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	Author	Lawson, S.; Kiely, A.M.; Manning, R.E.,
	Title	Computer Simulation as a Tool for Developing Alternatives for Managing Crowding at Wilderness Campsites on Isle Royale			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	114-119
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Isle Royale National Park is experiencing increased backcountry visitation, resulting in crowded camping conditions during peak periods. For example, during July and August, backcountry campground capacities are commonly exceeded and visitors are required to share sites with other groups. During the summers of 2001 and 2002, two phases of research were conducted to assist Park managers in addressing this issue. In the first phase of research, computer simulation modeling was used to test the effectiveness of alternative management practices designed to reduce or eliminate campground crowding. The simulation results provide numerical estimates of campground crowding (i.e., campsite sharing) under alternative management approaches, including permit quotas, trailhead quotas, campsite development, and fixed itineraries. The second phase of research used stated choice analysis to evaluate visitors’ attitudes toward alternative management scenarios developed with the simulation model. Results of the stated choice analysis suggest that visitors are willing to tolerate some campground crowding in order to avoid “heavy-handed” management practices. Together, findings from the two phases of research assist Park managers in estimating the outcomes of alternative management practices and anticipating the likelihood that visitors will support those outcomes.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 401			Serial	2408
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	Author	Grossmann, M.; Klaphake, A.; Meyerhoff, J.,
	Title	Canoes versus birds or canoeists versus canoeists? Combining interview survey and visitor monitoring to inform visitor management in the Mueritz National Park			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	277-284
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Intensive use of canoeing trails in national parks can impact both wildlife and the satisfaction of paddlers. This paper focuses on paddlers’ perception of congestion in the National Park Mueritz (Germany) and the effectiveness of different management options. Our theoretical discussion is based on the economics of congestion and the social science literature on carrying capacity of recreational resources. For the empirical application, we use interview survey and monitoring data. While our results suggest a high relevance of congestion on canoeists’ satisfaction, the acceptance of a quota system does not exceed 30 percent. We employ a statistical analysis to describe the effect of different use levels on the quality of the paddling experience. We further use the travel cost method for a rough prediction of the effect of pricing strategies (entrance fee) on use levels.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 302			Serial	2359
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	Author	Sterl, P.; Wagner, S.; Arnberger, A.,
	Title	Social Carrying Capacity of Canoeists in Austria´s Danube Floodplains National Park			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	256-263
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Increasing recreational activities in National Parks affect natural resources as well as the recreational quality. In the Danube Floodplains National Park, stagnant waters, such as the Stopfenreuter and Spittelauer Arm, are a crucial component for ecological integrity, and at the same time constitute a main visitor attraction. In the summers of 2002 and 2003 a visitor survey investigated the perceived crowding of canoeists and whether the social carrying capacity is exceeded. Results of this study are that the social carrying capacity of this area has obviously been reached at certain times.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 350			Serial	2383
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	Author	Lawson, S.; Itami, B.; Gimblett, R.; Manning, R.,
	Title	Monitoring and Managing Recreational Use in Backcountry Landscapes Using Computer-Based Simulation Modeling			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	107-113
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	In the United States, legislation dictates that wilderness areas should be managed to, among other things, provide recreational visitors with opportunities for solitude. The growing popularity of outdoor recreation in backcountry settings presents managers with challenges in their efforts to achieve this objective. Recent research suggests that computer-based simulation modeling is an effective tool for helping to address the challenges associated with managing visitor use in backcountry and wilderness settings. This paper describes the development and application of a computer-based simulation model of recreational use in the John Muir Wilderness Area in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. The results of the study demonstrate how simulation modeling can be used as a tool for understanding existing visitor use patterns within the John Muir Wilderness Areas and estimating the effects of alternative management practices on visitor flows and visitor use conditions.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 399			Serial	2407
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	Author	Li, C.-L.; Zinn, H.C.; Chick, G.E.; Graefe, A.R.; Absher, J.D.,
	Title	Hofstede’s Measure of Cultural Values in a National Forest Recreation Context			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	149-154
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Hofstede’s measure of cultural values is one of the most widely used among international management and marketing scholars. However, there is no research that employed Hofstede’s measure in a National Forest recreation context. This study examined the validity and reliability of Hofstede’s cultural measure from an ethnically diverse sample in a National Forest recreation context. We used confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, correlations, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple regression to test Hofstede’s measure of cultural values. The results suggested that seven items, two items from Hofstede’s original Power Distance dimension, one item from the Individualism dimension, two items from the Masculinity dimension, and two items from the Uncertainty Avoidance dimension, best represent the measure of cultural values in a National Forest recreation context. Discussion of the results and future research were suggested.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 391			Serial	2403
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	Author	Shapochkin, M.S.; Kiseleva, V.V.; Syriamkina, O.V.; Nikitin, V.F.,
	Title	Mapping the Intensity of Recreation Impact in the NP Losiny Ostrov, Moscow			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	45-50
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	General recreational situation in the NP Losiny Ostrov (Moscow) is analysed. The technique of field observations and computer mapping of recreation intensity and status of forest landscapes is described. Corresponding maps are represented and correlated with the location of residential regions, entrances, and basic visitor flows. Five areas of intensive effect of stationary recreation were revealed at the studied territory of ca. 600 ha. In most cases, extreme recreation is thought to be the main reason of forest decline and decrease in recreational carrying capacity. Top-priority areas of landscape improvement were revealed. Maps reflecting the spatial distribution of recreation intensity and status of forest landscapes are regarded as an appropriate instrument of territorial planning.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 385			Serial	2400
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	Author	Ryglova, K.; Turcinkova, J.,
	Title	Image as an Important Factor of Destination Management			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	355-359
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	For successful development of tourism in a region is a necessary condition to learn planning and using management principals. General characteristics of successful planning can be derived from experiences of their application in advanced countries but must be adapted to specific local regional conditions. Since 1989 (after the “Velvet Revolution”), the Czech Republic has become an attractive destination for many tourists from all over the world – it was a new, unknown and not financially demanding area. In the meantime, this trend has changed and Czech Republic has become a common tourist destination, which cannot exploit this competitive advantage any longer. Nowadays, when the differences between individual countries and regions are diminishing, and the main competitive forces are factors, such as image, which create the power of the “brand” of a particular destination. We can find that “the present tourism industry is formed by battle for destination, where the good brand sells”.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 326			Serial	2371
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	Author	Melville, S.; Ruohonen, J.,
	Title	The development of a remote-download system for visitor counting			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	38-44
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Following the first International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, English Nature identified a need to implement a system of visitor counting on a selection of the 170 National Nature Reserves which it manages across England. A prime requirement of the system was that it should involve a minimal amount of field staff time to harvest the data. Following a competitive tendering exercise, Teknovisiot were appointed as contractors to develop their GSM-based system for use by English Nature. This paper will discuss the requirements identifed by English Nature and how the system was developed in conjunction with Teknovisiot to meet those requirements. It will include a summary of problems encountered and how these were overcome. The presentation will include examples of data provided by the system. It is believed that the system now developed by Teknovisiot on behalf of English Nature would have considerable potential for any site manager who has access to a mobile telephone network on their land and an internet modem in their office.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 382			Serial	2399
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	Author	Pouta, E.; Sievänen, T.; Neuvonen, M.,
	Title	Profiling recreational users of national parks, national hiking areas and wilderness areas in Finland			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	347-354
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Finland’s national parks, wilderness areas and national hiking areas play an important role in tourism and recreation, in addition to their primary purpose of nature conservation. Very little attention has been paid by research to the factors that influence the use of these state-owned areas by different segments of the population. The results of logistic and negative binomial regression models based on population-survey data indicate that the users of these state-owned recreation areas have a higher than average level of education and are more likely to be white-collar employees. The users were typically enthusiasts of particular forms of outdoor recreation, above all skiing and camping. The availability of state-owned recreation areas in the home municipality increased the likelihood of using them. The number of user days spent in these areas tended to be larger among those whose permanent residence was in eastern Finland or in a city of more than 100,000 inhabitants. Small-sized household and abundance of leisure time also increased the amount of use.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 324			Serial	2370
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	Author	More, T.A.; Manning, R.E.,
	Title	The Public Functions of Parks and Protected Areas			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	294-298
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Establishing and managing protected areas throughout the world usually have been considered a governmental function. However, recent conservative political thinking in many developed countries has challenged the role of the public sector on all fronts. In Australia, Britain, Canada, and the United States, government has been seen as a problem, while private enterprise is presented as the solution. Advocates of privatization argue that park services can be provided more efficiently under private management, and that the areas themselves will be better protected for future generations. Unfortunately, such a policy can foster elitism by preserving the benefits of parks and protected areas for the wealthy while ignoring the growing social inequality in many of these countries. In this paper, I examine the concepts that underlie privatization efforts, particularly economic efficiency. I suggest that there is a need to examine the different functions that parks and protected areas serve, and to ask if each function helps to differentiate between public and private. I argue that, in the final analysis, equality of access is the primary function of public-sector management of parks and that we need to examine our policies and practices to ensure that park benefits are distributed fairly throughout society.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 306			Serial	2361
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	Author	Thapa, B.; Confer, J.J.; Mendelsohn, J.,
	Title	Trip motivations among water-based recreationists			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	208-212
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Empirical research has consistently demonstrated that motivations differ based on participation in various activities, as well as due to the significant effect of other variables. Perpetuating this line of research, the purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of select non-motivational variables on motivations among recreationists on the Gallatin River, Montana, USA. A 15-mile stretch of the river was earmarked for data collection (n=321) in June and July 2000 via river exit interviews. Based on the literature, motivation was operationalized into 9-items using a 5-point Likert scale. Some of the findings highlight that rafters emphasized the status motive, while anglers noted relaxation and solitude. Residents were motivated to participate for social and physical aspects, while tourists noted setting and prestige motives. Repeat visitors were more likely to mention solitude, while first time visitors indicated to watch wildlife, and to tell others about it as key motives. Males were more likely to participate for solitude while females noted that they could tell others about it at home. Recreationists have wide sets of motives, and understanding what individuals seek through recreation can provide useful guidance to a variety of planning and management decisions.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 374			Serial	2395
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	Author	Yamaki, K.; Shoji, Y.,
	Title	Classification of trail settings in an alpine national park using the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum approach			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	318-323
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Considering trail settings in alpine national parks is important for both conserving nature and maximizing the quality of the experience for visitors. This study examines classifying trails in Daisetsuzan National Park, Japan, using the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum approach. A questionnaire was used to obtain data from park visitors concerning their preferences for the facility developments, accessibility, and visitor encounters. The responses were classified into four groups according to the preferences expressed for the types of trail settings. The trails were classified according to their characteristics as described by park visitors. The northern part of the park, with easier access and moderate development, was preferred by all groups, and the southern part of the park was preferred only by the those who favored more primitive surroundings.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 314			Serial	2365
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	Author	Pröbstl, U.,
	Title	Visitor Monitoring as a prerequisite of assessments in Natura 2000 sites			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	248-255
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Biodiversity is increasingly recognized as an invaluable element of the European heritage. Across Europe, the NATURA 2000 ecological network has been established under the European Community’s `habitats` directive and the `bird` directive. The goal of this network is to provide a strong protection for Europe’s most valuable wildlife areas. If development plans or projects threaten to deteriorate this network or its favourable conservation status, a special assessment is required (see Art.6 of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat directive, called FFH-assessment). When planning a new foot-bridge in a NATURA 2000 site, it became obvious that an evaluation of the possible ecological deterioration is only possible when detailed information about the current and the potential future recreational use is included in the assessment. It will be suggested that visitor monitoring and visitor surveys collect essential background information for the FFH-assessment process evaluating the possible impacts on NATURA 2000 sites. Without such data it would be impossible to determine the potential effects of changes to the recreational infrastructure and its associated uses on protected areas. Therefore, a curriculum for protected area planning that strives to accommodate the legal requirements of the European Community should also include recreation research techniques.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 348			Serial	2382
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	Author	Kopperoinen, L.; Shemeikka, P.J.; Lindblom, V.,
	Title	Environmental GIS in the management of visitor flows			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	393-396
	Keywords	MMV2, GIS, outdoor recreation, environmental data, land use
	Abstract	Besides monitoring visitor numbers and activities, spatial data on borders, restrictions, and environmental and natural characteristics is needed to manage visitor flows in recreation and protected areas. The Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) compiles and provides data on the state of the environment and environmental trends, and acts as a national environmental information center; collecting, formulating and disseminating data to various interest groups. This data, including GIS databases and registers, consists of natural environment data (monitoring, modeling and inventories etc.) and also land use and planning data. Wide variety of data can be used through GIS methods to reduce negative ecological impacts and conflicts between different user groups in recreation and protected areas. Our poster will present a cross-section of the characteristics of some of the most useful GIS data supporting management of visitor flows. Closer look will be given on the GIS databases on land and water traffic restrictions and the GIS database on outdoor recreation opportunities (VIRGIS).
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 334			Serial	2375
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	Author	Roovers, P.; Dumont, B.; Gulinck, H.; Hermy, M.,
	Title	Visual obstruction of herb vegetation, defining standards for natural barriers			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	400-403
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	As a result of increasing impact of recreation on natural resources and visitor experiences, wilderness managers often want to control recreational use. However, most of the attempts to alter wilderness recreational use patterns, suffer from a lack of knowledge of visitors’ behaviour they seek to influence. This study concentrated on the effects of ground vegetation on perceived obstruction to recreationists. The aim was to define marginal values for the structure of natural barriers. Ratings by participants (n= 131) on a five-point scale, measured perceived obstruction. These ratings were linked to vertical cover of the vegetation. Analyses indicated a significant exponential relationship between vertical cover and perceived obstruction. A marginal vegetation height of about 54 cm could be identified as having obstructive features. Also the condition of the soil and the presence of irritating species seemed to influence visitors’ judgement. It was concluded that a more intensive use of natural barriers to control recreational use, is a functional alternative with economical and aesthetical advantages.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 338			Serial	2377
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	Author	Zarnoch, S.J.; English, D.B.K.; Kocis, S.M.,
	Title	A Model for Evaluating Dispersed Outdoor Recreation Use Estimation			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	100-105
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	An outdoor recreation use simulator (ORUS) has been developed to simulate dispersed recreation survey data similar to that collected by the National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) Project’s survey of the national forests of the U.S.A. Statistical distributions are used to represent the various behaviors of recreationists during their visit to a dispersed area. The beta distribution is used to model arriving times and last exiting times. The number of intermediate exits from a site is determined by the Poisson distribution while their times are selected randomly according to the uniform distribution. Finally, three trap shy behaviors are assigned to the recreationists to quantify their probability of capture by the interviewer. The arriving and last exiting beta distributions are fitted to the NVUM data. The functioning of the simulator is demonstrated with a simple example with explanations of each recreationist’s actions with respect to the sampling methodology. The utility of ORUS in evaluating the bias and coefficient of variability of various estimating scenarios is also presented.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 364			Serial	2390
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	Author	Keirle, I.; Stephens, M.,
	Title	Do walkers stay on footpaths? An observational study of Cwm Idwal in the Snowdonia National Park			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	143-148
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	Access to the countryside of England and Wales is at present being extended through new powers created by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act (2000). This has for the first time introduced a statutory right of open access to areas designated on maps as mountain (land situated above 600m), moor, heath, down or registered common land. This paper considers the behaviour of visitors in relation to whether they choose to exert their ‘right to roam’ at Cwm Idwal, a popular mountain area located within the Snowdonia National Park in north Wales where access to open countryside is de facto (through custom). The study used an observational technique to establish the distribution and group size of visitors over a pre-defined observation area. The results showed that visitors predominantly stayed on paths with only 9.5% of groups of size twelve deviating from linear access routes.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 389			Serial	2402
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	Author	McIntyre, N.; Yuan, M.; Payne, R.J.; Moore, J.,
	Title	Development of a Values-based Approach to Managing Recreation on Canadian Crown Lands			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	285-293
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract	A key issue in sustainability is understanding the values of a particular place that are to be conserved. While many of the natural resource values of protected areas are mandated, values associated with public use and recreation are frequently less clearly defined and often hotly contested. Public involvement processes are often used to elicit these values and a number of mostly survey-based approaches have been developed to achieve this. However, theoretical considerations concerning the nature of values and the processes of value formation have brought into question whether survey approaches on their own are the most appropriate way of understanding values. Consideration of public use and recreation values brings into play many of the issues surrounding place attachment and place identification. People value places because they symbolize something, because they have histories and memories associated with them, because they are interwoven in the stories we tell our self and others about who we are, and because they are rhetorical methods of making arguments for managing a place in one way or another. These ideas center on ‘meaning-based” rather than “information processing” models of value formation. In this context, values are seen as discursive constructions, which are continuously being contested and reconstructed through political dialogue. It is argued that a ‘meaning-based’ approach to value formation is better suited to the developing models of collaborative planning than are the expert-driven, rational decision-making models that have dominated natural area planning. This paper describes a planning approach, which seeks to combine both interpretive approaches to data collection (narratives and value mapping) and survey methods in the elicitation of values attached to a working forest. A process will be detailed that links the characteristics of an area with the spatial distribution of values ascribed to the same area utilizing GIS and photo-mosaic representations. The case study area discussed in this paper is the Dog River/Matawin area of North Western Ontario. Application of this approach to forest planning will be discussed.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 304			Serial	2360
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	Author	Raitio, H.,
	Title	Opening address			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	4-4
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 8			Serial	2350
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	Author	Rammo, M.; Karoles, K.; Maran, K.; Jansen, J.; Almik, A.; Rammo, R.,
	Title	Visitor Surveys and Visitor Impact Monitoring in Recreational Areas in State Forests of Estonia			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	397-399
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 336			Serial	2376
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	Author	Sievänen, T.; Tuulentie, S.,
	Title	Preface			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	3-3
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 82			Serial	2349
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	Author	Van Den Berg, C.; Van Bree, F.; Cottrell, S.,
	Title	PAN Parks implementation process: cross cultural comparison – Bieszczady & Slovenski Raij National Parks			Type
	Year	2004	Publication	Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 2 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	222-229
	Keywords	MMV2
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 354			Serial	2385
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