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	Author	Keßel, A.; Klüpfel, H.; Meyer-König, T.; Schreckenberg, M.,
	Title	A Concept for Coupling Empirical Data and Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Flows			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	199-204
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	In this paper we present a concept for coupling empirical data and a microscopic simulation of pedestrian motion. Since there is no automatic detection method available for this task up to now the main focus is on developing such a system. A review of the different detection methods is presented and the requirements are given an automatic system has to fulfil. Additionally, a possible realisation of such a detector is described. Experiences with such a system for vehicular traffic are reviewed.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 472			Serial	2299
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	Author	Lynch, J.,
	Title	A Spatial Model of Overnight Visitor Behavior in a Wilderness Area in Eastern Sierra Nevada			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	211-217
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	This paper documents an attempt to simulate spatially the behavior of a group of sampled overnight visitors in a dispersed recreation setting – the Humphrey’s Basin region of the John Muir Wilderness in the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains. This study utilizes spatial data depicting the behavior of backcountry visitors in Humphrey’s Basin to formulate a model based on cost surface techniques in a geographic information system (GIS) to develop a measure of visitor effort expenditure as a way of describing factors influencing spatial distribution of camping behavior. This hiking effort index model (HEI) measures the accumulative cost hikers expended to traverse varying distances between campsite locations in the study area. The cost grid input for the HEI model consisted of a) a slope factor derived from digital elevation models (DEM), b) the measured hiking times of backpackers at various slopes, and c) the relative cost of traveling either on or off trail. The model measures relative travel cost in units of hiking minutes. The model was tested using a subsample of the actual spatial data of visitor behavior not used in the running of the HEI model. Results indicate that the HEI model does accurately simulate the spatial distribution of visitors. This study thus suggests that human behavior in a dispersed recreation setting can be successfully modeled as well as pointing to ways of further improving simulation techniques
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 476			Serial	2301
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	Author	Roovers, P.; Hermy, M.; Gulinck, H.,
	Title	A Survey of Recreation Interests in Urban Forests, the Influence of Travel Distance			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	277-283
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The forest complex of Heverlee-Meerdaal, which consists of two forest parts, is located on a gradient from a rural region to an expanding urban area. By means of counts an interpretation on congestion and on spreading of visitors in time and space in the area was made. On the basis of these counts questionnaires were carried out in the forest throughout the whole year and among all activity groups. The questionnaires dealt with socio-demographical characteristics of the visitors, preferences and perceptions of the respective activity groups and their interpretation of the forest area concerning structure and infrastructure. According to this study, the geographical distribution of the visitors in the forest is highly determined by the position of the forest along a gradient relative to the conurbation.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 496			Serial	2311
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	Author	Steiner, W.; Parz-Gollner, R.,
	Title	Actual Numbers and Effects of Recreational Disturbance on the Distribution and Behaviour of Greylag Geese (Anser Anser) in the “Neusiedler See – Seewinkel” Nationalpark Area			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	89-94
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The Neusiedler See – Seewinkel National Park area is confronted with a remarkable increase in tourism and recreational activities during the last years. The „Koppel“ area, situated on the eastern shore of the lake, is one of the most important breeding sites for Greylag Geese. Behaviour and distribution of the geese on the breeding site as well as touristic activities on the adjacent road leading along the „Koppel“ were examined to investigate relations and interactions between the Greylag Goose population and tourism. Taking into account the excellent weather and breeding conditions in the year 2000 the results of the survey indicate a stable or even rising Greylag population, increasing numbers of visitors and high disturbance frequencies in the vicinity of the study area. The number of disturbances on the adjacent road seems to affect the suitability of the site in general, leading to a specific temporal and spatial distribution of the birds, whereas different disturbance qualities result in changes of the birds behaviour.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 440			Serial	2283
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	Author	Muharremaj, V.,
	Title	Conflicts of Interest on National Parks and Protected Areas during the Transition Period in Albania			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	439-443
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	National Parks of Albania are the most frequented by visitors, because patches of virgin forests, high biodiversity, landscape beauties and nature monuments are present within their areas. During the hard transition period some conflicts of interest have risen on parks and protected areas, which delay their proper management and in a certain degree they affect the flow flux of visitors. The rural appraisal method was mainly used for identification of conflicts. The analyses of factors and causes of these conflicts allow to give some recommendations for their solution, which will influence, in parallel with other measures, on the sustainable management of parks and protected areas, evaluation of their multiple values by the society, and increasing the income of the local communities.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 556			Serial	2341
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	Author	Lovén, L.,
	Title	Customer Satisfaction as an Indicator of Social Carrying Capacity – Case Heritage Centre Ukko in Koli National Park, Finland			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	340-345
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The systematic and spontaneous customer feedback from nature tourism customers is studied in the context of social capital created by social welfare services within the national park, especially the visitor centre services. The feedback is considered as an indicator of social carrying capacity. A model has been developed for assessing the impact of different options for developing services in the visitor centre or giving priority to them. The reliability of the model is studied in relation to different customer profiles. As a special case we study on site the customer’s reactions and attitudes about a key responsibility issue in nature tourism development– responsibility of resources. A ”Partnership in Management” experiment was created in Koli National Park, in Finland, where a local supporting association (NGO) produced 18 months visitor services in visitor centre in co-operation with the official park management organisation. According to the customer feedback the majority of visitors considered this arrangement as a very positive idea. They were also willing to pay the marginal costs, which they have caused, when using the services of the association.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 516			Serial	2321
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	Author	Mutz, R.; Von Janowsky, D.; Becker, G.,
	Title	Cyclical Visitor-Behavior Patterns of Urban Forest Recreation Environments and their Determinants – A Statistical View			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	218-224
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Urban forest recreation environments have their particular rhythms, not only natural periodicities, but also periodicites of their human members (vistors, rangers,...). A human forest ecosystem as a basic unit of analysis can be defined as an interaction between the population, the organization of forest and the technology in response to the environment. In order to manage such forest ecosystems information about the recreation demand of visitors is needed, particularly about the rhythms of the visitor flow. A scientific project in Stuttgart, a town in South-Germay, provides for an example. The central objective of this paper is to detect periodicities in a time series of frequencies of certain groups of visitors, observed by a fix video camera over one year (March 1999-March 2000) (n=1421 measurements). A not widespreaded statistical method, the spectral analysis, will be applied on the data. Certain periodicities can be found, especially a day-cycle, week-cycles and year-cycles for the various groups of visitors. Impacts of weather (sunny, cloudy, rainy) and weekday (weekend or not) have significant influence on the visitor flow. A simulation illustrates the shape of the cycles, which are detected.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 478			Serial	2302
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	Author	Meçaj, N.; Muharremaj, V.,
	Title	Dajti National Park A Recreational Area for Citizens of Tirana, Albania			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	432-435
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Dajti National Park is one of the 12 National Parks of Albania, declared as a protected area in 1961. From the administrative of view, it is included in the Tirana District. This Park is managed by the general Directorate of Forestry (Ministry of Agriculture and Food). Total protected area reaches 10,269 ha. It represents an important additional to the presentation of natural wealth Park. The intention of this paper is to provide visitors with the essential information on natural history and cultural importance of Dajti National Park. It should come into hands of every single visitor and draw his attention to numerous attractions of the first Albanian National Park (field trip, visitor observation, interviews etc.). The results showed that various methods allow a thorough analyses of visitor activities as a basis for the ecologically and economically sustainable management of recreation and conservation areas.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 552			Serial	2339
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	Author	Gimblett, R.; Lynch, J.; Daniel, T.; Ribes, L.; Oye, G.,
	Title	Deriving Artificial Models of Visitors From Dispersed Patterns of Use in Sierra Nevada Wilderness			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	180-186
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Natural resource managers are faced with a complex problem of understanding human use patterns and associated impacts in dispersed recreation wilderness settings. This is further complicated by the subsequent synthesis and modeling of those behaviors that affect such patterns of use. While conventional approaches to modeling have limited use in acquiring and understanding such complex associations, spatial simulation models have been proposed as an alternative. The purpose of this paper is to describe a project whose focus is on a dispersed recreation context of backpacking trips and commercial packstock operations in the John Muir Wilderness in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. This paper will discuss the data collection and synthesis to derive agent profiles and rules as a precursor to the development of a dynamic, agent based model that represent the spatial distribution of visitation patterns.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 466			Serial	2296
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	Author	Simma, A.; Schlich, R.; Axhausen, K.W.,
	Title	Destination Choice Modelling of Leisure Trips: The Case of Switzerland			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	150-158
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	In this paper the destination choice of Swiss within Switzerland is analysed. Information about variables influencing destination choice for different activity should be the result of the modelling process. The analyses are based on three pillars. A detailed database for all Swiss municipalities is the first pillar, nation wide demand data the second pillar. Additionally a suitable method is necessary. Because destination choice is a choice between discrete alternatives, Multi-nominal Logit models are used. Models for three different activity types – skiing, climbing and hiking respectively walking and swimming are estimated. In all models the importance of the distance between origin and destination becomes visible.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 458			Serial	2292
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	Author	Van Der Donk, M.; Cottrell, S.,
	Title	Developing a Visitor Management Framework for WWF’s PAN Parks Project – Case Study of a National Park in France			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	320-327
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the visitor management planning process in progress at the Parc National du Mercantour in France. Park administration wishes to achieve World Wildlife Fund for Nature’s (WWF) designation as a PAN Park. Details concerning the development of a visitor management framework for WWF’s PAN Parks project will be given. Results will reflect practical aspects of Visitor Management Planning
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 510			Serial	2318
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	Author	Cessford, G.; Cockburn, S.; Douglas, M.,
	Title	Developing New Visitor Counters and their Applications for Management			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	14-20
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Developing visitor flow models for managing visitors to conservation areas is not possible without accurate visitor count data from the field. However, obtaining such counts in a reliable and cost-effective manner has proven to be more difficult than may be expected. Reasons for this are reviewed, and the features that park managers want in their visitor counting tools are discussed. Based on these demands, development of new visitor counters is underway, along with integrated systems for systematic collection and management of the data they provide. However, more effective direction is required from visitor flow models to guide the deployment of these new counter systems. This is an ongoing programme, and the presentation provided here summarises background information and progress to date.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 414			Serial	2270
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	Author	Tarbaeva, V.; Fomichyova, T.,
	Title	Development of Ecotourism in the Largest National Park “Yugyd va”			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	371-372
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The National Park “Yugyd va”, Komi, Russia is used predominantly by the Russian population for summer and winter recreation purposes. The National Park (NP) organizes, plans and controls visitor flows. Management of visitor flows is directly and indirectly realized by the NP. The direct management includes functional zone division, normalizing recreation loads, law-enforcement activity. The indirect management includes regulation of visitors access in determined places of the NP because of complex and dangerous routes or specific objects organization of tourist infrastructure. Monitoring of visitor activities in the National Park is realized by short-term visitor observation and route registration. Organization of visitor flow is realized on the basis of agreement between the NP and tour operators. The NP regulates of tourism and recreation by restriction of moving the visitors on the NP area on the basis of permissible recreation loads.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 526			Serial	2326
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	Author	Tempesta, T.; Visintin, F.; Marangon, F.,
	Title	Ecotourism demand in North-East Italy			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	373-379
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	There are three regions in North-East Italy: Friuli Venezia Giulia, Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige. These regions have highly differentiated environmental and natural features. In fact, in this small area we can find the biomes of the main European temperate zones. The environment is important because there are a large number of National and Regional Natural Parks, as well as small protected areas that many people visit every year. Since the nineties, the authors have been involved in research to examine and analyse ecotourism in North-East Italy. The main objectives were to: a) define a methodology that would quantify the recreational flow from the results of phone and in-person interviews, b) analyse ecotourism demand, socioeconomic visitor features, tourist facilities and economic flow. The statistical models study the number of visits through a travel cost method, and willingness to pay by means of contingent valuation methods. The findings have allowed us to fill the considerable information gap regarding ecotourism and the recreational use of the landscape. From the survey we have collected precise data on the economic and social importance of ecotourism, such as recreational benefit and expense flow.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 528			Serial	2327
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	Author	Arzac, S.,
	Title	Environment and Rural Tourism in Bustamante, Mexico			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	384-389
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The community is Bustamante, population 3,501, in Nuevo Leon state, Mexico. It is a privileged rural landscape, made fertile in the middle of a semi-desert by springs that flow year-round. And in the vicinity of the oasis lie the internationally known caverns known locally as Grutas de Palmito. The problem are the pressures of recreation on the environment: day excursionists who come in great numbers are causing erosion near the water, both around the springs and along the river that flows from them. The waters that used to be clear are now murky because of the soil deposition. And in the cave, the visitors walk freely in the gallery spaces and trample on the formations. But because the local tourism industry is nature-based, it is imperative to conserve the natural resources that make it possible. This research considers the potential of what has come to be known as sustainable tourism to promote economic development in Bustamante and possibly in similar communities, not by replacing the agricultural base but by complementing it. Data were obtained from observations, interviews, survey questionnaires, from the Mexican census, from the regional newspaper, and from the literatures on sustainable tourism and history of the region. The study proposes that the natural and cultural resources of Bustamante had been largely conserved until recently, and that the present accelerated degradation of these resources can be reversed through approaches to sustainability that are related to tourism, so that Bustamante’s people meet their present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, measured against the standard of living currently enjoyed.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 532			Serial	2329
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	Author	Mowen, A.J.,
	Title	Estimating Visitor Occasions and Recreational Visits at an Urban Park District			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	436-438
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The need for a committed system to monitor and track visitation over time is increasingly recognized by agencies that are responsive to staffing, budgeting, and public relations. This paper highlights a process that a metropolitan park agency uses to monitor visitation within its jurisdiction. The importance of a long-term and regular counting effort is highlighted as well as a brief discussion of trade-offs made between validity and reliability in the formative years of establishing a new use estimation system. The paper concludes by identifying some of the advantages and limitations inherent when estimating urban park visitation with inductive loop counters.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 554			Serial	2340
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	Author	Karácsonyi, Z.; Aradi, C.; Lisztes, L.,
	Title	From the Beginning Until the World Heritage Title: The Tendencies and Management of Visitor Flows at the Hortobágy National Park			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	421-422
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The Hortobágy was always in the center of interest because of its special natural values and its characteristic landscape. Even since 1973, when the Hortobágy National Park was established (as the first national park in Hungary) the visitor flows has been significant. However, this mainly meant a 1 or 2 days mass visits. The successive management plans paid increased attention to the problems and issues related to the visitor flows and the possible solutions. The developed zoning-system and the management regulations based on this deal with the tourism. The recently built Epona Rider Village and then the private tourism organizations appeared in increasingly large numbers, and require a new management approach. The important developments of the recent years (educational center, museums, demonstrational centers) also had a great influence on visitor flow management. The practice applied in each stage of the development process, their modifications and further developments, which is to meet the requirements of the World Heritage title, will be introduced.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 546			Serial	2336
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	Author	Skov-Petersen, H.,
	Title	GIS-based modeling of car-borne visits to Danish Forests			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	233-239
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Vector-based GIS is used as a basic for building a predictive model of car-borne recreational activities in Danish nature areas. Special attention is paid to the forests. The model takes its point of departure from frequencies of forest visits considering type of starting point (dwelling, summer house etc.), travel cost (into four time-bands) and three different nature types (forest, beach, and the remainder landscape). By means of linear regression statistics the model results are correlated with registered activities (number of cars in an extensive selection of parking lots in the nature). Further the effect of various local amenities – distance to the coasts, terrain form etc. – are evaluated. The work is part of the authors Ph.D.-thesis (Skov- Petersen, 2002).
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 482			Serial	2304
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	Author	Hinterberger, B.; Arnberger, A.; Muhar, A.,
	Title	GIS-Supported Network Analysis of Visitor Flows in Recreational Areas			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	28-32
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The application of GIS tools for visitor monitoring facilitates a profound analysis of visitor flow patterns. Giving a visual impression of the distribution of visitors within an area via maps, interpretation of visitor use data is much easier and better. Furthermore, a GIS also allows to determine and analyse quantitative parameters of visitor use such as trail and visitor density. These parameters can also be used to characterise and compare different areas within a park. With a standardised approach, also comparisons between parks can be realised. Therefore, GIS is increasingly used in the area of visitor monitoring to assist recreation planners and park managers in their everyday work. This paper demonstrates how a GIS-based trail network analysis was used in the framework of a visitor monitoring project in the Danube Flood Plains National Park, Austria.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 418			Serial	2272
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	Author	Manning, R.E.,
	Title	How Much is Too Much? Carrying Capacity of National Parks and Protected Areas			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	306-313
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Increasing recreational use of national parks and protected areas can impact natural and cultural resources and the quality of the visitor experience. Determining how much recreational use can ultimately be accommodated in a park or protected area is often addressed through the concept of carrying capacity. Contemporary approaches to carrying capacity – including the Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) framework developed by the U.S. National Park Service – rely on formulation of indicators and standards of quality of natural/cultural resources and the visitor experience. This paper describes the VERP framework and its application in the U.S. national park system, including a program of research designed to help formulate indicators and standards of quality.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 506			Serial	2316
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	Author	Stursa, J.,
	Title	Impacts of Tourism Load on the Mountain Environment (A Case Study of the Krkonoše Mountains National Park – the Czech Republic)			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	364-370
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Krkonose Mountains (the Giant Mountains in Czech) as the highest mountains of the Czech Republic belong to the most visited middle-european mountains as they are well facilitated for both summer and winter outdoor recreation. More than 8 million visitors within a year means very serious tourism load on the mountain landscape and ecosystems. Primary impacts (e.g. disturbing plants and animals by trampling and noise, soil erosion or cummulation of rubish) together with secondary impacts of tourism development (a.g. arrising of accomodation capacity, impact on traditional landscape infrastructure by reebuilding of original small mountain chalets, nonsufficient disposal of waste, transport of allochtone organisms) create very cotraversional background for sustainable use of the mountains which are the oldest national park of the Czech Republic. Paper describes these impacts and suggests some forms of conflict solution between tourism development and statutes of the national park.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 524			Serial	2325
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	Author	Lawson, S.; Manning, R.,
	Title	Integrating Multiple Wilderness Values into a Decision-Making Model for Denali National Park and Preserve			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	136-142
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Decisions about how to manage wilderness recreation in Denali National Park and Preserve require managers to integrate a diverse set of public values, a process that typically involves balancing tradeoffs among multiple and often competing values. While decisions about how to manage wilderness are often contentious, previous research suggests that if managers are able to predict public support for various management alternatives the decisions become more tractable. This study develops a decision-making model that integrates social, resource, and managerial values associated with the Denali wilderness experience. Specifically, stated choice analysis is used to evaluate the choices overnight wilderness visitors make when faced with hypothetical tradeoffs among the conditions of social, resource, and management attributes of the Denali wilderness. Study findings offer an empirical approach for predicting and evaluating the likelihood of public support for Denali wilderness management alternatives.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 454			Serial	2290
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	Author	Suchant, R.; Schäfer, A.,
	Title	Integrating Tourism and Grouse Habitat Protection in the Black Forest			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	95-101
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	This project illustrates methods for combining tourism and conservation. The project area of 8.000 hectares is a popular central European tourist attraction. It is also NATURA 2000 area and habitat of the hazel grouse (Bonasa bonasia L.) and capercaille (Tetrao urogallus L.). Grouse species are used as indicators for environmental features such as diversity, natural character and beauty of the landscape. A catalogue of integrated actions was coordinated in a two-phase method based on detailed inventories of the landscape ecology, tourist use, the habitat and distribution of grouse species: The first step was to tune the measures for habitat improvement within a spatial concept with rest zones for wildlife in which silvicultural measures should improve habitat structures. The second step was coordination with local authorities and NGO’s to concentrate and improve the tourist infrastructure outside these rest zones. The result of the project (begun in 1998) has been a win-win-situation: improvement of habitat structures as well as improved offer for tourism. Conservation and the utilization of nature are no longer regarded as contradictory. The dynamic of a spatial concept based on scientific results allows all the various interest parties to work together. The project is supported by EU’s “LIFE-Nature” programme.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 442			Serial	2284
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	Author	Shalovenkov, N.,
	Title	Interaction of Land and Water Ecosystems in Recreational and Protected Areas			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	452-459
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The experience of monitoring and management of visitor flows is stored enough large for land ecosystems in recreational and protected areas. An estimation of influence of visiting flows and choice of optimum loadings for water ecosystems are connected to some difficulties. This difficulty is predetermined, first of all, by complexity of interaction of land and water ecosystems and by complexity of performance of monitoring of environment for such ecosystems. Interaction of water and land ecosystems we will consider on an example of the Dniester River Basin and coast of the Black Sea, which are popular recreational and protected areas.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 560			Serial	2343
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	Author	Curtis, N.,
	Title	Managing Commercial Recreation on Crown Land: The Commercial Recreation Transition Plan for the Sea to Sky Corridor, BC			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	314-319
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Monitoring and management of visitor flows in parks and recreational areas has traditionally focused on public recreation. However, there is a growing need to find management tools to address commercial operations as well as public recreation, and to manage activities outside of protected areas as well as within them. The implementation of a program to manage previously unregulated commercial recreation operations in the Sea to Sky Corridor, north of Whistler, British Columbia is described. It is argued that commercial recreation (CR) is not only different in kind from public recreation, but also offers significantly different challenges and opportunities with respect to visitor management.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 508			Serial	2317
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	Author	Kun, Z.,
	Title	Managing Visitors Through Certification of Protected Areas’ Business Partners – A Practical Application in Bialowieza National Park, Poland			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	423-428
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	WWF and its business partner, the Molecaten groep Bv initiated PAN Parks concept in 1997 to develop third party verification for measuring management effectiveness of protected areas. PAN Parks wishes to introduce a marriage between nature conservation and sustainable tourism. Business partners have an important role in the project as service and facility provider for visitors. The implementation of the concept of building cooperation between the management and local entrepreneurs started in Bialowieza National Park in 1998. 30 local entrepreneurs signed a letter of intent to work as candidate PAN Parks’ business partners. The concept is that guests visiting these entrepreneurs can get extra information about the Bialowieza National Park, and also about the events in the region. Local entrepreneurs can join if they pay an annual fee, and if they fulfil certain criteria.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 548			Serial	2337
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	Author	Aoki, Y.; FujitaHitoshi; Aoki, K.,
	Title	Measurement and analysis of congestion at the traditional Japanese garden “Korakuen”			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	264-270
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Nature and greenery spaces are especially required in the high-density residential areas of Megalopolis in Japan. People are looking for rich greenery spaces and they are requiring for the preservation of the greenery space in redeveloping areas. But people have recently found that parks often were too crowded, when they visited them for enjoying a quiet greenery environment. Almost all old Japanese cities have parks in traditional garden style, which have been opened to the public since Meiji revolution, i.e. a hundred years ago. Originally, the gardens were possession of the Daimyo, i.e. the feudal lord, and they were enjoyed privately. Recent increase in visitors destroyed the original use pattern and the unique atmosphere, and this, of course, confused the management of the park administration. The administration and the users therefore encouraged investigations concerning the appropriate management of park as a pleasant environment. To find a preferable carrying capacity of green spaces, the impression of congestion and quietness was analyzed in a traditional Japanese garden, using the number of visitors as an indicator. The following results were obtained. The impression of congestion is significantly correlated with the number of visitors in the park, and 700 persons on 7 hectares generates the impression of congestion for a half of visitors. To satisfy the impression of quietness for more than a half of visitors, their numbers must be reduced to less than 400 persons for 7 hectares. The decreasing in number of visitors provides a more efficient impression of congestion than that of increasing.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 494			Serial	2310
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	Author	Muhar, A.; Arnberger, A.; Brandenburg, C.,
	Title	Methods for Visitor Monitoring in Recreational and Protected Areas: An Overview			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	1-6
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The objective of this paper is to present a systematic overview on methods used for visitor monitoring in recreational areas. Emphasis is given on quantitative methods such as direct observation, video observation, counting devices and registration books. The various approaches are discussed with regard to practical, legal and organisational aspects, such as costs, maintenance requirements, dependence on infrastructure (e.g. electricity), risk of vandalism or suitability for remote and ecologically sensitive locations. For the design of a visitor monitoring scheme in a specific recreational area it is necessary to determine the best combination of devices and methods, depending on the objectives of the monitoring program. This relates also to the temporal resolution of monitoring activities (permanent, periodic, selective). In areas where the recreational use is largely depending on external factors such as weather, daytime and season, the representativity of a sampling scheme becomes crucial for the statistic validity of the obtained data. As visitor monitoring can also be regarded as an interference with the privacy of the persons being monitored, ethic aspects of the application of the various methods must also be addressed.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 410			Serial	2268
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	Author	Ploner, A.; Brandenburg, C.,
	Title	Modelling the Dependency between Visitor Numbers and Meteorological Variables via Regression Trees			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	225-232
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	We propose using regression trees as a flexible and intuitive tool for modelling the relationship between weather conditions and day to day changes of the visitor load in outdoor recreation areas. Regression trees offer a number of advantages when compared e.g. to linear models, specifically by outlining different seasonal and meteorological scenarios. When applied to video monitoring data from the Lobau, an Austrian nature conservation area, good regression tree models for the total number of visitors and the counts for some visitor categories (bikers, hikers, swimmers) were found, while other categories could not be adequately represented (dog walkers, joggers). The regression trees indicate a strong relationship between weather and total visitor numbers, as well as weather and the number of bikes and swimmers, respectively. The relationship to weather was found to be only slight for hikers and dog walkers, and completely absent for joggers. In general, the use of derived meteorological quantities in form of thermic comfort indices for characterizing weather conditions results in better models than the use of directly observable meteorological quantities.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 480			Serial	2303
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	Author	Daniel, T.C.,
	Title	Modelling Visitor Flow from the Visitor Perspective: The Psychology of Landscape Navigation			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	159-165
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	This paper reviews basic issues underlying the monitoring and modeling of the movements of visitors in large-scale natural parks and recreation areas. Modeling of “visitor flow” is related to research and methods in associated fields, including environmental preference, environmental values/attitudes and wayfinding. Relevant psychophysiological and neurological research and theory is also reviewed to reveal the fundamental basis of dissociations between verbal reports and actions. It is argued that traditional verbal survey methods cannot in principle provide an adequate basis for models of human landscape navigation.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 460			Serial	2293
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	Author	Brandenburg, C.; Ploner, A.,
	Title	Models to Predict Visitor Attendance Levels and the Presence of Specific User Groups			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	166-172
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	This paper proposes approaches to modeling visitor flows in the context of weather and outdoor recreation. The nature conservation area and area under investigation the Lobau, which is a part of the Danube Floodplains National Park, lies in close proximity to the large conurbation of Vienna, the capital city of Austria. This circumstance presents the managers and researchers of the Lobau with a variety of challenging problems, due to the high number of visitors and the multifaceted visitor structure. An ecologically and economically sustainable management of the recreation and conservation area Lobau requires a profound knowledge of the uses visitors make of this area and a reliable prediction of the potential numbers of visitors. The investigation of the prognostic model is based on the results of a visitor monitoring project. Within this project, video-cameras were installed at several entrance points to the Lobau to monitor recreational activities throughout one year. The prognostic models were based on the dependence of the daily number of visitors on external factors such as weather and day of the week. Using a linear regression, these relationships were investigated and used to predict visitor loads. For the model, a distinction was made between workdays and weekends and/or holidays. The weather was considered in a very differentiated way: Meteorological elements, i.e. air temperature, cloud cover, precipitation, appear directly as parameters in the models as well as indirectly in thermal comfort indices, e.g. the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET). Reliable models can be obtained for the daily totals of visitors as well as for specific user groups with high visitor loads, i.e. hikers and bikers. The day of the week has the greatest influence on the daily totals of visitors as well as on individual user groups. The numbers of bikers and hikers depend heavily on the Physiological Equivalent Temperature. The effects of precipitation and cloud cover during the preceding seven days are small. The usage patterns of joggers and dog walkers are more difficult to model as they are less influenced by the day of the week and weather related factors.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 462			Serial	2294
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	Author	Rundle, S.,
	Title	Monitoring Low Volume Walker Use of a Remote Mountain Range: a Case Study of the Arthur Range, Tasmania, Australia			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	53-58
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Registration data are the major source of information about bushwalker (hiker, tramper, rambler) volumes and basic characteristics in the Arthur Range within the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. This paper describes the problems encountered with the existing registration system and the simple and practical solutions adopted to address them.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 426			Serial	2276
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	Author	Shapochkin, M.; Kiseleva, V.,
	Title	Monitoring of Recreation-Affected Forest Stands in the National Park Losiny Ostrov			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	59-64
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The effect of recreation on the forests of National Park Losiny Ostrov located within the boundaries of Moscow is examined. The methods of monitoring of recreation-affected forest stands are represented, and the preliminary results of their application for the revealing of the most damaged forest areas are discussed. Some practical measures are suggested in order to redistribute visitor flows across the territory of the most visited part of the national park.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 428			Serial	2277
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	Author	Cihar, M.; Stursa, J.; Trebicky, V.,
	Title	Monitoring of Tourism in the Czech National Parks			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	240-245
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Recreational and tourist exploitation of selected parts of four Czech National Parks has been investigated since the year 1997. The article presents cross-section data from 2000. During a nine-day period in the high summer season the basic quantitative census of tourists, cyclists and cars on selected crossroads of tourist paths in the core area of national parks had been carried out and qualitative characteristics, opinions and attitudes of visitors were evaluated. Relation between socio-demographic structure of visitors and their behaviour and attitudes to conservation management activities of the national park’s Authorities was analysed using a special type of a questionnaire based on interviews with a random and representative sample of visitors. There are evident differences between various National Parks (Krkonose, Sumava, Podyji, Ceske Svycarsko) and between the attitudes of foreign visitors and Czech visitors. Investigation has been focused also on local inhabitants and elected representatives of local communities. Results are used by NP Authorities within the process of estimation of ecological and psychological carrying capacity as well as the one of appropriate indicators of sustainable development of the Czech National Parks. Monitoring will continue in the next years.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 484			Serial	2305
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	Author	Pröbstl, U.,
	Title	NATURA 2000 – The Influence of the European Directives on the Development of Nature-based Sport in Mountain Areas			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	353-358
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	In the counties of the European Community the influence of European directives is increasing. Especially the directive on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (European Council Directive 92/43 EEC from 1992) and the directive on the conservation of wild birds (European Council directive 79/409 EEC from 1979) are expected to have an influence on the development of nature-based sport. Most of the sport organizations in Germany are expecting negative consequences for their future development concerning nature-based sport in mountain areas. Based on a study of the German sport association possible consequences are analyzed and discussed. This project gives guidelines for the application and interpretation of these directives, the practicable use and management. The study shows that concerning a possible deterioration three types of sport and recreational activities have to be differentiated. Further more sport events must be evaluated in the future. At least the role and task of the management plan for NATURA 2000 areas is discussed. The management plan helps to choose suitable measures, helps to solve conflicts and to rise the acceptance and transparency for the public. It is demonstrated that the consultation and participation of local people including members of sport and recreational organisations is necessary to reach the best result for the nature conservation and conservation of endangered habitats or species.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 520			Serial	2323
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	Author	Nodilo, M.,
	Title	Nature Protection in the Service of the Visitors who visit National Park Mljet			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	444-451
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	National park «Mljet» is proclaimed in 1960., for sake of wooded areas and two picturesque sea lakes. Located on the one third of the western part of the island Mljet, it takes up the region of 3000 hectares. The region is wooded and systematic protection of nature has been realised there. Every jear visitors arrive at this area and we make efforts to give them pleas-ant and substantial stay. So boards with educational matter have been placed in the Nacional park. The notices educate visitors about characteristics of lakes, the protected sea parts, archeological locality, possibility of sightseeing … Signs, texts and maps with description of ecological paths are installed to give better information about the Park. Ther are the ecological round path Fontana – Vrbovica, cca 4000 m long, the ecological path to belvedere V. Sladin Gradac and the ecological path Pomena – Soline. Apart from improvement of educational subjects, we work permanently on preventive protection against forest fire, cleaning rubbish and protecting entire region from dirt.National park «Mljet» is proclaimed in 1960., for sake of wooded areas and two picturesque sea lakes. Located on the one third of the western part of the island Mljet, it takes up the region of 3000 hectares. The region is wooded and systematic protection of nature has been realised there. Every jear visitors arrive at this area and we make efforts to give them pleas-ant and substantial stay. So boards with educational matter have been placed in the Nacional park. The notices educate visitors about characteristics of lakes, the protected sea parts, archeological locality, possibility of sightseeing … Signs, texts and maps with description of ecological paths are installed to give better information about the Park. Ther are the ecological round path Fontana – Vrbovica, cca 4000 m long, the ecological path to belvedere V. Sladin Gradac and the ecological path Pomena – Soline. Apart from improvement of educational subjects, we work permanently on preventive protection against forest fire, cleaning rubbish and protecting entire region from dirt.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 558			Serial	2342
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	Author	Moder, F.; Hellmuth, E.,
	Title	Objectives and Basis of Management of Visitor Flows in the Biosphere Reserve Vessertal/Thuringia Germany			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	346-352
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	The biosphere reserve Vessertal (Biosphärenreservat Vessertal) is one of the two oldest biosphere reserves in Germany and represents a characteristic part of the central European highlands. It is part of the Thuringian Forest (Thüringer Wald). In this region nature based tourism is very traditional. Since 1999 the increase of touristic offers in combination with the development of more touristic infrastructure caused a variety of activities in visitor management. A first step was the definition of the aims of visitor management. The discussion showed soon that visitor management in the Vessertal should include more aspects than the protection of species and biotops. Nevertheless the survey of sensitive habitats and species is an important basis for all further steps towards a concept of sustainable development. Finally, the first results of a project of reducing the present network of touristic trails are presented.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 518			Serial	2322
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	Author	Keirle, I.,
	Title	Observation as a Technique for Establishing the Use made of the Wider Countryside: a Welsh Case Study			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	40-45
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Surveying the use made of the wider countryside for recreation is problematic due to the scale of the area to be covered. In particular the distribution, numbers and activities of countryside visitors are difficult to ascertain using conventional methodologies such as questionnaires and counters. This paper describes an observational methodology that has been used investigate recreational activity in a 466 square kilometre area of Mid Wales. The results illustrate the countryside resources that are being utilised, the activities undertaken and the number of people involved. It is concluded that observation is a valuable tool in understanding the nature of recreation in the wider countryside.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 422			Serial	2274
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	Author	Coch, T.,
	Title	Observing visitors behaviour as a methodical alternative to questionnaires – a proposal			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	474-477
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract	Basing on case studies in South-West- and North-East-Germany techniques of hidden observation such as observing visitors behaviour with binoculars from far distance are discussed. Their origin in ethological field studies is reflected, ethical aspects are mentioned and the conditions to produce valid data are qualified. Especially in case of analysing non-legal behaviours direct questionnaires are often not be able to clear whether serious damages in the protection areas are resulting or not. Also the intentions of “breaking the rules” cannot be reflected totally by socio-empiric methods. On the other hand behaviour observations require a lot of time and energy and should be limited on serious indications because of ethical aspects. So it is necessary to describe conditions and cases, where observing techniques can be implemented successfully.
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 568			Serial	2346
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	Author	Liebel, G.,
	Title	Opening Address			Type
	Year	2002	Publication	Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	MMV 1 - Proceedings	Issue		Pages	III-III
	Keywords	MMV1
	Abstract
	Call Number	ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 408			Serial	2267
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