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Author (up) Aikoh, T.; Shiino, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Changes in childrens lifestyle and outdoor activities due to COVID-19 in Japan Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 102-103  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract In Japan, from late February 2020, the number of people infected with COVID-19 increased. The governor declared a state of emergency on February 28 in Hokkaido, where the infection spread faster than in other parts of Japan. The Japanese government abruptly requested the closure of all elementary schools, junior high schools, and high schools starting March 2. Consequently, universities, high schools, elementary and junior high schools, kindergartens, and daycare facilities were closed, and parents had to stay home to care for their children. Although initially, there were no clear guidelines for going out or playing in parks, one week after the school closure, the government announced that outdoor exercise and walking will be allowed. Although there were some differences between areas, schools remained closed until the end of May. The three-month-long closure of schools restricted childrens outings and physical activities and significantly impacted their lifestyles, development, and mental health. In this study, we report on the changes in the lives of pre- schoolers, elementary school students, and junior high school students and indicate how their outdoor activities were changed during this period of school closure. The study is based on a questionnaire survey of childrens parents.  
  Call Number Serial 4245  
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Author (up) Akurugoda, I.; Karunaratne, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Challenges and potentials of sustainable ecotourism management and conservation: A case study of Kanneliya rainforest in Sri Lanka Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 158-159  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Tourism has become a major income source in the Sri Lankan economy. During 1980s, beach tourism was a prominent industry in Sri Lanka. This trend has been changed over time and according to the new world trends. At present, tourism has various sub-divisions such as ecotourism, agro-tourism, adventure tourism and heritage tourism (Fernando & Meedeniya, 2009; SLTDA, 2015). Out of these, ecotourism can be identified as the most popular and fastest growing sub-division of the tourism industry (Donohoe & Needham, 2006; Page & Dowling, 2001; Fennell, 2003). Ecotourism, according to Fenell (2001) is traveling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations (both past and present) found in these areas. Fennell (2001) identifies five of the most frequently cited variables within ecotourism: (1) reference to where ecotourism occurs (natural areas); (2) conservation; (3) reference to culture; (4) benefits to locals; and (5) education. The practice of ecotourism has generated interest of many stakeholders as it attempts to satisfy contrasting conservation and tourism development needs (Donohoe & Needham, 2006). For Das & Chatterjee (2015), proper management of the ecotourism sites at each of economic, social and environmental could help in the long-term conservation.  
  Call Number Serial 4271  
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Author (up) Ancin-murguzur, F. J.; Monz, C.; Munoz, N. C. L.; D'Antonio, A.; Sisneros-Kidd, A.; Tomczyk, A.; Ewertowski, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Recreation and tourism monitoring under increased pressure: practical tools and approaches for sustainable management Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 306-306  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract This session will be organized as a discussion panel with short introductory presentations (approx. 15-20 minutes) and a discussion after each presentation, first between the panelists, and afterward opened to the public. We will cover an integrative view of the available technological tools to monitor visitor impacts on protected areas and their relationship with visitor preferences on nature (i.e., cultural ecosystem services). With the increased visitation to nature, especially to parks and protected areas (PPA), there is a growing need for tools that allow rapid gathering of data regarding the visitor preferences in PPA and their impact on the landscape. The session aims to achieve an overview of how the complexity of the combination of increasing visitation with degradation of natural features can be addressed by integrating different methods.  
  Call Number Serial 4336  
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Author (up) Andrew, R.; Burns, R.; Hentz, A.; Schwarzmann, D., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Monitoring remote aquatic protected area use with remote methods during a pandemic: Innovation as necessity Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 238-239  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Monitoring outdoor recreation and use in remote aquatic areas presents challenges beyond traditional sampling and methodologies. A diversity of entry points and mechanisms, coupled with diffuse pathways to enter such areas makes assessment of use especially sensitive to bias and limitations of methods.Also, the unique attributes of protected areas make use assessment and monitoring an inherently customizable problem.To address these challenges, an iterative process that incorporates local expert knowledge to prioritize methods that balance accuracy and efficiency is preferred.One such process, called NMS-COUNT (Burns et al. 2020) has been developed to address use monitoring at National Marine Sanctuaries within the United States.This process seeks to apply a standardized assessment of potential methods through extensive literature review (Andrew et al. 2021) and expert panel feedback to arrive at a customized formula of methods suitable for context-specific protected areas.This method was applied to two pilot study sites using data from 2019-2020 in Grays Reef National Marine Sanctuary and Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in the southeastern U.S. During the development phase of the process, mixed methods were prioritized, including the use of in-person surveys and counting. As the design phase progressed and was ready for implementation, the COVID-19 pandemic emerged as an even greater challenge to human use sampling and monitoring.  
  Call Number Serial 4307  
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Author (up) Ankre, R.; Wall-Reinius, S., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Accessible recreational areas? A pilot study on disabilities, experiences and the outdoors Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 312-313  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Nature experiences and outdoor recreation have numerous positive outcomes with important physical and mental health benefits for the individual. In various international and Swedish legislative proposals and governmental letters this is evident; public health and well-being must be supported, as well as outdoor recreation, and nature experiences for everyone. Some groups in society are nevertheless excluded. Different physical disabilities can be particularly challenging due to physical barriers in nature. It can also be a challenge to get to nature areas because of, for example, incomplete information, long distances, transportation, or individual ability. Lack of accessibility is still a crucial obstacle for people with disabilities to participate in outdoor recreation (Burns et al., 2009). A better understanding of the participation patterns and perceived constraints by people with disabilities is necessary if nature and outdoor recreation are going to become accessible and inclusive (Corazon et al., 2019). The project aims to understand factors that enable and hinder participation in outdoor activities for people with physical disabilities. In the context of Östersund municipality, Sweden, we discuss how people with physical disabilities perceive accessibility to nature, and analyse available information on websites. What prevents people from getting out into nature? What kind of barriers can be identified? What kind of information is needed and is it available?  
  Call Number Serial 4338  
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Author (up) Aoki, Y.; FujitaHitoshi; Aoki, K., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Measurement and analysis of congestion at the traditional Japanese garden “Korakuen” Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue Pages 264-270  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract Nature and greenery spaces are especially required in the high-density residential areas of Megalopolis in Japan. People are looking for rich greenery spaces and they are requiring for the preservation of the greenery space in redeveloping areas. But people have recently found that parks often were too crowded, when they visited them for enjoying a quiet greenery environment. Almost all old Japanese cities have parks in traditional garden style, which have been opened to the public since Meiji revolution, i.e. a hundred years ago. Originally, the gardens were possession of the Daimyo, i.e. the feudal lord, and they were enjoyed privately. Recent increase in visitors destroyed the original use pattern and the unique atmosphere, and this, of course, confused the management of the park administration. The administration and the users therefore encouraged investigations concerning the appropriate management of park as a pleasant environment. To find a preferable carrying capacity of green spaces, the impression of congestion and quietness was analyzed in a traditional Japanese garden, using the number of visitors as an indicator. The following results were obtained. The impression of congestion is significantly correlated with the number of visitors in the park, and 700 persons on 7 hectares generates the impression of congestion for a half of visitors. To satisfy the impression of quietness for more than a half of visitors, their numbers must be reduced to less than 400 persons for 7 hectares. The decreasing in number of visitors provides a more efficient impression of congestion than that of increasing.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 494 Serial 2310  
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Author (up) Arklina, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Synergies between youth and biosphere reserve. Case of North Vidzeme Biosphere reserve, Latvia Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 204-205  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic proved that natural areas play an important role in human daily life and even more in their leisure time activities. Managing institutions of specially protected areas are paying more attention to planning tourism infrastructure without harm to the environment and show members of society, especially youth, that these areas are open for people.More and more questions have been raised about young people and their motivation to visit protected natural areas in order to raise awareness and ensure nature protection in the future (Egan, 2016). It is important to understand why travelers go to visit nature tourism attractions and what influences their decision or motivation to go there in order to be able to prepare and offer an appropriate service.  
  Call Number Serial 4292  
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Author (up) Arnberger, A.; Brandenburg, C., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Visitor Structure of a Heavily Used Conservation Area: The Danube Floodplains National Park, Lower Austria Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue Pages 7-13  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract National parks in close proximity to large conurbations are not subject to the normal conflicts between conservation and ecological tourism but to those between conservation and urban recreational requirements. The Danube Floodplains National Park, Lower Austria is situated to the east of Vienna, the capital city of Austria, with a population of 1.6 million. Between June 2000 and May 2001, visitors were monitored in the Lower Austrian part of the National Park. An analysis of the results of the interviews, as well as their integration with the results obtained using long-term video monitoring, counts by human observers and route analysis, led to the identification of specific visitor categories with individual behavioral patterns and spatio-temporal distribution. In particular, regular recreational visitors from adjacent residential areas were very concerned about overcrowding and would react to the high visitor frequency through a change in their habits. This alteration of visiting habits would lead to grave problems for the environmental management of the National Park.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 412 Serial 2269  
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Author (up) Arnberger, A.; Brandenburg, C.; Muhar, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Preface Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue Pages I-II  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 383 Serial 2266  
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Author (up) Arnberger, A.; Eder, R., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Monitoring of recreation use in Austrian UNESCO Biosphere Reserves – the case of the Wienerwald Biosphere Reserve Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 206-207  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract UNESCOs MAB Programme and its World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) play a key role in the integration of biodiversity conservation in sustainable development. Since 1976, when the MAB Programme designated the first 57 BRs, the Programme has undergone many significant developments. Meanwhile, the WNBR includes more than 700 BRs in 129 countries (Köck & Arnberger 2017). BRs include not only attractive landscapes and specific landscape features but also settlement areas, and can even include parts of larger cities. Such areas are exposed not only to high overnight and day tourism pressure but also to the everyday recreation of even millions of urban residents. Austria established its first four BRs in 1977. These first generation BRs were removed from the WNBR between 2014 and 2016 because of not fulfilling the renewed criteria for BRs (Köck & Arnberger 2017). Two of these BRs were located in East-Austria and part of national parks. While for the former Untere Lobau BR, which is part of the city of Vienna, a rich and long-term data base on recreation uses exists (Arnberger 2006), there is little knowledge on recreation uses of the former Neusiedler-See BR. Between 2000 and 2019, four second generation BRs were established, among these the Wienerwald BR (WBR) located in East-Austria.  
  Call Number Serial 4293  
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Author (up) Arnegger, J.; Eisenstein, B.; Job, H.; Woltering, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Protected area labels as brands in tourism: insights from Germany Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 212-213  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Protected areas (PAs) are often major tourist attractions, notably in peripheral regions. Officially awarded designations, e.g. “national park”, have been described as being important brands that can create unique selling propositions (USP) for destinations, distinguishing them from similar, but unlabeled landscapes (Arnegger, 2014). The PA label is seen as a guarantee for quality and authentic nature experiences. Officially designated PAs represent a scarce resource since official (national or international) labels are not easily, if at all, transferable and imitable (Hannemann & Job, 2003). It is often argued that certain designations, especially national parks and world heritage sites, have a superior brand identity compared to other, less-known labels such as biosphere reserves or nature parks (Reinius & Fredman, 2007; Job et al., 2005; Nolte, 2004). However, this argument appears to be based to a large degree on specific case studies and on-site surveys rather than on systematic image assessments of PA categories. The present study addresses this research gap by evaluating the strengths of different PA categories as brands in tourism in a representative panel study for the German context. We focus on the three major large-scale PA categories as defined by the German Federal Law on Nature Conservation (BNatSchG): (a) national parks, (b) biosphere reserves and (c) nature parks (“Naturparke”), all of which can play, according to their legal mandate, important roles for tourism.  
  Call Number Serial 4296  
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Author (up) Arnegger, J.; Herz, M.; Campbell, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Media representation of nature, mass ecotourism, and the visitor experience Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 122-123  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The soft or mass ecotourism sub-field makes up a large percentage of the ecotourism sector in many regions worldwide. This sub sector is generally characterized by larger group size, lower environmental commitment, and higher levels of service standards when compared to traditional “hard” ecotourists (Weaver, 2001).It has been argued that this popularity is driven in large part by representations of nature in popular media such as documentaries and magazines (Lemelin, 2006). Generally, any form of media may play a salient role in tourism contexts, i.e. raising expectations toward destinations, trips or tourism experiences, which may not be met in reality (Michalkó et al., 2015). Thus, while media has the potential to positively impact peoples expectations, perspectives and attitudes it also implies the danger of overpromising. Individuals with unrealistic expectations are hence more likely to experience some form of disappointment (Bramwell, 1998).These general notions can be expected to be specifically relevant in nature-based settings, in that tourists expectations may be highly influenced by curated representations of nature and wildlife. In turn, expectations are generally assumed to impact satisfaction which is a main driver for positive behavioral outcomes such as intention to re-visit and positive word-of-mouth (Faerber et al., 2021). When applied to wildlife tourism experiences we assume that the more the held image (shaped by media consumption) differs from objective reality, the greater will be both the tourists expectation and his/her disappointment.The present study examines the relationship between visitors pre-trip expectations and post-trip satisfaction of a mass ecotourism nature experience as a function of previous involvement in nature activities and organizations, and consumption of wildlife and nature-based media.  
  Call Number Serial 4254  
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Author (up) Arzac, S., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Environment and Rural Tourism in Bustamante, Mexico Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue Pages 384-389  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract The community is Bustamante, population 3,501, in Nuevo Leon state, Mexico. It is a privileged rural landscape, made fertile in the middle of a semi-desert by springs that flow year-round. And in the vicinity of the oasis lie the internationally known caverns known locally as Grutas de Palmito. The problem are the pressures of recreation on the environment: day excursionists who come in great numbers are causing erosion near the water, both around the springs and along the river that flows from them. The waters that used to be clear are now murky because of the soil deposition. And in the cave, the visitors walk freely in the gallery spaces and trample on the formations. But because the local tourism industry is nature-based, it is imperative to conserve the natural resources that make it possible. This research considers the potential of what has come to be known as sustainable tourism to promote economic development in Bustamante and possibly in similar communities, not by replacing the agricultural base but by complementing it. Data were obtained from observations, interviews, survey questionnaires, from the Mexican census, from the regional newspaper, and from the literatures on sustainable tourism and history of the region. The study proposes that the natural and cultural resources of Bustamante had been largely conserved until recently, and that the present accelerated degradation of these resources can be reversed through approaches to sustainability that are related to tourism, so that Bustamante’s people meet their present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, measured against the standard of living currently enjoyed.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 532 Serial 2329  
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Author (up) Aslan, E.; Hem, L. E.; Iversen, N., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Customer-focused drivers in the sharing economy: A meta-analysis Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 406-407  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Kotler (1972) defines marketing as “the set of human activities directed at facilitating and consummating exchanges” (p.12). Ordinarily, these exchanges are associated with permanent ownership between buyers and sellers. However, the advances of the internet and mobile technology have enabled buyers and sellers to exchange offerings that exponentially contribute to temporary access rather than ownership — as such, sharing as a form of consumption begin to emerge and numerous practices coined under this umbrella term. At the core, the phenomenon includes a variety of different products and services such as lodging (e.g., Airbnb), tools (e.g., ShareGrid), transportation (e.g., Uber), workspace (e.g., WeWork), or food services (e.g., Deliveroo). The term of the “Sharing Economy” was first mentioned in 2008 and defined as the “collaborative consumption made by the activities of sharing, exchanging, and rental of resources without owning the goods” (Lessig 2008, p.143). After that, this phenomenon, or aspects of it, has been given many different names, including “collaborative consumption”, “commercial sharing systems” (and “access-based consumption”, “shared consumption”, “on-demand economy”, “collaborative economy”, “platform economy” and “gig economy”. Many of these terms share similar set of characteristics, yet, the definition articulates the entire set of characteristics formed by Eckhardt et al. (2019), who define the sharing economy as “a scalable socio-economic system that employs technology-enabled platforms to provide users with temporary access to tangible and intangible resources that may be crowdsourced” (Eckhardt et al., 2019 p.7).The interest in participating in sharing systems is generally characterized as prosocial or sustainable behavior such as sharing, helping others, taking care of the environment. However, participating in sharing systems can also bring economic benefits like saving money or facilitating access to resources, which can form more individualistic reasons for participating in sharing economy practices. Previous research has shown that monetary motivations, environmental and societal concerns, flexibility, variety seeking, sustainability, community belonging, enjoyment and trust are among several factors that enhance participation in the sharing economy. Although there is growing attention for research on consumer behaviour in the sharing economy, the findings regarding antecedents and outcomes of participating in these services are scattered and contradicting with previous findings. The existing literature offers broad range of antecedents for sharing economy; however, researchers disagree on which one best captures the value. Albeit little amount of literature reviews has been added to the field, and a quantifiable estimation of the relationship between the antecedents and outcomes has not been investigated yet. The inconsistency of previous research supports the need for meta-analysis to integrate the accumulated empirical research, to see the landscape of the research area, and provide comprehensive understanding on which antecedents are the most effective for sharing services. Based on these grounds, the paper aims to answer the research question: What are the main customer-focused antecedents of the sharing economy and to what extend do these antecedents influence the behavioural intention towards the sharing economy services?  
  Call Number Serial 4379  
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Author (up) Barros, C., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Modelling visitors movements of nature-based tourism from social media data Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 340-341  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Trails are an important resource for recreation and tourism in protected areas. They enable visitors access to the main points of interest within a protected site and help preserve the protected ecosystems by restricting the visitors dispersion. However, the increase in the use of trails can lead to negative impacts on natural resources. For example, soil erosion and vegetation loss are amongst the typical impacts of intensive use of trails.Thus it becomes necessary to identify and measure visitors behaviour on trails. The conventional way of measuring use intensity is through surveys and counters. The dissemination of GPS devices has open opportunities to collect precise and complete data on how visitors move and their itineraries. More recently, the rise of smartphones together with web 3.0 has allowed the abundant production of GPS tracks that users from all over the world regularly share on specialized social networks such as those dedicated to outdoor activities.Among these networks, the Spanish platform Wikiloc stands out, bringing together about 20 million routes in 2020.These new data sources have advantages for studying visitor movement within trails because of their granularity in terms of spatial and temporal scale. In addition, the large amount of data that users upload provides opportunities to analyze visitor behaviour in places where data is scarce or non-existent.  
  Call Number Serial 4351  
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Author (up) Berge, T.B., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Between a rock and a hard place: How nature guides in Arctic Svalbard navigate conflicting norms Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 126-127  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Human-wildlife interactions in the context of tourism have received significant attention in the academic literature. However, non-consumptive wildlife watching tourism taking place in animals natural habitats has received less attention than hunting and fishing tourism and human interactions with captive wildlife. Meanwhile, increasing global pressure to visit remote places with unique fauna requires an improved focus on wildlife viewing tourism in animals natural habitat. Tourisms interest in exotic and endangered species is growing and poses a considerable challenge, particularly evident in the Arctic. Polar bear tourism exemplifies the paradox where a vulnerable species is synonymous with both attractive tourism experiences as well as being a symbol of climate change (Lemelin & Dyck, 2008). Also, the demand for close interactions with wildlife has been stimulated and reinforced by marketing and behavioral trends, which poses new challenges to the niche. Therefore, wildlife destinations must strive for comprehensive and interdisciplinary management strategies taking into account both conservation and animal welfare concerns (Winter, 2020).  
  Call Number Serial 4256  
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Author (up) Bhadury, M.; English, D., pdf  url
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  Title The effect of COVID-19 on visitation to US forest service wilderness Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 96-97  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract COVID-19 affected multiple aspects of human behavior in the United States, including choices for outdoor recreation. State-level stay-at-home orders were enacted across most of the country during spring and early summer of 2020. Access to many indoor leisure activities and settings was restricted; outdoor recreation was promoted as a safer alternative, notably in dispersed forested settings to ensure social distancing.Wilderness may have been perceived as especially safe in that it epitomizes uncrowded and natural outdoor settings. Using data from the Forest Services National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) program, we examine the impact of Covid-19 on visitation volume to Forest Service Wilderness.NVUM results estimated about 9 million visits to Wilderness in fiscal year 2019. The estimate for 2020 was just over 16 million visits. Nearly all the increased visitation occurred from May through September, the last 5 months of the fiscal year.  
  Call Number Serial 4242  
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Author (up) Bhatt, P.; Pickering, C., pdf  url
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  Title Spatial and temporal patterns of visitation: Insights from Flickr images of Chitwan National Park, Nepal Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 262-263  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Nature-based tourism is popular including to many national parks globally (Balmford et al. 2015). To conserve these natural areas and their biodiversity, while facilitating appropriate tourism, it is important to monitor visitors including when they visit, where they go and what they value. Well established monitoring methods including surveys, direct observations, interviews, track counters, ticket sales, permits, indirect observations (e.g., cameras, satellite images) as well as newer methods such as GIS tracking and Public Participatory GIS. In the last few years, social media has started to be used to monitor visitation including in protected areas. One of the most common data sources examined so far is geolocated images posted to the photo sharing platform Flickr (Teles da Mota and Pickering 2020). However, there is very limited research assessing if there is Flickr data available and if it would be useful for parks in developing countries where nature-based tourism is important, economically, socially, and environmentally but resources for monitoring are limited, such as in Nepal. Here we test how social media could be used to monitor visitation in parks in countries such as Nepal. We analyzed images about Chitwan National Park posted to Flickr, including assessing: 1) when do people visit the Park and how similar are the patterns to ground visitor data, 2) where do people go and how does this vary seasonally and 3) what do people value in the Park.   
  Call Number Serial 4316  
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Author (up) Blazejczyk, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Some Problems of Tourist Activity in the Tatra National Park Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue Pages 417-420  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract Tatra Mts. is an unique alpine ridge in Poland.. The whole Polish part of Tatra is a protected area as a national park (Tatry National Park – TNP). Its area is 21,164 ha. Every year 2.5 millions of tourists visit TNP. Tourist activity is one of the factor of nature degradation in Tatras. The most transformed are the areas with the greatest tourist penetration: Morskie Oko lake, Kasprowy Wierch Mt. and Koscieliska valley. The paper presents preliminary results of the studies dealing with the problems of tourist penetration in the Morskie Oko (MO) and Kasprowy Wierch (KW) regions. In the MO area needs and desires of tourists, time budget during stay at the place and tourists’ evaluation of infrastructure were studied with the use of special questionnaires. At Kasprowy Wierch the streams of tourists were observed. The number of tourists on each tourist track crossing KW was accounted. The results of the studies point to great diversity of tourist activity in TNP (making pictures, enjoying nature, walking in the surroundings, climbing, relax). The results can be useful for managing of tourist activity, for making corrections in TNP protection system and for establishing the methods minimising degradation of tourist tracks and its surroundings.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 544 Serial 2335  
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Author (up) Bleines, D.B.; Williams, S.; Rhydderch, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Counting on success: Implementing a new approach to visitor data collection and usage in a national environmental public sector body Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 260-261  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Monitoring visitor use is critical for Natural Resources Wales (NRW) to protect ecosystems and to manage green space adequately, whilst maximising visitors wellbeing and enjoyment benefits. This research aims to explore the effectiveness of different types of people counters used concurrently on NRW managed land in the Summer of 2021. It presents an opportunity to review the type of data collected and its application to support decision-making. This is timely given the changing societal backdrop pre-empted by Covid-19 and its associated impacts on nature and wellbeing.Currently NRW uses sensor and data counting technologies to measure visitor numbers. These monitor trail and car park usage in more than 120 sites managed by NRW across Wales.These technologies do not need main power, mobile phone signal or WIFI and have been in place since 2004.This emerging research is necessary to address four questions: Is the data produced by these counters still fit for purpose? Has the purpose itself changed? How is disruption minimised in longitudinal data collection when switching from one technology to another? How can technology be futureproofed in the face of rapid advances over the next 15 years?The anticipated outcomes from this work will be the selection of the most appropriate visitor counter technology capable of informing NRW recreational and wellbeing policy and practice across Wales. Having this in place will better enable NRW to discharge its regulatory, advisory, land manager and wellbeing provider roles for current and future generations.  
  Call Number Serial 4315  
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Author (up) Blye, C.; Hvenegaard, G.; Halpenny, E., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Investigating the outcomes of personal interpretation and extending the psychological factors of the Theory of Planned Behaviour Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 308-309  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Environmental interpretation can help mitigate the negative impacts of recreation, tourism, and human use of parks and protected areas. Inter-pretation is a mission-based approach to commu-nication aimed at provoking in audiences the discovery of personal meaning and the forging of personal connections with things, places, people, and concepts (Ham, 2016). Personal interpreta-tion enhances enjoyment of visitor experiences (Stern et al., 2011), increase visitors knowledge and understanding of natural and cultural re-sources (Ham, 2016), foster a sense of apprecia-tion toward those resources (Powell et al., 2009), and promotes stewardship behaviors (Ham, 2016). Importantly, interpretation can be an ef-fective management tool for parks to mitigate and influence visitor behaviours (Marion & Reid 2007). This study sought to determine, based on a case study of Albertas Provincial Parks, the out-comes of personal interpretive programs and the factors influencing those outcomes. As a major goal of interpretation is behav-ioural change, this study employed Ajzens (1991; 2011) Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) which suggests that behaviour is best predicted by a persons intention to perform a specific behav-iour, and this in turn is explained by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control associated with the behaviour in ques-tion. The TPB performs well in predicting a wide range of behaviours and behavioural intentions including environmental behaviours (Vagias et al., 2014). This study not only investigated the effi-cacy of environmental interpretation on influenc-ing pro-environmental behaviour intentions, but also expanded on the theoretical constructs mak-ing up TPB. As such, motivations, satisfaction of visit, knowledge, and environmental worldview were included. The additional psychological con-structs were included in the proposed theoreti-cal model based on previous studies focused on environmental interpretation and pro-environmental behaviours (Moghimehfar & Hal-penny, 2016; Vagias et al., 2014).This study examined the following hy-potheses: (1) Attending in-person environmental interpretation programs increases park visitors intentions to engage in pro-environmental behav-iours; (2) The TPB variables (e.g., perceived be-havioral control, attitudes, and social norms) help predict park visitors pro-environmental behav-ioural intentions; and (3) Motivations, satisfaction of visit, environmental knowledge, and environ-mental worldview improve the prediction of pro-environmental behaviour intentions (proposed theoretical model, figure 1)  
  Call Number Serial 4337  
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Author (up) Bonnelame, L.K.; Siegrist, D., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Covid-19 as an opportunity to newly discover Switzerlands nature-based cultural landscapes. Qualitative study among German-speaking Swiss holiday guests in Switzerland. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 94-95  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Due to the corona pandemic, many Swiss people stayed in Switzerland in the summer of 2020. According to a survey (SRG & sotomo 2020), in May 2020, 49% had planned longer holidays abroad for summer 2020 and were then tending to change to excursions and shorter holidays in Switzerland due to the changed situation. What the forecasts predicted actually came true: a large proportion of the Swiss population, including many who otherwise travel abroad, spent their main holidays in a Swiss holiday region. Many hotels in the mountain cantons recorded an increase in bookings. The biggest losers were the cities and destinations with otherwise many international arrivals (Nau 2020). This development was seen in many European countries. Covid has brought about major changes in travel behavior due to closed borders and many people have vacationed in their own country. (YouGov 2020). Due to that, many Swiss might have got to know their country newly in one way or another in summer 2020. The preference for holidays in ones own country suggests the hypothesis that experiences of nature-based and culture-related tourism were given additional importance. Characteristically, this type of holiday experience takes place in natural areas and nature-based cultural landscapes (Siegrist et al. 2019). As part of a qualitative survey the changes in perception of Switzerland as a holiday destination, due to the altered starting position of domestic guests because of the corona pandemic, were analysed and evaluated. The questions asked were whether new holiday qualities in Switzerland were discovered, changes in attitudes and activities occurred (Pine & Gilmore 2013) or how cultural and natural attractions visited were perceived.  
  Call Number Serial 4241  
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Author (up) Botelho, A.Z.; Costa, A.C.; Parente, M.I.; Torres, P.; Borges, P.; Nunes, J.C.; Ventura, M.A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Seascapes in the Azores: from tourist perception to site evaluation Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 180-181  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The Archipelago of the Azores has a high potential for tourism differentiation at an international level due to its distinctive and unique characteristics and natural beauty. Seascapes have high biological diversity, ecological and economic connectivity, and aesthetic and cultural value (Atkinson et al., 2011), although seldom subjected to assessments. Additionally, marine geological heritage has been only occasionally exploited by Azorean companies, mostly because there is a lack of data about underwater geodiversity, geological heritage, and its valuation, for recreational purposes. This study (within the project SCAPETOUR – SeaSCAPEs promotion to diversify TOURistic products) aimed to analyze visitors perception regarding the importance of seascapes features and their value, more specifically: a detailed and full characterization as well as sectorial analyses of selected coastal and underwater trails for tourism and a valuation of seascapes for tourism and conservation purposes, including visitors perception regarding the seascape features. In the context of species conservation and ecosystem protection, it is important to increase users and stakeholders knowledge on the natural value of the assets to promote sustainable use of the ocean and marine life.  
  Call Number Serial 4281  
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Author (up) Bourdeau, P.; Chanteloup, L.; Civiaz, C.; Langenbacj, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Mountain huts as observatories of tourism transition Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 60-61  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract In the face of the cumulative effects of climate and societal changes, mountain touristic development is currently experiencing a strong adaptive injunction of mountain tourism destinations. Alpine tourism development model based on seasonal snow resources and winter sports resorts is subject to uncertainties and weaknesses that brought it to a tipping point (Bourdeau, 2007; Clivaz & al., 2015). These call into question existing economic balances, territorial dynamics and mountain policies. In this tipping phenomenon, climate change acts as an amplifier and accelerator of structural contradictions, especially as its multiple effects combine themselves with societal, socio-cultural and technological changes. In this context, tourism is faced with a major transitional challenge having both spatial and temporal characteristics. This structural redefinition of the foundations of mountain tourism suffers from a major lack of knowledge on the governance and visitor flows of less-developed mountain areas. What is at stake is a transition trajectory based on a territorial rebalancing between less-developed mountain areas and developed mountain areas, which appears particularly strategic on the scale of the Swiss and French Alps. In this presentation we will present a French-Swiss research project called Mountain huts as observatories of the tourism transition. The repositioning of less-developed mountain areas and their related professions in the French-Swiss Alps (HutObsTour).  
  Call Number Serial 4225  
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Author (up) Brandenburg, C.; Ploner, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Models to Predict Visitor Attendance Levels and the Presence of Specific User Groups Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue Pages 166-172  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract This paper proposes approaches to modeling visitor flows in the context of weather and outdoor recreation. The nature conservation area and area under investigation the Lobau, which is a part of the Danube Floodplains National Park, lies in close proximity to the large conurbation of Vienna, the capital city of Austria. This circumstance presents the managers and researchers of the Lobau with a variety of challenging problems, due to the high number of visitors and the multifaceted visitor structure. An ecologically and economically sustainable management of the recreation and conservation area Lobau requires a profound knowledge of the uses visitors make of this area and a reliable prediction of the potential numbers of visitors. The investigation of the prognostic model is based on the results of a visitor monitoring project. Within this project, video-cameras were installed at several entrance points to the Lobau to monitor recreational activities throughout one year. The prognostic models were based on the dependence of the daily number of visitors on external factors such as weather and day of the week. Using a linear regression, these relationships were investigated and used to predict visitor loads. For the model, a distinction was made between workdays and weekends and/or holidays. The weather was considered in a very differentiated way: Meteorological elements, i.e. air temperature, cloud cover, precipitation, appear directly as parameters in the models as well as indirectly in thermal comfort indices, e.g. the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET). Reliable models can be obtained for the daily totals of visitors as well as for specific user groups with high visitor loads, i.e. hikers and bikers. The day of the week has the greatest influence on the daily totals of visitors as well as on individual user groups. The numbers of bikers and hikers depend heavily on the Physiological Equivalent Temperature. The effects of precipitation and cloud cover during the preceding seven days are small. The usage patterns of joggers and dog walkers are more difficult to model as they are less influenced by the day of the week and weather related factors.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 462 Serial 2294  
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Author (up) Bredeweg, E.; D'Antonio, A.; Esser, S.; Jacobs, A., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Steps on a path: An application of machine learning using a random forest algorithm to predict visitor use levels on trails in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 280-281  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Understanding the location and level of recreation use in park and protected areas (PPA) can be useful for effective visitor use management. While there is a wealth of geospatial data available online and in the manager databases of many PPA, the development and format of these datasets may be shaped more by the nature of GIS software than the way visitors explore and use a PPA system. Moreover, aspects important for visitor management such as quantification of visitor use levels on trails may be more difficult to source for each trail segment than physical trail characteristics (length, location, elevation profile, etc.). It would be expected that trail characteristics would influence the traffic of visitors, but there are many other factors such as accessibility, parking, or nearby attractions that can influence visitor behavior in complex ways. While we can obtain the physical characteristics, available amenities, and relative locations of trails within the entire PPA, we often do not have visitor use levels on the same extent. In order to examine visitor use levels on the scale of the entire PPA, we need to be able to model the relationship between physical location, trail characteristics, and amenities that ultimately shape visitor use.  
  Call Number Serial 4325  
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Author (up) Breiby, M.A.; Selvaag, S.K.; Oian, H.; Duedahl, E.; Lerfald, B., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Managing sustainable development in recreational and protected areas Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 168-169  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract In the process of developing local visitor strategies for the Norwegian Protected Areas within 2020, the intention is to facilitate for better visitor experiences and improve local economies related to tourism, without affecting the conservation values (Norwegian Environment Agency, 2015). Hence, protected areas have become more closely connected to their economic and social environments, with an emphasis on integrating national parks into wider regional and local tourism development processes (e.g., Hidle, 2019; Puhakka & Saarinen, 2013). This case study involves a mountain municipality with two of the largest national parks in Norway, Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella and Rondane-Dovre. More than 73% of the municipalitys area has protection status. As protection regulations restrict tourism development within the borders of the park, the governmental policy is to encourage tourism development in the edge zones. However, recently the government has asked each national park to develop individual visitor strategies in order to allow for extended tourism activities within the borders of the national park. Tourism development is welcomed in mountain communities that experiences depopulation and shrinking job opportunities. Local inhabitants do on the one hand resent the protections regulations as it put restriction on how the protected areas were used traditionally, and on the other hand they are concerned that increased tourism inside the park will prioritize the needs of visitors more than of the local inhabitants.   
  Call Number Serial 4276  
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Author (up) Breyne, J.; Marechal, K.; Dufrene, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Monitoring visitors in diffuse nature areas, a case study in the Belgian Ardenne Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 288-289  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Nature-based tourism and recreation are ecosystem services that have the potential to benefit human wellbeing, as well as local economies (Haines-Young and Potschin, 2010). They can therefore represent an important political argument to conserve and restore nature areas (Schirpke et al., 2018). However, for these contributions to be acknowledged, they should first be monitored. The number of visits to nature areas has been recognised as one of the major indicators to assess nature-based tourism and recreation (Schägner et al., 2018). Visiting frequencies are, for example, crucial for the estimation of economic contributions. However, for diffuse nature areas with multiple entry and exit points, this data is often scarce, scattered and imprecise. Recently, innovative technologies have allowed to obtain more continuous and/or detailed data for both small and larger areas (Kellner and Egger, 2016). Our research used two of those methodologies to estimate visitor frequencies in nature areas: 1) an analysis based on passive mobile phone positioning data and 2) automatized image analysis based on photos issued from camera traps. Our case study area concerns the Ardenne forests, located in southern Belgium (Walloon region) for the period spring 2018 – summer 2019. The aim of this research is to improve ecosystem services assessments concerning nature-based tourism and recreation and, by doing so, facilitate ES being taken into account by site managers and policy makers in the sustainable management of nature areas.   
  Call Number Serial 4328  
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Author (up) Burns, G.L.; Haraldsdoottir, L., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Interpretation in Ásbyrgi: communicating with National Park visitors in Iceland Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 136-137  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The tourism industry in Iceland is of significant economic importance to the country and, until global travel restrictions in 2020, the number of visitors to natural areas was continuing to grow. Corresponding with this increase is the need to effectively manage tourists to ensure safe and responsible experiences that are as socially, economically and environmentally sustainable as possible. This management includes decisions about interpretation – what information to provide for tourists and the most effective way to deliver that information to them. This presentation will report on part of a project conducted at Asbyrgi, in the northern section of Icelands Vatnajökull National Park. The parks managers are cognisant that Tourism in national parks is essentially about providing memorable nature-based experiences for visitors (Weiler et al., 2019) and want to provide those experiences without disturbing the plant and animal life in the park. To achieve this, they are keen to implement interpretation that aims to stimulate interest, promote learning, guide visitors in appropriate behaviour for sustainable tourism and encourage enjoyment and satisfaction (Moscardo et al. 2004).  
  Call Number Serial 4261  
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Author (up) Burns, R.; Andrew, R.; Schwarzmann, D.; Moreira, J., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Estimating marine sanctuary public use: Preliminary results from a US National Ma-rine Sanctuaries pilot project Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 234-235  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The U.S. contains over 172,481 square miles of underwater parks designated as National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS).They serve as a bridge to nat-ural resource exploration, education, recreation, tourism, and offer many other ecosystem services for both U.S. citizens and foreign visitors alike.Visitors to these areas number in the mil-lions each year and account for significant eco-nomic production within, and adjacent to, these areas as well. Despite the popularity and im-portance of these areas on the whole, a knowledge gap exists with respect to visitor use and monitoring in areas of specific aquatic orien-tation.Visitor use can be profoundly productive in terms of economic activity. Therefore, the National Marine Sanctuary System is critical in supporting vast production of economic activity each year.With their unique resources, National Marine Sanctuaries attract large numbers of visi-tors every year and may serve as primary eco-nomic drivers for surrounding communities. However, specific visitor use counting and moni-toring methods are not standardized or properly applicable to specific marine sanctuary sites.A better understanding of visitor use patterns and motivations at specific marine sanctuary sites would increase the capacity for economic growth and sustainability of valuable ecosystem services in these areas. Marine sanctuaries and parks inherently have porous borders, and multiple access points may make counting as a means to arrive at visitation estimates a challenging ap-proach.The National Marine Sanctuaries Visitor Counting Process (NMS-COUNT) offers an iterative framework to address this knowledge gap while involving key stakeholders throughout the pro-cess.In this way, communication among manag-ers and researchers is incorporated to help de-velop and implement the most efficient method-ology for a particular aquatic area.  
  Call Number Serial 4305  
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Author (up) Burns, R.C.; Graefe, A.R., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Segmentation of Outdoor Recreationists: A Comparison of Recreationists’ Perceptions of Importance and Satisfaction Across Activities Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue Pages 122-128  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore levels of importance and satisfaction with various attributes of customer service among selected segments of outdoor recreationists. The study also examined the nature of the relationships between satisfaction attributes and overall satisfaction. These relationships were tested for four dimensions of satisfaction (facilities, services, information, and recreation experience), across three water-based user groups (ramp users, campers, and day users). This study builds on previous customer satisfaction research conducted by both consumer behavior specialists and recreation researchers. In congruence with previous research on customer satisfaction, many of the constructs associated with quality in a recreation environment are intangible, elusive, and extremely difficult to measure. Study results showed that there are significant differences between different segments of users in reported levels of importance and satisfaction with various aspects of a recreational visit, but the nature of the relationships between the various domains and overall satisfaction varies little across the user segments.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 450 Serial 2288  
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Author (up) Bussard, J., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Heritage value and stakeholders perception of four geomorphological landscapes in Southern Iceland Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 222-223  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Geomorphological heritage and landscapes have one common characteristic: their existence de-pends on a certain socio-cultural context and on the subjective view of different observers. In-deed, considering landforms or portions of land as heritage results from a process of “heritage making” (“patrimonialisation”, Di Méo 2008): an object is considered as heritage when the values assigned by society or by some actors are suffi-ciently important to justify its preservation and transmission to future generations. From the per-spective of geomorphologists, the central value of a landform is its geoscientific interest (Grandgirard 1997; Reynard 2004), i.e. its interest in understanding geomorphological processes, reconstructing the formation and the evolution of a landform, etc. The values that justify the her-itage recognition of a landform may also be relat-ed to its beauty (aesthetic value), its cultural in-terest or its ecological value. A geomorphological landscape refers to a landscape whose geomorphological component is of heritage interest. Some landscapes have gained international recognition for their geosci-entific value, particularly the 93 sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List that meet crite-rion viii – “to be outstanding examples repre-senting major stages of earths history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic fea-tures”. Obviously besides their scientific interest, most of these sites are also landscapes of particu-larly high aesthetic value. As part a PhD thesis in progress (Bussard, in prep.), we first assessed the heritage value of four geomorphological landscapes in southern Iceland from a geomorphological perspective and, then, we conducted a series of interviews to see to what extent the heritage values assigned by different local stakeholders overlap with this assessment. The four geomorphological land-scapes are Skaftafell Glacier, Laki craters, Torfa-jökull caldera in the vicinity of Landmannalaugar and Breiðamerkur Glacier and its proglacial mar-gin, including Jökulsárlón.  
  Call Number Serial 4300  
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Author (up) Cajiao, D.; Leung, Y.; Larson, L.; Tejedo, P.; Benayas, J., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Exploring the association of trip characteristics and motivations with pro-environmental outcomes of Antarctic tourists: An analysis based on PRE and POST surveys. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 160-161  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Tourism in Antarctica has significantly increased and diversified over the last decades (Carey, 2020). In the 2019-2020 season, the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) reported 74 401 tourists visiting the continent, representing a 134% increase from the 2010-2011 season (IAATO, 2021). While Antarctic tourists are purported to have meaningful interactions with the Antarctic environment, little empirical research exists to understand how motivations and trip characteristics of the Antarctic journey shape tourists experiential outputs, which may in turn influence their pro-environmental outcomes, both core elements of Nature Based Tourism (NBT) experiences.  
  Call Number Serial 4272  
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Author (up) Calderon, M. M.; Lozano, C. A. B.; Jimenez, E. C., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Tourism overuse indicators system for protected areas and buffer zones Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 304-304  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract There are considerable national parks and other protected areas around the world that are attracting a huge number of visitors annually. In many cases the tourist visitation can be highly concentrated both spatially and temporally leading to the generation of impacts in different directions in social, economic, environmental, technical areas not only within the protected area but also in its buffer zone. Because of this situation and the absence of specific indicators to manage tourism overuse, this study aims to develop a proposal of indicators and sustainability index of tourist frequentation to determine the impact of ecotourism associated with protected areas and buffer zones of high tourist demand. The selection of indicators was carried out after a systematic process consisting of: (i) identification of the problem to be evaluated, (ii) definition of indicators and their variables, (iii) selection of indicators, (iv) definition of criteria for indicator selection, (v) selection of indicators, (vi) design of indicators, (v) validation of indicators using the Delphi method. As a result, there are a set of 32 indicators that take into account areas such as natural resources, community, visitors, protected area management, and tourist operation. The proposal includes an Approximate Tourism Visitation Sustainability Index (AToViSI) which varies between 0 and 1 according to the degree of sustainability determined. The proposal collaborates in the management (both internally and externally) of protected areas to generate mechanisms or strategies towards the sustainability of the tourist destination. The COVID-19 pandemic is an opportunity to improve visitor management and not make past mistakes or at least mitigate and guide adaptive management to more sustainable conditions in areas of high tourist attraction.  
  Call Number Serial 4335  
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Author (up) Cessford, G., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Perception and Reality of Conflict: Walkers and Mountain Bikes on the Queen Charlotte Track in New Zealand Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue Pages 102-108  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract A variety of social and physical impacts are attributed to mountain biking. In many cases, the perception of these impacts differs from the reality of on-site experiences. This distinction is explored in two ways. First, a brief review of impact issues associated with mountain bikes is carried out. Second, results are presented from a survey of 370 walkers on a multi-day natural track where biking has been allowed on a trial basis. Walker opinions are surprisingly positive toward bikes. These opinions are found to be more positive among those walkers who had actual encounters with bikes. By contrast, more negative opinions were found among those who had no such encounters. Such distinctions between perception of a conflict and the actual outcome from an experience have important implications for park managers responsible for providing a range of different recreation opportunities.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 444 Serial 2285  
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Author (up) Cessford, G.; Cockburn, S.; Douglas, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Developing New Visitor Counters and their Applications for Management Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue Pages 14-20  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract Developing visitor flow models for managing visitors to conservation areas is not possible without accurate visitor count data from the field. However, obtaining such counts in a reliable and cost-effective manner has proven to be more difficult than may be expected. Reasons for this are reviewed, and the features that park managers want in their visitor counting tools are discussed. Based on these demands, development of new visitor counters is underway, along with integrated systems for systematic collection and management of the data they provide. However, more effective direction is required from visitor flow models to guide the deployment of these new counter systems. This is an ongoing programme, and the presentation provided here summarises background information and progress to date.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 414 Serial 2270  
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Author (up) Chekalina, T.; Fuchs, M., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Evaluating the impact of mobile apps on nature-based tourism experiences Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 156-157  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract The study focuses on the evaluation of the impact of applications developed for smartphones intended for usage in connection with nature-based tourism (NBT) experience. Outdoor recreationists increasingly use mobile applications to interact with nature by consuming, creating and sharing the content related to NBT experience before, during and after the trip (Wang et al., 2014; Dickinson, Hibbert, and Filimonau, 2016). We argue that both, content and the various elements of mobile apps functionalities show the capacity to enhance major aspects of the NBT experience, such as emotional, social and epistemic experience value, as well as excellence, efficiency and safety (Chekalina, Fuchs, and Lexhagen, 2018). NBT segments utilize various functional elements of mobile apps (either web-based applications or native apps users need to download and install on their smartphones), such as map-based information, weather/avalanche warnings, augmented reality and 360 images, QR-code tags and geocaching, location-based services, near field communication (NFC) and mobile payments, as well as social media integration (Buhalis and Foerste, 2014; Kolas et al., 2015). Prior research identifies various categories of apps, which can enhance the NBT experience (Chekalina, Fossgard, and Fuchs, 2021). Digital reference books replace printed guides of birds, plants, mushrooms and integrate image recognition and augmented reality technology. The categories of “exercise and training” apps and “map and navigation” apps show similarities in terms of content and functionality. However, the former category focuses on performance, such as pace, distance, elevation or calorie consumption, while the focus of apps in the latter category is on tracks, routes and attractions. Other categories of apps include travel guides, weather apps, games, compass apps, flashlight apps, apps for photo and video, as well as niche social media networks (Chekalina et al., 2021).  
  Call Number Serial 4270  
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Author (up) Cihar, M.; Stursa, J.; Trebicky, V., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Monitoring of Tourism in the Czech National Parks Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue Pages 240-245  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract Recreational and tourist exploitation of selected parts of four Czech National Parks has been investigated since the year 1997. The article presents cross-section data from 2000. During a nine-day period in the high summer season the basic quantitative census of tourists, cyclists and cars on selected crossroads of tourist paths in the core area of national parks had been carried out and qualitative characteristics, opinions and attitudes of visitors were evaluated. Relation between socio-demographic structure of visitors and their behaviour and attitudes to conservation management activities of the national park’s Authorities was analysed using a special type of a questionnaire based on interviews with a random and representative sample of visitors. There are evident differences between various National Parks (Krkonose, Sumava, Podyji, Ceske Svycarsko) and between the attitudes of foreign visitors and Czech visitors. Investigation has been focused also on local inhabitants and elected representatives of local communities. Results are used by NP Authorities within the process of estimation of ecological and psychological carrying capacity as well as the one of appropriate indicators of sustainable development of the Czech National Parks. Monitoring will continue in the next years.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 484 Serial 2305  
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Author (up) Clemetsen, M.; Stokke, K. B., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Creating synergies between nature-based tourism and local community development through enhanced dialogue processes. Type
  Year 2021 Publication The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MINA fagrapport Issue Pages 398-399  
  Keywords MMV10  
  Abstract Nature-based tourism (NBT) has for decades been a major resource for value creation and local development in rural districts in Norway. However, in recent years some areas have experienced an increasing pressure from the tourism industry, both in fjord- and coastal and mountain regions (Stokke et al. 2017). A more fine-tuned and sensitive attitude to attractions related to wildlife, quietness, and local stories and storytelling is emerging, and has a substantial potential for integrating NBT and local community development.In a long-term perspective, it is essential for municipalities and local communities to balance the influx of tourists and the capacity to welcome them. To inform planning and development processes, it is therefore important to understand the tangible and intangible place-based values and resources attached to minor rural communities.In the present global situation represented by the pandemic lock down, climate and bio-diversity crises, there is a growing awareness in local and regional governments, that tourism in general, and nature-based tourism specifically, also should be a partner in developing place-based and sustainable transition-processes (Clemetsen et al 2021).This might involve a broad variety of actors, from local residents – young and older, small scale entrepreneurs, farmers, schools, municipal administrators, etc. Thus, in the process of developing strategies for an unknown and uncertain future, there is a need to apply appropriate process tools that may foster development of shared visions, strategies and measures that support sustainable development. The complexity in the process of understanding place, place-based values, and their potential for future value creation, demand methods that commits the participants beyond what is required in ordinary local planning processes. To pursue this ambition, it is necessary to create arenas for negotiation of interests, and for developing strategies for social and economic initiatives involving the local community, the municipality, and other stakeholders.On the background of a participatory workshop conducted in the BIOTOUR[1] case area in Trysil municipality in 2019, we will discuss possible methods and tools that can provide arenas for dialogue processes, supporting nature-based tourism development and social viability within the local community.  
  Call Number Serial 4376  
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Author (up) Coch, T., pdf  url
openurl 
  Title Observing visitors behaviour as a methodical alternative to questionnaires – a proposal Type
  Year 2002 Publication Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume MMV 1 - Proceedings Issue Pages 474-477  
  Keywords MMV1  
  Abstract Basing on case studies in South-West- and North-East-Germany techniques of hidden observation such as observing visitors behaviour with binoculars from far distance are discussed. Their origin in ethological field studies is reflected, ethical aspects are mentioned and the conditions to produce valid data are qualified. Especially in case of analysing non-legal behaviours direct questionnaires are often not be able to clear whether serious damages in the protection areas are resulting or not. Also the intentions of “breaking the rules” cannot be reflected totally by socio-empiric methods. On the other hand behaviour observations require a lot of time and energy and should be limited on serious indications because of ethical aspects. So it is necessary to describe conditions and cases, where observing techniques can be implemented successfully.  
  Call Number ILEN @ m.sokopp @ 568 Serial 2346  
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