different road locations (blocks). Statistical analysis was performed to determine if any particular sign wording significantly affected (1) the rate of visitor response and (2) the mix of visitors who stopped for interviews. Data analysis show that the total number of all interviews obtained, the proportion of interviews obtained to overall traffic, and the proportion of non-recreation interviews obtained were different using different sign wording. The total number of recreation interviews obtained and the proportion of recreation interviews obtained were not different statistically.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 380 Serial 2398  
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Author English, D.B.K.; Zarnoch, S.J.; Kocis, S.M., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Designing a Sampling System for Concurrently Measuring Outdoor Recreation Visitation and Describing Visitor Characteristics Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 28-33  
  Keywords MMV2, National Visitor Use Monitoring, onsite sampling, sampling plan, use estimation, visitor characteristics, sample allocation  
  Abstract Two primary information needs for managing recreation areas and the visitors to those areas are: (1) good estimates of visitation volume, and (2) accurate descriptions of visitor characteristics, such as length of stay, frequency of visit, and primary activity. For National Forests in the United States of America with large undeveloped areas, efficient sampling for the two types of information may be to a large extent incompatible. Sampling plans that address visitation volume issues allocate most of the sample days to the largest and most internally variable strata. Sampling plans for studies of visitor characteristics allocate sampling effort to locations that most efficiently provide visitor information, such as at developed sites. Additionally, sampling plans for studies of visitor characteristics may need to ensure spatial or temporal dispersion of the sample, in order to ensure adequate representation of different visitor sub-groups. A method is demonstrated for allocating days into sampling strata which balances the contribution of sample days in improving the accuracy of the total visitation estimate with the contribution of the sample day to maximizing the quantity and dispersion of visitor information. The resulting sampling allocation provides an optimal solution to address both of the information needs through a single data collection effort. A second phase of the method addresses how to ensure spatial and temporal dispersion of sampling effort. Examples of applications on National Forests in the United States are provided.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 378 Serial 2397  
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Author Eagles, P.F.J., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Trends Affecting Tourism in Protected Areas Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 18-26  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract This paper discusses 16 important trends that are predicted to affect the planning and management of parks and protected areas in the medium term. While there are many trends visible, the ones chosen are mostly likely to require a management response. There are both challenges and opportunities for tourism-related benefits in parks and protected areas.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 298 Serial 2357  
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Author Cole, D.N., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Monitoring and Management of Recreation in Protected Areas: the Contributions and Limitations of Science Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 10-17  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract Scientists assist protected area managers by developing information and knowledge that can be used to better monitor and manage recreation use and its impacts. Most recreation management decisions have both a descriptive and an evaluative component. There is widespread consensus that science is well suited to discovering, synthesizing and applying descriptive information. This paper provides an overview of some of the most significant contributions of science to visitor monitoring and management. It covers the related scientific purposes of explanation, causation, prediction and assessment. As scientific enquiry moves from description to evaluation, from facts to values, from providing statements of “what is” to providing statements of “what ought to be”, it ventures into more contested territory. While some advocate a substantial role for science in the establishment of normative standards about what ought to be, others believe science should be very cautious in this arena. Recreation examples, largely drawn from wilderness management in the United States, are provided.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 296 Serial 2356  
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Author Raitio, H., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Opening address Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 4-4  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 8 Serial 2350  
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Author Sievänen, T.; Tuulentie, S., pdf  url
isbn  openurl
  Title Preface Type
  Year 2004 Publication Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 2 - Proceedings Issue Pages (down) 3-3  
  Keywords MMV2  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 82 Serial 2349  
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